Name: color spot test as a presumptive tool for the rapid detection of synthetic cathinones
Uploaded: 2018-02-05T14:45:00.000+00:00
Duration: 6 min 6 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Color Spot Test As a Presumptive Tool for the Rapid Detection of Synthetic Cathinones at JoVE.com

Die Autoren möchten die Unterstützung für Morgan Philp durch eine australische Regierung Training Programm Forschungsstipendium anerkennen.

1. Vorbereitung der Farbe Test Reagenzlösungen
Hinweis: Wiegen Sie 0,12 g Kupfer Nitrat Trihydrate in einem trockenen 100 mL-Becherglas. Geben Sie 30 mL deionisiertes (DI) Wasser hinzu und schwenken Sie vorsichtig es bei Raumtemperatur Feststoffe auflösen. Gießen Sie diese Lösung in ein 100 mL volumetrischen Kolben und zur kalibrierten Marke mit VE-Wasser auffüllen. Diese Lösung vorbereitet ist Reagenz 1. Hinweis: Reagenz 1 kann mit anderen Kupfer(II) Salze, z.B. Kupfer(II) Chlorid vorbereitet werden.
<ol><li>Wiegen Sie 0,11 g 2,9-Dimethyl-1,10-Phenanthroline (Neocuproine) Halbhydrat in einem trockenen 100 mL-Becherglas. 50 mL 0.10 Mol/L Salzsäure (HCl) hinzufügen und verwenden ein Glas rühren, Stab, um Auflösung von Feststoffen bei Raumtemperatur zu fördern. Gießen Sie diese Lösung in eine volumetrische 100 mL-Flasche und füllen Sie sich mit 0,10 Mol/L HCl kalibrierten auffuellen. Dies Lösung vorbereitet ist Reagenz 2. Achtung: Neocuproine ist akut toxische Reizung der Haut und schwere Augenschäden verursachen. Tragen Sie Handschuhe und Schutzbrille beim Umgang mit das Risiko einer Exposition zu minimieren. Hinweis: Neocuproine ist nur leicht in Wasser löslich, daher verdünnter Säure dient zur Vorbereitung dieses Reagens und sicherzustellen, dass alle Feststoffe auflösen.</li>
	<li>Wiegen Sie 16,4 g Natriumacetat in einem trockenen 100 mL-Becherglas. 50 mL VE-Wasser hinzufügen und verwenden ein Glas rühren, Stab, um Auflösung von Feststoffen bei Raumtemperatur zu fördern. Gießen Sie diese Lösung in ein 100 mL volumetrischen Kolben und zur kalibrierten Marke mit VE-Wasser auffüllen. Diese Lösung vorbereitet ist Reagenz 3. Hinweis: Das Protokoll kann hier angehalten werden. Die Reagenzien sind sehr stabil und können bis zu 12 Monate bei Raumtemperatur gelagert werden.</li>
</ol>2. Farbe testen
<ol><li>Sammeln Sie eine saubere Porzellanteller vor Ort, drei Einweg-Pipetten, drei Reagenzlösungen in Schritt 2.1, einem sauberen Spatel, eine elektrische Kochplatte und der Probe/beschlagnahmten Material getestet werden vorbereitet.</li>
	<li>Mit dem Spatel, ein kleiner Ort, Stecknadelkopf große Menge (ca. 0,1-0,2 mg) der unbekannten Probe in drei separaten Brunnen ein Porzellanteller vor Ort. Lassen Sie drei benachbarten Brunnen leer (Blindkontrolle) und ein weiterer drei Brunnen mit gleichen Mengen von 4-Methylmethcathinone HCl (4-MMC), einer synthetischen Cathinon Referenzprobe (Positivkontrolle). Hinweis: Die bevorzugte Prüffläche ist ein Porzellanteller vor Ort. Wenn diese nicht verfügbar sind, verwenden Sie Kunststoff Microwell Platten oder halb Mikro Reagenzgläser.</li>
	<li>Mit einer Einweg-Pipette, geben Sie 5 Tropfen Kupfer Nitratlösung (Reagenz 1) in jeder Probe, neben der leeren und positive Kontroll-Vertiefungen.</li>
	<li>Mit einer zweiten Einweg-Pipette, geben Sie 2 Tropfen der Lösung Neocuproine (Reagenz 2) in jeder Probe, neben der leeren und positive Kontroll-Vertiefungen.</li>
	<li>Mit einer dritten Einweg-Pipette, 2 Tropfen der Natrium-Acetat-Lösung (Reagenz 3) für jede Probe nun, neben der leeren und positive Kontroll-Vertiefungen. Hinweis: Die Lösung wird hellblau.</li>
	<li>Legen Sie das Porzellan vor Ort Platte direkt auf einer elektrischen Kochplatte bei 80 ° c eingestellt Hinweis: Nicht erhitzen Sie Kunststoff Microwell-Platten direkt auf der Herdplatte. Bereiten Sie eine flache siedenden Wasserbad die Kunststoffplatte festlegen. Erhitzen Sie Halbmikrowaagen Reagenzgläser in einem kleinen kochendes Wasserbad. Die genaue Zeit zu beobachten, dass eine Farbänderung hängt von der Dicke und Zusammensetzung der spot Platte erforderlich. Achtung: Vorsicht beim Umgang mit Schmuckfarbenplatten zu verhindern Verletzungen brennen.</li>
	<li>Nach Heizung für 10 min, mit bloßem Auge beobachten und beachten Sie die endgültige Farbe zu ändern oder ein Foto von der letzten Farbwechsel. Hinweis: Verwendung einen weißen Hintergrund besser visualisieren die Farbe ändert.</li>
</ol>

