Chapter 25
Insulin and Hypoglycemic Drugs
L’homéostasie du glucose : régulation de la glycémie
Carbohydrates consumed through foods are converted into glucose, a crucial energy source for the body.
In the prandial state, high blood glucose levels ...
Homéostasie du glucose : îlots pancréatiques et sécrétion d’insuline
The pancreas comprises highly vascularized and innervated pancreatic islets, encompassing α, β, δ, PP, and ε endocrine cells.
Amongst ...
L’insuline : le récepteur et les voies de signalisation
The insulin receptor belongs to the receptor tyrosine kinase family. It comprises disulfide-linked α/β dimers, forming a transmembrane ...
Physiopathologie du diabète
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia.
The two most common types of diabetes mellitus are type 1 and type 2.
...
Diabète : symptômes, diagnostic et complications
Diabetes can be initially identified based on symptoms.
Hyperglycemic patients may present common symptoms, including polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and ...
Diabète : prise en charge et pharmacothérapie
The goals of diabetes therapy include glycemic control, alleviating hyperglycemia-related symptoms, and preventing or reducing chronic end-organ ...
L’insuline : biosynthèse, chimie et préparation
The pancreatic β-cell's endoplasmic reticulum synthesizes preproinsulin comprising a signal peptide, B and A chains, and a C-peptide. The ...
Formulations d’insuline : types et administration
Insulin preparations, based on their duration of action, are categorized as short-acting and long-acting.
Short-acting regular insulin forms hexamers, ...
Insuline : schéma posologique et effets indésirables
Insulin dosage regimens generally include a mixture of analogs given as daily injections. Typically, most patients are prescribed long and short-acting ...
Agents hypoglycémiants oraux : Sulfonylurées
Sulfonylureas are a class of insulin secretagogues. They are used as oral hypoglycemic agents for managing Type 2 diabetes.
Structurally, these drugs ...
Hypoglycémiants oraux : Biguanides et Glitazones
Biguanides are insulin sensitizers that enhance glucose uptake, reducing insulin resistance.
Unlike sulfonylureas, they do not stimulate insulin ...
Agents hypoglycémiants oraux : glinides
Glinides are insulin secretagogues that trigger insulin release from β cells by inhibiting KATP channels and controlling potassium efflux.
They share ...
Agents hypoglycémiants oraux : inhibiteurs de la α-glucosidase
α-glucosidase inhibitors impede intestinal α-glucosidase enzymes, delaying the digestion of starch and disaccharides. This effectively curtails ...
Agonistes des récepteurs de type glucagon
Oral glucose intake triggers gut hormones like GLP-1 and GIP called incretins, which stimulate insulin secretion.
Both GLPs and glucagon originate from ...
Inhibiteurs de la dipeptidil peptidase 4
Dipeptidyl peptidase 4, or DPP-4 inhibitors, called gliptins inhibit incretin hormone inactivation.
These drugs bind to DPP-4, increasing the levels ...
Hypoglycémie et glucagon
Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels >80 mg/dL due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine system.
However, ...
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