Diese Arbeit wird durch ein Discovery Grant an BDC vom Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC; RGPIN 311680) und ein Betriebsstipendium an BDC von den Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR; MOP-93796). RAK wurde durch ein Ontario Graduate Scholarship und ALC durch ein NSERC CREATE Stipendium unterstützt. Der in diesem Manuskript beschriebene Versuchsapparat wurde von der Canada Foundation for Innovation unterstützt. Weitere Unterstützung kam vom Canada First Research Excellence Fund (BrainsCAN).

<ol>
	<li>Veerman, M. M., Brenner, E., Smeets, J. B. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+latency+for+correcting+a+movement+depends+on+the+visual+attribute+that+defines+the+target.">The latency for correcting a movement depends on the visual attribute that defines the target.</a> Experimental Brain Research. 187 (2), 219-228 (2008).</li><li>Soechting, J. F., Lacquaniti, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modification+of+trajectory+of+a+pointing+movement+in+response+to+a+change+in+target+location.">Modification of trajectory of a pointing movement in response to a change in target location.</a> Journal of Neurophysiology. 49 (2), 548-564 (1983).</li><li>Day, B. L., Lyon, I. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Voluntary+modification+of+automatic+arm+movements+evoked+by+motion+of+a+visual+target.">Voluntary modification of automatic arm movements evoked by motion of a visual target.</a> Experimental Brain Research. 130 (2), 159-168 (2000).</li><li>Gaveau, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Automatic+online+control+of+motor+adjustments+in+reaching+and+grasping.">Automatic online control of motor adjustments in reaching and grasping.</a> Neuropsychologia. 55 (1), 25-40 (2014).</li><li>Day, B. L., Brown, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evidence+for+subcortical+involvement+in+the+visual+control+of+human+reaching.">Evidence for subcortical involvement in the visual control of human reaching.</a> Brain A Journal of Neurology. 124, 1832-1840 (2001).</li><li>Pruszynski, A. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stimulus-locked+responses+on+human+arm+muscles+reveal+a+rapid+neural+pathway+linking+visual+input+to+arm+motor+output.">Stimulus-locked responses on human arm muscles reveal a rapid neural pathway linking visual input to arm motor output.</a> European Journal of Neuroscience. 32 (6), 1049-1057 (2010).</li><li>Corneil, B. D., Olivier, E., Munoz, D. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Visual+responses+on+neck+muscles+reveal+selective+gating+that+prevents+express+saccades.">Visual responses on neck muscles reveal selective gating that prevents express saccades.</a> Neuron. 42 (5), 831-841 (2004).</li><li>Wood, D. K., Gu, C., Corneil, B. D., Gribble, P. L., Goodale, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transient+visual+responses+reset+the+phase+of+low-frequency+oscillations+in+the+skeletomotor+periphery.">Transient visual responses reset the phase of low-frequency oscillations in the skeletomotor periphery.</a> European Journal of Neuroscience. 42 (3), 1919-1932 (2015).</li><li>Gu, C., Wood, D. K., Gribble, P. L., Corneil, B. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Trial-by-Trial+Window+into+Sensorimotor+Transformations+in+the+Human+Motor+Periphery.">A Trial-by-Trial Window into Sensorimotor Transformations in the Human Motor Periphery.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 36 (31), 8273-8282 (2016).</li><li>Kozak, R. A., Kreyenmeier, P., Gu, C., Johnston, K., Corneil, B. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stimulus-locked+responses+on+human+upper+limb+muscles+and+corrective+reaches+are+preferentially+evoked+by+low+spatial+frequencies.">Stimulus-locked responses on human upper limb muscles and corrective reaches are preferentially evoked by low spatial frequencies.</a> eNeuro. 6 (5), (2019).</li><li>Kowler, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cognitive+expectations,+not+habits,+control+anticipatory+smooth+oculomotor+pursuit.">Cognitive expectations, not habits, control anticipatory smooth oculomotor pursuit.</a> Vision Research. 29 (9), 1049-1057 (1989).</li><li>Goonetilleke, S. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cross-species+comparison+of+anticipatory+and+stimulus-driven+neck+muscle+activity+well+before+saccadic+gaze+shifts+in+humans+and+nonhuman+primates.">Cross-species comparison of anticipatory and stimulus-driven neck muscle activity well before saccadic gaze shifts in humans and nonhuman primates.</a> Journal of Neurophysiology. 114 (2), 902-913 (2015).</li><li>Franklin, D. W., Reichenbach, A., Franklin, S., Diedrichsen, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Temporal+evolution+of+spatial+computations+for+visuomotor+control.">Temporal evolution of spatial computations for visuomotor control.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 36 (8), 2329-2341 (2016).</li><li>Krekelberg, B., Vatakis, A., Kourtzi, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Implied+motion+from+form+in+the+human+visual+cortex.">Implied motion from form in the human visual cortex.</a> Journal of Neurophysiology. 94 (6), 4373-4386 (2005).</li><li>Gribble, P. L., Everling, S., Ford, K., Mattar, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hand-eye+coordination+for+rapid+pointing+movements:+Arm+movement+direction+and+distance+are+specified+prior+to+saccade+onset.">Hand-eye coordination for rapid pointing movements: Arm movement direction and distance are specified prior to saccade onset.</a> Experimental Brain Research. 145 (3), 372-382 (2002).</li><li>Par&#233;, M., Munoz, D. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Saccadic+reaction+time+in+the+monkey:+advanced+preparation+of+oculomotor+programs+is+primarily+responsible+for+express+saccade+occurrence.">Saccadic reaction time in the monkey: advanced preparation of oculomotor programs is primarily responsible for express saccade occurrence.</a> Journal of Neurophysiology. 76 (6), 3666-3681 (1996).</li></ol>

