Name: a simple critical-sized femoral defect model in mice
Uploaded: 2015-03-15T14:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 9 min 41 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Simple Critical-sized Femoral Defect Model in Mice at JoVE.com

Damos las gracias al personal y los veterinarios en el Departamento de Medicina Comparada, Temple, Texas Scott &amp; White Hospital, por su asesoramiento y ayuda inestimable durante el desarrollo de esta técnica. Este trabajo fue financiado en parte por el Instituto de Medicina Regenerativa de fondos del programa, Scott &amp; White RGP subvención # 90172, NIH 2P40RR017447-07 y NIH R01AR066033-01 (NIAMS). Se agradece al Dr. Suzanne Zeitouni para las pruebas del manuscrito.

<ol>
	<li>Brinker, M. R., O'Connor, D. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+incidence+of+fractures+and+dislocations+referred+for+orthopaedic+services+in+a+capitated+population.">The incidence of fractures and dislocations referred for orthopaedic services in a capitated population.</a> J Bone Joint Surg Am. 86, 290-297 (2004).</li><li>Cheung, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+future+of+bone+healing.">The future of bone healing.</a> Clin Podiatr Med Surg. 22, 631-641 (2005).</li><li>Rosemont, I. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> United States Bone and Joint Decade: The burden of musculoskeletal diseases and musculoskeletal injuries. , (2008).</li><li>Tzioupis, C., Giannoudis, P. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prevalence+of+long-bone+non-unions.">Prevalence of long-bone non-unions.</a> Injury. 38, S3-S9 (2007).</li><li>Marsh, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Concepts+of+fracture+union,+delayed+union,+and+nonunion.">Concepts of fracture union, delayed union, and nonunion.</a> Clin Orthop Relat Res. , S22-S30 (1998).</li><li>Spicer, P. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+bone+regeneration+using+the+rat+critical+size+calvarial+defect.">Evaluation of bone regeneration using the rat critical size calvarial defect.</a> Nat Protoc. 7, 1918-1929 (2012).</li><li>Green, E., Lubahn, J. D., Evans, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Risk+factors,+treatment,+and+outcomes+associated+with+nonunion+of+the+midshaft+humerus+fracture.">Risk factors, treatment, and outcomes associated with nonunion of the midshaft humerus fracture.</a> J Surg Orthop Adv. 14, 64-72 (2005).</li><li>Kanakaris, N. K., Giannoudis, P. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+health+economics+of+the+treatment+of+long-bone+non-unions.">The health economics of the treatment of long-bone non-unions.</a> Injury. 38, S77-S84 (2007).</li><li>Dimitriou, R., Mataliotakis, G. I., Angoules, A. G., Kanakaris, N. K., Giannoudis, P. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Complications+following+autologous+bone+graft+harvesting+from+the+iliac+crest+and+using+the+RIA:+a+systematic+review.">Complications following autologous bone graft harvesting from the iliac crest and using the RIA: a systematic review.</a> Injury. 42, S3-S15 (2011).</li><li>Boer, H. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+history+of+bone+grafts.">The history of bone grafts.</a> Clin Orthop Relat Res. , 292-298 (1988).</li><li>Aro, H. T., Aho, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clinical+use+of+bone+allografts.">Clinical use of bone allografts.</a> Ann Med. 25, 403-412 (1993).</li><li>Burstein, F. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bone+substitutes.">Bone substitutes.</a> Cleft Palate Craniofac. J. 37, 1-4 (2000).</li><li>Kao, S. T., Scott, D. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+review+of+bone+substitutes.">A review of bone substitutes.</a> Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am. 19, 513-521 (2007).</li><li>Boden, S. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Overview+of+the+biology+of+lumbar+spine+fusion+and+principles+for+selecting+a+bone+graft+substitute.">Overview of the biology of lumbar spine fusion and principles for selecting a bone graft substitute.</a> Spine. (Phila Pa 1976). 27, S26-S31 (1976).</li><li>Hollinger, J. O., Kleinschmidt, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+critical+size+defect+as+an+experimental+model+to+test+bone+repair+materials).">The critical size defect as an experimental model to test bone repair materials).</a> J Craniofac Surg. 1, 60-68 (1990).</li><li>Key, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effect+of+local+calcium+depot+on+osteogenesis+and+healing+of+fractures.">The effect of local calcium depot on osteogenesis and healing of fractures.</a> J. Bone Joint Surg. (Am). 