<ol>
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Int. 267, 25-34 (2016).</li><li>United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> World Drug Report 2017. , (2017).</li><li>Australian Criminal Intelligence Commission (ACIC). <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Illicit Drug Data Report 2014-2015. , (2016).</li><li>United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> World Drug Report 2016. , (2016).</li><li>Chatwin, C., Measham, F., O'Brien, K., Sumnall, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+drugs,+new+directions?+Research+priorities+for+new+psychoactive+substances+and+human+enhancement+drugs.">New drugs, new directions? Research priorities for new psychoactive substances and human enhancement drugs.</a> Int. J. Drug Policy. 40, 1-5 (2017).</li><li>Reuter, P., Pardo, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+psychoactive+substances:+Are+there+any+good+options+for+regulating+new+psychoactive+substances?.">New psychoactive substances: Are there any good options for regulating new psychoactive substances?.</a> Int. J. Drug Policy. 40, 117-122 (2017).</li><li>Elie, M. P., Elie, L. E., Baron, M. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Keeping+pace+with+NPS+releases:+fast+GC-MS+screening+of+legal+high+products.">Keeping pace with NPS releases: fast GC-MS screening of legal high products.</a> Drug Test. Anal. 5 (5), 281-290 (2013).</li><li>Strano Rossi, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+analytical+approach+to+the+forensic+identification+of+different+classes+of+new+psychoactive+substances+(NPSs)+in+seized+materials.">An analytical approach to the forensic identification of different classes of new psychoactive substances (NPSs) in seized materials.</a> Rapid Commun Mass Sp. 28 (17), 1904-1916 (2014).</li><li>Jones, L. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Infrared+and+Raman+screening+of+seized+novel+psychoactive+substances:+a+large+scale+study+of+&gt;200+samples.">Infrared and Raman screening of seized novel psychoactive substances: a large scale study of &gt;200 samples.</a> Analyst. 141 (3), 902-909 (2016).</li><li>Lesiak, A. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Direct+analysis+in+real+time+mass+spectrometry+(DART-MS)+of+&amp;#34;bath+salt&amp;#34;+cathinone+drug+mixtures.">Direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry (DART-MS) of &amp;#34;bath salt&amp;#34; cathinone drug mixtures.</a> Analyst. 138 (12), 3424-3432 (2013).</li><li>Brown, H., Oktem, B., Windom, A., Doroshenko, V., Evans-Nguyen, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Direct+Analysis+in+Real+Time+(DART)+and+a+portable+mass+spectrometer+for+rapid+identification+of+common+and+designer+drugs+on-site.">Direct Analysis in Real Time (DART) and a portable mass spectrometer for rapid identification of common and designer drugs on-site.</a> Forensic Chem. (Supplement C), 66-73 (2016).</li><li>Bruno, A. M., Cleary, S. R., O'Leary, A. E., Gizzi, M. C., Mulligan, C. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Balancing+the+utility+and+legality+of+implementing+portable+mass+spectrometers+coupled+with+ambient+ionization+in+routine+law+enforcement+activities.">Balancing the utility and legality of implementing portable mass spectrometers coupled with ambient ionization in routine law enforcement activities.</a> Anal Methods-UK. 9 (34), 5015-5022 (2017).</li><li>United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Recommended methods for the identification and analysis of amphetamine, methamphetamine and their ring-substituted analogues in seized materials. , (2006).</li><li>Scientific Working Group for the Analysis of Seized Drugs (SWGDRUG). <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Vol. 7.1. , (2016).</li><li>United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Recommended methods for the identification and analysis of synthetic cathinones in seized materials. , (2015).</li><li>Philp, M., Shimmon, R., Tahtouh, M., Fu, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+and+validation+of+a+presumptive+color+spot+test+method+for+the+detection+of+synthetic+cathinones+in+seized+illicit+materials.">Development and validation of a presumptive color spot test method for the detection of synthetic cathinones in seized illicit materials.</a> Forensic Chem. 1, 39-50 (2016).</li><li>Al-Obaid, A. M., Al-Tamrah, S. A., Aly, F. A., Alwarthan, A. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Determination+of+(S)(&#8722;)-cathinone+by+spectrophotometric+detection.">Determination of (S)(&#8722;)-cathinone by spectrophotometric detection.</a> J Pharmaceut Biomed. 17 (2), 321-326 (1998).</li><li>Namera, A., Kawamura, M., Nakamoto, A., Saito, T., Nagao, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comprehensive+review+of+the+detection+methods+for+synthetic+cannabinoids+and+cathinones.">Comprehensive review of the detection methods for synthetic cannabinoids and cathinones.</a> Forensic Toxicol. 33 (2), 175-194 (2015).</li><li>Isaacs, R. C. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+structure-reactivity+relationship+driven+approach+to+the+identification+of+a+color+test+protocol+for+the+presumptive+indication+of+synthetic+cannabimimetic+drugs+of+abuse.">A structure-reactivity relationship driven approach to the identification of a color test protocol for the presumptive indication of synthetic cannabimimetic drugs of abuse.</a> Forensic Sci. Int. 242, 135-141 (2014).</li></ol>

Die Autoren haben nichts preisgeben.

Diese Farbe Testprotokoll wurde angepasst von der experimentellen Arbeit von Al-Obaid Et al.veröffentlicht. 18 in denen die Autoren einen Farbumschlag nachgewiesen erfolgt in Anwesenheit von Cathinon aus der Khat-Pflanze extrahiert. Änderungen des veröffentlichten Protokolls waren notwendig, um ihre Anwendung in der mutmaßlichen illegalen Drogen-Erkennung vorgesehen. Die wichtigste Überlegung war es, das Ausmaß der Reaktion zu reduzieren. In der vorliegenden Arbeit beschriebene Prot...