Die Autoren haben nichts zu verraten.

Menschen haben eine bemerkenswerte Fähigkeit, bei Bedarf schnelle, visuell geführte Aktionen bei Latenzen zu erzeugen, die sich minimalen affetierenden und effevertunen Leitungsverzögerungen nähern. Wir haben zuvor Stimulus-gesperrte Reaktionen (SLRs) an der oberen Extremität als eine neue Maßnahme für schnelle visuomotorische Reaktionen6,9,10beschrieben. Während es vorteilhaft ist, einen Trial-by-Trial-Benchmark für de...

Wenn wir eine Nachricht auf unserem Handy bemerken, werden wir aufgefordert, eine visuell geführte Reichweite durchzuführen, um unser Telefon abzuholen und die Nachricht zu lesen. Visuelle Funktionen wie die Form und Größe des Telefons werden in Motorbefehle umgewandelt, die es uns ermöglichen, das Ziel erfolgreich zu erreichen. Solche visuomotorischen Transformationen können unter Laborbedingungen untersucht werden, die ein hohes Maß an Kontrolle ermöglichen. Es gibt jedoch Szenarien, in denen die Reaktionszeit wichtig ist, z. B. das Telefon zu fangen, wenn es fallen sollte. Laborstudien über schnellvisuomotorisches Verhalten basieren oft auf verdrängten Zielparadigmen, bei denen laufende Bewegungen während des Fluges nach einer Änderung der Zielposition modifiziert werden (siehe z.B. Ref.1,2). Während solche Online-Korrekturen in <150 ms3auftreten können, ist es schwierig, den genauen Zeitpunkt der schnellen Visuomotor-Ausgabe allein mit Kinematik zu ermitteln, da der Arm mit Niedrigen passieriert ist und weil die schnelle Visuomotor-Leistung eine Bewegung bereits während des Fluges ersetzt. Solche Komplikationen führen zu Unsicherheit über die Substrate, die schnellen visuomotorischen Reaktionen zugrunde liegen (siehe Ref.4 zur Überprüfung). Einige Studien deuten darauf hin, dass subkortikale Strukturen wie der überlegene Colliculus, anstatt fronto-parietale kortikale Bereiche, Online-Korrekturen initiieren können5.
Diese Ungewissheit in Bezug auf die zugrunde liegenden neuronalen Substrate kann zumindest teilweise auf das Fehlen eines zuverlässigen Biomarkers für die Leistung des schnellen Visuomotor-Systems zurückzuführen sein. Kürzlich haben wir ein Maß für schnelle visuomotorische Reaktionen beschrieben, die aus statischen Haltungen erzeugt und mittels Elektromyographie (EMG) aufgezeichnet werden können. Stimulus-gesperrte Reaktionen (SLRs) sind zeitgesperrte Ausbrüche der EMG-Aktivität, die der freiwilligen Bewegung6,7vorausgehen und sich nach DemBeginn des Stimulus konstant um 100 ms entwickeln. Wie der Name schon sagt, werden SLRs durch Stimulus-Beginn evoziert, auch wenn eine eventuelle Bewegung8 zurückgehalten wird oder sich in die entgegengesetzte Richtungbewegt 9. Darüber hinaus sind SLRs, die durch Zielverschiebung in einem dynamischen Paradigma evoziert werden, mit kürzeren Online-Latenzkorrekturen10verbunden. Somit bieten SLRs eine objektive Maßnahme zur systematischen Untersuchung des Ausgangs eines schnellen Visuomotorsystems, das an kurzen Latenz-RTs beteiligt ist, da sie aus einer statischen Haltung erzeugt und von anderen EMG-Signalen analysiert werden können, die nichts mit der Anfangsphase der schnellen Visuomotor-Reaktion zu tun haben.
