Name: measurement of dynamic force acted on water strider leg jumping upward by the pvdf film sensor
Uploaded: 2018-08-03T15:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 7 min 17 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measurement of Dynamic Force Acted on Water Strider Leg Jumping Upward by the PVDF Film Sensor at JoVE.com

Yazarlar ulusal anahtar teknoloji araştırma ve geliştirme programı Bakanlığı Bilim ve teknoloji Çin (No. 2011BAK15B06) onların destek için teşekkür ederiz. Teşekkür için yemek servisi bizi video çekimi tamamlamak bizim laboratuvar üzerinden bir master öğrencisi olan Shuya Zhuang.

1. su Strider bacak yüzey yapısına gözlenmesi
<ol><li>Su sineklerinin balıkçılık açılış net kullanarak yerel tatlı su havuzları toplamak.</li>
	<li>Orta bacaklar en az 5 çift makas kullanarak deneysel örnekleri kesin. Alt bacak dikkatle, yüzey kirlenme ve mikroyapı bacaklar önünde etkilemesini önlemek için dokunun.</li>
	<li>Bacaklar havada dışarı doğal olarak kuru.</li>
	<li>Taramalı elektron mikroskobu ile mikro düzeyde kararlılık resim 1biriçinde gösterildiği gibi kullanarak bacaklar yüzey mikroyapı gözlemlemek.</li>
	<li>Şekil 1bgösterildiği gibi nano düzeyi çözünürlükte tarama elektrik mikroskop kullanarak bacaklar microsetae gözlemlemek.</li>
</ol>2. dinamik güç ölçüm sisteminin bileşeni hazırlamak
<ol><li>PVDF film sensörü ile bir boyut-in daha--dan 10 üretir 14,9 X 10.2 mm2 X 28 mikron, satın mV başına mikro-zorlanma. Not: PVDF film sensörü yüksek ISO değerlerinde dinamik kişi güç duygusu için kullanılır.</li>
	<li>En fazla 1000 mV/pC şarj kazanç ile şarj amplifikatör satın almak ve düşük gürültü 5'ten μV. Not: Şarj amplifikatör içinde dönüştürücü şarj çıktısı bir gerilim dönüştürülür PVDF film sensörü sinyalini büyütmek için kullanılır.</li>
	<li>Analog giriş olan örnekleme hızları 1 aralığında bir veri alma aygıtı satın s/s 102.4 kS/s. Not: Veri alma cihazı şarj amplifikatör gerilim veri okumak ve göndermek için daha fazla alay bilgisayar için ve görüntülemek için kullanılır.</li>
	<li>Birkaç yüksek kesin deplasman aşamaları ve bir rediktördür satın alabilirsiniz. Not: Su rediktördür tarafından tahrik farklı hızda bacaklar havanamazlar.</li>
	<li>Satın alma 30 mm ve kare hızı 5 mm aralığında odak uzunluğu olan bir CCD kamera, 30 kare/sn olduğunu. Not: Bu kamera kayıt ve deformasyon su yüzeyi ve bacaklar ve su yüzeyi arasındaki mesafe izlemek için kullanılır.</li>
	<li>Yüksek performanslı bilgisayar hazırlayın.</li>
</ol>3. dinamik güç ölçüm sistemi tüm parçaları Meclisi
<ol><li>Dinamik güç ölçüm sistemi Şekil 2bir ve Şekil 2bgösterilen gerçek deneme enstrüman gösterilen şematik göre bir araya getirin.</li>
	<li>Yatay çerçeve üzerinde diğer tarafta asılı olarak yerleştirilen yüksek kesin deplasman sahneye elektrotlar ile PVDF film sensörü bir tarafı düzeltmek. Bu yükleme yöntemi PVDF film sensörünün dinamik mikro güç için ölçü çözünürlüğünü artırmak yardımcı olur.</li>
	<li>PVDF film sensörü şarj amplifikatör, ücret amplifikatör veri alma aygıtına ve veri alma aygıtını bilgisayara bağlayın.</li>
	<li>PVDF film sensörü sol tarafındaki yerleştirilen yüksek kesin deplasman sahneye kamera tamir.</li>
	<li>Kabaca bacaklar ve su arasındaki mesafeyi hızlı bir şekilde ayarlamak, çerçeve PVDF film sensör üzerinde yüksek kesin deplasman aşamaya düzeltmek için kimin PVDF film algılayıcı yaklaşık 10 cm ayrılmasıdır.</li>
