עבודה זו נתמכה על ידי למדעי הטבע וההנדסה מועצת המחקר של קנדה (NSERC) דיסקברי גרנט # 40,352, קמפוס אלברטה עבור חדשנות תוכנית יו&quot;ר, אלברטה אלצהיימר מחקר תוכנית כדי MHM, ו NSERC ליצור BIF דוקטורט ואחווה לתואר AIHS לח&quot;כ. אנו מודים פו מין וואנג לפיתוח פרוטוקול זה ועבור הכשרה כירורגית, ו Behroo מירזה אגא Di שאו לגידול.

<ol>
	<li>Sigler, A., Mohajerani, M. H., Murphy, T. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Imaging+rapid+redistribution+of+sensory-evoked+depolarization+through+existing+cortical+pathways+after+targeted+stroke+in+mice.">Imaging rapid redistribution of sensory-evoked depolarization through existing cortical pathways after targeted stroke in mice.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 106 (28), 11759-11764 (2009).</li><li>Shih, A. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Two-photon+microscopy+as+a+tool+to+study+blood+flow+and+neurovascular+coupling+in+the+rodent+brain.">Two-photon microscopy as a tool to study blood flow and neurovascular coupling in the rodent brain.</a> J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 32 (7), 1277-1309 (2012).</li><li>Grinvald, A., Hildesheim, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=VSDI:+a+new+era+in+functional+imaging+of+cortical+dynamics.">VSDI: a new era in functional imaging of cortical dynamics.</a> Nat Rev Neurosci. 5 (11), 874-885 (2004).</li><li>Blinder, P., Shih, A. Y., Rafie, C., Kleinfeld, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Topological+basis+for+the+robust+distribution+of+blood+to+rodent+neocortex.">Topological basis for the robust distribution of blood to rodent neocortex.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 107 (28), 12670-12675 (2010).</li><li>Mohajerani, M. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spontaneous+cortical+activity+alternates+between+motifs+defined+by+regional+axonal+projections.">Spontaneous cortical activity alternates between motifs defined by regional axonal projections.</a> Nat Neurosci. 16 (10), 1426-1435 (2013).</li><li>Mohajerani, M. H., McVea, D. A., Fingas, M., Murphy, T. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mirrored+bilateral+slow-wave+cortical+activity+within+local+circuits+revealed+by+fast+bihemispheric+voltage-sensitive+dye+imaging+in+anesthetized+and+awake+mice.">Mirrored bilateral slow-wave cortical activity within local circuits revealed by fast bihemispheric voltage-sensitive dye imaging in anesthetized and awake mice.</a> J Neurosci. 30 (10), 3745-3751 (2010).</li><li>Lippert, M. T., Takagaki, K., Xu, W., Huang, X., Wu, J. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Methods+for+voltage-sensitive+dye+imaging+of+rat+cortical+activity+with+high+signal-to-noise+ratio.">Methods for voltage-sensitive dye imaging of rat cortical activity with high signal-to-noise ratio.</a> J Neurophysiol. 98 (1), 502-512 (2007).</li><li>Misgeld, T., Kerschensteiner, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+imaging+of+the+diseased+nervous+system.">In vivo imaging of the diseased nervous system.</a> Nat Rev Neurosci. 7 (6), 449-463 (2006).</li><li>Kerr, J. N., Denk, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Imaging+in+vivo:+watching+the+brain+in+action.">Imaging in vivo: watching the brain in action.</a> Nat Rev Neurosci. 9 (3), 195-205 (2008).</li><li>Aronoff, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long-range+connectivity+of+mouse+primary+somatosensory+barrel+cortex.">Long-range connectivity of mouse primary somatosensory barrel cortex.</a> Eur J Neurosci. 31 (12), 2221-2233 (2010).</li><li>McVea, D. A., Mohajerani, M. H., Murphy, T. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Voltage-sensitive+dye+imaging+reveals+dynamic+spatiotemporal+properties+of+cortical+activity+after+spontaneous+muscle+twitches+in+the+newborn+rat.">Voltage-sensitive dye imaging reveals dynamic spatiotemporal properties of cortical activity after spontaneous muscle twitches in the newborn rat.</a> J Neurosci. 32 (32), 10982-10994 (2012).</li><li>Sweetnam, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diabetes+impairs+cortical+plasticity+and+functional+recovery+following+ischemic+stroke.">Diabetes impairs cortical plasticity and functional recovery following ischemic stroke.