Name: murine hind limb long bone dissection and bone marrow isolation
Uploaded: 2016-04-14T14:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 7 min 17 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Murine Hind Limb Long Bone Dissection and Bone Marrow Isolation at JoVE.com

This work was supported by NCI grant nos. U54CA143803, CA163124, CA093900, and CA143055 to K.J.P. The authors thank the current and past members of the Weilbaecher lab, especially Katherine Weilbaecher, Michelle Hurchla, and Hongju Deng, and members of the Brady Urological Institute, especially members of the Pienta laboratory for critical reading of the manuscript.

Alle tierischen Arbeit wurde von der Institutional Animal Care und Use Committee in Übereinstimmung mit den Empfehlungen in dem Leitfaden für die Pflege und Verwendung von Labortieren der National Institutes of Health skizzierte genehmigt. 1. Hind Gliedmaßen langen Knochen Dissection <ol><li> Euthanize die Maus gemäß den Richtlinien des Instituts. </li><li> Bewegen Sie die Maus in Rückenlage und bringen durch alle vier Beine durch die Maus Fußballen unter dem Sprunggelenk feststecken. </li><li> Sprühen Sie die Maus mit 70% Ethanol, gründlich die Beine Begießen. </li><li> Machen Sie einen kleinen Schnitt auf der rechten Seite der Mittellinie in den Unterbauch, knapp oberhalb der Hüfte. </li><li> Ziehen Sie den Einschnitt in den Beinen und vorbei am Sprunggelenk. </li><li> Ziehen Sie die Haut zurück und schneiden Sie die Quadrizeps-Muskel proximalen Ende des Oberschenkelknochens verankert die Vorderseite des Oberschenkels zu entlarven und Stift aus dem Bein aus, um den Stift in einem 45-Grad-Winkel von der Platine platzieren. </li><li> Mit dem blade der Schere gegen die hintere Seite des Oberschenkels, schneiden Sie die Beinbeuger aus dem Kniegelenk entfernt. </li><li> Ziehen Sie die Haut zurück, und die hinteren Oberschenkelmuskeln zu proximalen Ende des Oberschenkelknochens verankert die hintere Seite des Oberschenkels zu entlarven und Stift aus dem Bein aus, um den Stift in einem 45-Grad-Winkel von der Platine platzieren. </li><li> Mit der Zange, halten das distale Ende des Femurs, direkt über dem Kniegelenk. Führen Sie die Klingen der Schere auf beiden Seiten der Femurschaft in Richtung des Hüftgelenks, wobei darauf geachtet, nicht zu schneiden, in den Oberschenkelknochen selbst. </li><li> Nach dem Hüftkopf zu erreichen, durch die Schere leicht zu öffnen angezeigt, drehen Sie die Schere mit der oberen Klinge der Schere direkt über dem Hüftkopf Bewegen des Oberschenkels zu verrücken, man aufpassen, nicht die Knochen unterhalb des Hüftkopfes zu schnappen. </li><li> Fassen Sie den oberen Teil des Oberschenkelschaft mit der Zange, schneiden Sie das Weichgewebe aus dem Hüftkopf entfernt es aus der Hüftpfanne zu lösen. </li><li> Ziehen Sie die gesamte Beinknochen, einschließlichFemur, Knie und Schienbein, nach oben und weg vom Körper, Schneiden sorgfältig das Bindegewebe und Muskulatur verbindet das Bein auf die Haut entfernt. </li><li> Vorwagt das Sprunggelenk und wieder die Schere in einer Drehbewegung verwenden, um die Tibia zu verrücken. </li><li> Greifen die distale Ende der Tibia, dabei nicht die Sehnen zu trennen, ziehen Sie die Tibia nach oben und weg vom Körper und dem Stift Bord. </li><li> Schneiden jegliches verbleibende Bindegewebe den langen Knochen am Knie an der Maus befestigt. </li><li> Entfernen Sie alle zusätzlichen Muskel oder Binde am Femur befestigt Gewebe und der Tibia. </li><li> Für alle Anwendungen , die den Knochen erfordern intakt (Histologie, Histomorphometrie, biomechanische Tests, etc.) Zu bleiben, mit Standard-Haus Protokolle (wie in 4-7) um fortzufahren. Um Knochenmark zu isolieren, gehen Sie zu Abschnitt 2. </li></ol> 2. Lange Knochenpräparation für Knochenmark-Isolation <ol><li> Mit Hilfe der Pinzette fassen Sie den Oberschenkelknochen mit der Patella abgewandten einnd das proximale Ende (Hüftkopf) nach unten. </li><li> Vorwagt, das Kniegelenk und die Schere in einer Drehbewegung der Tibia zu verrücken und Femur. </li><li> Schneiden Sie Bindegewebe zusammen, um den Oberschenkel und Schienbein zu halten. </li><li> Mit Hilfe der Pinzette fassen Sie den Oberschenkelknochen mit dem vorderen abgewandten Seite und dem proximalen Ende (Hüftkopf Ende) nach unten. </li><li> Führen Sie die Schere, um die Femurschaft zu den Kondylen nach oben. </li><li> Vorsichtig drehen die Schere hin und her die Kondylen, die Patella zu entfernen, und die Epiphyse die Metaphyse zu belichten. </li><li> Entfernen Sie alle zusätzlichen Muskel oder Binde am Femur befestigt Gewebe mit einer Pinzette, Schere und Kimwipes. </li><li> Mit Hilfe der Pinzette greifen die Tibia mit der vorderen Seite abgewandten und dem distalen Ende (Knöchel Ende) nach unten. </li><li> Wenn die Tibiaepiphyse intakt ist, führen die Schere der Tibia Welle auf die Kondylen. </li><li> Drehen Sie vorsichtig die Schere hin und her die Kondylen zu entfernen und Epiphyse die Metaph aussetzenlyse. </li><li> Entfernen Sie alle Muskeln oder Binde an der Tibia befestigt Gewebe mit einer Pinzette, Schere und Kimwipes. </li></ol> 3. Bone Marrow Isolation <ol><li> Drücken eine 18 G Nadel durch den Boden eines 0,5 ml-Mikrozentrifugenröhrchen. </li><li> Legen Sie die langen Knochen (maximal 2 Oberschenkel- und 2 tibiae) in das Rohr, Knie-Ende nach unten am Ende nach unten und den Deckel schließen. </li><li> Nest der 0,5 ml Mikrozentrifugenröhrchen in einem 1,5 ml Mikrozentrifugenröhrchen. </li><li> Zentrifugiere die Röhrchen bei nested ≥10,000 xg in einer Mikrozentrifuge für 15 Sekunden. </li><li> Stellen Sie sicher, dass das Knochenmark wurde aus den Knochen durch visuelle Inspektion gesponnen worden. Die Knochen sollte erscheinen weiß und es sollte eine große visuelle Pellet in dem größeren Rohr sein. </li><li> Entsorgen Sie die 0,5 ml Mikrozentrifugenröhrchen mit den Knochen. </li><li> Hängen Sie das Knochenmark in geeigneten Lösung (zB PBS, Kulturmedien, FACS - Puffer) und fahren Sie mit experimentellen Protokoll (DNA, RNA oder Proteinisolierung,FACS-Analyse oder primäre Zellkultur). </li></ol>