Ziel der aktuellen Studie ist es, ein visuell geführtes Erreichensparadigma zu präsentieren, das SLRs robust hervorruft. Frühere Studien zur Untersuchung der Spiegelreflexkamera haben über weniger als 100 % Nachweisraten bei den Teilnehmern berichtet, selbst wenn sie invasivere intramuskuläre Aufnahmen6,8,9verwenden. Niedrige Nachweisraten und die Abhängigkeit von invasiven Aufzeichnungen begrenzen den Nutzen von SLR-Maßnahmen bei zukünftigen Untersuchungen des schnellen Visuomotoriksystems bei Krankheiten oder über die gesamte Lebensdauer hinweg. Während einige Probanden einfach keine SLRs ausdrücken, waren die zuvor verwendeten Reize und Verhaltensparadigmen möglicherweise nicht ideal, um die Spiegelreflexkamera zu evozieren. Frühere Berichte über SLRs haben in der Regel Paradigmen verwendet, bei denen Teilnehmer visuell geführte Reichweiten in Richtung statische, plötzlich erscheinende Ziele6,9generieren. Allerdings ist ein schnelles Visuomotor-System das wahrscheinlichste, das in Szenarien benötigt wird, in denen man schnell mit einem fallenden oder fliegenden Objekt interagieren muss, was dazu führt, dass man sich fragt, ob bewegungsische anstatt statische Reize sLRs besser evozieren können. Daher haben wir ein bewegliches Zielparadigma zur Untersuchung von Augenbewegungen11angepasst und es mit einer pro/anti visuell geführten Erreichungsaufgabe kombiniert, die zur Untersuchung der Spiegelreflexkamera9verwendet wird. Im Vergleich zu Denergebnissen von Paradigmen, die zuvor verwendet wurden6,8,9, wurde festgestellt, dass sich SLRs im sich abzeichnenden Zielparadigma früher entwickelten, höhere Magnituden erreichten und in unserer Teilnehmerstichprobe häufiger waren. Insgesamt fördert das sich abzeichnende Zielparadigma die Expression schneller visuomotorischer Reaktionen in einem solchen Maße, dass objektive EMG-Maßnahmen zuverlässig mit Oberflächenaufzeichnungen durchgeführt werden können, wodurch Die Studie innerhalb klinischer Populationen und über die gesamte Lebensdauer hinweg potenziert wird. Darüber hinaus kann das sich abzeichnende Zielparadigma auf viele verschiedene Arten geändert werden, wodurch gründlichere Untersuchungen der sensorischen, kognitiven und motorischen Faktoren gefördert werden, die schnelle visuomotorische Reaktionen fördern oder modifizieren.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Bagnoli-8 Desktop Surface EMG System</td><td>Delsys Inc.</td><td></td><td>Another reaching apparatus may be used</td></tr><tr><td>Kinarm End-Point Robot</td><td>Kinarm, Kingston, Ontario, Canada</td><td></td><td>Another reaching apparatus may be used</td></tr><tr><td>MATLAB (version R2016a) Stateflow and Simulink applications</td><td>The MathWorks, Inc., Natick, Massachusetts, United States</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PROPixx projector</td><td>VPIXX Saint-Bruno, QC, Canada</td><td></td><td>This is a custom built addon for the Kinarm. Other displays may be used. Resolution: 1920 x 1080. Standard viewing monitors may also be used.</td></tr></tbody></table>