</a> J Neurosci. 32 (15), 5132-5143 (2012).</li><li>Yin, Y. Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+field+recordings+effectively+monitor+the+mouse+cortex+and+hippocampus+under+isoflurane+anesthesia.">In vivo field recordings effectively monitor the mouse cortex and hippocampus under isoflurane anesthesia.</a> Neural Regeneration Research. 11 (12), 1951-1955 (2016).</li><li>Sharp, P. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+stimulus-evoked+cerebral+hemodynamics+in+the+awake+mouse+and+under+a+novel+anesthetic+regime.">Comparison of stimulus-evoked cerebral hemodynamics in the awake mouse and under a novel anesthetic regime.</a> Scientific Reports. 5, 12621 (2015).</li><li>Kyweriga, M., Mohajerani, M. H., Kianianmomeni, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optogenetics:+Methods+and+Protocols.">Optogenetics: Methods and Protocols.</a> Methods in Molecular Biology. 1408, 251-265 (2016).</li><li>Grutzendler, J., Gan, W. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Imaging in neuroscience and development : a laboratory manual. , (2005).</li><li>Vanni, M. P., Murphy, T. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mesoscale+transcranial+spontaneous+activity+mapping+in+GCaMP3+transgenic+mice+reveals+extensive+reciprocal+connections+between+areas+of+somatomotor+cortex.">Mesoscale transcranial spontaneous activity mapping in GCaMP3 transgenic mice reveals extensive reciprocal connections between areas of somatomotor cortex.</a> J Neurosci. 34 (48), 15931-15946 (2014).</li><li>Xie, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Resolution+of+High-Frequency+Mesoscale+Intracortical+Maps+Using+the+Genetically+Encoded+Glutamate+Sensor+iGluSnFR.">Resolution of High-Frequency Mesoscale Intracortical Maps Using the Genetically Encoded Glutamate Sensor iGluSnFR.</a> J Neurosci. 36 (4), 1261-1272 (2016).</li><li>Chan, A. W., Mohajerani, M. H., LeDue, J. M., Wang, Y. T., Murphy, T. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mesoscale+infraslow+spontaneous+membrane+potential+fluctuations+recapitulate+high-frequency+activity+cortical+motifs.">Mesoscale infraslow spontaneous membrane potential fluctuations recapitulate high-frequency activity cortical motifs.</a> Nat Commun. 6, 7738 (2015).</li><li>Lim, D. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+Large-Scale+Cortical+Mapping+Using+Channelrhodopsin-2+Stimulation+in+Transgenic+Mice+Reveals+Asymmetric+and+Reciprocal+Relationships+between+Cortical+Areas.">In vivo Large-Scale Cortical Mapping Using Channelrhodopsin-2 Stimulation in Transgenic Mice Reveals Asymmetric and Reciprocal Relationships between Cortical Areas.</a> Front Neural Circuits. 6, (2012).</li><li>Ferezou, I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spatiotemporal+dynamics+of+cortical+sensorimotor+integration+in+behaving+mice.">Spatiotemporal dynamics of cortical sensorimotor integration in behaving mice.</a> Neuron. 56 (5), 907-923 (2007).</li><li>Mohajerani, M. H., Aminoltejari, K., Murphy, T. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Targeted+mini-strokes+produce+changes+in+interhemispheric+sensory+signal+processing+that+are+indicative+of+disinhibition+within+minutes.">Targeted mini-strokes produce changes in interhemispheric sensory signal processing that are indicative of disinhibition within minutes.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 108 (22), E183-E191 (2011).</li><li>Madisen, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transgenic+mice+for+intersectional+targeting+of+neural+sensors+and+effectors+with+high+specificity+and+performance.">Transgenic mice for intersectional targeting of neural sensors and effectors with high specificity and performance.</a> Neuron. 85 (5), 942-958 (2015).</li></ol>

החוקרים אין לחשוף.

פרוטוקול חדשני זה עבור חלון גולגולת גדול מאפשר הדמיה סימולטני על השטחים הזמניים הקודקודית של קליפת המוח. בשילוב עם הדמיה אופטית, זה יכול לעזור כדי לחשוף דינמיקה עצבית בתוך אזורים בקליפת מוח במהלך פעילות ספונטנית מושרה גירוי. פתיחת הגולגולת מרחיבה זו גם חושפת הרחבה ג...