	<li>Kesin bir hızda su yüzeyi uzak bacak kaldırma için yüksek kesin deplasman sahne altında rediktördür saptamak.</li>
</ol>4. Kalibrasyon dinamik güç ölçüm sistemi
<ol><li>Elektrostatik kuvvet sistemi26 PVDF film sensörü, kimin büyüklüğü daha az 0.5 µN. kontrol sisteminin elektrostatik kuvvet için iç ve dış elektrotlar uygulanan gerilim tarafından olmalıdır ücretsiz ucundaki hareket bir mikro-sabit güç oluşturmak için kullanın paralellik silindirik kapasitör. Dikkat: Kuvvet PVDF film yüzeye normal bir yönde hareket etmelidir ve uygulama amacı olabildiğince yakınına PVDF film sensör hassasiyetini artırmak için ucuna kadar beklenir.</li>
	<li>Bir adım giriş oluşturmak için kısa bir süre yürürlükte serbest bırakın.</li>
	<li>LabVIEW, yardımcı olan çıkış gerilim sinyalleri PVDF film sensörün okuma yazılımını kullanarak bilgisayar 4.2 adımda gerilim-zaman sinyali okunur.<ol>
<li>Download LabVIEW yazılım ve donanım sürücüsü NI-DAQmx yılında resmi web sitesi, Ulusal aletleri.</li>
		<li>LabVIEW gösterilen Şekil 3kullanarak sürekli analog voltaj ölçümü gösterimini açın.</li>
		<li>Kanal ayarlarımodülündeki şarj amplifikatör ile bağlı veri alma aygıtı fiziksel kanalı seçin.</li>
		<li>Örnek hızı 100000 100000 Zamanlama ayarlarımodülü için örnek sayısını ayarlayın.</li>
		<li>Günlük ve okunur oturum açma modu seçin ve Günlüğe kaydetme ayarlarımodülünde gerilim verilerini depolamak için dosya yolunu yazın.</li>
		<li>Yok tetikleyici Tetikleyici ayarlarımodülünde seçin.</li>
		<li>Gerilim sinyal örnekleme yapmak için araç çubuğundaki oku-şekil düğmesini tıklatın.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>İçinde en yüksek gerilim zorlamak için sensör üzerinde hareket karşılık gelen gerilim eğrisi analiz.</li>
	<li>Farklı güç girişi, içinde bir dizi gerilim-güç noktaları kazandı, 4.1-4.4 adımları yineleyin.</li>
	<li>En yüksek çıkış voltajı ve standart güç kalibrasyon sonuç ilişkisini belirlemek.</li>
</ol>5. yapışma gücü belirli bir hızda ölçümü
<ol><li>Bir su damlası (5 µL) mekanik bir micropipette kullanarak PVDF film sensörü ücretsiz sonuna yerleştirin. Not: Damlacık konumunu PVDF film sensörü ucu yakın olmalıdır.</li>
	<li>Rediktördür yüksek kesin deplasman sahne altında bir tek bacak sopa.</li>
	<li>Şekil 4biriçinde gösterildiği gibi su yüzeyi, bacak kişilerle kadar yüksek kesin deplasman sahne alanı aşağı doğru hareket ederler. Monitör kamera sistemi tarafından bacak ve su yüzeyi arasındaki mesafe sensörü sol tarafında monte.</li>
	<li>Su yüzeyinden uzak bacak sabit bir hızda rediktördür kaldırma.</li>
	<li>Gerilim eğrinin çıkış yapan sürecinin adım 4,6 kurulan modelini kullanarak her noktası karşılık gelen güç hesaplamak ve sonra işlemi, çıkış yapan, kuvvet-zaman eğrisi Şekil 4bgösterildiği gibi çizin.</li>
	<li>Çıkış yapan işleminin belirli bir hızda en yüksek yapışma kaydedin.</li>
</ol>6. ölçüm farklı hızlarda yapışma gücü.
<ol><li>Bacaklar kaldırma hızı rediktördür tarafından alter ve adım 5 göre yapışma kuvvetleri ölçmek.</li>
	<li>6.1. adımda elde veri kullanarak hız eğrisi kaldırma karşı yapışma kuvvetleri arsa.</li>
	<li>Yapışma gücü ve eğri aracılığıyla kaldırma hızı arasındaki ilişkiyi analiz.</li>
</ol>

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Yazar ifşa etmek hiçbir şey vardır.