Die illegalen Drogenmarkt betreibt ebenso, ein traditionelles Geschäft weiter zu entwickeln und zu einem sich verändernden Markt anpassen. Fortschritte in der modernen Technologie, insbesondere die weltweite Verbreitung der leistungsfähigen Kommunikation erhöhte Online-Einkäufe über die dunkle Net1 und umfangreiche Wissensaustausch unter den Nutzern über Online-Foren2gesehen hat. In Kombination mit Fortschritte in der Chemie, die rasche Entstehung neuer psychoaktiver Substanzen (NPS) erstellt eine ernste Herausforderung für die nationale und internationale Drogenkontrolle.
NPS sind potenziell gefährlichen Substanzen des Missbrauchs, die ähnliche Wirkungen wie Drogen unter internationaler Kontrolle zu haben. Zunächst als "legale" Alternativen vermarktet, 739 NPS Büro der Vereinten Nationen für Drogen- und Verbrechensbekämpfung (UNODC) zwischen 2009 und 20163gemeldet. Laut dem jüngsten Jahresbericht beschlagnahmt eine Rekordzahl von NPS an der australischen Grenze, mit der Mehrheit der die analysierten, weiter als synthetische Cathinone4identifiziert. Auf globaler Ebene Sicherstellungen von synthetischen Cathinone haben stetig zugenommen seit erstmals im Jahr 2010 berichtet und sind eines der am häufigsten beschlagnahmte NPS-5.
Die Herausforderungen von NPS wurden weitgehend veröffentlichten Thema der Diskussion6,7. Forensischen Laboratorien und Gesetzdurchführungpersonal blieben ohne geeignete Methoden zur Detektion und Identifizierung von NPS während ihre rasche Entstehung benachteiligt. Umfangreiche Forschung in die Erkennung von NPS, einschließlich synthetische Cathinone in beschlagnahmten Material beschäftigt Gaschromatographie-Massenspektrometrie (GC-MS)8 und flüssige Chromatographie-hohe Auflösung Massenspektrometrie (LC-HRMS)9 für konfirmatorische Analyse. Steigende Nachfrage nach minimalen Probenvorbereitung hat Infrarot und Raman-Spektroskopie10 Studien sowie ambient Ionisation massenspektrometrische Analysen, z. B. direkte Analyse in Echtzeit Massenspektrometrie (DART-MS)11, gesehen. 12. die Notwendigkeit einer raschen, sensible Analyse im Bereich hat auch die Einbeziehung der Papier-Spray Ionisierung-Massenspektrometrie (PSI-MS) in tragbaren Geräten für den Einsatz von Law Enforcement13gesehen. Viele instrumentelle Techniken bieten konfirmatorische Analyse mit empfindlichen Nachweis und quantitative Ergebnisse. Für Hochdurchsatz-Analyse kann sie jedoch zeitaufwendig durch Probenvorbereitung, Laufzeiten, und Instrument-Schulung und Wartung.
Mutmaßlichen Farbe Tests sollen das Vorhandensein oder Fehlen von bestimmten Substanzklassen in einem Test Probe14vorschlagen. Die wissenschaftliche Arbeitsgruppe für die Analyse der beschlagnahmten Drogen (SWGDRUG) klassifiziert Farbe als die niedrigste unterscheidende Kraft Technik neben UV-Spektroskopie und Immunoassays15testen. Jedoch werden sie immer noch weit von Strafverfolgungs- und anderen Sicherheitspersonal als ein Mittel, um schnelle Ergebnisse zu deutlich geringeren Kosten im Vergleich zu anderen Techniken beschäftigt. Der Hauptvorteil von Farbe vor Ort angebotenen Testmethoden ist die Fähigkeit, sie in das Feld mit tragbaren Testkits durchzuführen.
Die Selektivität der Farbe Tests basiert auf einzelnen chemischen Reaktionen zwischen den Testreagenz und die Droge der Klasse von Interesse um eine Farbänderung zu erstellen. Aktuellen mutmaßlichen Testprotokolle fehlen ein bestimmtes Tests zur Erkennung von synthetischen Cathinone nur; häufig verwendete Reagenzien, die mangelnde Spezifität und gefährliche Substanzen enthalten sind häufig eingesetzt. Andere empfohlene Reagenzien wurden nicht auf eine große Anzahl von möglichen synthetischen Cathinon Stoffe16gezeigt.
Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, eine einfache Farbe Prüfprotokoll zu präsentieren, die von Interessenten für die Vorauswahl der synthetischen Cathinone in illegalen Substanzen unbekannter Zusammensetzung leicht eingesetzt werden können. Interessierte Parteien wären Rechtsdurchsetzung, Schutz Grenzbehörden, forensischen Laboratorien und anderen relevanten Sicherheitspersonal. Die vorgeschlagenen Methoden beschäftigen eine Verringerung der Oxidationsreaktion zwischen der Annahme von Elektron Kupfer komplexe Reagenz und der Elektron-reichen synthetischen Cathinon Wirkstoffmoleküle. Mit diesen chemischen Methoden entwickelt können eine sie in Form eines mutmaßlichen Farbe Tests das Vorhandensein von synthetischen Cathinone darauf anwenden.