את craniotomy הוא הליך סטנדרטי המשמש ידי חוקרי מוח כדי לחשוף חלק של המוח. מאז שחר אלקטרופיזיולוגיה, את craniotomy אפשרה פריצות דרך חסרת תקדים בתחום מדעי המוח. מיפוי צפוף של קליפת המוח עם אלקטרודות הוביל השערות ניסויים ותאוריות המבוססות על מפות אלה. נכנסנו לאחרונה עידן חדש שבו craniotomy הוא מנוצל עבור in vivo הדמיה של זרימת דם קליפת מוח 1, 2, 3 ו עצבים וכלי דם ארכיטקטורה 4, המאפשר ויזואליזציה בזמן אמת של פעילות קליפת המוח בתוך האזורים החשופים 5, 6, 7. למרות שמחקרים רבים להשתמש craniotomies בשילוב עם טכניקות הדמיה אופטית in vivo ללמוד את המבנה והתפקוד של נוירונים בקליפת המוח, גליה, ואת קור8 כלי הדם tical, 9, חקירות נוספות מוגבלים על ידי אזורים קטנים של קליפת המוח חשוף (אך ראה 10). מטרת פרוטוקול זה היא לספק שיטה ליצירת craniotomy לרוחב גדול, חושף לקורטקס קו האמצע עד עצם squamosal, והארכה מעבר גבחת ו למבדה. פתיחת גולגולת גדולה זה מאפשרת צפייה בו זמנית של הקורטקס האסוציאטיבי (retrosplenial, cingulate, הקודקודית), מנוע יסודי ותיכון, חושית, ויזואלי, ואת קליפת המוח השמיעתית. שיטה זו כבר מצמידה בעבר עם הדמיה לצבוע מתח רגיש (VSDI) לחקור כיצד מרובה אזורים בקליפת המוח לתקשר אחד עם השני במהלך פעילות קליפת מוח ספונטנית מושרה גירוי 5, 11, 12. ההיבטים המאתגרים ביותר של הליך זה כוללים הצבת הראששל החיה, מתקן את פלטת הראש, והימנעות דימום תוך הפרדה בין השרירים הזמניים מן העצם הקודקוד. טיפול צריך גם לקחת במהלך תהליכי הקידוח בגולגולת שיוסר עקומות הגולגולת בזויה אלכסוני.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Heating Pad</td><td>FHC</td><td>40-90-2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fine Scissors</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>14058-09</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Forceps&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>11251-35</td><td>2 or more pairs are recommended</td></tr><tr><td>Spring scissors</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>15000-00, 15000-10</td><td>1 pair should be designated for dura removal&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Jet tooth shade powder</td><td>LANG Dental</td><td>Jet Tooth Shade Powder</td><td>to be mixed with the Jet Liquid</td></tr><tr><td>Jet tooth shade liquid</td><td>LANG Dental</td><td>Jet Tooth Shade Liquid</td><td>to be mixed wihth the Jet Powder&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Drill Heads - Carbide Burs FG 1/4 389</td><td>Midwest Dental</td><td>385201</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Agarose Powder</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>A9793</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Gelfoam</td><td>Sinclair Dental Canada</td><td>Pfizer Gelfoam</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Isoflurane</td><td>Western Drug Distribution Centre Ltd</td><td>124125</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lidocaine 2% Epinephrine</td><td>Western Drug Distribution Centre Ltd</td><td>125299</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dexamethazone 5&amp;nbsp;mg/mL</td><td>Western Drug Distribution Centre Ltd</td><td>125231</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Butyl cyanoacrylate glue (VetBond)</td><td>Western Drug Distribution Centre Ltd</td><td>12612</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

a large lateral craniotomy procedure for mesoscale wide-field optical imaging of brain activity