Bu protokol için PVDF film sensörüne dayalı bir dinamik güç ölçüm sistemi başarılı bir şekilde tasarlanmış, monte, uzak su yüzeyine yapışma kuvvetleri ölçmek için kalibre. Tüm adımları arasında çok önemli yapışma kuvvetleri bu çalışma olarak su yüzeyinden bacak kaldırma tarafından farklı hızlarda ölçüldü su hızlı manevra dikkat çekici özelliği odaklı. Kaldırma hızı artar zaman yapışma kuvvetleri azalmıştır deney çıkış yapan sonuçlarını gösterdi. Eğer onlar s...

Doğada su sineklerinin atlamak veya su yüzeyi ince ve nonwetting bacaklar1,2,3,4,5yardımı ile kolayca ve hızlı bir şekilde kayma için dikkat çekici yeteneğine sahip, Ama nadiren yavaş yavaş, karasal böcekler olan hareket. Suyun ve bacak6,7,8, arasında iletişim alanı ve yapışma yürürlükte dramatik azaltma işler superhydrophobic devlet su strider hiyerarşik yapısını stabilize 9. ancak, su sineklerinin hızlı kesilmesi su yüzeyinden hidrodinamik avantajları kötü yorumlanmış10,11,12kalır.
Su yüzeyinden atlama işlemi ağırlıklı olarak üç aşamada13,14,15,16ayrılmıştır. İlk başta, su sineklerinin atlama yönünü başlatmak ve belirlemek böcek sağlayan biyolojik enerji maksimum derinliği batan kadar su yüzey enerjiye dönüştürmek için orta ve arka bacaklar ile su yüzeyi aşağı doğru itin. ayırmayı hız. Artan sahne ile takip, böcek yukarı doğru kavisli su yüzeyi kapiller zorla maksimum hız erişene dek itilir. Son ayrılma aşamasında su strider atalet tarafından su yüzeyinden uzak kırma kadar yükselmeye devam ediyor, ama hızı büyük ölçüde nedeniyle yapışma gücü azalır su ile enerji tüketimi üzerinde asıl etkiye sahip su Yolgezer. Bu nedenle, bu iletişim kuralı ayrılma aşamasında kalkış farklı hızları, yapışma gücü ölçmek ve hızlı hareket eden farklı karakteristik açıklamak için önerilmiştir.
Ne zaman su yüzeyinden iten su sineklerinin yapışma gücü keşfetmek için birçok çalışma yapılmıştır. Lee & Kim yapışma gücü ve enerji su strider'ın bacaklar kaldırma ölçüde ne zaman temas açısı 160 derece17' ye yükseldi azalmıştır gerekli teorik ve deneysel olarak doğruladı. Pan Jen Wei bir hidrostatik deney 1/5, ağırlık 18bulundu TriboScope sistemi tarafından yapışma kuvvetleri ölçmek için tasarlanmış. Kehchih Hwang ayakları ve özellikli bir 2D sudan ayırma ve bacak superhydrophobicity yapışma gücü ve enerji dağıtımı19azaltılmasında önemli bir rol oynadı buldum yarı statik süreci analiz. Ancak, önceki çalışmalarda yapışma gücü ölçümü sadece hızlı atlama sırasında yapışma kuvvetleri değişiklikleri izlemek için bir yarı statik işleminin durumu oldu.
Bu çalışmada, polivinilidin florid (PVDF) film sensörü ve diğer adjuvan enstrüman kullanarak bir dinamik güç ölçüm sistemi tasarlanmış. Piezoelektrik diğer malzemelerle karşılaştırıldığında, PVDF daha yüksek duyarlılık20,21,22ile dinamik microforce ölçmek için daha uygundur. PVDF film sensör sistemi içine entegre ederek, gerçek zamanlı yapışma kuvvetleri olabilir tespit ve bacak su yüzey23,24,25dan çekiyordu zaman işlenir.