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	<li>McHayleh, W. M., Ellerman, J., Roodman, G. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ch.+80.">Ch. 80.</a> Primer on the Metabolic Bone Diseases and Disorders of Mineral Metabolism. , 379-381 (2008).</li><li>Weilbaecher, K. N., Guise, T. A., McCauley, L. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cancer+to+bone:+a+fatal+attraction.">Cancer to bone: a fatal attraction.</a> Nat Rev Cancer. 11 (6), 411-425 (2011).</li><li>Pedersen, E. A., Shiozawa, Y., Pienta, K. J., Taichman, R. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+prostate+cancer+bone+marrow+niche:+more+than+just+'fertile+soil.">The prostate cancer bone marrow niche: more than just 'fertile soil.</a> Asian J Androl. 14 (3), 423-427 (2012).</li><li>Amend, S. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thrombospondin-1+regulates+bone+homeostasis+through+effects+on+bone+matrix+integrity+and+nitric+oxide+signaling+in+osteoclasts.">Thrombospondin-1 regulates bone homeostasis through effects on bone matrix integrity and nitric oxide signaling in osteoclasts.</a> J Bone Miner Res. 30 (1), 106-115 (2015).</li><li>Hurchla, M. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+epoxyketone-based+proteasome+inhibitors+carfilzomib+and+orally+bioavailable+oprozomib+have+anti-resorptive+and+bone-anabolic+activity+in+addition+to+anti-myeloma+effects.">The epoxyketone-based proteasome inhibitors carfilzomib and orally bioavailable oprozomib have anti-resorptive and bone-anabolic activity in addition to anti-myeloma effects.</a> Leukemia. 27 (2), 430-440 (2013).</li><li>Rauch, D. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+ARF+tumor+suppressor+regulates+bone+remodeling+and+osteosarcoma+development+in+mice.">The ARF tumor suppressor regulates bone remodeling and osteosarcoma development in mice.</a> PLoS One. 5 (12), e15755 (2010).</li><li>Su, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+ADP+receptor+P2RY12+regulates+osteoclast+function+and+pathologic+bone+remodeling.">The ADP receptor P2RY12 regulates osteoclast function and pathologic bone remodeling.</a> J Clin Invest. 122 (10), 3579-3592 (2012).</li><li>Dempster, D. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Standardized+nomenclature,+symbols,+and+units+for+bone+histomorphometry:+a+2012+update+of+the+report+of+the+ASBMR+Histomorphometry+Nomenclature+Committee.">Standardized nomenclature, symbols, and units for bone histomorphometry: a 2012 update of the report of the ASBMR Histomorphometry Nomenclature Committee.</a> J Bone Miner Res. 28 (1), 2-17 (2013).</li><li>Begley, C. G., Ellis, L. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drug+development:+Raise+standards+for+preclinical+cancer+research.">Drug development: Raise standards for preclinical cancer research.</a> Nature. 483 (7391), 531-533 (2012).</li><li>Festing, M. F., Altman, D. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Guidelines+for+the+design+and+statistical+analysis+of+experiments+using+laboratory+animals.">Guidelines for the design and statistical analysis of experiments using laboratory animals.</a> ILAR J. 43 (4), 244-258 (2002).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