את craniotomy היא הליך ביצע פקודות כדי לחשוף את המוח לניסויים in vivo. במחקר העכבר, רוב המעבדות לנצל craniotomy קטן, בדרך כלל 3 מ&quot;מ x 3 מ&quot;מ. פרוטוקול זה מציג שיטה ליצירת חלון גולגולתי משמעותית גדול 7 מ&quot;מ x 6 מ&quot;מ החשיפה ביותר של מוח גדול מעל הקורטקס הזמני הקודקודית העכבר (למשל, גבחת 2.5 - 4.5 מ&quot;מ, 0 לרוחב - מ&quot;מ 6). כדי לבצע את הניתוח הזה, הראש חייב להיות מוטה כ 30 ° ועוד הרבה של השריר הזמני חייב להיות חזר בו. בשל הכמות הגדולה של הסרת עצם, הליך זה נועד רק עבור ניסויים חריפים עם החיה הרדימה לאורך הניתוח ולהתנסות. היתרון העיקרי של חלון גולגולתי לרוחב הגדול חדשני זו הוא לספק גישה בו זמנית בשני התחומים המדיאלי לרוחב של קליפת המוח. חלון גולגולתי חד צדדי גדול זה יכול לשמש כדי ללמוד את הדינמיקה העצבית בין התאים,כמו גם בין אזורים בקליפת מוח השונים על ידי שילוב הקלטות אלקטרו רבה-אלקטרודה, הדמיה של פעילות עצבית (למשל, הדמיה מהותית או חיצונית), וכן גירוי optogenetic. בנוסף, פתיחת גולגולת גדולה זו גם חושפת שטח גדול של כלי דם בקליפת מוח, המאפשרת מניפולציה ישירה של כלי הדם לרוחב קליפת המוח.

<html> כדי ללמוד את יחסי הגומלין בין אזורים בקליפת המוח בתוך חצי כדור יחיד, השתמשנו פתיחת גולגולת גדולה המשתרעת על פני סינוס sagittal ו 5 - לרוחב 6 מ&quot;מ. חלון גולגולתי זו כללה העיקרי (מנוע, החושית, חזותי, שמיעתי), משנית (מנוע, ויזואלי), והתאגדות (retrosplenial, cingulate, ה?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Large Lateral Craniotomy Procedure for Mesoscale Wide-field Optical Imaging of Brain Activity at JoVE.com

A Large Lateral Craniotomy Procedure for Mesoscale Wide-field Optical Imaging of Brain Activity

פרוטוקול זה מציג שיטה ליצירת craniotomy חד צדדי גדול מעל האזורים הזמניים הקודקודית של קליפת מוח עכבר המוחין. תכונה זו שימושית במיוחד עבור הדמיה בזמן אמת על פני שטח רחב ידיים של חצי הכדור קליפת המוח.

נוהל Craniotomy Lateral גדול עבור דימות אופטי Mesoscale רחב בתחום של פעילות המוח

The craniotomy is a commonly performed procedure to expose the brain for in vivo experiments. In mouse research, most labs utilize a small craniotomy, ...

a-large-lateral-craniotomy-procedure-for-mesoscale-wide-field-optical

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

12.2K Views.  University of Lethbridge.  פרוטוקול זה מציג שיטה ליצירת craniotomy חד צדדי גדול מעל האזורים הזמניים הקודקודית של קליפת מוח עכבר המוחין. תכונה זו שימושית במיוחד עבור הדמיה בזמן אמת על פני שטח רחב ידיים של חצי הכדור קליפת המוח. 

Video: A Large Lateral Craniotomy Procedure for Mesoscale Wide-field Optical Imaging of Brain Activity

A Craniotomy Surgery Procedure for Chronic Brain Imaging

Imaging techniques are becoming increasingly important in the study brain function. Among them, two-photon laser scanning microscopy has emerged as an extremely useful method, because it allows the study of the live intact brain. With appropriate preparations, this technique allows the observation of the same cortical area chronically, from minutes to months. In this video, we show a preparation for chronic in vivo imaging of the brain using two-photon microscopy. This technique was initially pioneered by Dr. Karel Svoboda, who is now a Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigator at Janelia Farm. Preparations like the one shown here can be used for imaging of neocortical structure (e.g., dendritic and axonal dynamics),  to record neuronal activity using calcium-sensitive dyes, to image cortical blood flow dynamics, or for intrinsic optical imaging studies. Deep imaging of the neocortex is possible with optimal cranial window surgeries. Operating under the most sterile conditions possible to avoid infections, together with using extreme care to do not damage the dura mater during the surgery, will result in successful and long-lasting glass-covered cranial windows.


This video and protocol demonstrate how to implant a glass-covered cranial window in rodents. These preparations can be used for chronic in vivo two-photon imaging of the neocortex over time scales of months. It may also be used for other types of imaging, including optical intrinsic signal imaging.