16, 176-184 (1934).</li><li>Holstein, J. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Advances+in+the+establishment+of+defined+mouse+models+for+the+study+of+fracture+healing+and+bone+regeneration).">Advances in the establishment of defined mouse models for the study of fracture healing and bone regeneration).</a> J Orthop Trauma. 23, S31-S38 (2009).</li><li>Histing, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Small+animal+bone+healing+models:+standards,+tips,+and+pitfalls+results+of+a+consensus+meeting.">Small animal bone healing models: standards, tips, and pitfalls results of a consensus meeting.</a> Bone. 49, 591-599 (2011).</li><li>Cheung, K. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+externally+fixed+femoral+fracture+model+for+mice.">An externally fixed femoral fracture model for mice.</a> J Orthop Res. 21, 685-690 (2003).</li><li>Hiltunen, A., Vuorio, E., Aro, H. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+standardized+experimental+fracture+in+the+mouse+tibia.">A standardized experimental fracture in the mouse tibia.</a> J Orthop Res. 11, 305-312 (1993).</li><li>Manigrasso, M. B., O'Connor, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+a+closed+femur+fracture+model+in+mice.">Characterization of a closed femur fracture model in mice.</a> J Orthop Trauma. 18, 687-695 (2004).</li><li>Garcia, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rodent+animal+models+of+delayed+bone+healing+and+non-union+formation:+a+comprehensive+review.">Rodent animal models of delayed bone healing and non-union formation: a comprehensive review.</a> Eur Cell Mater. 26, 1-12 (2013).</li><li>Garcia, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+a+reliable+non-union+model+in+mice.">Development of a reliable non-union model in mice.</a> J Surg Res. 147, 84-91 (2008).</li><li>Flecknell, P. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+relief+of+pain+in+laboratory+animals.">The relief of pain in laboratory animals.</a> Lab Anim. 18, 147-160 (1984).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Guidelines on the Euthanasia of Animals. , (2013).</li><li>Neill, K. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Micro-computed+tomography+assessment+of+the+progression+of+fracture+healing+in+mice.">Micro-computed tomography assessment of the progression of fracture healing in mice.</a> Bone. 50, 1357-1367 (2012).</li><li>Bagi, C. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+use+of+micro-CT+to+evaluate+cortical+bone+geometry+and+strength+in+nude+rats:+correlation+with+mechanical+testing,+pQCT+and+DXA.">The use of micro-CT to evaluate cortical bone geometry and strength in nude rats: correlation with mechanical testing, pQCT and DXA.</a> Bone. 38, 136-144 (2006).</li><li>Hadjiargyrou, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcriptional+profiling+of+bone+regeneration.+Insight+into+the+molecular+complexity+of+wound+repair.">Transcriptional profiling of bone regeneration. Insight into the molecular complexity of wound repair.</a> J Biol Chem. 277, 30177-30182 (2002).</li><li>Clough, B. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bone+regeneration+with+osteogenically+enhanced+mesenchymal+stem+cells+and+their+extracellular+matrix+proteins.">Bone regeneration with osteogenically enhanced mesenchymal stem cells and their extracellular matrix proteins.</a> J Bone Miner Res. , (2014).</li><li>Lu, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cellular+basis+for+age-related+changes+in+fracture+repair.">Cellular basis for age-related changes in fracture repair.</a> J Orthop Res. 23, 1300-1307 (2005).</li><li>Jepsen, K. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetic+variation+in+the+patterns+of+skeletal+progenitor+cell+differentiation+and+progression+during+endochondral+bone+formation+affects+the+rate+of+fracture+healing.">Genetic variation in the patterns of skeletal progenitor cell differentiation and progression during endochondral bone formation affects the rate of fracture healing.</a> J Bone Miner Res. 23, 1204-1216 (2008).</li><li>Thayer, T. C., Wilson, S. B., Mathews, C. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+nonobese+diabetic+mice+to+understand+human+type+1+diabetes.">Use of nonobese diabetic mice to understand human type 1 diabetes.</a> Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 39, 541-561 (2010).</li><li>Jee, W. S., Yao, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Overview:+animal+models+of+osteopenia+and+osteoporosis.">Overview: animal models of osteopenia and osteoporosis.</a> J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact. 1, 193-207 (2001).</li></ol>

