Die Autoren danken National Key Technology Research and Development Program des Ministeriums für Wissenschaft und Technologie von China (Nr. 2011BAK15B06) für ihre Unterstützung. Danke, Shuya Zhuang, Meisterschüler von unserem Labor für das helfen wir dem Videodreh zu vervollständigen ist.

(1) Beobachtung der Oberflächenstruktur auf Wasser Strider Bein
<ol><li>Wasserläufer aus lokalen Süßwasser Teichen mit Fischen Kescher zu sammeln.</li>
	<li>Mindestens 5 mittleren Beinpaare als experimentellen Proben mit einer Schere abgeschnitten. Berühren Sie die Unterseite der Beine sorgfältig, um die Oberflächenkontamination und Mikrostruktur an der Vorderseite Beine zu stören zu vermeiden.</li>
	<li>Trocknen Sie die Beine an der Luft.</li>
	<li>Beobachten Sie die Oberfläche Mikrostruktur der Beine mit ein Rasterelektronenmikroskop mit Mikro-Ebene Auflösung, wie in Abbildung 1einegezeigt.</li>
	<li>Beobachten Sie die Microsetae der Beine mit elektrischen Rastermikroskop mit Nano-Ebene Auflösung, wie inAbbildung 1bgezeigt.</li>
</ol>2. bereiten Sie die Komponente des Messsystems dynamische Kraft
<ol><li>Kauf einen PVDF Film Sensor mit einer Dimension von 14,9 X 10,2 mm2 X 28 μm, produziert mehr als 10 mV pro Mikro-Stamm. Hinweis: Der PVDF-Film-Sensor wird verwendet, um die dynamische Kontaktkraft mit hoher Empfindlichkeit zu spüren.</li>
	<li>Erwerben Sie Ladungsverstärker mit 1000 mV/pC kostenlos Maximalgewinn zu und niedrige Rauschen Sie weniger als 5 μV. Hinweis: Der Ladungsverstärker wird verwendet, um das Signal vom Sensor PVDF Film, zu vergrößern, in dem der Ladeausgang aus dem Wandler, in eine Spannung umgewandelt wird.</li>
	<li>Kaufen ein Datenerfassungsgerät, in denen der Analogeingang die Sample-Raten in einem Bereich von 1 hat s bis 102.4 kS/s/s. Hinweis: Das Datenerfassungsgerät dient zum Auslesen der Spannung der Ladungsverstärker und senden Sie sie an die Computer zur weiteren Verarbeitung und anzeigen.</li>
	<li>Kaufen Sie präzise Verschiebung mehrstufig und einen Servomotor. Hinweis: Die Beine fahren von Wasser bei unterschiedlichen Geschwindigkeiten der Servomotor angetrieben.</li>
	<li>Kauf einer CCD-Kamera, deren Brennweite in einem Bereich von 5 mm bis 30 mm und Frame-Rate ist beträgt 30 fps. Hinweis: Diese Kamera dient zum Aufzeichnen und überwachen die Verformung der Wasseroberfläche und der Abstand zwischen den Beinen und Wasseroberfläche.</li>
	<li>Bereiten Sie einen High-Performance-Computer.</li>
</ol>3. Zusammenbau aller Teile des dynamischen Kraft-Messsystems
<ol><li>Montieren Sie die dynamische Kraft-Mess-System nach der schematische Darstellung in Abbildung 2ein und das echte Experiment Instrument dargestellt in Abbildung 2bgezeigt.</li>
	<li>Beheben Sie einseitig die PVDF Film Sensor mit den Elektroden auf die präzise Verschiebung-Bühne, die auf der horizontalen Rahmen platziert wird, wie andere Seite hängt. Diese Installationsmethode von PVDF Film Sensor verbessert die Auflösung der Messung für die dynamische Mikro Kraft.</li>
	<li>PVDF Film Sensor an der Ladungsverstärker, Ladungsverstärker, das Datenerfassungsgerät und das Datenerfassungsgerät an den Computer anschließen.</li>
	<li>Befestigen Sie die Kamera auf die präzise Verschiebung-Bühne, die auf der linken Seite des PVDF Film Sensor platziert wird.</li>
	<li>Etwa stellen den Abstand zwischen die Beine und das Wasser schnell, eine präzise Verschiebung Bühne am Rahmen über dem PVDF Film Sensor zu beheben, ist deren Trennung vom PVDF Film Sensor ca. 10 cm.</li>
	<li>Um das Bein Weg von der Wasseroberfläche mit einer präzisen Geschwindigkeit aufzuheben, Befestigen der Servomotor unter der Bühne präzise Verschiebung.</li>
</ol>4. Kalibrierung des Messsystems dynamische Kraft