כירורגיה Craniotomy נוהל הדמיה מוחית כרונית

Imaging techniques are becoming increasingly important in the study brain function. Among them, two-photon laser scanning microscopy has emerged as an ...

Biology

Longitudinal Intravital Imaging of Brain Tumor Cell Behavior in Response to an Invasive Surgical Biopsy

Biopsies are standard of care for cancer treatment and are clinically beneficial as they allow solid tumor diagnosis, prognosis, and personalized treatment determination. However, perturbation of the tumor architecture by biopsy and other invasive procedures has been associated with undesired effects on tumor progression, which need to be studied in depth to further improve the clinical benefit of these procedures. Conventional static approaches, which only provide a snapshot of the tumor, are limited in their ability to reveal the impact of biopsy on tumor cell behavior such as migration, a process closely related to tumor malignancy. In particular, tumor cell migration is the key in highly aggressive brain tumors, where local tumor dissemination makes total tumor resection virtually impossible. The development of multiphoton imaging and chronic imaging windows allows scientists to study this dynamic process in living animals over time. Here, we describe a method for the high-resolution longitudinal imaging of brain tumor cells before and after a biopsy in the same living animal. This approach makes it possible to study the impact of this procedure on tumor cell behavior (migration, invasion, and proliferation). Furthermore, we discuss the advantages and limitations of this technique, as well as the ability of this methodology to study changes in the cancer cell behavior for other surgical interventions, including tumor resection or the implantation of chemotherapy wafers.

Here we describe a method for high-resolution time-lapse multiphoton imaging of brain tumor cells before and after invasive surgical intervention (e.g., biopsy) within the same living animal. This method allows studying the impact of these invasive surgical procedures on tumor cells&#39; migratory, invasive, and proliferative behavior at a single cell level.

האורך הדמיה של התנהגות המוח תאים סרטניים בתגובה ביופסיה פולשנית כירורגית

Biopsies are standard of care for cancer treatment and are clinically beneficial as they allow solid tumor diagnosis, prognosis, and personalized ...

Cancer Research

Targeted Labeling of Neurons in a Specific Functional Micro-domain of the Neocortex by Combining Intrinsic Signal and Two-photon Imaging

In the primary visual cortex of non-rodent mammals, neurons are clustered according to their preference for stimulus features such as orientation1-4, direction5-7, ocular dominance8,9 and binocular disparity9. Orientation selectivity is the most widely studied feature and a continuous map with a quasi-periodic layout for preferred orientation is present across the entire primary visual cortex10,11. Integrating the synaptic, cellular and network contributions that lead to stimulus selective responses in these functional maps requires the hybridization of imaging techniques that span sub-micron to millimeter spatial scales. With conventional intrinsic signal optical imaging, the overall layout of functional maps across the entire surface of the visual cortex can be determined12. The development of in vivo two-photon microscopy using calcium sensitive dyes enables one to determine the synaptic input arriving at individual dendritic spines13 or record activity simultaneously from hundreds of individual neuronal cell bodies6,14. Consequently, combining intrinsic signal imaging with the sub-micron spatial resolution of two-photon microscopy offers the possibility of determining exactly which dendritic segments and cells contribute to the micro-domain of any functional map in the neocortex. Here we demonstrate a high-yield method for rapidly obtaining a cortical orientation map and targeting a specific micro-domain in this functional map for labeling neurons with fluorescent dyes in a non-rodent mammal. With the same microscope used for two-photon imaging, we first generate an orientation map using intrinsic signal optical imaging. Then we show how to target a micro-domain of interest using a micropipette loaded with dye to either label a population of neuronal cell bodies or label a single neuron such that dendrites, spines and axons are visible in vivo. Our refinements over previous methods facilitate an examination of neuronal structure-function relationships with sub-cellular resolution in the framework of neocortical functional architectures.

A method is described for labeling neurons with fluorescent dyes in predetermined functional micro-domains of the neocortex. First, intrinsic signal optical imaging is used to obtain a functional map. Then two-photon microscopy is used to label and image neurons within a micro-domain of the map.

תיוג ממוקד של תאי עצב בתחומים ספציפיים מייקר פונקציונליים של הניאוקורטקס ידי שילוב אותות פנימיים והדמית שני פוטונים

In the primary visual cortex of non-rodent mammals, neurons are clustered according to their preference for stimulus features such as orientation1-4, ...