The authors have no competing financial interests.

En este documento, se describe un método simple para generar un defecto crítico tamaño pin-estabilizada del fémur murino utilizando estándar de laboratorio y equipo veterinario. Mientras que el montaje de los pasadores y el procedimiento quirúrgico en sí mismo requiere práctica, está dentro de las capacidades de un científico de investigación biomédica bien entrenado o veterinario. El pasador se coloca en el canal medular sin fijación adicional, haciendo que el procedimiento té...

Se estima que la mitad de la población de Estados Unidos experimenta una fractura por la edad de 65 años 1. Para los pacientes con fracturas tratadas quirúrgicamente, 500.000 procedimientos implican el uso de un injerto de hueso 2 y se espera que esta cifra aumente con una población cada vez más envejecida 3 . Aunque el hueso es uno de los pocos órganos que tiene la capacidad para sanar completamente sin dejar cicatriz, hay casos en que el proceso falla 3,4. Dependiendo de las circunstancias y la calidad del tratamiento, 30.2% de las fracturas de huesos largos fallar, lo que resulta en la no unión 3,5. Si bien sigue habiendo cierto debate sobre la definición, pseudoartrosis, lesiones óseas críticos de tamaño o no sindicalizados generalmente se refiere a una lesión que no sana durante toda la vida natural de la materia 6. Para fines experimentales, esta duración se acorta el tiempo promedio requerido para la curación completa de una lesión de tamaño medio hueso. Lesiones óseas no sindicalizados se producen por numrazones erous, pero los principales factores incluyen trauma extremo que resulta en una brecha crítica de tamaño, infección, mala angiogénesis, el consumo de tabaco, o la capacidad de regeneración ósea inhibida debido a la enfermedad o la edad de 7 años. Incluso si no uniones son tratados con éxito, puede costar más de $ 60,000 por procedimiento, dependiendo del tipo de lesión y los enfoques utilizados 8. En casos moderados, se emplea un injerto óseo autólogo. Esta estrategia implica la recuperación del hueso de un sitio donante y la implantación en el sitio de la lesión. Si bien este enfoque es extremadamente eficaz, el volumen de hueso derivado del donante disponible es limitada y el procedimiento implica una cirugía adicional, que se traduce en dolor persistente en muchos pacientes 9,10. Además, la eficacia del injerto de hueso autólogo es dependiente de la salud del paciente. Los sustitutos óseos fabricados con materiales sintéticos o hueso de cadáver procesados ​​son abundantemente disponibles 11-13, pero HÃve limitaciones significativas, incluyendo las propiedades pobres de adhesión de la célula huésped, la reducción de osteoconductividad, y el potencial para el rechazo inmune 14. Por tanto, existe una necesidad urgente de tecnologías de regeneración ósea que son seguros, eficaces y ampliamente disponibles. Nuestra capacidad para mejorar las estrategias de regeneración de hueso depende fundamentalmente de la capacidad de imitar traumatismo óseo grave en animales de laboratorio, pero la generación y la estabilización de las lesiones óseas grandes es técnicamente difícil. En la mayoría de los casos, grave trauma hueso largo es imitado experimentalmente mediante el establecimiento de un defecto que no se cura de forma natural. Aunque puede variar con la especie 15, esto se logra mediante la eliminación completa de un segmento de hueso que es mayor que 1,5 veces el diámetro de la sección transversal del hueso 16. El hueso se estabiliza luego con un implante metálico para mantener la orientación correcta de los bordes de la fractura y permitir la movilidad. Debido a su pequeño tamaño y la fragilidad desus huesos largos, el establecimiento de este tipo de lesiones en los ratones están más allá de las capacidades de la mayoría de los grupos de investigación. Como tal, los modelos de defectos de huesos largos se limitan a ratas y animales más grandes. Sin embargo, los ratones ofrecen ventajas significativas en investigación que pueden ser modificados y criados como cepas inmunocomprometidos que no rechazan las células y tejidos humanos genéticamente. Para las aplicaciones basadas en células humanas, los ratones inmunodeprimidos son atractivas para trabajar con ellos porque son fisiológicamente bien caracterizados, fácil de casa, rentables y de fácil analizaron radiográfica como microscópicamente. De suma importancia es que los ratones inmunodeprimidos no rechazan las células de diferentes especies, incluyendo los seres humanos. Su pequeño tamaño también permite el ensayo de un número muy pequeño de células o volúmenes de andamios experimentales en aplicaciones ortopédicas. Se han descrito varios modelos murinos ortopédicos que permitirse diversos grados de estabilidad ósea 17,18. Aquellos systems que resultan en niveles muy altos de estabilidad, tales como fijadores externos y las placas de bloqueo se curan predominantemente por la osificación endocondral intramembranous aunque la curación ha sido reportado 19. Por el contrario, las que permiten algunos micro y / o macro-movimiento, como las que emplean pasadores medulares no fijadas o parcialmente fijos, por lo general se curan con un predominio de la osificación endocondral 20,21. Unión retardada o defectos no sindicalizados de los huesos largos son particularmente difíciles de lograr en los ratones debido al nivel adicional de estabilización requerida. Sin embargo, se ha informado de una serie de enfoques, incluyendo pasadores medulares con clavos entrelazados, placas de bloqueo y fijadores externos 22. Estos sistemas generalmente funcionan bien, pero teniendo en cuenta su diseño complicado que puede ser técnicamente difícil de instalar. Por ejemplo, García et al. 23 ideó un sistema de pasador de enclavamiento elegante para su uso en ratones, pero el procedimiento implica incisiones en dos sitios separadoss y una amplia modificación del fémur para acomodar los pasadores. Estos procedimientos se realizaron bajo un microscopio de disección. En este documento, se describe un sencillo pasador medular femoral con un collar central diseñado para evitar el cierre de un déficit óseo 3 mm y también delinear los bordes originales del defecto. Mientras que el pasador no se fija en el hueso, el tamaño preciso de pasador y el diámetro de escariado de los resultados cavidad medular en la interferencia suficiente para minimizar el movimiento de torsión (Figura 1). Con una cuidadosa selección de edad endogámica, género y ratones de la cepa emparejados, el resultado es un no-uniondefect hipertrófica altamente reproducible 22 que puede ser fácilmente evaluada radiológicamente. Además regiones de interés pueden ser definidos de forma reproducible después de micro-tomografía computarizada (μCT) para la medición de la formación de hueso de novo y los parámetros histomorphological. Los pasadores se prototipos en nuestro laboratorio utilizando herramientas disponibles.<img alt="Figura 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/52368/52368fig1highres.jpg" /> Figura 1: Principio Experimental resumen esquemática del modelo de defecto segmentario.. El segmento central 3 mm de un fémur murino 9-10 mm se extirpa quirúrgicamente (izquierda). Un tubo de acero quirúrgico de calibre 19 de 3 mm de largo se pasa más de un 9 mm de largo, 22 G tubo de acero inoxidable y se fija con adhesivo en el centro exacto (derecha). El pasador resultante se encaja en los canales medulares de las porciones proximal y distal restantes del fémur con el collar 19 G sustituyendo el segmento de 3 mm de hueso (por debajo de, centro).