<table><tbody><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Chemicals&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Reagents and solvents&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>neocuproine hemihydrate</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>72090</td><td>&amp;ge;99.0%. Acute toxicity</td></tr><tr><td>copper(II) nitrate trihydrate</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>61197</td><td>98.0%-103%</td></tr><tr><td>sodium acetate</td><td>Ajax Finechem</td><td>AJA680</td><td>anhydrous</td></tr><tr><td>hydrochloric acid</td><td>RCI Labscan</td><td>RP 1106</td><td>36%. Corrosive</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Powders&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ascorbic acid</td><td>AJAX Finechem UNIVAR</td><td>104</td><td>L</td></tr><tr><td>benzocaine</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>E1501</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>benzoic acid</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>242381</td><td>&amp;ge;99.5%</td></tr><tr><td>boric acid</td><td>Silform Chemicals</td><td>R27410</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>caffeine</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>C0750</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>cellulose</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>435236</td><td>microcrystalline</td></tr><tr><td>calcium chloride</td><td>AJAX Finechem UNILAB</td><td>960</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>citric acid</td><td>AJAX Finechem UNIVAR</td><td>160</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>codeine phosphate</td><td>Glaxo</td><td>-</td><td>Acute toxicity</td></tr><tr><td>cysteine</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>168149</td><td>L</td></tr><tr><td>dimethylsulfone</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>M81705</td><td>98%</td></tr><tr><td>ephedrine HCl</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>285749</td><td>99%. Acute toxicity</td></tr><tr><td>glucose</td><td>AJAX Finechem UNIVAR</td><td>783</td><td>D, anhydrous</td></tr><tr><td>glutathione</td><td>AJAX Finechem UNILAB</td><td>234</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>glycine</td><td>AJAX Finechem UNIVAR</td><td>1083</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>lactose</td><td>Sigma</td><td>L254</td><td>D, monohydrate</td></tr><tr><td>levamisole HCl</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>PHR1798</td><td>Acute toxicity</td></tr><tr><td>magnesium sulphate</td><td>Scharlau</td><td>MA0080</td><td>anhydrous, extra pure</td></tr><tr><td>maltose</td><td>AJAX Finechem LABCHEM</td><td>1126</td><td>Bacteriological</td></tr><tr><td>mannitol</td><td>AJAX Finechem UNIVAR</td><td>310</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>O-acetylsalicylic Acid</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>A5376</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>phenethylamine</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>241008</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>phenolphthalein</td><td>AJAX Finechem LABCHEM</td><td>368</td><td>Acute toxicity</td></tr><tr><td>potassium carbonate</td><td>Chem-Supply</td><td>PA021</td><td>AR, anhydrous</td></tr><tr><td>sodium carbonate</td><td>Chem-Supply</td><td>SA099</td><td>AR, anhydrous</td></tr><tr><td>sodium chloride</td><td>Rowe Scientific</td><td>CC10363</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>starch</td><td>AJAX Finechem UNILAB</td><td>1254</td><td>soluble</td></tr><tr><td>stearic acid</td><td>AJAX Finechem UNILAB</td><td>1255</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>sucrose</td><td>AJAX Finechem UNIVAR</td><td>530</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>tartaric acid</td><td>AJAX Finechem UNIVAR</td><td>537</td><td>(+)</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Household products&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>artificial sweetener</td><td>ALDI Be Light</td><td>n/a</td><td>Contains aspartame</td></tr><tr><td>brown sugar</td><td>CSR</td><td>n/a</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>icing sugar</td><td>CSR</td><td>n/a</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>caster sugar</td><td>CSR</td><td>n/a</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>paracetamol tablet</td><td>Panadol</td><td>n/a</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>protein powder</td><td>Aussie Bodies ProteinFX</td><td>n/a</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>self-raising</td><td>Woolworths Australia Homebrand</td><td>n/a</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>plain flour</td><td>Woolworths Australia Homebrand</td><td>n/a</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Reference compounds&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td>controlled or illegal substances</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Cathinone-type substances&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-1-propanone HCl (MOPPP)</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D1024</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>1-phenyl-2-methylamino-pentan-1-one HCl</td><td>Lipomed</td><td>PTD-1507-HC</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>2,3-dimethylmethcathinone HCl (2,3-DMMC)</td><td>Chiron Chemicals</td><td>10970.12</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>2,4,5-trimethylmethcathinone HCl (2,4,5-TMMC)</td><td>Chiron Chemicals</td><td>10927.13</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>2,4-dimethylmethcathinone HCl (2,4-DMMC)</td><td>Chiron Chemicals</td><td>10971.12</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>2-benzylamino-1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-1-butanone HCl (BMDB)</td><td>Chiron Chemicals</td><td>10925.18</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>2-fluoromethcathinone HCl (2-FMC)</td><td>LGC Standards</td><td>LGCFOR 1275.64</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>2-methylmethcathinone HCl (2-MMC)</td><td>LGC Standards</td><td>LGCFOR 1387.02</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>3,4-methylenedioxy-&amp;alpha;-pyrrolidinobutiophenone (MDPBP) HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D973</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>3,4-dimethylmethcathinone HCl (DMMC)</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D962</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>3,4-methylenedioxymethcathinone HCl (MDMC)</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D942</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>3,4-methylenedioxy-N,N-dimethylcathinone HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D977</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone HCl (MDPV)</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D951b</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>3-bromomethcathinone HCl (3-BMC)</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D1035</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>3-fluoromethcathinone HCl (3-FMC)</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D947b</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>3-methylmethcathinone HCl (3-MMC)</td><td>LGC Standards</td><td>LGCFOR 1387.03</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>4-bromomethcathinone HCl (4-BMC)</td><td>LGC Standards</td><td>LGCFOR 1387.11</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>4-fluoromethcathinone HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D969</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>4-methoxymethcathinone HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D952</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>4-methylethylcathinone HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D968</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>4-methylmethcathinone HCl (4-MMC)</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D937b</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>4-methyl-N-benzylcathinone&amp;nbsp;HCl (4-MBC)</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D1026</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>4-methyl-pyrrolidinopropiophenone HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D964</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>4-methyl-&amp;alpha;-pyrrolidinobutiophenone HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D974</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>cathinone HCl (bk-amphetamine)</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D929</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>dibutylone HCl (bk-DMBDB)</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D1027</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>iso-ethcathinone HCl</td><td>Chiron Chemicals</td><td>10922.11</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>methcathinone HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D724</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>methylenedioxy-&amp;alpha;-pyrrolidinopropiophenone HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D960</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>N,N-diethylcathinone HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D957</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>N,N-dimethylcathinone HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D958</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>naphthylpyrovalerone HCl (naphyrone)</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D981</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>N-ethyl-3,4-methylenedioxycathinone HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D959</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>N-ethylbuphedrone HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D1013</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>N-ethylcathinone HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D938b</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>pentylone HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D992</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>pyrovalerone HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D985</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>&amp;alpha;-dimethylaminobutyrophenone HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D1011</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>&amp;alpha;-dimethylaminopentiophenone HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D1006</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>&amp;alpha;-ethylaminopentiophenone HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D1005</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>&amp;alpha;-pyrrolidinobutiophenone HCl (&amp;alpha;-PBP)</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D1012</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>&amp;alpha;-pyrrolidinopentiophenone HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D986b</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>&amp;alpha;-pyrrolidinopropiophenone HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D956</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>&amp;beta;-keto-N-methyl-3,4-benzodioxyolylbutanamine HCl (bk-MBDB)</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D948</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Other substances&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>(-)-ephedrine HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>M924</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>(-)-methylephedrine HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>M243</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>(+)-cathine HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>M297</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>(+/-)- 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine HCl (MDA)</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D842</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>(+/-)- N-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine HCl (MDMA)</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D792c</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>(+/-)-methamphetamine HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D816e</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>(+/-)-N-ethyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine HCl (MDEA)</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D739c</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>(+/-)-N-methyl-1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-butylamine HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D450a</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>(+/-)-phenylpropanolamine HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>M296</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>(2S*,3R*)-2-methyl-3-[3,4-(methylenedioxy)phenyl]glycidic acid methyl ester</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D903</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine HCl (mCPP)</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D907</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>1-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]piperazine HCl (TFMPP)</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D906</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>1-benzylpiperazine HCl (BZP)</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D905</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenylethylamine HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D922</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine HCl (DOM)</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D470b</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>2,5-dimethoxy-4-propylthio-phenylethylamine HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D919</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D749</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>2-bromo-4-methylpropiophenone</td><td>Synthesised in-house</td><td>n/a</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>2-fluoroamphetamine HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D946</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>2-fluoromethamphetamine HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D933</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>3,4-dimethoxyamphetamine HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D453b</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl-2-propanone (MDP2P)</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D810b</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D396b</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D758b</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>4-fluoroamphetamine HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D943b</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>4-fluorococaine HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D854b</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>4-fluoromethamphetamine HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D934</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>4-hydroxyamphetamine HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D824b</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>4-methoxyamphetamine HCl (PMA)</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D756</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>4-methoxymethamphetamine HCl (PMMA)</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D908b</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>4-methylmethamphetamine HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D963</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>4-methylpropiophenone</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>517925</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>5-methoxy-N,N-diallyltryptamine</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D954</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>amphetamine sulphate</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D420d</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>cocaine HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D747b</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>dimethamphetamine (DMA)</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D693d</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>gamma-hydroxy butyrate</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D812b</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>heroin HCl</td><td>LGC Standards</td><td>LGCFOR 0037.20</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>ketamine HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D686b</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>methoxetamine HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D989</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>methylamine HCl</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>M0505</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>phencyclidine HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D748</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>phentermine HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D781</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>triethylamine</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>T0886</td><td>Acute toxicity, corrosive, flammable</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Equipment&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>12-well porcelain spot plates</td><td>HomeScienceTools</td><td>CE-SPOTP12</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>96-well microplates</td><td>Greiner Bio-One</td><td>650201</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hot plate</td><td>Industrial Equipment and Control Pty Ltd.</td><td>CH1920 (Scientrific)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>100 mL glass volumetric flasks</td><td>Duran</td><td>24 678 25 54</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Soda lime glass Pasteur pipettes</td><td>Marienfeld-Superior</td><td>3233050</td><td>230 mm length</td></tr></tbody></table>