An Orthotopic Glioblastoma Mouse Model Maintaining Brain Parenchymal Physical Constraints and Suitable for Intravital Two-photon Microscopy

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive form of brain tumors with no curative treatments available to date.
Murine models of this pathology rely on the injection of a suspension of glioma cells into the brain parenchyma following incision of the dura-mater. Whereas the cells have to be injected superficially to be accessible to intravital two-photon microscopy, superficial injections fail to recapitulate the physiopathological conditions. Indeed, escaping through the injection tract most tumor cells reach the extra-dural space where they expand abnormally fast in absence of mechanical constraints from the parenchyma.
Our improvements consist not only in focally implanting a glioma spheroid rather than injecting a suspension of glioma cells in the superficial layers of the cerebral cortex but also in clogging the injection site by a cross-linked dextran gel hemi-bead that is glued to the surrounding parenchyma and sealed to dura-mater with cyanoacrylate. Altogether these measures enforce the physiological expansion and infiltration of the tumor cells inside the brain parenchyma. Craniotomy was finally closed with a glass window cemented to the skull to allow chronic imaging over weeks in absence of scar tissue development.
Taking advantage of fluorescent transgenic animals grafted with fluorescent tumor cells we have shown that the dynamics of interactions occurring between glioma cells, neurons (e.g. Thy1-CFP mice) and vasculature (highlighted by an intravenous injection of a fluorescent dye) can be visualized by intravital two-photon microscopy during the progression of the disease.
The possibility to image a tumor at microscopic resolution in a minimally compromised cerebral environment represents an improvement of current GBM animal models which should benefit the field of neuro-oncology and drug testing.

We have established a cortical orthotopic glioblastoma model in mice for intravital two-photon microscopy that recapitulates the biophysical constraints normally at play during the growth of the tumor. A chronic glass window replacing the skull above the tumor enables the follow-up of the tumor progression over time by two-photon microscopy.

Glioblastoma עכבר דגם orthotopic שמירה על אילוצי המוח של רקמת ריאה, פיסיים ומתאים לשני פוטונים במיקרוסקופ Intravital

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive form of brain tumors with no curative treatments available to date.
Murine models of this pathology ...

Medicine

Laser Nanosurgery of Cerebellar Axons In Vivo

Only a few neuronal populations in the central nervous system (CNS) of adult mammals show local regrowth upon dissection of their axon. In order to understand the mechanism that promotes neuronal regeneration, an in-depth analysis of the neuronal types that can remodel after injury is needed. Several studies showed that damaged climbing fibers are capable of regrowing also in adult animals1,2. The investigation of the time-lapse dynamics of degeneration and regeneration of these axons within their complex environment can be performed by time-lapse two-photon fluorescence (TPF) imaging in vivo3,4. This technique is here combined with laser surgery, which proved to be a highly selective tool to disrupt fluorescent structures in the intact mouse cortex5-9.
This protocol describes how to perform TPF time-lapse imaging and laser nanosurgery of single axonal branches in the cerebellum in vivo. Olivocerebellar neurons are labeled by anterograde tracing with a dextran-conjugated dye and then monitored by TPF imaging through a cranial window. The terminal portion of their axons are then dissected by irradiation with a Ti:Sapphire laser at high power. The degeneration and potential regrowth of the damaged neuron are monitored by TPF in vivo imaging during the days following the injury.

Laser Nanosurgery of Cerebellar Axons In Vivo

Two-photon imaging, coupled to laser nanodissection, are useful tools to study degenerative and regenerative processes in the central nervous system with subcellular resolution. This protocol shows how to label, image, and dissect single climbing fibers in the cerebellar cortex in vivo.

Nanosurgery הלייזר של האקסונים Cerebellar<em&gt; בVivo</em

Only a few neuronal populations in the central nervous system (CNS) of adult mammals show local regrowth upon dissection of their axon. In order to ...