<table><tbody><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;Pin assembly&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>Dremel rotary tool</td><td>Dremel</td><td>8220</td><td>or equivalent</td></tr><tr><td>Heavy duty cut off wheel</td><td>Dremel</td><td>420</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Surgical tubing 19&amp;nbsp;G</td><td>Small Parts (Amazon)</td><td>B000FMZ8LY</td><td>OD 1.07&amp;nbsp;mm, ID 0.889&amp;nbsp;mm</td></tr><tr><td>Surgical tubing 21&amp;nbsp;G</td><td>Small Parts (Amazon)</td><td>B000FMZ8YQ</td><td>OD 0.82&amp;nbsp;mm, ID 0.635&amp;nbsp;mm</td></tr><tr><td>Surgical tubing 22&amp;nbsp;G</td><td>Small Parts (Amazon)</td><td>B000FMYLZS</td><td>OD 0.719&amp;nbsp;mm, ID 0.502&amp;nbsp;mm</td></tr><tr><td>Surgical tubing 23&amp;nbsp;G</td><td>Small Parts (Amazon)</td><td>B000FN0SY0</td><td>OD 0.643&amp;nbsp;mm, ID 0.444&amp;nbsp;mm</td></tr><tr><td>Cyanoacrylate adhesive</td><td>Loctite</td><td>1365882</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Emery disc</td><td>Dremel</td><td>413</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Rubber polishing point</td><td>Dremel</td><td>462</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Felt polishing disc</td><td>Dremel</td><td>414</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Gelatin sponge</td><td>Surgifoam/Ethicon</td><td>1974</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Punch biopsy cutter</td><td>Miltex</td><td>33-34</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;Surgery/post-operative&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>Warm pad and circulator pump</td><td>Stryker/Thermocare</td><td>TP700, TP700C, TPP722</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Coverage quaternary spray</td><td>Steris</td><td>1429-77</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bead sterilizer</td><td>Germinator/CellPoint Scentific</td><td>Germinator 500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Anesthesia system</td><td>VetEquip Inc</td><td>901806 or 901807/901809</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Isofluorane anesthetic</td><td>VETone/MWI</td><td>501017, 502017</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Surgical disinfectant</td><td>Chloraprep/CareFusion</td><td>260449</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Surgical tools</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>various</td><td>recommend German made</td></tr><tr><td>Face protection</td><td>Splash Shield</td><td>4505</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Rechargable high speed drill</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>18000-17</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Diamond cutting wheel</td><td>Strauss Diaiond</td><td>361.514.080HP</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Absorbable sutures&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Covidien</td><td>UM-213</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Outer sutures</td><td>Ethicon</td><td>668G</td><td>or equivalent</td></tr><tr><td>Vetbond</td><td>3M</td><td>1469SB</td><td>or equivalent</td></tr><tr><td>Hydration gel</td><td>Clear H2O</td><td>70-01-1082</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Diet gel</td><td>Clear H2O</td><td>72-01-1062</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Buprenorphine</td><td>Reckitt and Benckser</td><td>12496-0757-01</td><td>controlled substance</td></tr><tr><td>Mouse igloos</td><td>Bio Serv</td><td>K3328, 3570,3327</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Euthanasia cocktail</td><td>Euthasol/Virbac</td><td>710101</td><td>controlled substance</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;Analysis&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>Live animal imager&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Orthoscan</td><td>FD Pulse</td><td>or equivalent</td></tr><tr><td>Micro-CT unit and software</td><td>Bruker</td><td>Skyscan1174</td><td>or equivalent</td></tr><tr><td>Sealing film/Parafilm M</td><td>VWR or Fisher</td><td>100501-338, S37441</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">*Generic sources are suitable for all other items such as gause, drapes, protective clothing, animal care equipment.</td></tr></tbody></table>

