这项研究由LC工业博士后研究金资助，RR和博斯马企业博士后研究金资助AK。作者要感谢劳拉·沃克博士和唐纳德·弗莱彻博士在学科招聘方面的宝贵建议和帮助。

下文所述的所有程序和规程均由堪萨斯州威奇托州立大学机构审查委员会审查和批准。所有与会者都同意知情同意。
1. 参与者选择
<ol><li>招募的正常视力参与者（n=5，4女性，平均±SE:39.8±2.6岁），中央视力丧失（n=15，11女性，78.3±2.3岁），由于黄斑变性（与年龄相关/青少年）。请注意，这两组人的严重年龄与中央视力丧失受试者的人口统计学相次要（与年龄相关的黄斑变性影响老年受试者，在女性中更为普遍）。此外，这项研究的目的不是比较这两个群体。</li>
</ol>2. 实验准备
<ol><li>使用无线 3D 主动快门眼镜（材料表），可与任何 3D 就绪显示器同步。要使快门眼镜处于活动状态，红外发射器（一个小金字塔形黑匣子）和快门眼镜鼻桥上的红外接收器（传感器）之间不应有干扰。</li>
	<li>在 3D 显示器上显示所有视觉刺激（1920 x 1080 像素，144 Hz）。要使显示器和 3D 眼镜无缝工作，请确保安装适当的驱动程序。</li>
	<li>使用台式红外视频跟踪器（材料表），该跟踪器能够测量此协议的 1000 Hz 采样时的眼睛运动。将红外照明和眼睛跟踪器的摄像头分开，使用任何具有可调节高度和角度的三脚架（材料表）将其牢牢地保持到位。将相机放置在距离参与者 20-30 厘米的距离，并将屏幕放置在距离参与者 100 厘米处。</li>
	<li>使用红外反射贴片（材料表），以避免眼动器的红外照明与快门眼镜的红外系统之间的干扰（图1，右）。</li>
	<li>使用市售软件（材料表）集成快门眼镜和3D现成显示器，以分目呈现视觉刺激，控制眼动器。</li>
	<li>为了稳定头部运动，使用高大宽的下巴和额头休息（材料表），并夹在可调节的桌子上。下巴和额头休息的宽维度允许戴着快门眼镜的参与者舒适地定位。 注: 图1 显示使用3D快门眼镜和3D就绪显示器进行眼动的设置。红外反射贴片战略性地放置在3D快门眼镜鼻桥上的红外传感器下方（图1，右）。</li>
	<li>通过停用 3D 就绪监视器中的光增强选项，最大限度地减少发光信息的泄漏。发光信息从一只眼睛泄漏到另一只眼睛被称为发光泄漏或相声13。这在高亮度条件下的立体显示器中容易发生。</li>
	<li>由于百叶窗，红外照明（从眼动追踪系统）到达瞳孔的数量可以显著减少13 - 平均而言，约65%的亮度减少（补充表1）。要克服此问题，将眼动器的红外 LED 强度从默认电源设置增加到 100%或（最大设置）。使用红外视频眼动追踪器（材料表）时，如 图 2所示，在左下屏幕的"照明电源"设置中更改此设置。</li>
</ol>3. 运行实验
注:本研究的主要实验是使用二分法刺激对中央视场进行双目眼跟踪和筛查。中央视场放映可与商用仪器的视觉现场测试（材料表）相媲美。视觉刺激的物理特性，如目标的亮度（+22 cd/m2）、背景的亮度（约10 cd/m2）、目标的大小（Goldmann III = 4 mm2）、视觉场网格（极地 3 网格 28 分、 图 3）和刺激持续时间（200 毫秒）与商用仪器的视觉场测试相同。请注意，这些亮度值是在快门打开时通过快门眼镜测量的（补充表 1）。对于此处讨论的测试目的，刺激的亮度是恒定的，不像视觉现场测试，其中刺激的亮度被更改以获得检测阈值。换句话说，该实验采用超阈值筛选，而不是阈值。因此，筛选的结果是二元响应（看到或没有看到刺激），而不是数值。
<ol><li>实验前检查<ol>
<li>在参与者到达进行测试前几分钟，确保眼睛跟踪器和主机计算机（运行实验）都打开并确认主机计算机已连接到眼动器。</li>
		<li>通常，在开始实验之前确认显示器的同步精度（使用平台特定命令）。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>启动主要实验 注:下面的步骤非常具体，取决于运行主实验的脚本。请参阅包含用于设计和运行实验的代码样本的 辅助材料。<ol>