<ol><li>Verwenden Sie die elektrostatische Kraft System26 generieren eine Mikro-Konstante Kraft wirkte auf das freie Ende des PVDF Film Sensor, deren Größe weniger als 0,5 µN kontrollieren Sie die elektrostatische Kraft des Systems durch eine Spannung, die auf die inneren und äußeren Elektroden aufgebracht werden sollten die parallelgeschalteten zylindrischer Kondensator. Achtung: Sollte die Kraft in einer Richtung senkrecht zur Fläche PVDF Film wirken und der Punkt der Anwendung so nah wie möglich an der Spitze des PVDF Film Sensor Empfindlichkeit erhöhen soll.</li>
	<li>Lassen Sie die Kraft in kurzer Zeit zu einer Step-Input zu generieren.</li>
	<li>Lesen Sie die Spannung-Zeitsignal der Schritt 4.2 auf dem Computer mit der Software LabVIEW, wodurch die Spannung Ausgangssignale des Sensors PVDF Film lesen.<ol>
<li>Laden Sie die Software LabVIEW und die Hardware-Treiber NI-DAQmx in der offiziellen Website von National Instruments.</li>
		<li>Rufen Sie die Demo der Dauerspannung analoge Messung mit dem LabVIEW als gezeigt Abbildung 3.</li>
		<li>Wählen Sie den physikalischen Kanal das Datenerfassungsgerät verbunden mit der Ladungsverstärker im Modul der Kanaleinstellungen.</li>
		<li>Legen Sie die Abtastrate auf 100000 und die Anzahl der Samples auf 100000 im Modul der Timing-Einstellungen.</li>
		<li>Wählen Sie das Protokoll und lesen als den Protokollierungsmodus und schreiben Sie den Pfad der Datei zum Speichern der Spannung-Daten in das Modul des Logging-Einstellungen.</li>
		<li>Wählen Sie keine Trigger Modul des Trigger-Einstellungen.</li>
		<li>Klicken Sie auf die Pfeil-Form-Schaltfläche in der Symbolleiste das Spannungssignal zu probieren.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>Analysieren Sie die Spannungskurve, in denen die Spitzenspannung entsprechend ist, erzwingen, gehandelt auf dem Sensor.</li>
	<li>Wiederholen Sie die Schritte 4.1-4.4 bei verschiedenen Krafteingabe, in dem eine Reihe von Spannung-Force-Punkte gesammelt werden.</li>
	<li>Bestimmen Sie die Beziehung über die Ausgabe Spitzenspannung und standard Kraft in das Ergebnis der Kalibrierung.</li>
</ol>5. Messung der Haftkraft bei einer bestimmten Geschwindigkeit
<ol><li>Das freie Ende der PVDF-Film-Sensor mit einer mechanischen Mikropipette setzen Sie ein Wassertropfen (5 µL auf). Hinweis: Der Speicherort der die Tröpfchen sollte in der Nähe der Spitze des Sensors PVDF Film sein.</li>
	<li>Kleben Sie eine einzelne Bein auf der Servomotor unter der Bühne präzise Verschiebung.</li>
	<li>Verschieben Sie die präzise Verschiebung Phase nach unten bis die Bein-Kontakte mit der Wasseroberfläche, wie in Abbildung 4ein. Den Abstand zwischen den Bein und Wasseroberfläche durch das Kamerasystem montiert auf der linken Seite des Sensors zu überwachen.</li>
	<li>Heben Sie das Bein von der Wasseroberfläche mit einer konstanten Geschwindigkeit durch den Servomotor.</li>
	<li>Berechnen Sie die Kraft, jeden Punkt der Spannungskurve des scheidenden Prozesses unter Verwendung des Modells gegründet Schritt 4.6 entspricht, und zeichnen Sie dann die Kraft-Zeit-Kurve der Abfahrt Prozess, wie in Abbildung 4bdargestellt.</li>
	<li>Die Peak-Haftung des scheidenden Prozesses mit einer bestimmten Geschwindigkeit aufnehmen.</li>
</ol>6. Messung der Haftkraft mit unterschiedlichen Geschwindigkeiten.
<ol><li>Ändern Sie der Hubgeschwindigkeit der Beine von der Servomotor und Messen Sie die Klebekraft nach Schritt 5.</li>
	<li>Plot der Klebekraft versus heben Geschwindigkeitskurve unter Verwendung der Daten in Schritt 6.1 gewonnen.</li>
	<li>Analysieren Sie die Beziehung zwischen der Klebekraft und die anhebende Geschwindigkeit durch die Kurve.</li>
</ol>

<ol>
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Der Autor hat nichts preisgeben.