We present a simple and efficient method for removal of mouse hind long bones and subsequent bone marrow isolation. This method maintains the high structural and cellular integrity of the bones and bone marrow and has low handling time, minimizing the likelihood of user-induced fracture or bone scoring that may influence downstream analyses. In addition, the centrifugation method for isolating bone marrow does not require cutting the bone to expose the bone marrow space or fluid to flush the bone marrow, reducing potential points of contamination. Moreover, the centrifuge technique is relatively high-throughput with lower hands-on time than other methods, thus reducing processing time.
High variation is inherent to in vivo mouse studies due to high mouse-to-mouse phenotypic variation. In order to maximize the research impact of expensive and labor-intensive mouse studies, it is critical to minimize technical experimental error9,10. Time from animal sacrifice to downstream analysis or tissue fixation introduces experimental variation that may overcome subtle changes and reduce large differences between groups. Therefore, rapid processing of samples is essential for accurate data analysis. The long bone dissection and bone marrow isolation techniques described here are optimized for rapid processing of animals and samples to reduce technical variation.
This protocol can be widely applied to many research fields, including investigation of the bone tissue itself or interrogation of the cells of the bone marrow. In addition, this straightforward approach to long bone dissection will enable researchers in related fields to directly interrogate bone contributions in order to expand our knowledge of bone marrow dysfunction in otherwise understudied pathologies.

The study of long bones and the cells of the bone marrow is central to a myriad of research disciplines, including, but not limited to, bone biology, cancer biology, immunology, hematology, and biomechanics. The bone is a highly dynamic organ that together with the cartilage forms the skeleton to provide mechanical support against loading and protection of the internal organs. In addition, the mineral components of bone are a storage sink for the critical signaling molecules calcium and phosphorus, as well as other factors1. Finally, bones house the bone marrow and, together with metabolically active bone forming osteoblasts and bone resorbing osteoclasts, provide the stem cell niche necessary for the maintenance of hematopoietic and lymphoid cell populations.
Bone and bone marrow are affected in many disorders, often leading to bone marrow dysfunction, severe bone pain, and pathologic fracture. Bone is a common site of metastasis in many solid tumors, most notably breast cancer and prostate cancer, where tumor cells directly engage the bone marrow niche to initiate the vicious cycle of bone metastasis and displace hematopoietic stem cells2,3. Hematopoietic malignancies including myeloma and leukemia are characterized by bone marrow dysfunction as well as deregulation of healthy bone remodeling1. Other non-malignant skeletal disorders are also active areas of research, such as osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, scoliosis, and rickets. Even in an otherwise healthy individual, biomechanical failure in a bone leads to a painful fracture. All of these disorders represent active areas of research with the goal of identifying new preventative measures and treatment regimens to reduce morbidity and mortality.
To research the plethora of roles of the bone and the bone marrow, both under physiologic and pathologic conditions, it is critical for researchers to have a simple and efficient standardized method for dissection of the mouse long bones for rapid processing of large in vivo experiments. The dissection protocol outlined here is suitable for all long bone analyses including ex vivo imaging, histology, histomorphometry, and strength testing, among others. Similarly, a standardized bone marrow isolation method with high bone marrow cell recovery and low inter-user variability is important for experimental analysis such as fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) or quantitative PCR (qPCR) as well as downstream applications such as primary cell culture of bone marrow cells.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Pinboard</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pins</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>70% Ethanol</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dissection scissors&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dissection forceps</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Kimwipes</td><td>Kimberly-Clark</td><td>34120</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>16 G needle</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1.5 ml Microcentrifuge tube</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>0.5 ml Microcentrifuge tube</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Microcentrifuge</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