<li>启动程序（见 辅助材料 - "ELScreenblr.m"），从适当的界面运行主实验。如果由程序提示，请输入使用唯一文件名保存数据文件夹中的输出数据文件所需的参与者信息（如参与者 ID、测试距离）。</li>
		<li>灰色屏幕，带有"按下输入切换相机:按下输入切换相机:按 C 校准，按 V 校准"将显示在屏幕上。在此阶段，调整眼睛跟踪器的摄像头，以与参与者的学生对齐，如 图 2所示。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>眼动追踪校准和验证<ol>
<li>启动眼动追踪器的校准。指示参与者通过移动眼睛（而不是头部）来跟踪目标，并查看目标的中心。</li>
		<li>校准成功后，启动验证。提供与校准相同的说明。</li>
		<li>阅读验证步骤的结果（通常显示在屏幕上）。重复校准和验证，直到获得"良好/公平"（如眼动手动手册建议）结果。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>漂移校正<ol>
<li>完成眼动追踪器的校准和验证后，启动漂移校正。</li>
		<li>指示参与者"查看中央固定目标，并尽可能稳定地保持眼睛"。 注:经过校准、验证和漂移校正后，眼动跟踪将与主要实验同时启动。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>视觉现场筛选<ol>
<li>重新指导/提醒参与者在实验期间必须完成的任务。要求受试者在整个测试过程中保持双眼张开。</li>
		<li>对于此视觉场实验，指示他们按下响应按钮中的"输入"按钮（图 1，材料表）来响应"看到的任何白光"，从而将固定在中央固定目标上。指示他们不要移动眼睛和寻找新的白灯。此外，提醒他们，简短的白灯可以出现在屏幕上的任何位置。 注:在视觉现场筛查期间，使用可以融合成完整感知的单体目标来探测快门眼镜的功能（见 补充图 2 - 捕捉试验）。</li>
		<li>在整个实验中多次重新迭代指令以"保持固定"，以确保固定在所需的区域内。 注意:音频反馈（如错误音）可用于提醒固定丢失（如眼睛移出容差窗口）。当固定失效时，重新指示参与者只固定在交叉目标上。视觉刺激演示可以暂时停止，直到参与者将固定回到容差窗口内（如中央 2°）。</li>
		<li>在视觉场实验结束时，屏幕将以不同的方式显示测试结果，突出显示已看到的位置和未看到的位置（例如图 6）。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>保存数据文件<ol>
<li>所有可视字段数据（例如保存为"。垫"文件）和眼睛运动数据（如保存为".edf"文件）将自动保存，用于事后分析。但是，请确保在退出运行实验的程序/平台之前保存文件。</li>
	</ol></li>
</ol>4. 分析
注:眼睛运动和视觉场数据的分析可以通过多种方式进行，并取决于用于运行眼动跟踪器输出的实验和数据格式的软件。下面的步骤是特定于设置和程序（见 补充材料）。
<ol><li>眼动分析（事后） 注:保存的眼睛运动数据文件 （EDF） 是一种高度压缩的二元格式，它包含多种类型的数据，包括眼动事件、消息、按钮按压和凝视位置示例。<ol>
<li>使用翻译程序 （EDF2ASC） 将 EDF 转换为 ASC-II 文件。</li>
		<li>运行"管道眼动分析.m"，以初始化眼动分析，并按照代码中注明的说明操作（请参阅代码脚本的 辅助材料 ）。</li>
		<li>运行"EM_plots.m"，提取水平和垂直的眼睛位置，并绘制 如图4 和 图5所示。 注:可以进一步分析眼睛运动数据，以计算固定稳定性，检测微科学院等。然而，这超出了本文件的范围。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>视觉字段<ol>
<li>要获得视场测试报告，可运行"VF_plot.m"。 注:所有与视觉场实验相关的数据集，如看到/未看到的点，都将绘制为 图 6中显示的可视场图。如果看到某个点，则将其绘制为"绿色"填充方块，否则将绘制红色填充方块。无需对可视场数据进行事后分析。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>