In diesem Protokoll war eine dynamische Kraft-Mess-System basiert auf dem PVDF Film Sensor erfolgreich entwickelt, montiert, so kalibriert, dass um die Haftkraft von der Wasseroberfläche zu messen. Unter den ganzen Schritten war es entscheidend, dass die Haftkraft mit unterschiedlichen Geschwindigkeiten gemessen wurde, durch das Heben des Bein von der Wasseroberfläche als diese Studie konzentrierte sich auf die bemerkenswerte Eigenschaft der schnelle Manöver auf dem Wasser. Die Ergebnisse der abfliegenden Experiment z...

In der Natur besitzen Wasserläufer bemerkenswerte Fähigkeit zu springen oder gleiten leicht und rasch auf die Wasseroberfläche mit Hilfe der Beine schlank und nonwetting1,2,3,4,5, aber selten bewegen sich langsam, das ist im Gegensatz zu den terrestrischen Insekten. Die hierarchische Struktur des Wasser Strider stabilisiert den superhydrophob Zustand, der drastische Reduktion im Bereich und Adhäsion Kontaktkraft zwischen Wasser und das Bein6,7,8, macht 9. jedoch die hydrodynamische Vorteile der schnelle Rückzug der Wasserläufer von der Wasseroberfläche bleiben schlecht interpretierte10,11,12.
Der Prozess der Sprung von der Wasseroberfläche gliedert sich hauptsächlich in drei Stufen13,14,15,16. Am Anfang drücken Wasserläufer die Wasseroberfläche nach unten mit den mittleren und hinteren Beinen die biologische Energie in die Oberflächenenergie des Wassers bis auf die maximale Tiefe sinken konvertieren, die es ermöglichen das Insekt die Sprung Richtung zu initialisieren und bestimmen die trennen Geschwindigkeit. Gefolgt von der aufsteigenden Phase, ist das Insekt nach oben durch die Kapillare Kraft der gebogenen Wasseroberfläche gedrückt bis zum Erreichen der maximalen Geschwindigkeit. In der endgültigen Rückzug Stufe das Wasser Strider durch Trägheit bis Loslösung von der Wasseroberfläche steigen weiterhin, aber die Geschwindigkeit ist weitgehend durch die Haftkraft reduziert mit dem Wasser hat wesentlichen Einfluss auf den Energieverbrauch der Wasser Strider. Daher wird dieses Protokoll vorgeschlagen, die Haftkraft bei verschiedenen Start-Geschwindigkeiten in der Phase des Rückzugs zu messen und erklären die unterschiedliche Charakteristik des schnelllebigen.
Es wurden viele Studien, die Klebekraft der Wasserläufer zu erkunden, wenn von der Wasseroberfläche treibt. Lee & Kim bestätigt theoretisch und experimentell, dass die Klebekraft und Energie, dass das Wasser Strider Beine heben dramatisch abgenommen erforderlich, wenn der Kontaktwinkel auf 160 Grad17erhöht. Pan Jen Wei entwickelt eine hydrostatische Experiment, um die Klebekraft durch das TriboScope-System zu messen, die gefunden wurde, zu 1/5 der Gewicht 18. Kehchih Hwang analysiert die quasistatischen Prozess der Beine aus dem Wasser mit einem 2D-Modell abnehmen und gefunden, dass die Superhydrophobicity der Beine spielte eine bedeutende Rolle bei der Verringerung der Adhäsion Kraft und Energie Ableitung19. Die Messung der Haftkraft in früheren Studien war jedoch nur in einem Zustand der ein quasi-statischen Prozess, der nicht imstande war, die Adhäsion Kraftänderungen während das schnelle springen zu überwachen.
In dieser Studie haben wir eine dynamische Kraft-Mess-System mit Polyvinylidene Fluorid (PVDF) Film Sensor und andere adjuvante Instrument entwickelt. Im Vergleich mit anderen piezoelektrischen Materialien, ist PVDF besser geeignet für die Messung der dynamischen Microforce mit höherer Empfindlichkeit20,21,22. Von PVDF Film Sensor in das System integriert, könnte die Echtzeit-Haftkraft erkannt und verarbeitet, wenn das Bein vom Wasser Oberfläche23,24,25hochziehen war.