an emerging target paradigm to evoke fast visuomotor responses on human upper limb muscles

Um zu einem gesehenen Objekt zu gelangen, müssen visuelle Informationen in Motorbefehle umgewandelt werden. Visuelle Informationen wie Farbe, Form und Größe des Objekts werden in zahlreichen Gehirnbereichen verarbeitet und integriert und schließlich an die motorische Peripherie weitergeleitet. In einigen Fällen ist eine Reaktion so schnell wie möglich erforderlich. Diese schnellen visuomotorischen Transformationen und ihre zugrunde liegenden neurologischen Substrate sind beim Menschen schlecht verstanden, da ihnen ein zuverlässiger Biomarker fehlte. Stimulus-locked Responses (SLRs) sind kurze Latenz (<100 ms) Bursts der elektromyographischen (EMG) Aktivität, die die erste Welle der Muskelrekrutierung durch visuelle Stimulus-Präsentation beeinflusst. SLRs liefern eine quantifizierbare Leistung von schnellen visuomotorischen Transformationen, aber SLRs wurden nicht in allen Fächern in früheren Studien konsistent beobachtet. Hier beschreiben wir ein neues, verhaltensbezogenes Paradigma, das das plötzliche Auftauchen eines sich bewegenden Ziels unter einem Hindernis zeigt, das konsequent robuste SLRs evoziert. Menschliche Teilnehmer erzeugten visuell geführte Reichweiten in Richtung oder weg vom entstehenden Ziel mit einem Roboter-Manipulandum, während Oberflächenelektroden die EMG-Aktivität vom Hauptmuskel des Pectoralis aufzeichneten. Im Vergleich zu früheren Studien, die SLRs mit statischen Reizen untersuchten, waren die sLRs, die mit diesem aufkommenden Zielparadigma evoziert wurden, größer, entwickelten sich früher und waren bei allen Teilnehmern vorhanden. Reach-Reaktionszeiten (RTs) wurden auch im sich abzeichnenden Zielparadigma beschleunigt. Dieses Paradigma bietet zahlreiche Möglichkeiten zur Veränderung, die eine systematische Untersuchung der Auswirkungen verschiedener sensorischer, kognitiver und motorischer Manipulationen auf schnelle visuomotorische Reaktionen ermöglichen könnten. Insgesamt zeigen unsere Ergebnisse, dass ein sich abzeichnendes Zielparadigma in der Lage ist, in einem schnellen Visuomotorsystem konsequent und robust zu wirken.

Stimulus gesperrte Reaktionen (SLRs) sind kurze Ausbrüche der Muskelaktivität Zeit gesperrt, um den Stimulus-Beginn, die weit vor dem größeren Volley der Muskelrekrutierung mit Bewegungsbeginn verbunden entwickeln. Die zeitlich verriegelte Natur der Spiegelreflexkamera erzeugte eine "Bandierung" der Muskelaktivität, die bei 100 ms sichtbar ist, wenn alle Versuche nach Reaktionszeit (RT) sortiert angesehen werden (Abbildung 1a, hervorgehoben durch graue Felder). Wie in <strong class="xfi...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Emerging Target Paradigm to Evoke Fast Visuomotor Responses on Human Upper Limb Muscles at JoVE.com

An Emerging Target Paradigm to Evoke Fast Visuomotor Responses on Human Upper Limb Muscles

Präsentiert hier ist ein Verhaltensparadigma, das robuste schnelle visuomotorische Reaktionen auf menschliche Obermaße Muskeln während visuell geführter Reichweiten auslöst.