a simple critical-sized femoral defect model in mice

While bone has a remarkable capacity for regeneration, serious bone trauma often results in damage that does not properly heal. In fact, one tenth of all limb bone fractures fail to heal completely due to the extent of the trauma, disease, or age of the patient. Our ability to improve bone regenerative strategies is critically dependent on the ability to mimic serious bone trauma in test animals, but the generation and stabilization of large bone lesions is technically challenging. In most cases, serious long bone trauma is mimicked experimentally by establishing a defect that will not naturally heal. This is achieved by complete removal of a bone segment that is larger than 1.5 times the diameter of the bone cross-section. The bone is then stabilized with a metal implant to maintain proper orientation of the fracture edges and allow for mobility. 
Due to their small size and the fragility of their long bones, establishment of such lesions in mice are beyond the capabilities of most research groups. As such, long bone defect models are confined to rats and larger animals. Nevertheless, mice afford significant research advantages in that they can be genetically modified and bred as immune-compromised strains that do not reject human cells and tissue.
Herein, we demonstrate a technique that facilitates the generation of a segmental defect in mouse femora using standard laboratory and veterinary equipment. With practice, fabrication of the fixation device and surgical implantation is feasible for the majority of trained veterinarians and animal research personnel. Using example data, we also provide methodologies for the quantitative analysis of bone healing for the model.

Los ratones se recuperan la conciencia y de las extremidades posteriores movilidad 5-10 minutos después de la retirada de la anestesia. Durante los primeros 5 días, es aconsejable para albergar a los ratones individualmente e introducir el enriquecimiento ambiental para evitar el exceso de uso de la extremidad. Para este propósito, los nidos de tipo iglú reducen la necesidad de la construcción del nido y animan descanso. También hemos observado que la provisión de alimentos y de hidrogel en el suelo de la jaula r...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Simple Critical-sized Femoral Defect Model in Mice at JoVE.com

A Simple Critical-sized Femoral Defect Model in Mice

Animal models are frequently employed to mimic serious bone injury in biomedical research. Due to their small size, establishment of stabilized bone lesions in mice are beyond the capabilities of most research groups. Herein, we describe a simple method for establishing and analyzing experimental femoral defects in mice.

A-crítico tamaño femoral Defecto sencillo modelo en ratones

While bone has a remarkable capacity for regeneration, serious bone trauma often results in damage that does not properly heal. In fact, one tenth of all ...

a-simple-critical-sized-femoral-defect-model-in-mice

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

15.0K vistas.  Texas A&M Health Science Center. Animal models are frequently employed to mimic serious bone injury in biomedical research. Due to their small size, establishment of stabilized bone lesions in mice are beyond the capabilities of most research groups. Herein, we describe a simple method for establishing and analyzing experimental femoral defects in mice. 

Video: A Simple Critical-sized Femoral Defect Model in Mice

Use of Human Perivascular Stem Cells for Bone Regeneration

Human perivascular stem cells (PSCs) can be isolated in sufficient numbers from multiple tissues for purposes of skeletal tissue engineering1-3. PSCs are a FACS-sorted population of 'pericytes' (CD146+CD34-CD45-) and 'adventitial cells' (CD146-CD34+CD45-), each of which we have previously reported to have properties of mesenchymal stem cells. PSCs, like MSCs, are able to undergo osteogenic differentiation, as well as secrete pro-osteogenic cytokines1,2. In the present protocol, we demonstrate the osteogenicity of PSCs in several animal models including a muscle pouch implantation in SCID (severe combined immunodeficient) mice, a SCID mouse calvarial defect and a femoral segmental defect (FSD) in athymic rats. The thigh muscle pouch model is used to assess ectopic bone formation. Calvarial defects are centered on the parietal bone and are standardly 4 mm in diameter (critically sized)8. FSDs are bicortical and are stabilized with a polyethylene bar and K-wires4. The FSD described is also a critical size defect, which does not significantly heal on its own4. In contrast, if stem cells or growth factors are added to the defect site, significant bone regeneration can be appreciated. The overall goal of PSC xenografting is to demonstrate the osteogenic capability of this cell type in both ectopic and orthotopic bone regeneration models.