color spot test as a presumptive tool for the rapid detection of synthetic cathinones

Synthetische Cathinone sind eine große Klasse von neuen psychoaktiven Substanzen (NPS), die zunehmend weit verbreitet in Sicherstellungen von Drogen durch Strafverfolgungsbehörden und anderen Grenzbehörden Schutz weltweit gemacht. Farbe zu testen ist eine präsumptive Identifizierung-Technik zeigt das Vorhandensein oder Fehlen einer bestimmten Droge-Klasse mit schnellen und unkomplizierten chemische Methoden. Aufgrund ihrer relativ jüngsten Entstehung ist ein Farbtest für die spezifische Identifikation von synthetischen Cathinone derzeit nicht verfügbar. In dieser Studie stellen wir ein Protokoll für die präsumtiven Identifizierung von synthetischen Cathinone beschäftigt drei wässrige Reagenzlösungen: Kupfer(II) Nitrat, 2,9-Dimethyl-1,10-Phenanthroline (Neocuproine) und Natriumacetat. Kleinen Stecknadelkopf große Mengen (etwa 0,1-0,2 mg) der mutmaßlichen Drogen werden hinzugefügt, um die Brunnen von einem Porzellan vor Ort Teller und jedes Reagenz wird dann hinzugefügt tropfenweise nacheinander vor dem Erhitzen auf einer Herdplatte. Ein Farbumschlag von sehr hellem Blau bis gelb-Orange nach 10 min die wahrscheinliche Anwesenheit von synthetischen Cathinone zeigt. Die extrem stabile und spezifische Testreagenz hat das Potenzial für den Einsatz in der mutmaßlichen Screening der unbekannten Proben für synthetische Cathinone in einem forensischen Labor. Jedoch die Belästigung der eine zusätzliche Heizung Schritt für das Farbergebnis Änderung schränkt den Test Labor Anwendung und verringert die Wahrscheinlichkeit, dass eine einfache Übersetzung in Feldtests.