murine hind limb long bone dissection and bone marrow isolation

Investigation of the bone and the bone marrow is critical in many research fields including basic bone biology, immunology, hematology, cancer metastasis, biomechanics, and stem cell biology. Despite the importance of the bone in healthy and pathologic states, however, it is a largely under-researched organ due to lack of specialized knowledge of bone dissection and bone marrow isolation. Mice are a common model organism to study effects on bone and bone marrow, necessitating a standardized and efficient method for long bone dissection and bone marrow isolation for processing of large experimental cohorts. We describe a straightforward dissection procedure for the removal of the femur and tibia that is suitable for downstream applications, including but not limited to histomorphologic analysis and strength testing. In addition, we outline a rapid procedure for isolation of bone marrow from the long bones via centrifugation with limited handling time, ideal for cell sorting, primary cell culture, or DNA, RNA, and protein extraction. The protocol is streamlined for rapid processing of samples to limit experimental error, and is standardized to minimize user-to-user variability.

Das hier beschriebene Protokoll ist für eine schnelle Präparation der Maus Femur und Tibia mit einem Minimum an Beschädigung des Knochengewebes optimiert. Diese Technik ist für eine Anzahl von Downstream - Analysen geeignet, einschließlich Biomechanik Studien Histomorphometrie (1A - B) und Histologie (1C) 4,7. Der Vertreter histomophometric micoCT 3D - Rekonstruktion (1A - B) zeigt , dass sowohl die Spongiosa und kortikalen Schale aufrechterhalten werden, die für eine genaue Quantifizierung der standardisierten Strukturparameter für Knochenhistomorphometrie ermöglicht, einschließlich trabekulären Anzahl, Dicke und Beabstandung; Knochenvolumen; und kortikalen Dicke unter anderem Maßnahmen 8. Der Vertreter histologischen Schnitt zeigt eine H &amp; E - gefärbten Formalin-fixierten und entkalkt Tibia (1C). Das Bild zeigt die Integrität sowohl des verkalkten bein und zelluläre Knochenmark für die histologische Analyse. Das Knochenmark Isolierungsverfahren bewahrt die Sterilität des Knochenmarks Raum, hat eine geringe Handhabung Kontamination zu reduzieren, und nicht das Schneiden des langen Knochens erfordert, wodurch Verlust von Knochenmark-Ausbeute. Das Knochenmark ist geeignet für viele Downstream - Anwendungen, einschließlich Durchflusszytometrie 5 und PCR - Analysen. Darüber hinaus kann dieses Verfahren verwendet werden , um Knochenmark für die primäre Zellkultur von Knochenmarkzellen zu isolieren, einschließlich der Osteoklasten und Osteoblasten (2A - B) 4,6. <img alt="Abbildung 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/53936/53936fig1.jpg" /> Abbildung 1. Histomorphologische und histologische Analysen der Maus langen Knochen. Dreidimensionale microCT Rekonstruktion einer Maus Tibia (A) , um die äußere Rindenschale zeigt und (B </s<html> trong&gt;) Spongiosa (Maßstab = 0,5 mm). (C) Histologische H &amp; E-Färbung eines entkalkt und schnittene Tibia (4x). Bilder mit freundlicher Genehmigung von Katherine Weilbaecher, Washington University School of Medicine, USA. <a href="https://jove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/files/ftp_upload/53936/53936fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">Bitte klicken Sie hier</a> , um <a href="https://jove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/files/ftp_upload/53936/53936fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">eine größere Version dieser Figur zu sehen.</a> <img alt="Figur 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/53936/53936fig2.jpg" /> Abbildung 2. Primäre Knochenmarkzellkultur für die Differenzierung von Osteoklasten und Osteoblasten. (A) TRAP - Färbung für mehrkernige Osteoklasten nach 7 Tagen in osteoclastogenic Medien (4x). (B) Die alkalische Phosphatase (violette Farbe) für Osteoblasten und Alizarin rot (rote Farbe) Fleck für die Mineralisierung nach 21 Tagen in osteogenen Medien. Bilder mit freundlicher Genehmigung von Katherine Weilbaecher, Washington University School of Medicine, USA.iles / ftp_upload / 53936 / 53936fig2large.jpg &quot;target =&quot; _ blank &quot;&gt; Bitte klicken Sie hier, um eine größere Version dieser Figur zu sehen.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Murine Hind Limb Long Bone Dissection and Bone Marrow Isolation at JoVE.com