<table><tbody><tr><td>PVDF film sensor</td><td>TE Connectivity</td><td>DT1-028K/L</td><td>The PVDF film sensor is used to sense the dynamic contact force .</td></tr><tr><td>Charge amplifier</td><td>Wuxi Shiao Technology co.,Ltd</td><td>YE5852B</td><td>The charge amplifier&amp;nbsp;is an electronic current integrator that produces a voltage output proportional to the integrated value of the input</td></tr><tr><td>Data acquisition device</td><td>National Instruments</td><td>USB-4431</td><td>The data acquisition device is used to read the voltage data.</td></tr><tr><td>Displacement stage</td><td>ZOLIXINSTRUMENTS CO.LTD</td><td>KSAV1010-ZF</td><td>KSAV1010/2030-ZF is a wedge vertical stage with high-resolution, high-stability and high-load.</td></tr><tr><td>CCD camera</td><td>Shenzhen Andonstar Tech Co., Ltd</td><td>digital microscope A1</td><td>Frame rate: 30 frames/sec;Focal distance: 5mm - 30mm</td></tr><tr><td>Computer</td><td>Lenovo</td><td>G480</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Servomotor</td><td>EMAX US Inc.</td><td>ES08MD</td><td>It&#039;s not bad this servo with speed varying from 0.10 sec/60&amp;deg; / 4.8v to 0.08 sec/60&amp;deg;/6.0v.</td></tr><tr><td>Mechanical Pipettes</td><td>Dragon Laboratory Instruments Limited</td><td>YE5K693181</td><td>The pipettes cover volume range of 0.1 &amp;mu;l to 2.5 &amp;mu;l</td></tr></tbody></table>

measurement of dynamic force acted on water strider leg jumping upward by the pvdf film sensor

Dieser Studie zielte darauf ab, einer Erklärung für das Phänomen in der Natur, dass Wasser Strider machen in der Regel springt oder auf dem Wasser gleitet, leicht aber sehr schnell, mit seiner Spitze Fortbewegung bis 150 cm/s zu beschleunigen. Zunächst einmal haben wir beobachtet die Mikrostruktur und die Hierarchie des Wasser Strider Beine mit dem Rasterelektronenmikroskop. Auf der Grundlage der beobachteten Morphologie der Beine entstand ein theoretisches Modell der Ablösung von der Wasseroberfläche, die erklärt Wasserläufer Fähigkeit, gleiten auf der Wasseroberfläche mühelos in Bezug auf die Senkung des Energieverbrauchs. Zweitens wurde eine dynamische Kraft-Mess-System entwickelt, mit dem PVDF Film Sensor mit exzellenten Empfindlichkeit, die der gesamten interaktionsprozess erkennen konnte. Anschließend ein einzelnes Bein mit Wasser in Berührung mit unterschiedlichen Geschwindigkeiten nach oben gezogen wurde, und die Haftkraft wurde zur gleichen Zeit gemessen. Die Ergebnisse des scheidenden Experiments vorgeschlagen ein tiefes Verständnis für das schnelle springen der Wasserläufer.

Das Verhältnis zwischen Geschwindigkeit und Adhäsion Hubkraft ist in Tabelle 1dargestellt. Wenn die Hubgeschwindigkeit von 0,01 m/s bis 0,3 m/s erhöht, die Haftung zwischen der Wasser Oberfläche und Bein sinkt dramatisch von 0,10 bis 0,03 zwingen. Die ausscheidenden Experiment ergab, dass Haftung Spitzenkraft dramatisch wie die anhebende Geschwindigkeit zu erhöhen,, die zeigten verringern würde, dass die Wasserläufer wohlfühlen können, wenn sie schnell auf der Wa...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measurement of Dynamic Force Acted on Water Strider Leg Jumping Upward by the PVDF Film Sensor at JoVE.com

Measurement of Dynamic Force Acted on Water Strider Leg Jumping Upward by the PVDF Film Sensor

Messung der dynamischen Kraft gehandelt auf Wasser Strider Bein nach oben springen, indem Sie die PVDF Film Sensor

Das Protokoll hier widmet sich der Untersuchung die kostenlose und schnelle Manöver von Wasser Strider auf Wasseroberfläche. Das Protokoll enthält die Mikrostruktur der Beine Beobachtung und Messung der Haftkraft bei Abflug aus Wasserfläche mit unterschiedlichen Geschwindigkeiten.

This study aimed to make an explanation for the phenomenon in nature that water strider usually jumps or glides on the water surface easily but quickly, ...

measurement-dynamic-force-acted-on-water-strider-leg-jumping-upward

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

5.9K Aufrufe.  Tianjin University. Das Protokoll hier widmet sich der Untersuchung die kostenlose und schnelle Manöver von Wasser Strider auf Wasseroberfläche. Das Protokoll enthält die Mikrostruktur der Beine Beobachtung und Messung der Haftkraft bei Abflug aus Wasserfläche mit unterschiedlichen Geschwindigkeiten.