Ein aufstrebendes Zielparadigma, um schnelle Visuomotor-Antworten auf menschliche Oberkörpermuskeln zu evozieren

To reach towards a seen object, visual information has to be transformed into motor commands. Visual information such as the object&#8217;s color, shape, ...

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4.2K Aufrufe.  Western University. Präsentiert hier ist ein Verhaltensparadigma, das robuste schnelle visuomotorische Reaktionen auf menschliche Obermaße Muskeln während visuell geführter Reichweiten auslöst.

Serie: An Emerging Target Paradigm to Evoke Fast Visuomotor Responses on Human Upper Limb Muscles

Corticospinal Excitability Modulation During Action Observation

This study used the transcranial magnetic stimulation/motor evoked potential (TMS/MEP) technique to pinpoint when the automatic tendency to mirror someone else's action becomes anticipatory simulation of a complementary act. TMS was delivered to the left primary motor cortex corresponding to the hand to induce the highest level of MEP activity from the abductor digiti minimi (ADM; the muscle serving little finger abduction) as well as the first dorsal interosseus (FDI; the muscle serving index finger flexion/extension) muscles. A neuronavigation system was used to maintain the position of the TMS coil, and electromyographic (EMG) activity was recorded from the right ADM and FDI muscles. Producing original data with regard to motor resonance, the combined TMS/MEP technique has taken research on the perception-action coupling mechanism a step further. Specifically, it has answered the questions of how and when observing another person's actions produces motor facilitation in an onlooker's corresponding muscles and in what way corticospinal excitability is modulated in social contexts.

Single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation over the primary motor cortex, neuronavigation, and registration of electromyographic activity of hand muscles were used in this study to explore corticospinal excitability while participants were observing action sequences.

Corticospinal ErregbarkeitModulation während der Aktion Beobachtung

This study used the transcranial magnetic stimulation/motor evoked potential (TMS/MEP) technique to pinpoint when the automatic tendency to mirror someone ...

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Methods to Explore the Influence of Top-down Visual Processes on Motor Behavior

Kinesthetic awareness is important to successfully navigate the environment. When we interact with our daily surroundings, some aspects of movement are deliberately planned, while others spontaneously occur below conscious awareness. The deliberate component of this dichotomy has been studied extensively in several contexts, while the spontaneous component remains largely under-explored. Moreover, how perceptual processes modulate these movement classes is still unclear. In particular, a currently debated issue is whether the visuomotor system is governed by the spatial percept produced by a visual illusion or whether it is not affected by the illusion and is governed instead by the veridical percept. Bistable percepts such as 3D depth inversion illusions (DIIs) provide an excellent context to study such interactions and balance, particularly when used in combination with reach-to-grasp movements. In this study, a methodology is developed that uses a DII to clarify the role of top-down processes on motor action, particularly exploring how reaches toward a target on a DII are affected in both deliberate and spontaneous movement domains.

It is unclear how top-down signals from the ventral visual stream affect movement. We developed a paradigm to test motor behavior towards a target on a 3D depth inversion illusion. Significant differences are reported in both deliberate, goal-directed movements and automatic actions under illusory and veridical viewing conditions.

Methoden, um den Einfluss von Top-down-Prozesse auf Visuelle Motor Verhalten erkunden

Kinesthetic awareness is important to successfully navigate the environment. When we interact with our daily surroundings, some aspects of movement are ...

Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy of the Sensory and Motor Brain Regions with Simultaneous Kinematic and EMG Monitoring During Motor Tasks

There are several advantages that functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) presents in the study of the neural control of human movement. It is relatively flexible with respect to participant positioning and allows for some head movements during tasks. Additionally, it is inexpensive, light weight, and portable, with very few contraindications to its use. This presents a unique opportunity to study functional brain activity during motor tasks in individuals who are typically developing, as well as those with movement disorders, such as cerebral palsy. An additional consideration when studying movement disorders, however, is the quality of actual movements performed and the potential for additional, unintended movements. Therefore, concurrent monitoring of both blood flow changes in the brain and actual movements of the body during testing is required for appropriate interpretation of fNIRS results. Here, we show a protocol for the combination of fNIRS with muscle and kinematic monitoring during motor tasks. We explore gait, a unilateral multi-joint movement (cycling), and two unilateral single-joint movements (isolated ankle dorsiflexion, and isolated hand squeezing). The techniques presented can be useful in studying both typical and atypical motor control, and can be modified to investigate a broad range of tasks and scientific questions.