Murine Hind Limb Long Bone Dissection and Bone Marrow Isolation

Here we present a protocol for the dissection of hind limb long bones (femurs and tibiae) from the laboratory mouse. We further describe a rapid technique for bone marrow isolation from these bones that utilizes centrifugation for removal of bone marrow from the bone marrow space.

Murine Hind Gliedmaßen langen Knochen Dissection und Knochenmark-Isolation

Investigation of the bone and the bone marrow is critical in many research fields including basic bone biology, immunology, hematology, cancer metastasis, ...

murine-hind-limb-long-bone-dissection-and-bone-marrow-isolation

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

83.0K Aufrufe.  Johns Hopkins University. Here we present a protocol for the dissection of hind limb long bones (femurs and tibiae) from the laboratory mouse. We further describe a rapid technique for bone marrow isolation from these bones that utilizes centrifugation for removal of bone marrow from the bone marrow space.

Serie: Murine Hind Limb Long Bone Dissection and Bone Marrow Isolation

Isolation, Culture, and Differentiation of Bone Marrow Stromal Cells and Osteoclast Progenitors from Mice

Bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) constitute a cell population routinely used as a representation of mesenchymal stem cells in vitro. They reside within the bone marrow cavity alongside hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), which can give rise to red blood cells, immune progenitors, and osteoclasts. Thus, extractions of cell populations from the bone marrow results in a very heterogeneous mix of various cell populations, which can present challenges in experimental design and confound data interpretation. Several isolation and culture techniques have been developed in laboratories in order to obtain more or less homogeneous populations of BMSCs and HSCs invitro. Here, we present two methods for isolation of BMSCs and HSCs from mouse long bones: one method that yields a mixed population of BMSCs and HSCs and one method that attempts to separate the two cell populations based on adherence. Both methods provide cells suitable for osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation experiments as well as functional assays.

In this article, we present methods to isolate and differentiate bone marrow stromal cells and hematopoietic stem cells from mouse long bones. Two different protocols are presented yielding different cell populations suitable for expansion and differentiation into osteoblasts, adipocytes, and osteoclasts.

Isolation, Kultur und Differenzierung von Stromazellen Knochenmarkzellen und Osteoklasten-Vorläufer von Mäusen

Bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) constitute a cell population routinely used as a representation of mesenchymal stem cells in vitro. They reside within ...

Forschung

Entwicklungsbiologie

Isolation and Intravenous Injection of Murine Bone Marrow Derived Monocytes

As a subtype of leukocytes and progenitors of macrophages, monocytes are involved in many important processes of organisms and are often the subject of various fields in biomedical science. The method described below is a simple and effective way to isolate murine monocytes from heterogeneous bone marrow.
Bone marrow from the femur and tibia of Balb/c mice is harvested by flushing with phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Cell suspension is supplemented with macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) and cultured on ultra-low attachment surfaces to avoid adhesion-triggered differentiation of monocytes. The properties and differentiation of monocytes are characterized at various intervals. Fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS), with markers like CD11b, CD115, and F4/80, is used for phenotyping. At the end of cultivation, the suspension consists of 45%&#177; 12% monocytes. By removing adhesive macrophages, the purity can be raised up to 86%&#177; 6%. After the isolation, monocytes can be utilized in various ways, and one of the most effective and common methods for in vivo delivery is intravenous tail vein injection. 
This technique of isolation and application is important for mouse model studies, especially in the fields of inflammation or immunology. Monocytes can also be used therapeutically in mouse disease models.