Lateral Chronic Cranial Window Preparation Enables In Vivo Observation Following Distal Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in Mice

Focal cerebral ischemia (i.e., ischemic stroke) may cause major brain injury, leading to a severe loss of neuronal function and consequently to a host of motor and cognitive disabilities. Its high prevalence poses a serious health burden, as stroke is among the principal causes of long-term disability and death worldwide1. Recovery of neuronal function is, in most cases, only partial. So far, treatment options are very limited, in particular due to the narrow time window for thrombolysis2,3. Determining methods to accelerate recovery from stroke remains a prime medical goal; however, this has been hampered by insufficient mechanistic insights into the recovery process. Experimental stroke researchers frequently employ rodent models of focal cerebral ischemia. Beyond the acute phase, stroke research is increasingly focused on the sub-acute and chronic phase following cerebral ischemia. Most stroke researchers apply permanent or transient occlusion of the MCA in mice or rats. In patients, occlusions of the MCA are among the most frequent causes of ischemic stroke4. Besides proximal occlusion of the MCA using the filament model, surgical occlusion of the distal MCA is probably the most frequently used model in experimental stroke research5. Occlusion of a distal (to the branching of the lenticulo-striate arteries) MCA branch typically spares the striatum and primarily affects the neocortex. Vessel occlusion can be permanent or transient. High reproducibility of lesion volume and very low mortality rates with respect to the long-term outcome are the main advantages of this model. Here, we demonstrate how to perform a chronic cranial window (CW) preparation lateral to the sagittal sinus, and afterwards how to surgically induce a distal stroke underneath the window using a craniotomy approach. This approach can be applied for sequential imaging of acute and chronic changes following ischemia via epi-illuminating, confocal laser scanning, and two-photon intravital microscopy.

Lateral Chronic Cranial Window Preparation Enables In Vivo Observation Following Distal Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in Mice

Surgical occlusion of a distal middle cerebral artery branch (MCAo) is a frequently used model in experimental stroke research. This manuscript describes the basic technique of permanent MCAo, combined with the insertion of a lateral cranial window, which offers the opportunity for longitudinal intravital microscopy in mice.

הכנת חלון גולגולת כרוני לרוחב מאפשרת<em&gt; In vivo</em&gt; תצפית בעקבות העורקים התיכון ספיגה מוחין דיסטלי של עכברים

Focal cerebral ischemia (i.e., ischemic stroke) may cause major brain injury, leading to a severe loss of neuronal function and consequently to a host of ...

Longitudinal In Vivo Imaging of the Cerebrovasculature: Relevance to CNS Diseases

Remodeling of the brain vasculature is a common trait of brain pathologies. In vivo imaging techniques are fundamental to detect cerebrovascular plasticity or damage occurring overtime and in relation to neuronal activity or blood flow. In vivo two-photon microscopy allows the study of the structural and functional plasticity of large cellular units in the living brain. In particular, the thinned-skull window preparation allows the visualization of cortical regions of interest (ROI) without inducing significant brain inflammation. Repetitive imaging sessions of cortical ROI are feasible, providing the characterization of disease hallmarks over time during the progression of numerous CNS diseases. This technique accessing the pial structures within 250 &#956;m of the brain relies on the detection of fluorescent probes encoded by genetic cellular markers and/or vital dyes. The latter (e.g., fluorescent dextrans) are used to map the luminal compartment of cerebrovascular structures. Germane to the protocol described herein is the use of an in vivo marker of amyloid deposits, Methoxy-O4, to assess Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD) progression. We also describe the post-acquisition image processing used to track vascular changes and amyloid depositions. While focusing presently on a model of AD, the described protocol is relevant to other CNS disorders where pathological cerebrovascular changes occur.

Longitudinal In Vivo Imaging of the Cerebrovasculature: Relevance to CNS Diseases

This manuscript describes a procedure to track the remodeling of the cerebrovasculature during amyloid plaque accumulation in vivo using longitudinal two-photon microscopy. A thinned-skull preparation enables the visualization of fluorescent dyes to assess the progression of cerebrovascular damage in a mouse model of Alzheimer&#39;s disease.

אֹרכִּי<em&gt; In vivo</em&gt; הדמיה של Cerebrovasculature: רלוונטיות למחלות של מערכת העצבים המרכזית

Remodeling of the brain vasculature is a common trait of brain pathologies. In vivo imaging techniques are fundamental to detect cerebrovascular ...