<table><tbody><tr><td>PVDF film sensor</td><td>TE Connectivity</td><td>DT1-028K/L</td><td>The PVDF film sensor is used to sense the dynamic contact force .</td></tr><tr><td>Charge amplifier</td><td>Wuxi Shiao Technology co.,Ltd</td><td>YE5852B</td><td>The charge amplifier&amp;nbsp;is an electronic current integrator that produces a voltage output proportional to the integrated value of the input</td></tr><tr><td>Data acquisition device</td><td>National Instruments</td><td>USB-4431</td><td>The data acquisition device is used to read the voltage data.</td></tr><tr><td>Displacement stage</td><td>ZOLIXINSTRUMENTS CO.LTD</td><td>KSAV1010-ZF</td><td>KSAV1010/2030-ZF is a wedge vertical stage with high-resolution, high-stability and high-load.</td></tr><tr><td>CCD camera</td><td>Shenzhen Andonstar Tech Co., Ltd</td><td>digital microscope A1</td><td>Frame rate: 30 frames/sec;Focal distance: 5mm - 30mm</td></tr><tr><td>Computer</td><td>Lenovo</td><td>G480</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Servomotor</td><td>EMAX US Inc.</td><td>ES08MD</td><td>It&#039;s not bad this servo with speed varying from 0.10 sec/60&amp;deg; / 4.8v to 0.08 sec/60&amp;deg;/6.0v.</td></tr><tr><td>Mechanical Pipettes</td><td>Dragon Laboratory Instruments Limited</td><td>YE5K693181</td><td>The pipettes cover volume range of 0.1 &amp;mu;l to 2.5 &amp;mu;l</td></tr></tbody></table>

measurement of dynamic force acted on water strider leg jumping upward by the pvdf film sensor

Genellikle bu su strider doğada fenomen için bir açıklama yapmak için amaçlayan bu çalışma atlar veya kolayca ama hızlı bir şekilde su yüzeyine kayar, onun en yüksek hareket ile ulaşan 150 cm/s hız. İlk olarak, biz mikroyapı ve taramalı elektron mikroskobu kullanılarak su strider bacaklar hiyerarşisini gözlenen. Bacaklar gözlenen morfolojisi temelinde, hangi enerji azaltma açısından zahmetsizce su yüzeyinde slayt için su sineklerinin yeteneği açıkladı dekolmanı su yüzeyinden bir teorik modeli kurulmuştur. İkinci olarak, tüm etkileşim işlemi tespit olabilir mükemmel hassasiyet ile PVDF film sensör kullanarak bir dinamik güç ölçüm sistemi geliştirildi. Daha sonra su ile temas halinde tek bir bacak yukarı doğru farklı hızlarda çekildi ve yapışma gücü aynı zamanda ölçüldü. Çıkış yapan denemenin sonuçları hızlı su sineklerinin atlama derin bir anlayış önerdi.

Kaldırma hızı ve adezyon kuvveti arasında ilişki Tablo 1' de gösterilen. Kaldırma hızı 0.3 m/s için 0,01 m/s ile arttığında, yapışma gücü su yüzeyi ve bacak azalır ölçüde 0,10 itibaren 0.03 arasında. Çıkış yapan denemenin sonuçları en yüksek yapışma kuvvetleri su sineklerinin hızlı bir şekilde su yüzeyine taşırsanız rahat hissedebilirsiniz belirtilen kaldırma hızını artırmak gibi önemli ölçüde azaltmak gösterdi.
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Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measurement of Dynamic Force Acted on Water Strider Leg Jumping Upward by the PVDF Film Sensor at JoVE.com

Measurement of Dynamic Force Acted on Water Strider Leg Jumping Upward by the PVDF Film Sensor

Su Strider bacak yukarı PVDF Film algılayıcı tarafından atlama üzerinde hareket dinamik güç ölçümü

İletişim kuralı burada ücretsiz araştıran ve su yüzeyindeki su strider hızlı manevra adamıştır. Protokol bacaklar mikroyapı gözlemleyerek ve yapışma gücü farklı hızlarda su yüzeyinden çıkış yapan zaman ölçme içerir.

This study aimed to make an explanation for the phenomenon in nature that water strider usually jumps or glides on the water surface easily but quickly, ...

measurement-dynamic-force-acted-on-water-strider-leg-jumping-upward

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

5.9K Görüntüleme.  Tianjin University. İletişim kuralı burada ücretsiz araştıran ve su yüzeyindeki su strider hızlı manevra adamıştır. Protokol bacaklar mikroyapı gözlemleyerek ve yapışma gücü farklı hızlarda su yüzeyinden çıkış yapan zaman ölçme içerir.