Here we present a protocol that generates large amounts of murine monocytes from heterogeneous bone marrow for translational applications. In comparison to others, this new method helps reduce the number of sacrificed animals and lowers costs by avoiding expensive methods such as high gradient magnetic cell separation (MACS).

Isolierung und intravenöse Injektion von Maus-Knochenmark stammenden Monozyten

As a subtype of leukocytes and progenitors of macrophages, monocytes are involved in many important processes of organisms and are often the subject of ...

Immunologie und Infektion

Femoral Bone Marrow Aspiration in Live Mice

Serial sampling of the cellular composition of bone marrow (BM) is a routine procedure critical to clinical hematology. This protocol describes a detailed step-by-step technical procedure for an analogous procedure in live mice which allows for serial characterization of cells present in the BM. This procedure facilitates studies aimed to detect the presence of exogenously administered cells within the BM of mice as would be done in xenograft studies for instance. Moreover, this procedure allows for the retrieval and characterization of cells enriched in the BM such as hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) without sacrifice of mice. Given that the cellular composition of peripheral blood is not necessarily reflective of proportions and types of stem and progenitor cells present in the marrow, procedures which provide access to this compartment without requiring termination of the mice are very helpful. The use of femoral bone marrow aspiration is illustrated here for cytological analysis of marrow cells, flow cytometric characterization of the hematopoietic stem/progenitor compartment, and culture of sorted HSPCs obtained by femoral BM aspiration compared with conventional marrow harvest.

This protocol describes a procedure for serial sampling of femoral bone marrow (BM) without requiring the sacrifice of mice. This procedure facilitates longitudinal studies of the BM composition of mice over time and provides serial access to cells within the BM for ex vivo and transplantation studies.

Oberschenkelknochenmark-Aspiration im Live-Mäuse

Serial sampling of the cellular composition of bone marrow (BM) is a routine procedure critical to clinical hematology. This protocol describes a detailed ...

Medizin

Generation of Large Numbers of Myeloid Progenitors and Dendritic Cell Precursors from Murine Bone Marrow Using a Novel Cell Sorting Strategy

Cultures of monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDC) generated from mouse bone marrow using Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF) have recently been recognized to be more heterogeneous than previously appreciated. These cultures routinely contain moDC as well monocyte-derived macrophages (moMac), and even some less developed cells such as monocytes. The goal of this protocol is to provide a consistent method for identification and separation of the many cell types present in these cultures as they develop, so that their specific functions may be further investigated. The sorting strategy presented here separates cells first into four populations based on expression of Ly6C and CD115, both of which are expressed transiently by cells as they develop in GM-CSF-driven culture. These four populations include Common myeloid progenitors or CMP (Ly6C-, CD115-), granulocyte/macrophage progenitors or GMP (Ly6C+, CD115-), monocytes (Ly6C+, CD115+), and monocyte-derived macrophages or moMac (Ly6C-, CD115+). CD11c is also added to the sorting strategy to distinguish two populations within the Ly6C-, CD115- population: CMP (CD11c-) and moDC (CD11c+). Finally, two populations may be further distinguished within the Ly6C-, CD115+ population based on the level of MHC class II expression. MoMacs express lower levels of MHC class II, while a monocyte-derived DC precursor (moDP) expresses higher MHC class II. This method allows for the reliable isolation of several developmentally distinct populations in numbers sufficient for a variety of functional and developmental analyses. We highlight one such functional readout, the differential responses of these cell types to stimulation with Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs).

Here we provide a method for identifying and isolating large numbers of GM-CSF driven myeloid cells using high speed cell sorting. Five distinct populations (Common myeloid progenitors, granulocyte/macrophage progenitors, monocytes, monocyte-derived macrophages, and monocyte-derived DCs) can be identified based on Ly6C and CD115 expression.

Erzeugung einer großen Zahl von myeloischen Vorläuferzellen und dendritischen Zellen Vorstufen aus murinen Knochenmark mit einer neuartigen Zelle Sortieren Strategie

Cultures of monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDC) generated from mouse bone marrow using Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF) have ...