Serie: Measurement of Dynamic Force Acted on Water Strider Leg Jumping Upward by the PVDF Film Sensor

Kinematics and Ground Reaction Force Determination: A Demonstration Quantifying Locomotor Abilities of Young Adult, Middle-aged, and Geriatric Rats

Behavior, in its broadest definition, can be defined as the motor manifestation of physiologic processes. As such, all behaviors manifest through the motor system. In the fields of neuroscience and orthopedics, locomotion is a commonly evaluated behavior for a variety of disease models. For example, locomotor recovery after traumatic injury to the nervous system is one of the most commonly evaluated behaviors 1-3. Though locomotion can be evaluated using a variety of endpoint measurements (e.g. time taken to complete a locomotor task, etc), semiquantitative kinematic measures (e.g. ordinal rating scales (e.g. Basso Beattie and Bresnahan locomotor (BBB) rating scale, etc)) and surrogate measures of behaviour (e.g. muscle force, nerve conduction velocity, etc), only kinetics (force measurements) and kinematics (measurements of body segments in space) provide a detailed description of the strategy by which an animal is able to locomote 1. Though not new, kinematic and kinetic measurements of locomoting rodents is now more readily accessible due to the availability of commercially available equipment designed for this purpose. Importantly, however, experimenters need to be very familiar with theory of biomechanical analyses and understand the benefits and limitations of these forms of analyses prior to embarking on what will become a relatively labor-intensive study. The present paper aims to describe a method for collecting kinematic and ground reaction force data using commercially available equipment. Details of equipment and apparatus set-up, pre-training of animals, inclusion and exclusion criteria of acceptable runs, and methods for collecting the data are described. We illustrate the utility of this behavioral analysis technique by describing the kinematics and kinetics of strain-matched young adult, middle-aged, and geriatric rats.

Locomotion is often examined as a behavioural outcome in various models of disease in fields such as neuroscience and orthopedics. This video paper intends to describe a method for collecting ground reaction forces and kinematics from rats during unrestrained locomotion.

Kinematik und Ground Reaction Force Bestimmung: Eine Demonstration Quantifizierung Bewegungsapparat Fähigkeiten der jungen Erwachsenen im mittleren Alter, und Geriatrische Rats

Behavior, in its broadest definition, can be defined as the motor manifestation of physiologic processes.  As such, all behaviors manifest through the ...

Forschung

Neurowissenschaften

Studying the Neural Basis of Adaptive Locomotor Behavior in Insects

Studying the neural basis of walking behavior, one often faces the problem that it is hard to separate the neuronally produced stepping output from those leg movements that result from passive forces and interactions with other legs through the common contact with the substrate. If we want to understand, which part of a given movement is produced by nervous system motor output, kinematic analysis of stepping movements, therefore, needs to be complemented with electrophysiological recordings of motor activity. The recording of neuronal or muscular activity in a behaving animal is often limited by the electrophysiological equipment which can constrain the animal in its ability to move with as many degrees of freedom as possible. This can either be avoided by using implantable electrodes and then having the animal move on a long tether (i.e. Clarac et al., 1987; Duch &amp; Pfl&uuml;ger, 1995; B&ouml;hm et al., 1997; Gruhn &amp; Rathmayer, 2002) or by transmitting the data using telemetric devices (Kutsch et al, 1993; Fischer et al., 1996; Tsuchida et al. 2004; Hama et al., 2007; Wang et al., 2008). Both of these elegant methods, which are successfully used in larger arthropods, often prove difficult to apply in smaller walking insects which either easily get entangled in the long tether or are hindered by the weight of the telemetric device and its batteries. In addition, in all these cases, it is still impossible to distinguish between the purely neuronal basis of locomotion and the effects exerted by mechanical coupling between the walking legs through the substrate. One solution for this problem is to conduct the experiments in a tethered animal that is free to walk in place and that is locally suspended, for example over a slippery surface, which effectively removes most ground contact mechanics. This has been used to study escape responses (Camhi and Nolen, 1981; Camhi and Levy, 1988), turning (Tryba and Ritzman, 2000a,b; Gruhn et al., 2009a), backward walking (Graham and Epstein, 1985) or changes in velocity (Gruhn et al., 2009b) and it allows the experimenter easily to combine intra- and extracellular physiology with kinematic analyses (Gruhn et al., 2006).
We use a slippery surface setup to investigate the timing of leg muscles in the behaving stick insect with respect to touch-down and lift-off under different behavioral paradigms such as straight forward and curved walking in intact and reduced preparations.

We describe a method to record motor activity, timed to the electrically recorded tarsal contact signal in a tethered insect, walking on a slippery surface. This is used to study the neural basis of adaptive behavior under reduced influence of mechanical interaction between legs through the substrate.