Das Testprotokoll ist durch mehrere Studien validiert worden, deren Ergebnisse in Philp Et Al. beschrieben werden 17. die Farbe Testmethode ist Verwandschaften erkennen synthetische Cathinone in einer unbekannten Probe durch eine Farbe ändern von hellblau bis gelb-Orange (Abbildung 1). Gelb und orange Farbe ändert Auftritt nach die Heizperiode werden als positive Testergebnisse und andere Farbwechsel, einschließlich sehr sc...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Color Spot Test As a Presumptive Tool for the Rapid Detection of Synthetic Cathinones at JoVE.com

Color Spot Test As a Presumptive Tool for the Rapid Detection of Synthetic Cathinones

Vor Ort Farbtest als mutmaßlichen Werkzeug für die schnelle Erkennung von synthetischen Cathinone

Hier präsentieren wir Ihnen eine einfache, kostengünstige und gezielte chemische vor Ort Testprotokoll für die Erkennung von synthetischen Cathinone, eine Klasse von neuen psychoaktiven Substanzen. Das Protokoll ist geeignet für den Einsatz in verschiedenen Bereichen der Strafverfolgungsbehörden, die illegale Material zu begegnen.

Synthetic cathinones are a large class of new psychoactive substances (NPS) that are increasingly prevalent in drug seizures made by law enforcement and ...

color-spot-test-as-presumptive-tool-for-rapid-detection-synthetic

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

24.6K Aufrufe.  University of Technology Sydney (UTS). Hier präsentieren wir Ihnen eine einfache, kostengünstige und gezielte chemische vor Ort Testprotokoll für die Erkennung von synthetischen Cathinone, eine Klasse von neuen psychoaktiven Substanzen. Das Protokoll ist geeignet für den Einsatz in verschiedenen Bereichen der Strafverfolgungsbehörden, die illegale Material zu begegnen.

Serie: Color Spot Test As a Presumptive Tool for the Rapid Detection of Synthetic Cathinones

Qualitative Identification of Carboxylic Acids, Boronic Acids, and Amines Using Cruciform Fluorophores

Molecular cruciforms are X-shaped systems in which two conjugation axes intersect at a central core. If one axis of these molecules is substituted with electron-donors, and the other with electron-acceptors, cruciforms&#39; HOMO will localize along the electron-rich and LUMO along the electron-poor axis. This spatial isolation of cruciforms&#39; frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs) is essential to their use as sensors, since analyte binding to the cruciform invariably changes its HOMO-LUMO gap and the associated optical properties. Using this principle, Bunz and Miljani&#263; groups developed 1,4-distyryl-2,5-bis(arylethynyl)benzene and benzobisoxazole cruciforms, respectively, which act as fluorescent sensors for metal ions, carboxylic acids, boronic acids, phenols, amines, and anions. The emission colors observed when these cruciform are mixed with analytes are highly sensitive to the details of analyte&#39;s structure and - because of cruciforms&#39; charge-separated excited states - to the solvent in which emission is observed. Structurally closely related species can be qualitatively distinguished within several analyte classes: (a) carboxylic acids; (b) boronic acids, and (c) metals. Using a hybrid sensing system composed from benzobisoxazole cruciforms and boronic acid additives, we were also able to discern among structurally similar: (d) small organic and inorganic anions, (e) amines, and (f) phenols. The method used for this qualitative distinction is exceedingly simple. Dilute solutions (typically 10-6 M) of cruciforms in several off-the-shelf solvents are placed in UV/Vis vials. Then, analytes of interest are added, either directly as solids or in concentrated solution. Fluorescence changes occur virtually instantaneously and can be recorded through standard digital photography using a semi-professional digital camera in a dark room. With minimal graphic manipulation, representative cut-outs of emission color photographs can be arranged into panels which permit quick naked-eye distinction among analytes. For quantification purposes, Red/Green/Blue values can be extracted from these photographs and the obtained numeric data can be statistically processed.

Cross-conjugated cruciform fluorophores based on 1,4-distyryl-2,5-bis(arylethynyl)benzene and benzobisoxazole nuclei can be used to qualitatively identify diverse Lewis acidic and Lewis basic analytes. This method relies on the differences in emission colors of the cruciforms that are observed upon analyte addition. Structurally closely related species can be distinguished from each other.

Qualitative Identifizierung von Carbonsäuren, Boronsäuren und Aminen unter Verwendung Cruciform Fluorophore

Molecular cruciforms are X-shaped systems in which two conjugation axes intersect at a central core. If one axis of these molecules is substituted with ...

Forschung

Chemie

Rapid High-throughput Species Identification of Botanical Material Using Direct Analysis in Real Time High Resolution Mass Spectrometry

We demonstrate that direct analysis in real time-high resolution mass spectrometry can be used to produce mass spectral profiles of botanical material, and that these chemical fingerprints can be used for plant species identification. The mass spectral data can be acquired rapidly and in a high throughput manner without the need for sample extraction, derivatization or pH adjustment steps. The use of this technique bypasses challenges presented by more conventional techniques including lengthy chromatography analysis times and resource intensive methods. The high throughput capabilities of the direct analysis in real time-high resolution mass spectrometry protocol, coupled with multivariate statistical analysis processing of the data, provide not only class characterization of plants, but also yield species and varietal information. Here, the technique is demonstrated with two psychoactive plant products, Mitragyna speciosa (Kratom) and Datura (Jimsonweed), which were subjected to direct analysis in real time-high resolution mass spectrometry followed by statistical analysis processing of the mass spectral data. The application of these tools in tandem enabled the plant materials to be rapidly identified at the level of variety and species.

A method for species identification of botanical material by direct analysis in real time-high resolution mass spectrometry and multivariate statistical analysis is presented.