Translational Brain Mapping at the University of Rochester Medical Center: Preserving the Mind Through Personalized Brain Mapping

The Translational Brain Mapping Program at the University of Rochester is an interdisciplinary effort that integrates cognitive science, neurophysiology, neuroanesthesia, and neurosurgery. Patients who have tumors or epileptogenic tissue in eloquent brain areas are studied preoperatively with functional and structural MRI, and intraoperatively with direct electrical stimulation mapping. Post-operative neural and cognitive outcome measures fuel basic science studies about the factors that mediate good versus poor outcome after surgery, and how brain mapping can be further optimized to ensure the best outcome for future patients. In this article, we describe the interdisciplinary workflow that allows our team to meet the synergistic goals of optimizing patient outcome and advancing scientific understanding of the human brain.

This article provides an overview of a multi-modal brain mapping program designed to identify regions of the brain that support critical cognitive functions in individual neurosurgery patients.

טרנסלtional מיפוי המוח באוניברסיטת רוצ'סטר המרכז הרפואי: שמירה על המוח דרך מיפוי המוח אישית

The Translational Brain Mapping Program at the University of Rochester is an interdisciplinary effort that integrates cognitive science, neurophysiology, ...

Craniotomy Procedure for Visualizing Neuronal Activities in Hippocampus of Behaving Mice

Imaging neuronal activities at single-cell resolution in awake behaving animals is a very powerful approach for the investigation of neural circuit functions in systems neuroscience. However, high absorbance and scattering of light in mammalian tissue limit intravital imaging mostly to superficial brain regions, leaving deep-brain areas, such as the hippocampus, out of reach for optical microscopy. In this video, we show the preparation and implantation of the custom-made imaging window to enable chronic in vivo imaging of the dorsal hippocampal CA1 region in head-fixed behaving mice. The custom-made window is supplemented with an infusion cannula that allows targeted delivery of viral vectors and drugs to the imaging area. By combining this preparation with wide-field imaging, we performed a long-term recording of neuronal activity using a fluorescent calcium indicator from large subsets of neurons in behaving mice over several weeks. We also demonstrated the applicability of this preparation for voltage imaging with single-spike resolution. High-performance genetically encoded indicators of neuronal activity and scientific CMOS cameras allowed the recurrent visualization of subcellular morphological details of single neurons at high temporal resolution. We also discuss the advantages and potential limitations of the described method and its compatibility with other imaging techniques.

This article demonstrates the preparation of a custom-made imaging window supplemented with infusion cannula and its implantation onto the CA1 region of the hippocampus in mice.

הליך גולגולתי להדמיית פעילויות עצביות בהיפוקמפוס של עכברים מתנהגים

Imaging neuronal activities at single-cell resolution in awake behaving animals is a very powerful approach for the investigation of neural circuit ...

In Vivo Fiber-Coupled Pre-Clinical Confocal Laser-scanning Endomicroscopy (pCLE) of Hippocampal Capillaries in Awake Mice

The goal of this protocol is to describe fiber-optic-bundle-coupled pre-clinical confocal laser-scanning endomicroscopy (pCLE) in its specific application to elucidate capillary blood flow effects during seizures, driven by mural cells. In vitro and in vivo cortical imaging have shown that capillary constrictions driven by pericytes can result from functional local neural activity, as well as from drug application, in healthy animals. Here, a protocol is presented on how to use pCLE to determine the role of microvascular dynamics in neural degeneration in epilepsy, at any tissue depth (specifically in the hippocampus). We describe a head restraint technique that has been adapted to record pCLE in awake animals, to address potential side-effects of anesthetics on neural activity. Using these methods, electrophysiological and imaging recordings can be conducted over several hours in deep neural structures of the brain.

In Vivo Fiber-Coupled Pre-Clinical Confocal Laser-scanning Endomicroscopy pCLE of Hippocampal Capillaries in Awake Mice

Whereas multiphoton imaging is only effective at limited depths from the tissue&#8217;s surface, it is possible to achieve 3 &#181;m resolution imaging at any depth via pCLE. Here, we present a protocol to conduct pCLE imaging to measure microvascular dynamics in the hippocampus of ictal and wild-type mice.

In Vivo Fiber-Coupled Pre-Clinical Confocal Laser-Scanning Endomicroscopy (pCLE) של נימי היפוקמפוס בעכברים ערים

The goal of this protocol is to describe fiber-optic-bundle-coupled pre-clinical confocal laser-scanning endomicroscopy (pCLE) in its specific application ...

נוהל Craniotomy Lateral גדול עבור דימות אופטי Mesoscale רחב בתחום של פעילות המוח

Summary

Explore More Videos

Chapters in this video