Studium der neuronalen Basis Adaptive Fortbewegung bei Insekten

Studying the neural basis of walking behavior, one often faces the problem that it is hard to separate the neuronally produced stepping output from those ...

Image-based Lagrangian Particle Tracking in Bed-load Experiments

Image analysis has been increasingly used for the measurement of river flows due to its capabilities to furnish detailed quantitative depictions at a relatively low cost. This manuscript describes an application of particle tracking velocimetry (PTV) to a bed-load experiment with lightweight sediment. The key characteristics of the investigated sediment transport conditions were the presence of a covered flow and of a fixed rough bed above which particles were released in limited number at the flume inlet. Under the applied flow conditions, the motion of the individual bed-load particles was intermittent, with alternating movement and stillness terms. The flow pattern was preliminarily characterized by acoustic measurements of vertical profiles of the stream-wise velocity. During process visualization, a large field of view was obtained using two action-cameras placed at different locations along the flume. The experimental protocol is described in terms of channel calibration, experiment realization, image pre-processing, automatic particle tracking, and post-processing of particle track data from the two cameras. The presented proof-of-concept results include probability distributions of the particle hop length and duration. The achievements of this work are compared to those of existing literature to demonstrate the validity of the protocol.

The manuscript presents a protocol for the conduction of bed-load sediment transport experiments where the moving particles are tracked by image analysis. The experimental facility, the procedures for run realization and data processing, and finally some proof-of-concept results are presented here.

Bildbasierte Lagrange-Partikel-Tracking in Bettlasten-Experimenten

Image analysis has been increasingly used for the measurement of river flows due to its capabilities to furnish detailed quantitative depictions at a ...

Umwelt

Quantitative Locomotion Study of Freely Swimming Micro-organisms Using Laser Diffraction

Soil and aquatic microscopic organisms live and behave in a complex three-dimensional environment. Most studies of microscopic organism behavior, in contrast, have been conducted using microscope-based approaches, which limit the movement and behavior to a narrow, nearly two-dimensional focal field.1 We present a novel analytical approach that provides real-time analysis of freely swimming C. elegans in a cuvette without dependence on microscope-based equipment. This approach consists of tracking the temporal periodicity of diffraction patterns generated by directing laser light through the cuvette. We measure oscillation frequencies for freely swimming nematodes.
Analysis of the far-field diffraction patterns reveals clues about the waveforms of the nematodes. Diffraction is the process of light bending around an object. In this case light is diffracted by the organisms. The light waves interfere and can form a diffraction pattern. A far-field, or Fraunhofer, diffraction pattern is formed if the screen-to-object distance is much larger than the diffracting object. In this case, the diffraction pattern can be calculated (modeled) using a Fourier transform.2
C. elegans are free-living soil-dwelling nematodes that navigate in three dimensions. They move both on a solid matrix like soil or agar in a sinusoidal locomotory pattern called crawling and in liquid in a different pattern called swimming.3 The roles played by sensory information provided by mechanosensory, chemosensory, and thermosensory cells that govern plastic changes in locomotory patterns and switches in patterns are only beginning to be elucidated.4 We describe an optical approach to measuring nematode locomotion in three dimensions that does not require a microscope and will enable us to begin to explore the complexities of nematode locomotion under different conditions.

Microscopic organisms like the free-swimming nematode C. elegans, live and behave in a complex three-dimensional environment. We report on a novel approach that provides analysis of C. elegans using diffraction patterns. This approach consists of tracking the temporal periodicity of diffraction patterns generated by directing laser light through a cuvette.

Quantitative Locomotion Study of Frei Schwimmen Mikroorganismen mittels Laserbeugung

Soil and aquatic microscopic organisms live and behave in a complex three-dimensional environment. Most studies of microscopic organism behavior, in ...

Biotechnik

Simulation of Human-induced Vibrations Based on the Characterized In-field Pedestrian Behavior

For slender and lightweight structures, vibration serviceability is a matter of growing concern, often constituting the critical design requirement. With designs governed by the dynamic performance under human-induced loads, a strong demand exists for the verification and refinement of currently available load models. The present contribution uses a 3D inertial motion tracking technique for the characterization of the in-field pedestrian behavior. The technique is first tested in laboratory experiments with simultaneous registration of the corresponding ground reaction forces. The experiments include walking persons as well as rhythmical human activities such as jumping and bobbing. It is shown that the registered motion allows for the identification of the time variant pacing rate of the activity. Together with the weight of the person and the application of generalized force models available in literature, the identified time-variant pacing rate allows to characterize the human-induced loads. In addition, time synchronization among the wireless motion trackers allows identifying the synchronization rate among the participants. Subsequently, the technique is used on a real footbridge where both the motion of the persons and the induced structural vibrations are registered. It is shown how the characterized in-field pedestrian behavior can be applied to simulate the induced structural response. It is demonstrated that the in situ identified pacing rate and synchronization rate constitute an essential input for the simulation and verification of the human-induced loads. The main potential applications of the proposed methodology are the estimation of human-structure interaction phenomena and the development of suitable models for the correlation among pedestrians in real traffic conditions.