Schnelle Hochdurchsatz-Spezies Identifizierung von Pflanzen von Material mit Direktanalyse in Echtzeit hochauflösender Massenspektrometrie

We demonstrate that direct analysis in real time-high resolution mass spectrometry can be used to produce mass spectral profiles of botanical material, ...

Fluorescent Paper Strips for the Detection of Diesel Adulteration with Smartphone Read-out

Three fluorescent molecular rotors of 4-dimethylamino-4-nitrostilbene (4-DNS) were investigated for their potential use as viscosity probes to indicate the content of kerosene in diesel/kerosene blends, a wide-spread activity to adulterate fuel. In solvents with low viscosity, the dyes rapidly deactivate via a so-called twisted intramolecular charge transfer state, efficiently quenching the fluorescence. Measurements of diesel/kerosene blends revealed a good linear correlation between the decrease in fluorescence and the increase of the fraction of the less viscous kerosene in diesel/kerosene blends. Immobilization of the hydroxy derivative 4-DNS-OH in cellulose paper yielded test strips that preserve the fluorescent indicator&#39;s behavior. Combination of the strips with a reader based on a smartphone and a controlling app allowed to create a simple field test. The method can reliably detect the presence of kerosene in diesel from 7 to 100%, outperforming present standard methods for diesel adulteration.

Here, we present a protocol to detect the adulteration of diesel with kerosene using test strips coated with a fluorescent viscosity probe together with a smartphone-based analysis system.

Fluoreszierende Papierstreifen zur Detektion von Diesel Verfälschung mit Smartphone auslesen

Three fluorescent molecular rotors of 4-dimethylamino-4-nitrostilbene (4-DNS) were investigated for their potential use as viscosity probes to indicate ...

Umwelt

A Convenient Method for Extraction and Analysis with High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography of Catecholamine Neurotransmitters and Their Metabolites

The extraction and analysis of catecholamine neurotransmitters in biological fluids is of great importance in assessing nervous system function and related diseases, but their precise measurement is still a challenge. Many protocols have been described for neurotransmitter measurement by a variety of instruments, including high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). However, there are shortcomings, such as complicated operation or hard-to-detect multiple targets, which cannot be avoided, and presently, the dominant analysis technique is still HPLC coupled with sensitive electrochemical or fluorimetric detection, due to its high sensitivity and good selectivity. Here, a detailed protocol is described for the pretreatment and detection of catecholamines with high pressure liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC-ECD) in real urine samples of infants, using electrospun composite nanofibers composed of polymeric crown ether with polystyrene as adsorbent, also known as the packed-fiber solid phase extraction (PFSPE) method. We show how urine samples can be easily precleaned by a nanofiber-packed solid phase column, and how the analytes in the sample can be rapidly enriched, desorbed, and detected on an ECD system. PFSPE greatly simplifies the pretreatment procedures for biological samples, allowing for decreased time, expense, and reduction of the loss of targets. 
Overall, this work illustrates a simple and convenient protocol for solid-phase extraction coupled to an HPLC-ECD system for simultaneous determination of three monoamine neurotransmitters (norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (E), dopamine (DA)) and two of their metabolites (3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) and 3,4-dihydroxy-phenylacetic acid (DOPAC)) in infants' urine. The established protocol was applied to assess the differences of urinary catecholamines and their metabolites between high-risk infants with perinatal brain damage and healthy controls. Comparative analysis revealed a significant difference in urinary MHPG between the two groups, indicating that the catecholamine metabolites may be an important candidate marker for early diagnosis of cases at risk for brain damage in infants.

We present a convenient solid-phase extraction coupled to high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection (ECD) for simultaneous determination of three monoamine neurotransmitters and two of their metabolites in infants' urine. We also identify the metabolite MHPG as a potential biomarker for the early diagnosis of brain damage for infants.

Eine bequeme Methode für die Extraktion und Analyse mit Hochdruck-Flüssigkeitschromatographie Katecholamin Neurotransmitter und deren Metabolite

The extraction and analysis of catecholamine neurotransmitters in biological fluids is of great importance in assessing nervous system function and ...

High-throughput and Comprehensive Drug Surveillance Using Multisegment Injection-Capillary Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry

New analytical methods are urgently needed to enable high-throughput, yet comprehensive drug screening, given an alarming opioid and prescription drug crisis in public health. Conventional urine drug testing based on a two-tier immunoassay screen followed by a gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) or liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method are expensive and prone to bias while being limited to targeted panels of known drugs of abuse (DoA). Herein, we outline an improved method for drug surveillance that allows for the resolution and detection of an expanded panel of DoA and their metabolites when using multisegment injection-capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (MSI-CE-MS). Multiplexed separations of ten urine samples with a quality control by CE (&lt; 3 min/sample) in conjunction with full-scan data acquisition using a time-of-flight mass spectrometer (TOF-MS) under positive ion mode detection allows for the identification and quantification of DoA above recommended cut-off levels. An excellent resolution of drug isomers and isobars, including background interferences, are achieved when using MSI-CE-MS with an electrokinetic spacer between sample segments, where accurate mass/molecular formula together with the comigration of a matching deuterated internal standard and the detection of one or more bio-transformed metabolites facilitate DoA identification over a wider detection window. Additionally, urine samples can be analyzed directly without enzyme deconjugation for the rapid screening without complicated sample workup. MSI-CE-MS enables the surveillance of a broad spectrum of DoA that is required for the treatment monitoring of high-risk patients, including confirming prescribed drug adherence, revealing illicit drug use/substitution, and evaluating optimal dosage regimes as required for new advances in precision medicine.

Here we describe a high-throughput method for comprehensive drug surveillance that allows for the improved resolution and detection of large panels of drugs of abuse and their metabolites, with quality control based on multisegment injection-capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry.