Effect of Anti-c-fms Antibody on Osteoclast Formation and Proliferation of Osteoclast Precursor In Vitro

Bone remodeling is a complex process and it involves periods of deposition and resorption. Bone resorption is a process by which bone is broken down by osteoclasts in response to different stimuli. Osteoclast precursors differentiate into multinuclear osteoclasts in response to macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) and receptor activator of nuclear factor Kappa-B ligand (RANKL). Under pathologic conditions, the cytokine profile is different and involves a mixture of inflammatory cytokines. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-&#945;) is one of the most important cytokines as it is found in large amounts in areas involved with inflammatory osteolysis. The purpose of this protocol is to provide a method by which murine bone marrow is isolated to generate osteoclasts through induction with M-CSF and either RANKL or TNF-&#945; which will be subsequently inhibited by increasing doses of anti-c-fms antibody, the receptor for M-CSF. This experiment highlights the therapeutic value of anti-c-fms antibody in diseases of inflammatory bone resorption.

This protocol includes dissection of murine long bones and bone marrow isolation, to generate bone marrow macrophages and produce osteoclasts using macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) and receptor activator of nuclear factor Kappa-B ligand (RANKL) or tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-&#945;) and their arrest by anti-c-fms antibody, M-CSF receptor.

Wirkung von Anti-c-Fms-Antikörper auf Osteoklasten Bildung und Verbreitung von Osteoklasten-Vorläufer In-vitro-

Bone remodeling is a complex process and it involves periods of deposition and resorption. Bone resorption is a process by which bone is broken down by ...

Bone Marrow Transplantation Procedures in Mice to Study Clonal Hematopoiesis

Clonal hematopoiesis is a prevalent age-associated condition that results from the accumulation of somatic mutations in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). Mutations in driver genes, that confer cellular fitness, can lead to the development of expanding HSPC clones that increasingly give rise to progeny leukocytes harboring the somatic mutation. Because clonal hematopoiesis has been associated with heart disease, stroke, and mortality, the development of experimental systems that model these processes is key to understanding the mechanisms that underly this new risk factor. Bone marrow transplantation procedures involving myeloablative conditioning in mice, such as total-body irradiation (TBI), are commonly employed to study the role of immune cells in cardiovascular diseases. However, simultaneous damage to the bone marrow niche and other sites of interest, such as the heart and brain, is unavoidable with these procedures. Thus, our lab has developed two alternative methods to minimize or avoid possible side effects caused by TBI: 1) bone marrow transplantation with irradiation shielding and 2) adoptive BMT to non-conditioned mice. In shielded organs, the local environment is preserved allowing for the analysis of clonal hematopoiesis while the function of resident immune cells is unperturbed. In contrast, the adoptive BMT to non-conditioned mice has the additional advantage that both the local environments of the organs and the hematopoietic niche are preserved. Here, we compare three different hematopoietic cell reconstitution approaches and discuss their strengths and limitations for studies of clonal hematopoiesis in cardiovascular disease.

We describe three methods of bone marrow transplantation (BMT): BMT with total-body irradiation, BMT with shielded irradiation, and BMT method with no pre-conditioning (adoptive BMT) for the study of clonal hematopoiesis in mouse models.

Knochenmarktransplantationsverfahren bei Mäusen zur Untersuchung der klonalen Hämatopoese

Clonal hematopoiesis is a prevalent age-associated condition that results from the accumulation of somatic mutations in hematopoietic stem and progenitor ...

Osteoclast Derivation from Mouse Bone Marrow

Osteoclasts are highly specialized cells that are derived from the monocyte/macrophage lineage of the bone marrow. Their unique ability to resorb both the organic and inorganic matrices of bone means that they play a key role in regulating skeletal remodeling. Together, osteoblasts and osteoclasts are responsible for the dynamic coupling process that involves both bone resorption and bone formation acting together to maintain the normal skeleton during health and disease.
As the principal bone-resorbing cell in the body, changes in osteoclast differentiation or function can result in profound effects in the body. Diseases associated with altered osteoclast function can range in severity from lethal neonatal disease due to failure to form a marrow space for hematopoiesis, to more commonly observed pathologies such as osteoporosis, in which excessive osteoclastic bone resorption predisposes to fracture formation.
An ability to isolate osteoclasts in high numbers in vitro has allowed for significant advances in the understanding of the bone remodeling cycle and has paved the way for the discovery of novel therapeutic strategies that combat these diseases. 
Here, we describe a protocol to isolate and cultivate osteoclasts from mouse bone marrow that will yield large numbers of osteoclasts.