Monitoring brain activity during upright motor tasks is of great value when investigating the neural source of movement disorders. Here, we demonstrate a protocol that combines functional near infrared spectroscopy with continuous monitoring of muscle and kinematic activity during 4 types of motor tasks.

Funktionale Nahinfrarotspektroskopie der die sensorischen und motorischen Hirnregionen mit Simultaneous kinematische und EMG-Überwachung Während Motor Aufgaben

There are several advantages that functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) presents in the study of the neural control of human movement. It is ...

Multifunctional Setup for Studying Human Motor Control Using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, Electromyography, Motion Capture, and Virtual Reality

The study of neuromuscular control of movement in humans is accomplished with numerous technologies. Non-invasive methods for investigating neuromuscular function include transcranial magnetic stimulation, electromyography, and three-dimensional motion capture. The advent of readily available and cost-effective virtual reality solutions has expanded the capabilities of researchers in recreating &#8220;real-world&#8221; environments and movements in a laboratory setting. Naturalistic movement analysis will not only garner a greater understanding of motor control in healthy individuals, but also permit the design of experiments and rehabilitation strategies that target specific motor impairments (e.g. stroke). The combined use of these tools will lead to increasingly deeper understanding of neural mechanisms of motor control. A key requirement when combining these data acquisition systems is fine temporal correspondence between the various data streams. This protocol describes a multifunctional system&#8217;s overall connectivity, intersystem signaling, and the temporal synchronization of recorded data. Synchronization of the component systems is primarily accomplished through the use of a customizable circuit, readily made with off the shelf components and minimal electronics assembly skills.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation, electromyography, and 3D motion capture are commonly used non-invasive techniques for investigating neuromuscular function in humans. In this paper, we describe a protocol that synchronously samples data generated by all three of these tools along with the unique addition of virtual reality stimulus presentation and feedback.

Multifunktions-Setup für das Studium der menschlichen Motor Control Mit Transkranielle Magnetstimulation, Elektromyographie, Motion Capture und Virtual Reality

The study of neuromuscular control of movement in humans is accomplished with numerous technologies. Non-invasive methods for investigating neuromuscular ...

Event-related Potentials During Target-response Tasks to Study Cognitive Processes of Upper Limb Use in Children with Unilateral Cerebral Palsy

Unilateral Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is a very common cause of disability in childhood. It is characterized by unilateral motor impairments that are frequently dominated in the upper limb. In addition to a reduced movement capacity of the affected upper limb, several children with unilateral CP show a reduced awareness of the remaining movement capacity of that limb. This phenomenon of disregarding the preserved capacity of the affected upper limb is regularly referred to as Developmental Disregard (DD). Different theories have been postulated to explain DD, each suggesting slightly different guidelines for therapy. Still, cognitive processes that might additionally contribute to DD in children with unilateral CP have never been directly studied. The current protocol was developed to study cognitive aspects involved in upper limb control in children with unilateral CP with and without DD. This was done by recording event-related potentials (ERPs) extracted from the ongoing EEG during target-response tasks asking for a hand-movement response. ERPs consist of several components, each of them associated with a well-defined cognitive process (e.g., the N1 with early attention processes, the N2 with cognitive control and the P3 with cognitive load and mental effort). Due to its excellent temporal resolution, the ERP technique enables to study several covert cognitive processes preceding overt motor responses and thus allows insight into the cognitive processes that might contribute to the phenomenon of DD. Using this protocol adds a new level of explanation to existing behavioral studies and opens new avenues to the broader implementation of research on cognitive aspects of developmental movement restrictions in children.