Video: Measurement of Dynamic Force Acted on Water Strider Leg Jumping Upward by the PVDF Film Sensor

Quantitatively Measuring In situ Flows using a Self-Contained Underwater Velocimetry Apparatus (SCUVA)

The ability to directly measure velocity fields in a fluid environment is necessary to provide empirical data for studies in fields as diverse as oceanography, ecology, biology, and fluid mechanics. Field measurements introduce practical challenges such as environmental conditions, animal availability, and the need for field-compatible measurement techniques. To avoid these challenges, scientists typically use controlled laboratory environments to study animal-fluid interactions. However, it is reasonable to question whether one can extrapolate natural behavior (i.e., that which occurs in the field) from laboratory measurements. Therefore, in situ quantitative flow measurements are needed to accurately describe animal swimming in their natural environment.
We designed a self-contained, portable device that operates independent of any connection to the surface, and can provide quantitative measurements of the flow field surrounding an animal. This apparatus, a self-contained underwater velocimetry apparatus (SCUVA), can be operated by a single scuba diver in depths up to 40 m. Due to the added complexity inherent of field conditions, additional considerations and preparation are required when compared to laboratory measurements. These considerations include, but are not limited to, operator motion, predicting position of swimming targets, available natural suspended particulate, and orientation of SCUVA relative to the flow of interest. The following protocol is intended to address these common field challenges and to maximize measurement success.

Quantitatively Measuring In situ Flows using a Self-Contained Underwater Velocimetry Apparatus SCUVA

This protocol provides instructions on how to use a self-contained underwater velocimetry apparatus (SCUVA), which is designed for quantification of in situ animal-generated flows. In addition, this protocol addresses challenges posed by field conditions, and includes operator motion, predicting position of animals, and orientation of SCUVA.

Kantitatif Ölçüm In situ</emBağımsız Sualtı velosimetri Aparatı (SCUVA)> Akımlar

The ability to directly measure velocity fields in a fluid environment is necessary to provide empirical data for studies in fields as diverse as ...

Biyomühendislik

Concurrent Quantitative Conductivity and Mechanical Properties Measurements of Organic Photovoltaic Materials using AFM

Organic photovoltaic (OPV) materials are inherently inhomogeneous at the nanometer scale. Nanoscale inhomogeneity of OPV materials affects performance of photovoltaic devices. Thus, understanding of spatial variations in composition as well as electrical properties of OPV materials is of paramount importance for moving PV technology forward.1,2 In this paper, we describe a protocol for quantitative measurements of electrical and mechanical properties of OPV materials with sub-100 nm resolution. Currently, materials properties measurements performed using commercially available AFM-based techniques (PeakForce, conductive AFM) generally provide only qualitative information. The values for resistance as well as Young's modulus measured using our method on the prototypical ITO/PEDOT:PSS/P3HT:PC61BM system correspond well with literature data. The P3HT:PC61BM blend separates onto PC61BM-rich and P3HT-rich domains. Mechanical properties of PC61BM-rich and P3HT-rich domains are different, which allows for domain attribution on the surface of the film. Importantly, combining mechanical and electrical data allows for correlation of the domain structure on the surface of the film with electrical properties variation measured through the thickness of the film.

Organic photovoltaic (OPV) materials are inherently inhomogeneous at the nanometer scale. Nanoscale inhomogeneity of OPV materials affects performance of photovoltaic devices. In this paper, we describe a protocol for quantitative measurements of electrical and mechanical properties of OPV materials with sub-100 nm resolution.

Eşzamanlı Sayısal İletkenlik ve AFM kullanarak Organik Fotovoltaik Malzemeler Mekanik Özellikleri Ölçümleri

Organic photovoltaic  (OPV) materials are inherently inhomogeneous at the nanometer scale. Nanoscale  inhomogeneity of OPV materials affects performance ...

Mühendislik

Kinematics and Ground Reaction Force Determination: A Demonstration Quantifying Locomotor Abilities of Young Adult, Middle-aged, and Geriatric Rats

Behavior, in its broadest definition, can be defined as the motor manifestation of physiologic processes. As such, all behaviors manifest through the motor system. In the fields of neuroscience and orthopedics, locomotion is a commonly evaluated behavior for a variety of disease models. For example, locomotor recovery after traumatic injury to the nervous system is one of the most commonly evaluated behaviors 1-3. Though locomotion can be evaluated using a variety of endpoint measurements (e.g. time taken to complete a locomotor task, etc), semiquantitative kinematic measures (e.g. ordinal rating scales (e.g. Basso Beattie and Bresnahan locomotor (BBB) rating scale, etc)) and surrogate measures of behaviour (e.g. muscle force, nerve conduction velocity, etc), only kinetics (force measurements) and kinematics (measurements of body segments in space) provide a detailed description of the strategy by which an animal is able to locomote 1. Though not new, kinematic and kinetic measurements of locomoting rodents is now more readily accessible due to the availability of commercially available equipment designed for this purpose. Importantly, however, experimenters need to be very familiar with theory of biomechanical analyses and understand the benefits and limitations of these forms of analyses prior to embarking on what will become a relatively labor-intensive study. The present paper aims to describe a method for collecting kinematic and ground reaction force data using commercially available equipment. Details of equipment and apparatus set-up, pre-training of animals, inclusion and exclusion criteria of acceptable runs, and methods for collecting the data are described. We illustrate the utility of this behavioral analysis technique by describing the kinematics and kinetics of strain-matched young adult, middle-aged, and geriatric rats.