Human perivascular stem cells (PSCs) are a novel stem cell class for skeletal tissue regeneration similar to mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). PSCs can be isolated by FACS (fluorescence activated cell sorting) from adipose tissue procured during standard liposuction procedures, then combined with an osteoinductive scaffold to achieve bone formation in vivo.

El uso de las células estaminales perivasculares para la regeneración ósea

Human perivascular stem cells (PSCs) can be isolated in sufficient numbers from multiple tissues for purposes of skeletal tissue engineering1-3. PSCs are ...

Investigación

Bioingeniería

A Simple Guide Screw Method for Intracranial Xenograft Studies in Mice

The grafting of human tumor cells into the brain of immunosuppressed mice is an established method for the study of brain cancers including glioblastoma (glioma) and medulloblastoma. The widely used stereotactic approach only allows for the injection of a single animal at a time, is labor intensive and requires highly specialized equipment. The guide screw method, initially developed by Lal et al.,1 was developed to eliminate cumbersome stereotactic procedures. We now describe a modified guide screw approach that is rapid and exceptionally safe; both of which are critical ethical considerations. Notably, our procedure now incorporates an infusion pump that allows up to 10 animals to be simultaneously injected with tumor cells.
To demonstrate the utility of this procedure, we established human U87MG glioma cells as intracranial xenografts in mice, which were then treated with AMG102; a fully human antibody directed to HGF/scatter factor currently undergoing clinical evaluation2-5. Systemic injection of AMG102 significantly prolonged the survival of all mice with intracranial U87MG xenografts and resulted in a number of complete cures. 
This study demonstrates that the guide screw method is an inexpensive, highly reproducible approach for establishing intracranial xenografts. Furthermore, it provides a relevant physiological model for validating novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of brain cancers.

In order to evaluate novel therapeutic paradigms for the treatment of glioma, physiological relevant models are essential. We utilize an implantable guide screw procedure for establishment of intracranial xenograft models that is more rapid and safer than stereotactic approaches.

Una guía sencilla Método de tornillo para intracraneal Estudios xenoinjerto en ratones

The grafting of human tumor cells into the brain of immunosuppressed mice is an established method for the study of brain cancers including glioblastoma ...

Medicina

Establishment of a Segmental Femoral Critical-size Defect Model in Mice Stabilized by Plate Osteosynthesis

The use of tissue-engineered bone constructs is an appealing strategy to overcome drawbacks of autografts for the treatment of massive bone defects. As a model organism, the mouse has already been widely used in bone-related research. Large diaphyseal bone defect models in mice, however, are sparse and often use bone fixation which fills the bone marrow cavity and does not provide optimal mechanical stability. The objectives of the current study were to develop a critical-size, segmental, femoral defect in nude mice. A 3.5-mm mid-diaphyseal femoral ostectomy (approximately 25% of the femur length) was performed using a dedicated jig, and was stabilized with an anterior located locking plate and 4 locking screws. The bone defect was subsequently either left empty or filled with a bone substitute (syngenic bone graft or coralline scaffold). Bone healing was monitored noninvasively using radiography and in vivo micro-computed-tomography and was subsequently assessed by ex vivo micro-computed-tomography and undecalcified histology after animal sacrifice, 10 weeks postoperatively. The recovery of all mice was excellent, a full-weight-bearing was observed within one day following the surgical procedure. Furthermore, stable bone fixation and consistent fixation of the implanted materials were achieved in all animals tested throughout the study. When the bone defects were left empty, non-union was consistently obtained. In contrast, when the bone defects were filled with syngenic bone grafts, bone union was always observed. When the bone defects were filled with coralline scaffolds, newly-formed bone was observed in the interface between bone resection edges and the scaffold, as well as within a short distance within the scaffold. 
The present model describes a reproducible critical-size femoral defect stabilized by plate osteosynthesis with low morbidity in mice. The new load-bearing segmental bone defect model could be useful for studying the underlying mechanisms in bone regeneration pertinent to orthopaedic applications.

Although mouse models are invaluable tools for bone tissue engineering, models of long bone defects are sparse. This need motivated development of the present protocol which uses a locking plate with four screws and a dedicated jig to perform and stabilize a reproducible, femoral, critical-size defect with low morbidity.

Establecimiento de un defecto segmentario Modelo femoral de tamaño crítico en ratones estabilizado por osteosíntesis Plate

The use of tissue-engineered bone constructs is an appealing strategy to overcome drawbacks of autografts for the treatment of massive bone defects. As a ...