Several children with unilateral Cerebral Palsy seem to disregard the preserved capacity of their affected upper limb. This Developmental Disregard is extensively described in the literature but the involved cognitive processes have not been studied. To study underlying cognitive factors of upper limb control, an event-related potential protocol was developed.

Ereignis-korrelierte Potenziale Während Ziel-Response Aufgaben zur kognitiven Prozesse der oberen Extremität die Anwendung bei Kindern mit einseitigem Cerebralparese Studieren

Unilateral Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is a very common cause of disability in childhood. It is characterized by unilateral ...

Combining Multiple Data Acquisition Systems to Study Corticospinal Output and Multi-segment Biomechanics

Transcranial magnetic stimulation techniques allow for an in-depth investigation into the neural mechanisms that underpin human behavior. To date, the use of TMS to study human movement, has been limited by the challenges related to precisely timing the delivery of TMS to features of the unfolding movement and, also, by accurately characterizing kinematics and kinetics. To overcome these technical challenges, TMS delivery and acquisition systems should be integrated with an online motion tracking system. The present manuscript details technical innovations that integrate multiple acquisition systems to facilitate and advance the use of TMS to study human movement. Using commercially available software and hardware systems, a step-by-step approach to both the hardware assembly and the software scripts necessary to perform TMS studies triggered by specific features of a movement is provided. The approach is focused on the study of upper limb, planar, multi-joint reaching movements. However, the same integrative system is amenable to a multitude of sophisticated studies of human motor control.

The use of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to study human motor control requires the integration of data acquisition systems to control TMS delivery and simultaneously record human behavior. The present manuscript provides a detailed methodology for integrating data acquisition systems for the purpose of investigating human movement via TMS.

Kombinieren mehrerer Datenerfassungssysteme zu kortikospinalen Ausgang und Multi-segment Biomechanik Studieren

Transcranial magnetic stimulation techniques allow for an in-depth investigation into the neural mechanisms that underpin human behavior. To date, the use ...

Design and Use of an Apparatus for Presenting Graspable Objects in 3D Workspace

Reaching and grasping are highly-coupled movements, and their underlying neural dynamics have been widely studied in the last decade. To distinguish reaching and grasping encodings, it is essential to present different object identities independent of their positions. Presented here is the design of an automatic apparatus that is assembled with a turning table and three-dimensional (3D) translational device to achieve this goal. The turning table switches different objects corresponding to different grip types while the 3D translational device transports the turning table in 3D space. Both are driven independently by motors so that the target position and object are combined arbitrarily. Meanwhile, wrist trajectory and grip types are recorded via the motion capture system and touch sensors, respectively. Furthermore, representative results that demonstrate successfully trained monkey using this system are described. It is expected that this apparatus will facilitate researchers to study kinematics, neural principles, and brain-machine interfaces related to upper limb function.

Presented here is a protocol to build an automatic apparatus that guides a monkey to perform the flexible reach-to-grasp task. The apparatus combines a 3D translational device and turning table to present multiple objects in an arbitrary position in 3D space.

Entwurf und Verwendung eines Geräts zur Darstellung von Greifobjekten im 3D-Arbeitsbereich

Reaching and grasping are highly-coupled movements, and their underlying neural dynamics have been widely studied in the last decade. To distinguish ...

A Modified Lean and Release Technique to Emphasize Response Inhibition and Action Selection in Reactive Balance

Assessment of reactive balance traditionally imposes some type of perturbation to upright stance or gait followed by measurement of the resultant corrective behavior. These measures include muscle responses, limb movements, ground reaction forces, and even direct neurophysiological measures such as electroencephalography. Using this approach, researchers and clinicians can infer some basic principles regarding how the nervous system controls balance to avoid a fall. One limitation with the way in which these assessments are currently used is that they heavily emphasize reflexive actions without any need to revise automatic postural reactions. Such an exclusive focus on these highly stereotypical reactions would fail to adequately address how we can modify these reactions should the need arise (e.g., avoiding an obstacle with a recovery step). This would appear to be a glaring omission when one considers the enormous complexity of the environments we face daily. Overall, the status quo when evaluating the neural control of balance fails to truly expose how higher brain resources contribute to preventing falls in complex settings. The present protocol offers a way to require suppression of automatic, but inappropriate corrective balance reactions, and force a selection among alternative action choices to successfully recover balance following postural perturbation.