A protocol is presented for the characterization of the in-field pedestrian behavior and the simulation of the resulting structural response. Field-tests demonstrate that the in situ identified pacing rate and synchronization rate among the participants constitute an essential input for the simulation and verification of the human-induced loads.

Simulation von Menschen verursachte Schwingungen Basierend auf dem Gekennzeichnet In-Bereich Fußgängerverhalten

For slender and lightweight structures, vibration serviceability is a matter of growing concern, often constituting the critical design requirement. With ...

Ingenieurwesen

Sit-to-stand-and-walk from 120% Knee Height: A Novel Approach to Assess Dynamic Postural Control Independent of Lead-limb

Individuals with sensorimotor pathology e.g., stroke have difficulty executing the common task of rising from sitting and initiating gait (sit-to-walk: STW). Thus, in clinical rehabilitation separation of sit-to-stand and gait initiation - termed sit-to-stand-and-walk (STSW) - is usual. However, a standardized STSW protocol with a clearly defined analytical approach suitable for pathological assessment has yet to be defined.
Hence, a goal-orientated protocol is defined that is suitable for healthy and compromised individuals by requiring the rising phase to be initiated from 120% knee height with a wide base of support independent of lead limb. Optical capture of three-dimensional (3D) segmental movement trajectories, and force platforms to yield two-dimensional (2D) center-of-pressure (COP) trajectories permit tracking of the horizontal distance between COP and whole-body-center-of-mass (BCOM), the decrease of which increases positional stability but is proposed to represent poor dynamic postural control.
BCOM-COP distance is expressed with and without normalization to subjects&#39; leg length. Whilst COP-BCOM distances vary through STSW, normalized data at the key movement events of seat-off and initial toe-off (TO1) during steps 1 and 2 have low intra and inter subject variability in 5 repeated trials performed by 10 young healthy individuals. Thus, comparing COP-BCOM distance at key events during performance of an STSW paradigm between patients with upper motor neuron injury, or other compromised patient groups, and normative data in young healthy individuals is a novel methodology for evaluation of dynamic postural stability.

Here, we present a novel protocol to measure positional stability at key events during the sit-to-stand-to-walk using the center-of-pressure to the whole-body-center-of-mass distance. This was derived from the force platform and three-dimensional motion-capture technology. The paradigm is reliable and can be utilized for the assessment of neurologically compromised individuals.

Sit-to-Stand-und-Fuß von 120% Kniehöhe: Ein neuartiger Ansatz zur Beurteilung Dynamische Postural Steuerung Unabhängig von Blei-Glied

Individuals with sensorimotor pathology e.g., stroke have difficulty executing the common task of rising from sitting and initiating gait (sit-to-walk: ...

Verhalten

A Novel Application of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Imaging

Ultrasound is an attractive modality for imaging muscle and tendon motion during dynamic tasks and can provide a complementary methodological approach for biomechanical studies in a clinical or laboratory setting. Towards this goal, methods for quantification of muscle kinematics from ultrasound imagery are being developed based on image processing. The temporal resolution of these methods is typically not sufficient for highly dynamic tasks, such as drop-landing. We propose a new approach that utilizes a Doppler method for quantifying muscle kinematics. We have developed a novel vector tissue Doppler imaging (vTDI) technique that can be used to measure musculoskeletal contraction velocity, strain and strain rate with sub-millisecond temporal resolution during dynamic activities using ultrasound. The goal of this preliminary study was to investigate the repeatability and potential applicability of the vTDI technique in measuring musculoskeletal velocities during a drop-landing task, in healthy subjects. The vTDI measurements can be performed concurrently with other biomechanical techniques, such as 3D motion capture for joint kinematics and kinetics, electromyography for timing of muscle activation and force plates for ground reaction force. Integration of these complementary techniques could lead to a better understanding of dynamic muscle function and dysfunction underlying the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of musculoskeletal disorders.

We describe a new ultrasound-based vector tissue Doppler imaging technique to measure muscle contraction velocity, strain and strain rate with sub-millisecond temporal resolution during dynamic activities. This approach provides complementary measurements of dynamic muscle function and could lead to a better understanding of mechanisms underlying musculoskeletal disorders.