A Reliable and Reproducible Critical-Sized Segmental Femoral Defect Model in Rats Stabilized with a Custom External Fixator

Orthopedic research relies heavily on animal models to study mechanisms of bone healing in vivo as well as investigate the new treatment techniques. Critical-sized segmental defects are challenging to treat clinically, and research efforts could benefit from a reliable, ambulatory small animal model of a segmental femoral defect. In this study, we present an optimized surgical protocol for the consistent and reproducible creation of a 5 mm critical diaphyseal defect in a rat femur stabilized with an external fixator. The diaphyseal ostectomy was performed using a custom jig to place 4 Kirschner wires bicortically, which were stabilized with an adapted external fixator device. An oscillating bone saw was used to create the defect. Either a collagen sponge alone or a collagen sponge soaked in rhBMP-2 was implanted into the defect, and the bone healing was monitored over 12 weeks using radiographs. After 12 weeks, rats were sacrificed, and histological analysis was performed on the excised control and treated femurs. Bone defects containing only collagen sponge resulted in non-union, while rhBMP-2 treatment yielded the formation of a periosteal callous and new bone remodeling. Animals recovered well after implantation, and external fixation proved successful in stabilizing the femoral defects over 12 weeks. This streamlined surgical model could be readily applied to study bone healing and test new orthopedic biomaterials and regenerative therapies in vivo.

In vivo mammalian models of critical-sized bone defects are essential for researchers studying healing mechanisms and orthopedic therapies. Here, we introduce a protocol for the creation of reproducible, segmental, femoral defects in rats stabilized using external fixation.

Un modelo confiable y Reproducible tamaño crítico Femoral defecto segmentario en ratas estabilizado con un Fixator externo personalizado

Orthopedic research relies heavily on animal models to study mechanisms of bone healing in vivo as well as investigate the new treatment techniques. ...

A Minimally Invasive Model to Analyze Endochondral Fracture Healing in Mice Under Standardized Biomechanical Conditions

Bone healing models are necessary to analyze the complex mechanisms of fracture healing to improve clinical fracture treatment. During the last decade, an increased use of mouse models in orthopedic research was noted, most probably because mouse models offer a large number of genetically-modified strains and special antibodies for the analysis of molecular mechanisms of fracture healing. To control the biomechanical conditions, well-characterized osteosynthesis techniques are mandatory, also in mice. Here, we report on the design and use of a closed bone healing model to stabilize femur fractures in mice. The intramedullary screw, made of medical-grade stainless steel, provides through fracture compression an axial and rotational stability compared to the mostly used simple intramedullary pins, which show a complete lack of axial and rotational stability. The stability achieved by the intramedullary screw allows the analysis of endochondral healing. A large amount of callus tissue, received after stabilization with the screw, offers ideal conditions to harvest tissue for biochemical and molecular analyses. A further advantage of the use of the screw is the fact that the screw can be inserted into the femur with a minimally invasive technique without inducing damage to the soft tissue. In conclusion, the screw is a unique implant that can ideally be used in closed fracture healing models offering standardized biomechanical conditions.

This protocol describes a minimally invasive osteosynthesis technique using an intramedullary screw for standardized stabilization of femur fractures, which can be used to analyze endochondral bone healing in mice.

Un modelo mínimamente invasivo para analizar la fractura endocondral en ratones en condiciones biomecánicas estandarizadas

Bone healing models are necessary to analyze the complex mechanisms of fracture healing to improve clinical fracture treatment. During the last decade, an ...

The Generation of Closed Femoral Fractures in Mice: A Model to Study Bone Healing

Bone fractures impose a tremendous socio-economic burden on patients, in addition to significantly affecting their quality of life. Therapeutic strategies that promote efficient bone healing are non-existent and in high demand. Effective and reproducible animal models of fractures healing are needed to understand the complex biological processes associated with bone regeneration. Many animal models of fracture healing have been generated over the years; however, murine fracture models have recently emerged as powerful tools to study bone healing. A variety of open and closed models have been developed, but the closed femoral fracture model stands out as a simple method for generating rapid and reproducible results in a physiologically relevant manner. The goal of this surgical protocol is to generate unilateral closed femoral fractures in mice and facilitate a post-fracture stabilization of the femur by inserting an intramedullary steel rod. Although devices such as a nail or a screw offer greater axial and rotational stability, the use of an intramedullary rod provides a sufficient stabilization for consistent healing outcomes without producing new defects in the bone tissue or damaging nearby soft tissue. Radiographic imaging is used to monitor the progression of callus formation, bony union, and subsequent remodeling of the bony callus. Bone healing outcomes are typically associated with the strength of the healed bone and measured with torsional testing. Still, understanding the early cellular and molecular events associated with fracture repair is critical in the study of bone tissue regeneration. The closed femoral fracture model in mice with intramedullary fixation serves as an attractive platform to study bone fracture healing and evaluate therapeutic strategies to accelerate healing.

The murine closed femoral fracture model is a powerful platform to study fracture healing and novel therapeutic strategies to accelerate bone regeneration. The goal of this surgical protocol is to generate unilateral closed femoral fractures in mice using an intramedullary steel rod to stabilize the femur.