High-Throughput und umfassende Droge-Überwachung mittels Massenspektrometrie Multisegment-Injektion-Kapillar-Elektrophorese

New analytical methods are urgently needed to enable high-throughput, yet comprehensive drug screening, given an alarming opioid and prescription drug ...

A Two-Step Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography Method with Mass Spectrometric Detection for Identification of Tattoo Ink Ingredients and Counterfeit Products

Tattoo inks are complex mixtures of ingredients. Each of them possesses different chemical properties which have to be addressed upon chemical analysis. In this method for two-step pyrolysis online coupled to gas chromatography mass spectrometry (py-GC-MS) volatile compounds are analyzed during a first desorption run. In the second run, the same dried sample is pyrolyzed for analysis of non-volatile compounds such as pigments and polymers. These can be identified by their specific decomposition patterns. Additionally, this method can be used to differentiate original from counterfeit inks. Easy screening methods for data evaluation using the average mass spectra and self-made pyrolysis libraries are applied to speed up substance identification. Using specialized evaluation software for pyrolysis GS-MS data, a fast and reliable comparison of the full chromatogram can be achieved. Since GC-MS is used as separation technique, the method is limited to volatile substances upon desorption and after pyrolysis of the sample. The method can be applied for quick substance screening in market control surveys since it requires no sample preparation steps.

This method for two-step pyrolysis online coupled to gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection and data evaluation protocol can be used for multi-component analysis of tattoo inks and discrimination of counterfeit products.

Eine zweistufte Pyrolysis-Gas-Chromatographie-Methode mit Massenspektrometrische Erkennung zur Identifizierung von Tattoo-Ink-Inhaltsstoffen und gefälschten Produkten

Tattoo inks are complex mixtures of ingredients. Each of them possesses different chemical properties which have to be addressed upon chemical analysis. ...

Rapid In Situ Hybridization using Oligonucleotide Probes on Paraformaldehyde-prefixed Brain of Rats with Serotonin Syndrome

3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; ecstasy) toxicity may cause region-specific changes in serotonergic mRNA expression due to acute serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) syndrome. This hypothesis can be tested using in situ hybridization to detect the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor gene htr2a. In the past, such procedures, utilizing radioactive riboprobe, were difficult because of the complicated workflow that needs several days to perform and the added difficulty that the technique required the use of fresh frozen tissues maintained in an RNase-free environment. Recently, the development of short oligonucleotide probes has simplified in situ hybridization procedures and allowed the use of paraformaldehyde-prefixed brain sections, which are more widely available in laboratories. Here, we describe a detailed protocol using non-radioactive oligonucleotide probes on the prefixed brain tissues. Hybridization probes used for this study include dapB (a bacterial gene coding for dihydrodipicolinate reductase), ppiB (a housekeeping gene coding for peptidylprolyl isomerase B), and htr2a (a serotonin gene coding for 5-HT2A receptors). This method is relatively simply, cheap, reproducible and requires less than two days to complete.

Rapid In Situ Hybridization using Oligonucleotide Probes on Paraformaldehyde-prefixed Brain of Rats with Serotonin Syndrome

This protocol describes a rapid and simplified in situ hybridization method ideal forparaformaldehyde-prefixed brain, thus reducing the need for prolonged complex steps while using fresh frozen tissues. The method is validated using the identification of the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor gene htr2a in rats.

Schnelle<em&gt; In-situ-</em&gt; Hybridisierung unter Verwendung von Oligonukleotidsonden auf Paraformaldehyd-Präfix Gehirn von Ratten mit Serotonin-Syndrom

3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; ecstasy) toxicity may cause region-specific changes in serotonergic mRNA expression due to acute serotonin ...

Neurowissenschaften

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>Harvesting der Orthogonalität von LC und TIMS-TOF MS/MS zum Screening von Fentanyl-Analoga

Fentanyl Analog Screening using LC-TIMS-TOF MS/MS

The use of fentanyl and the emergence of fentanyl analogs over recent decades has become an increasing concern to the community at large. Fentanyl and its analogs are the major contributors to fatal and nonfatal overdoses in the United States. Most recent cases of fentanyl-related overdose are linked to illicitly manufactured fentanyl and its associated extreme potency. In the present work, we describe a high-throughput analytical protocol for the screening of fentanyl analogs. The use of complementary liquid chromatography, trapped ion mobility spectrometry, and tandem mass spectrometry allow for the separation and assignment of hundreds of fentanyl analogs from a single sample in a single scan. The described approach takes advantage of the recent development of data-dependent acquisition and data-independent acquisition using parallel accumulation in the mobility trap followed by sequential fragmentation using collision-induced dissociation. The fentanyl analogs are confidently assigned based on their retention time, mobility, and MS fragmentation pattern.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>Autor im Rampenlicht: Eine effiziente Methodik zur sicheren Differenzierung und Charakterisierung von Fentanyl-Analoga

A method for the screening of fentanyl analogs based on their retention time, mobility, and mass spectrometry fragmentation pattern.

Fentanyl-Analog-Screening mit LC-TIMS-TOF MS/MS

The use of fentanyl and the emergence of fentanyl analogs over recent decades has become an increasing concern to the community at large. Fentanyl and its ...

Vor Ort Farbtest als mutmaßlichen Werkzeug für die schnelle Erkennung von synthetischen Cathinone

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Eine bequeme Methode für die Extraktion und Analyse mit Hochdruck-Flüssigkeitschromatographie Katecholamin Neurotransmitter und deren Metabolite

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Schnelle

Fentanyl-Analog-Screening mit LC-TIMS-TOF MS/MS

Fentanyl-Analog-Screening mit LC-TIMS-TOF MS/MS

Fentanyl-Analog-Screening mit LC-TIMS-TOF MS/MS