Locomotion is often examined as a behavioural outcome in various models of disease in fields such as neuroscience and orthopedics. This video paper intends to describe a method for collecting ground reaction forces and kinematics from rats during unrestrained locomotion.

Kinematik ve Zemin Mukabele Gücü&#39;nün Belirlenmesi: Genç Yetişkin, Orta yaşlı ve Geriatrik Sıçanlar, bir gösteri miktarının Lokomotor Yetenekler

Behavior, in its broadest definition, can be defined as the motor manifestation of physiologic processes.  As such, all behaviors manifest through the ...

Nörobilim

Microfabricated Post-Array-Detectors (mPADs): an Approach to Isolate Mechanical Forces

In this video, we will present our approach to measure cellular traction forces using a microfabricated array of posts.  Traction forces are generated through myosin-actin interactions and play an important role in our physiology.  During development, they enable cells to move from one location to the next in order to form the early structures of tissue.  Traction forces help in the healing processes.  They are necessary for the proper closure of wounds or the migration and crawling of leukocytes through our body.  These same forces can be detrimental to our health in the case of cancer metastasis or vascular growth towards a tumor.  The most common method by which to study cells in vitro has been to use a glass or polystyrene dish.  However, the rigidity of the substrates makes it impossible to physically measure cell traction forces, and there are relatively few methods to study traction forces.  Our lab has developed a technique to overcome these limitations.  The method is based on a vertical array of flexible cantilevers, the stiffness and size scale of which are such that individual cells spread across many cantilevers and deflect them in the process.  The pillars we use are 3 &mu;m in diameter, 10 &mu;m tall, and are configured in a regular array with 9 &mu;m center-to-center spacing.  But these physical dimensions can be readily varied to accommodate a variety of studies.  We start with a silicon master, but the final posts are made out of silicone rubber called poly (dimethyl siloxane), or PDMS.  We can measure the deflections under a microscope and calculate the magnitude and direction of traction forces required to produce the observed deflections.  We call these substrates microfabricated post-array-detectors, or mPADs.  Here, we will show you how we fabricate and use the mPADs to assess modulations of cellular contractility.

Microfabricated Post-Array-Detectors mPADs: an Approach to Isolate Mechanical Forces

In this video, we demonstrate how to fabricate and utilize microfabricated post array detectors (mPADs) to assess modulations of cellular contractility.

Microfabricated Post-Dizi-Dedektörleri (mPADs): Mekanik Kuvvetleri yalıtın bir Yaklaşım

In this video, we will present our approach to measure cellular traction forces using a microfabricated array of posts.  Traction forces are generated ...

Biyoloji

Studying the Neural Basis of Adaptive Locomotor Behavior in Insects

Studying the neural basis of walking behavior, one often faces the problem that it is hard to separate the neuronally produced stepping output from those leg movements that result from passive forces and interactions with other legs through the common contact with the substrate. If we want to understand, which part of a given movement is produced by nervous system motor output, kinematic analysis of stepping movements, therefore, needs to be complemented with electrophysiological recordings of motor activity. The recording of neuronal or muscular activity in a behaving animal is often limited by the electrophysiological equipment which can constrain the animal in its ability to move with as many degrees of freedom as possible. This can either be avoided by using implantable electrodes and then having the animal move on a long tether (i.e. Clarac et al., 1987; Duch &amp; Pfl&uuml;ger, 1995; B&ouml;hm et al., 1997; Gruhn &amp; Rathmayer, 2002) or by transmitting the data using telemetric devices (Kutsch et al, 1993; Fischer et al., 1996; Tsuchida et al. 2004; Hama et al., 2007; Wang et al., 2008). Both of these elegant methods, which are successfully used in larger arthropods, often prove difficult to apply in smaller walking insects which either easily get entangled in the long tether or are hindered by the weight of the telemetric device and its batteries. In addition, in all these cases, it is still impossible to distinguish between the purely neuronal basis of locomotion and the effects exerted by mechanical coupling between the walking legs through the substrate. One solution for this problem is to conduct the experiments in a tethered animal that is free to walk in place and that is locally suspended, for example over a slippery surface, which effectively removes most ground contact mechanics. This has been used to study escape responses (Camhi and Nolen, 1981; Camhi and Levy, 1988), turning (Tryba and Ritzman, 2000a,b; Gruhn et al., 2009a), backward walking (Graham and Epstein, 1985) or changes in velocity (Gruhn et al., 2009b) and it allows the experimenter easily to combine intra- and extracellular physiology with kinematic analyses (Gruhn et al., 2006).
We use a slippery surface setup to investigate the timing of leg muscles in the behaving stick insect with respect to touch-down and lift-off under different behavioral paradigms such as straight forward and curved walking in intact and reduced preparations.