La generación de fracturas femorales cerradas en ratones: un modelo para el estudio del hueso curativo

Bone fractures impose a tremendous socio-economic burden on patients, in addition to significantly affecting their quality of life. Therapeutic strategies ...

Establecimiento y evaluación de una caja femoral de rata: modelo de defecto de cavidad

Creating a Box-Cavity Defect Model in the Cortical Bone of Rat Femora

Severe bone defects or complex fractures can result in serious complications such as nonunion or insufficient bone healing. Tissue engineering, which involves the application of cells, scaffolds, and cytokines, is considered a promising solution for bone regeneration. Consequently, various animal models that simulate bone defects play a crucial role in exploring the therapeutic potential of tissue engineering for bone healing. In this study, we established a box-shaped cortical bone defect model in the mid-femur of rats, which could serve as an ideal model for assessing the function of biomaterials in promoting bone healing. This box-shaped cortical bone defect was drilled using an oral low-speed handpiece and shaped by a lathe needle. Post-operative micro-CT analysis was immediately conducted to confirm the successful establishment of the box-cavity cortical bone defect. The femurs on the operated side of the rats were then harvested at multiple time points post-surgery (0 days, 2 weeks, 4 weeks, and 6 weeks). The healing process of each sample&#39;s defect area was evaluated using micro-CT, hematoxylin and eosin (H&#38;E) staining, and Masson trichrome staining. These results demonstrated a healing pattern consistent with intramembranous ossification, with healing essentially complete by 6 weeks. The categorization of this animal model&#39;s healing process provides an effective in vivo method for investigating novel biomaterials and drugs that target intramembranous ossification during bone tissue defect healing.

Autor destacado: El enfoque cortical de la cavidad de caja para mejorar la evaluación de biomateriales y la regeneración ósea

Here, we present a protocol for creating a box-cavity defect in rat femoral diaphysis tissue. This model can assess biomaterial performance under biomechanical stress and explore mechanisms of bone regeneration related to intramembranous osteogenesis.

Creación de un modelo de defecto de cavidad de caja en el hueso cortical del fémur de rata

Severe bone defects or complex fractures can result in serious complications such as nonunion or insufficient bone healing. Tissue engineering, which ...

Transverse Fracture of the Mouse Femur with Stabilizing Pin

Fracture repair is an essential function of the skeleton that cannot be reliably modeled in vitro. A mouse injury model is an efficient approach to test whether a gene, gene product or drug influences bone repair because murine bones recapitulate the stages observed during human fracture healing. When a mouse or human breaks a bone, an inflammatory response is initiated, and the periosteum, a stem cell niche surrounding the bone itself, is activated and expands. Cells residing in the periosteum then differentiate to form a vascularized soft callus. The transition from the soft callus to a hard callus occurs as the recruited skeletal progenitor cells differentiate into mineralizing cells, and the bridging of the fractured ends results in the bone union. The mineralized callus then undergoes remodeling to restore the original shape and structure of the healed bone. Fracture healing has been studied in mice using various injury models. Still, the best way to recapitulate this entire biological process is to break through the cross-section of a long bone that encompasses both cortices. This protocol describes how a stabilized, transverse femur fracture can be safely performed to assess healing in adult mice. A surgical protocol including detailed harvesting and imaging techniques to characterize the different stages of fracture healing is also provided.

This protocol describes a method to perform fractures on adult mice and monitor the healing process.

Fractura transversal del fémur del ratón con pasador estabilizador

Fracture repair is an essential function of the skeleton that cannot be reliably modeled in vitro. A mouse injury model is an efficient approach to test ...

A-crítico tamaño femoral Defecto sencillo modelo en ratones

Resumen

Explorar más videos

Capítulos en este video

El uso de las células estaminales perivasculares para la regeneración ósea

Una guía sencilla Método de tornillo para intracraneal Estudios xenoinjerto en ratones

Establecimiento de un defecto segmentario Modelo femoral de tamaño crítico en ratones estabilizado por osteosíntesis Plate

Un modelo confiable y Reproducible tamaño crítico Femoral defecto segmentario en ratas estabilizado con un Fixator externo personalizado

Un modelo mínimamente invasivo para analizar la fractura endocondral en ratones en condiciones biomecánicas estandarizadas

La generación de fracturas femorales cerradas en ratones: un modelo para el estudio del hueso curativo

Creación de un modelo de defecto de cavidad de caja en el hueso cortical del fémur de rata

Creación de un modelo de defecto de cavidad de caja en el hueso cortical del fémur de rata

Creación de un modelo de defecto de cavidad de caja en el hueso cortical del fémur de rata

Fractura transversal del fémur del ratón con pasador estabilizador