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作者没有什么可透露的。在2019年美国光学学会年会上，本研究的部分内容以"Macular退化中的双目中央视觉功能"为摘要。

在二分法观察条件下测量眼动的拟议方法有许多潜在的应用。评估中心视力丧失参与者的双目视觉场（此处显示）就是其中之一。我们使用这种方法评估了15名中央视力丧失参与者的双目视觉场，以研究双筒望远镜观看如何影响异构中央视场损失。
协议中最重要的步骤是定位（从眼睛和角度的距离）眼睛跟踪器的红外源，以获得最佳照明。这对眼动追踪器始终如一地捕捉角膜...

黄斑变性通常是影响中央视力的双边条件，视觉丧失的模式可能是异质的。中央视觉损失可能是对称或不对称的两只眼睛之间1。目前，有几种技术可用于评估黄斑变性的中央视觉场。Amsler 网格图包含一个网格模式，可用于手动筛选中央视场。自动外围（例如汉弗莱视觉场分析仪）在标准化的甘兹费尔德碗中呈现不同亮度和大小的闪光，以探测视觉场。凝视视线微周线在 LCD 显示屏上呈现视觉刺激。微周长可以通过跟踪视网膜上感兴趣的区域来补偿微眼运动。微周长可以探测中央视网膜的局部区域，以观察功能的变化，但一次只能测试一只眼睛。因此，微围测试无法解释每只眼睛的异质缺陷如何影响双目交互和真实世界功能。对于一种在接近真实世界观看的观看条件下可靠评估视场的方法，需要得到满足。这种评估对于了解一只眼睛的视觉场缺陷如何影响/促造成双目视场缺陷是必要的。我们提出了一种在二分法观察条件下评估中央视觉损失的人的中央视觉场的新方法（即当视觉刺激独立呈现给两只眼睛时）。
要可靠地测量视觉字段，必须将固定维护在给定位点。因此，将目光跟踪和二分法演示相结合进行双目评估非常重要。然而，由于眼动追踪器的照明系统（例如红外 LED）和二分法呈现系统的光学元件（例如，单镜的镜面或立体镜棱镜）之间的干扰，这两种技术的结合可能具有挑战性。另一种选择是使用眼睛跟踪技术，不干扰视线（如硬线圈技术）或眼睛跟踪器，与护目镜2集成。虽然每种方法都有其自身的好处，但也有缺点。前一种方法被认为是侵入性的，可引起相当大的不适3，后者的方法具有低时间分辨率（60 Hz）4。为了克服这些问题，布拉尚和纳伯（2017）5和钱和布拉斯坎普（2017）6使用一对冷镜（传输红外光，但反射95%的可见光）和一对显示器在冷镜的两侧，以创建一个二分法演示。红外视频跟踪器用于跟踪眼部运动在单镜设置7，8。
但是，使用单镜型二分法演示有一个缺点。仪器的旋转中心（单镜）与眼睛旋转的中心不同。因此，需要额外的计算（如附录中所述 - Raveendran A （2013）9） 需要进行适当和准确的眼动测量。此外，住宿和边缘的平面必须对齐（即对住宿和边缘的需求必须相同）。例如，如果工作距离（总光学距离）为 40 厘米，则住宿和边缘需求分别为 2.5 分头和 2.5 米角。如果我们将镜面完全对齐正交，则单镜对齐以进行远距离查看（即所需边缘为零），但所需的适应条件仍然是 2.5D。因此，必须将一对凸透镜（+2.50 分轴）放置在单镜的眼睛和镜面排列之间，以将住宿平面推向无穷大（即所需住宿为零）。这种安排需要更多的空间，眼睛和镜子排列的单镜是必需的，这带我们回到旋转中心的差异。通过将单倍镜对齐到近视，使两架飞机都对齐，可以最大限度地减少对齐住宿和边缘平面的问题。但是，这需要测量每个参与者的校际距离，以及单镜镜/刺激显示器的相应对齐。
本文采用无线3D快门眼镜和3D就绪显示器，将红外视频眼动和二分法刺激演示相结合的方法。此方法不需要任何额外的计算和/或假设，如与单体镜方法一样。快门眼镜已与眼睛跟踪器一起用于理解双目融合10，圣人适应11，和眼手协调12。然而，应该指出的是，Maiello 及其同事10、11、12使用的立体快门眼镜是第一代快门眼镜，它通过电线连接，与显示器刷新速度同步。此外，第一代快门眼镜现在在商业上不可用。在这里，我们演示了使用市售的第二代无线快门眼镜（材料表），以呈现二分法刺激和可靠测量单体和双目眼运动。此外，我们还演示了一种评估中央视场损失受试者的单体/双目视觉场的方法。虽然视觉刺激的二分法呈现能够对视觉场进行单体和双目评估，但在二分法观察条件下，双目眼跟踪有助于以凝视控制的范式进行视觉场测试。