We describe a method to record motor activity, timed to the electrically recorded tarsal contact signal in a tethered insect, walking on a slippery surface. This is used to study the neural basis of adaptive behavior under reduced influence of mechanical interaction between legs through the substrate.

Böcekler Adaptif Lokomotor Davranış Sinir Dayanak incelenmesi

Studying the neural basis of walking behavior, one often faces the problem that it is hard to separate the neuronally produced stepping output from those ...

Image-based Lagrangian Particle Tracking in Bed-load Experiments

Image analysis has been increasingly used for the measurement of river flows due to its capabilities to furnish detailed quantitative depictions at a relatively low cost. This manuscript describes an application of particle tracking velocimetry (PTV) to a bed-load experiment with lightweight sediment. The key characteristics of the investigated sediment transport conditions were the presence of a covered flow and of a fixed rough bed above which particles were released in limited number at the flume inlet. Under the applied flow conditions, the motion of the individual bed-load particles was intermittent, with alternating movement and stillness terms. The flow pattern was preliminarily characterized by acoustic measurements of vertical profiles of the stream-wise velocity. During process visualization, a large field of view was obtained using two action-cameras placed at different locations along the flume. The experimental protocol is described in terms of channel calibration, experiment realization, image pre-processing, automatic particle tracking, and post-processing of particle track data from the two cameras. The presented proof-of-concept results include probability distributions of the particle hop length and duration. The achievements of this work are compared to those of existing literature to demonstrate the validity of the protocol.

The manuscript presents a protocol for the conduction of bed-load sediment transport experiments where the moving particles are tracked by image analysis. The experimental facility, the procedures for run realization and data processing, and finally some proof-of-concept results are presented here.

Yatak Yüklü Deneylerde Görüntü Tabanlı Lagrangian Parçacık İzleme

Image analysis has been increasingly used for the measurement of river flows due to its capabilities to furnish detailed quantitative depictions at a ...

Çevre

Simulation of Human-induced Vibrations Based on the Characterized In-field Pedestrian Behavior

For slender and lightweight structures, vibration serviceability is a matter of growing concern, often constituting the critical design requirement. With designs governed by the dynamic performance under human-induced loads, a strong demand exists for the verification and refinement of currently available load models. The present contribution uses a 3D inertial motion tracking technique for the characterization of the in-field pedestrian behavior. The technique is first tested in laboratory experiments with simultaneous registration of the corresponding ground reaction forces. The experiments include walking persons as well as rhythmical human activities such as jumping and bobbing. It is shown that the registered motion allows for the identification of the time variant pacing rate of the activity. Together with the weight of the person and the application of generalized force models available in literature, the identified time-variant pacing rate allows to characterize the human-induced loads. In addition, time synchronization among the wireless motion trackers allows identifying the synchronization rate among the participants. Subsequently, the technique is used on a real footbridge where both the motion of the persons and the induced structural vibrations are registered. It is shown how the characterized in-field pedestrian behavior can be applied to simulate the induced structural response. It is demonstrated that the in situ identified pacing rate and synchronization rate constitute an essential input for the simulation and verification of the human-induced loads. The main potential applications of the proposed methodology are the estimation of human-structure interaction phenomena and the development of suitable models for the correlation among pedestrians in real traffic conditions.

A protocol is presented for the characterization of the in-field pedestrian behavior and the simulation of the resulting structural response. Field-tests demonstrate that the in situ identified pacing rate and synchronization rate among the participants constitute an essential input for the simulation and verification of the human-induced loads.

Characterized In-sahada Yaya Davranışı geçerli İnsan kaynaklı Titreşimlerin Simülasyonu

For slender and lightweight structures, vibration serviceability is a matter of growing concern, often constituting the critical design requirement. With ...