A Novel Anwendung von Muskel-Skelett-Ultraschall-Bildgebung

Ultrasound is an attractive modality for imaging muscle and tendon  motion during dynamic tasks and can provide a complementary methodological  approach ...

Medizin

Measuring the Interaction Force Between a Droplet and a Super-hydrophobic Substrate by the Optical Lever Method

The goal of this paper is to investigate the interaction force between droplets and super-hydrophobic substrates in the air. A measurement system based on an optical lever method is designed. A millimetric cantilever is used as a force sensitive component in the measurement system. Firstly, the force sensitivity of the optical lever is calibrated using electrostatic force, which is the critical step in measuring interaction force. Secondly, three super-hydrophobic substrates with different grid fractions are prepared with nanoparticles and copper grids. Finally, the interaction forces between droplets and super-hydrophobic substrates with different grid fractions are measured by the system. This method can be used to measure the force on the scale of sub-micronewton with a resolution on the scale of nanonewton. The in-depth study of the contact process of droplets and super-hydrophobic structures can help to improve the production efficiency in coating, film and printing. The force measurement system designed in this paper can also be used in other fields of microforce measurement.

The protocol aims to investigate the interaction between droplets and super-hydrophobic substrates in the air. This includes calibrating the measurement system and measuring the interaction force at super-hydrophobic substrates with different grid fractions.

Messung der Wechselwirkungskraft zwischen einem Tröpfchen und einem superhydrophoben Substrat durch die Optische Hebelmethode

The goal of this paper is to investigate the interaction force between droplets and super-hydrophobic substrates in the air. A measurement system based on ...

Comparison of Kinetic Characteristics of Footwork during Stroke in Table Tennis: Cross-Step and Chasse Step

The cross-step and chasse step are the basic steps of table tennis. This study presents a protocol to investigate the ground reaction force characteristics between cross-step and chasse step during stroke in table tennis. Sixteen healthy male national level 1 table tennis players (Age: 20.75 &plusmn; 2.06 years) volunteered to participate in the experiment after understanding the purpose and details of the experiment. All participants were asked to hit the ball into the target zone by cross-step and chasse step, respectively. The ground reaction force in the anterior-posterior, medial-lateral, and vertical directions of the participant was measured by a force platform. The key finding of this study was that: the posterior ground reaction force of cross-step footwork (0.89 &plusmn; 0.21) was significantly large (P = 0.014) than the chasse step footwork (0.82 &plusmn; 0.18). However, the lateral ground reaction force of cross-step footwork (-0.38 &plusmn; 0.21) was significantly lower (P &lt; 0.001) than chasse step footwork (-0.46 &plusmn; 0.29) as well as the vertical ground reaction force of cross-step footwork (1.73 &plusmn; 0.19) was significantly lower (P &lt; 0.001) than chasse step footwork (1.9 &plusmn; 0.33). Based on the mechanism of the kinetic chain, the better lower limb dynamic performance of sliding stroke may be conducive to energy transmission and thus bring gain to the swing speed. Beginners should start from the chasse step to hit the ball technically, and then practice the skill of cross-step.

This study presents a protocol to investigate the ground reaction force characteristics between cross-step and chasse step during stroke in table tennis.

Vergleich der kinetischen Eigenschaften der Beinarbeit beim Stroke im Tischtennis: Cross-Step und Chasse Step

The cross-step and chasse step are the basic steps of table tennis. This study presents a protocol to investigate the ground reaction force ...

A Micro-Displacement Measurement Based on the Shadow Technique

The precision measurement of micro displacement is important in scientific and industrial fields. However, it is a tough challenge due to the complex design and the high cost of measuring instruments. Inspired by the shadow formed from water striders walking on a water surface under sunlight, a micro-displacement measurement method was proposed. Water strider legs with superhydrophobic properties bend the water surface. The curved surface of the water refracts sunlight, creating a shadow with a bright edge at the bottom of the pond. The shadow size is generally larger than the indentation depth of the legs from the water surface. In the micro-displacement measurement system, the applied displacement is proportional to the change in the diameter of the shadow. The presented study proposes a micro-displacement measurement procedure based on this shadow technique. The displacement sensitivity can reach 10.0 nm/pixel in the range of 5 &#181;m. This system is simple to construct, low cost, and has high precision with good linear performance. The method provides a convenient additional option to measure micro-displacement.

High-precision micro-displacement measurement is significant in the field of aerospace engineering, ultra-precision machining, and micro-assembly. The present protocol describes measuring micro displacements based on the shadow technique.

The precision measurement of micro displacement is important in scientific and industrial fields. However, it is a tough challenge due to the complex ...