<table><tbody><tr><td>3D monitor</td><td>Benq</td><td>NA</td><td>Approximate Cost (in USD): 500&lt;br/&gt; https://zowie.benq.com/en/product/monitor/xl/xl2720.html</td></tr><tr><td>3D shutter glass</td><td>NVIDIA</td><td>NA</td><td>Approximate Cost (in USD): 300&lt;br/&gt; https://www.nvidia.com/object/product-geforce-3d-vision2-wireless-glasses-kit-us.html</td></tr><tr><td>Chin/forehead rest</td><td>UHCO</td><td>NA</td><td>Approximate Cost (in USD): 750&lt;br/&gt; https://www.opt.uh.edu/research-at-uhco/uhcotech/headspot/</td></tr><tr><td>Eyetracker</td><td>SR Research</td><td>NA</td><td>Approximate Cost (in USD): 27,000&lt;br/&gt; https://www.sr-research.com/eyelink-1000-plus/</td></tr><tr><td>IR reflective patch</td><td>Tactical</td><td>NA</td><td>Approximate Cost (in USD): 10&lt;br/&gt; https://www.empiretactical.org/infrared-reflective-patches/tactical-infrared-ir-square-patch-with-velcro-hook-fastener-1-inch-x-1-inch</td></tr><tr><td>MATLAB Software</td><td>Mathworks</td><td>NA</td><td>Approximate Cost (in USD): 2150&lt;br/&gt; https://www.mathworks.com/pricing-licensing.html</td></tr><tr><td>Numerical Keypad</td><td>Amazon</td><td>CP001878 (model), B01E8TTWZ2 (ASIN)</td><td>Approximate Cost (in USD): 15&lt;br/&gt; https://www.amazon.com/Numeric-Jelly-Comb-Portable-Computer/dp/B01E8TTWZ2</td></tr><tr><td>Psychtoolbox - Add on</td><td>Freeware</td><td>NA</td><td>Approximate Cost (in USD): FREE&lt;br/&gt; http://psychtoolbox.org/download.html</td></tr><tr><td>Tripod (Dekstop)</td><td>Manfrotto</td><td>MTPIXI-B (model), B00D76RNLS (ASIN)</td><td>Approximate Cost (in USD): 30&lt;br/&gt; https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00D76RNLS</td></tr></tbody></table>

assessing binocular central visual field and binocular eye movements in a dichoptic viewing condition