Here we offer a protocol that allows the user to selectively change affordances and/or constraints on movements that are relevant for recovering balance after postural perturbation.

Eine modifizierte Lean- und Release-Technik zur Betonung der Reaktionshemmung und Aktionsauswahl in reaktivem Gleichgewicht

Assessment of reactive balance traditionally imposes some type of perturbation to upright stance or gait followed by measurement of the resultant ...

Capturing Dynamic Finger Gesturing with High-resolution Surface Electromyography and Computer Vision

Finger gestures are a critical element in human communication, and as such, finger gesture recognition is widely studied as a human-computer interface for state-of-the-art prosthetics and optimized rehabilitation. Surface electromyography (sEMG), in conjunction with deep learning methods, is considered a promising method in this domain. However, current methods often rely on cumbersome recording setups and the identification of static hand positions, limiting their effectiveness in real-world applications. The protocol we report here presents an advanced approach combining a wearable surface EMG and finger&#160;tracking system to capture comprehensive data during dynamic hand movements. The method records muscle activity from soft printed electrode arrays (16 electrodes) placed on the forearm as subjects perform gestures in different hand positions and during movement. Visual instructions prompt subjects to perform specific gestures while EMG and finger positions are recorded. The integration of synchronized EMG recordings and finger tracking data enables comprehensive analysis of muscle activity patterns and corresponding gestures. The reported approach demonstrates the potential of combining EMG and visual tracking technologies as an important resource for developing intuitive and responsive gesture recognition systems with applications in prosthetics, rehabilitation, and interactive technologies. This protocol aims to guide researchers and practitioners, fostering further innovation and application of gesture recognition in dynamic and real-world scenarios.

The paper presents a comprehensive protocol for simultaneously recording hand-electromyography (EMG) and visual finger tracking during natural finger gesturing. The visual data is designed to serve as the ground truth for the development of accurate EMG-based computational models for finger gesture recognition.

Erfassung dynamischer Fingergesten mit hochauflösender Oberflächen-Elektromyographie und Computer Vision

Finger gestures are a critical element in human communication, and as such, finger gesture recognition is widely studied as a human-computer interface for ...

Biotechnik

Assessing Corticospinal Excitability During Goal-Directed Reaching Behavior

Reaching is a widely studied behavior in motor physiology and neuroscience research. While reaching has been examined using a variety of behavioral manipulations, there remain significant gaps in the understanding of the neural processes involved in reach planning, execution, and control. The novel approach described here combines a two-dimensional reaching task with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and concurrent electromyography (EMG) recording from multiple muscles. This method allows for the noninvasive detection of corticospinal activity at precise time points during the unfolding of reaching movements. The example task code includes a delayed response reaching task with two possible targets displayed &#177; 45&#176; off the midline. Single pulse TMS is delivered on the majority of task trials, either at the onset of the preparatory cue (baseline) or 100 ms prior to the imperative cue (delay). This sample design is suitable for investigating changes in corticospinal excitability during reach preparation. The sample code also includes a visuomotor perturbation (i.e., cursor rotation of &#177; 20&#176;) to investigate the effects of adaptation on corticospinal excitability during reach preparation. The task parameters and TMS delivery can be adjusted to address specific hypotheses about the state of the motor system during reaching behavior. In the initial implementation, motor evoked potentials (MEPs) were successfully elicited on 83% of TMS trials, and reach trajectories were recorded on all trials.

Reaching is a fundamental skill that allows humans to interact with the environment. Several studies have aimed to characterize reaching behavior using a variety of methodologies. This paper offers an open-source application of transcranial magnetic stimulation to assess the state of corticospinal excitability in humans during reaching task performance.

Beurteilung der kortikospinalen Erregbarkeit während des zielgerichteten Reichweitenverhaltens

Reaching is a widely studied behavior in motor physiology and neuroscience research. While reaching has been examined using a variety of behavioral ...