Measuring the Interaction Force Between a Droplet and a Super-hydrophobic Substrate by the Optical Lever Method

The goal of this paper is to investigate the interaction force between droplets and super-hydrophobic substrates in the air. A measurement system based on an optical lever method is designed. A millimetric cantilever is used as a force sensitive component in the measurement system. Firstly, the force sensitivity of the optical lever is calibrated using electrostatic force, which is the critical step in measuring interaction force. Secondly, three super-hydrophobic substrates with different grid fractions are prepared with nanoparticles and copper grids. Finally, the interaction forces between droplets and super-hydrophobic substrates with different grid fractions are measured by the system. This method can be used to measure the force on the scale of sub-micronewton with a resolution on the scale of nanonewton. The in-depth study of the contact process of droplets and super-hydrophobic structures can help to improve the production efficiency in coating, film and printing. The force measurement system designed in this paper can also be used in other fields of microforce measurement.

The protocol aims to investigate the interaction between droplets and super-hydrophobic substrates in the air. This includes calibrating the measurement system and measuring the interaction force at super-hydrophobic substrates with different grid fractions.

Optik kol metodu ile bir damlacık ile süper hidrofobik substrat arasındaki etkileşim gücünü ölçme

The goal of this paper is to investigate the interaction force between droplets and super-hydrophobic substrates in the air. A measurement system based on ...

Comparison of Kinetic Characteristics of Footwork during Stroke in Table Tennis: Cross-Step and Chasse Step

The cross-step and chasse step are the basic steps of table tennis. This study presents a protocol to investigate the ground reaction force characteristics between cross-step and chasse step during stroke in table tennis. Sixteen healthy male national level 1 table tennis players (Age: 20.75 &plusmn; 2.06 years) volunteered to participate in the experiment after understanding the purpose and details of the experiment. All participants were asked to hit the ball into the target zone by cross-step and chasse step, respectively. The ground reaction force in the anterior-posterior, medial-lateral, and vertical directions of the participant was measured by a force platform. The key finding of this study was that: the posterior ground reaction force of cross-step footwork (0.89 &plusmn; 0.21) was significantly large (P = 0.014) than the chasse step footwork (0.82 &plusmn; 0.18). However, the lateral ground reaction force of cross-step footwork (-0.38 &plusmn; 0.21) was significantly lower (P &lt; 0.001) than chasse step footwork (-0.46 &plusmn; 0.29) as well as the vertical ground reaction force of cross-step footwork (1.73 &plusmn; 0.19) was significantly lower (P &lt; 0.001) than chasse step footwork (1.9 &plusmn; 0.33). Based on the mechanism of the kinetic chain, the better lower limb dynamic performance of sliding stroke may be conducive to energy transmission and thus bring gain to the swing speed. Beginners should start from the chasse step to hit the ball technically, and then practice the skill of cross-step.

This study presents a protocol to investigate the ground reaction force characteristics between cross-step and chasse step during stroke in table tennis.

Masa Tenisinde İnme Sırasında Ayak Oyunlarının Kinetik Özelliklerinin Karşılaştırılması: Çapraz Adım ve Chasse Adımı

The cross-step and chasse step are the basic steps of table tennis. This study presents a protocol to investigate the ground reaction force ...

Davranış

A Micro-Displacement Measurement Based on the Shadow Technique

The precision measurement of micro displacement is important in scientific and industrial fields. However, it is a tough challenge due to the complex design and the high cost of measuring instruments. Inspired by the shadow formed from water striders walking on a water surface under sunlight, a micro-displacement measurement method was proposed. Water strider legs with superhydrophobic properties bend the water surface. The curved surface of the water refracts sunlight, creating a shadow with a bright edge at the bottom of the pond. The shadow size is generally larger than the indentation depth of the legs from the water surface. In the micro-displacement measurement system, the applied displacement is proportional to the change in the diameter of the shadow. The presented study proposes a micro-displacement measurement procedure based on this shadow technique. The displacement sensitivity can reach 10.0 nm/pixel in the range of 5 &#181;m. This system is simple to construct, low cost, and has high precision with good linear performance. The method provides a convenient additional option to measure micro-displacement.

High-precision micro-displacement measurement is significant in the field of aerospace engineering, ultra-precision machining, and micro-assembly. The present protocol describes measuring micro displacements based on the shadow technique.

The precision measurement of micro displacement is important in scientific and industrial fields. However, it is a tough challenge due to the complex ...

Su Strider bacak yukarı PVDF Film algılayıcı tarafından atlama üzerinde hareket dinamik güç ölçümü

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