Osteoclasts are the principal bone-resorbing cell in the body. An ability to isolate osteoclasts in large numbers has resulted in significant advances in the understanding of osteoclast biology. In this protocol, we describe a method for isolation, cultivating and quantifying osteoclast activity in vitro.

Osteoklasten Ableitung aus Knochenmark der Maus

Osteoclasts are highly specialized cells that are derived from the monocyte/macrophage lineage of the bone marrow. Their unique ability to resorb both the ...

Biologie

Isolation of Mouse Megakaryocyte Progenitors

Bone marrow megakaryocytes are large polyploid cells that ensure the production of blood platelets. They arise from hematopoietic stem cells through megakaryopoiesis. The final stages of this process are complex and classically involve the bipotent Megakaryocyte-Erythrocyte Progenitors (MEP) and the unipotent Megakaryocyte Progenitors (MKp). These populations precede the formation of bona fide megakaryocytes and, as such, their isolation and characterization could allow for the robust and unbiased analysis of megakaryocyte formation. This protocol presents in detail the procedure to collect hematopoietic cells from mouse bone marrow, the enrichment of hematopoietic progenitors through magnetic depletion and finally a cell sorting strategy that yield highly purified MEP and MKp populations. First, bone marrow cells are collected from the femur, the tibia, and also the iliac crest, a bone that contains a high number of hematopoietic progenitors. The use of iliac crest bones drastically increases the total cell number obtained per mouse and thus contributes to a more ethical use of animals. A magnetic lineage depletion was optimized using 450 nm magnetic beads allowing a very efficient cell sorting by flow cytometry. Finally, the protocol presents the labeling and gating strategy for the sorting of the two highly purified megakaryocyte progenitor populations: MEP (Lin-Sca-1-c-Kit+CD16/32-CD150+CD9dim) and MKp (Lin- Sca-1-c-Kit+CD16/32-CD150+CD9bright). This technique is easy to implement and provides enough cellular material to perform i) molecular characterization for a deeper knowledge of their identity and biology, ii) in vitro differentiation assays, that will provide a better understanding of the mechanisms of maturation of megakaryocytes, or iii) in vitro models of interaction with their microenvironment.

This method describes the purification by flow cytometry of MEP and MKp from mice femurs, tibias, and pelvic bones.

Isolierung von Maus-Megakaryozyten-Vorläufern

Bone marrow megakaryocytes are large polyploid cells that ensure the production of blood platelets. They arise from hematopoietic stem cells through ...

Utilizing Low Oxygen Tension to Reduce Hematopoietic Cells in Murine Bone Marrow Stromal Cell Cultures

Currently, there remains a lack of universally accepted markers to prospectively isolate a homogeneous population of skeletal stem cells (SSCs). For this reason, BMSCs, which support hematopoiesis and contribute to all the functions of the skeleton, continue to be widely used to study multipotent mesenchymal progenitors (MMPs) and to infer SSC function. Moreover, given the breadth of transgenic murine models used to study musculoskeletal diseases, the use of BMSCs also serves as a powerful tool to examine the molecular mechanisms regulating MMPs and SSCs. However, common isolation procedures for murine BMSCs result in over 50% of recovered cells being of hematopoietic origins, potentially hindering the interpretation of the data generated during these studies. Here, we describe a method using low oxygen tension or hypoxia for the selective elimination of CD45+ cells in BMSC cultures. Importantly, this method can be easily implemented to not only reduce hemopoietic contaminants but to also enhance the percentage of MMPs and putative SSCs in BMSC cultures.

A routine culture of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) leads to the isolation of heterogeneous cell populations, with many cells being of hematopoietic origins. Here, we describe a method that utilizes low oxygen tension to greatly reduce hematopoietic contaminants in murine BMSC cultures.

Currently, there remains a lack of universally accepted markers to prospectively isolate a homogeneous population of skeletal stem cells (SSCs). For this ...

Isolation and Culture of Bone Marrow Stromal Cells from a Mouse Tibia

Source: Maridas, D. E., et al. <a href="https://appjove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/v/56750">Isolation, Culture, and Differentiation of Bone Marrow Stromal Cells and Osteoclast Progenitors from Mice.</a> J. Vis. Exp.(2018)
In this video, we demonstrate the isolation and culture of bone marrow stromal cells from the long bones of mice. The isolated adherent BMSCs can be used for further analysis.