黄斑变性通常会导致异构双目中央视觉缺陷。目前可用于评估中央视场的方法，如微周线，一次只能测试一只眼睛。因此，他们无法解释每只眼睛的缺陷如何影响双目交互和真实世界功能。带凝视控制系统的分形刺激演示可以提供单体/双目视觉场的可靠测量。然而，二分法刺激演示和同时进行眼动追踪是具有挑战性的，因为以两种方式呈现刺激的仪器的光学设备（例如，单镜）总是干扰眼动器（例如红外视频眼动器）。因此，目标是 1） 开发一种同时进行眼动的二分制刺激演示方法，使用不受干扰的 3D 快门眼镜和 3D 就绪监视器，2） 使用此方法制定评估中央视力丧失受试者的中央视场的协议。结果表明，此设置为可靠测量二分法观察条件下的眼动提供了实用的解决方案。此外，还证明，这种方法可以评估中央视力丧失受试者的目光控制双目中央视场。

在两种不同的观察条件下，显示一个具有正常双目视力的观察者具有代表性的双目眼运动痕迹（图4）。当两只眼睛都看到刺激（图4A）时，以及当左眼在活动快门（图4B）下用右眼观察刺激时，可以持续跟踪眼睛运动。从这些痕迹中可以明显看出，建议的方法不会影响眼动测量的质量，甚至可以测量眼睛运动的长期实验。然后，?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assessing Binocular Central Visual Field and Binocular Eye Movements in a Dichoptic Viewing Condition at JoVE.com

Assessing Binocular Central Visual Field and Binocular Eye Movements in a Dichoptic Viewing Condition

在分选择性观察条件下评估双目中央视场和双目眼运动

这里介绍了一个协议，用于评估双目眼运动和凝视控制的中央视场筛查参与者与中央视力丧失。

Macular degeneration typically results in heterogeneous binocular central visual defects. Currently available approaches to assess central visual field, ...

assessing-binocular-central-visual-field-binocular-eye-movements

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

4.3K 次观看.  Envision Research Institute. 这里介绍了一个协议，用于评估双目眼运动和凝视控制的中央视场筛查参与者与中央视力丧失。

视频: Assessing Binocular Central Visual Field and Binocular Eye Movements in a Dichoptic Viewing Condition

VisualEyes: A Modular Software System for Oculomotor Experimentation

Eye movement studies have provided a strong foundation forming an understanding of how the brain acquires visual information in both the normal and dysfunctional brain.1 However, development of a platform to stimulate and store eye movements can require substantial programming, time and costs. Many systems do not offer the flexibility to program numerous stimuli for a variety of experimental needs. However, the VisualEyes System has a flexible architecture, allowing the operator to choose any background and foreground stimulus, program one or two screens for tandem or opposing eye movements and stimulate the left and right eye independently. This system can significantly reduce the programming development time needed to conduct an oculomotor study. The VisualEyes System will be discussed in three parts: 1) the oculomotor recording device to acquire eye movement responses, 2) the VisualEyes software written in LabView, to generate an array of stimuli and store responses as text files and 3) offline data analysis. Eye movements can be recorded by several types of instrumentation such as: a limbus tracking system, a sclera search coil, or a video image system. Typical eye movement stimuli such as saccadic steps, vergent ramps and vergent steps with the corresponding responses will be shown. In this video report, we demonstrate the flexibility of a system to create numerous visual stimuli and record eye movements that can be utilized by basic scientists and clinicians to study healthy as well as clinical populations.

Neural control and cognitive processes can be studied through eye movements. The VisualEyes software allows an operator to program stimuli on two computer screens independently using a simple, custom scripting language. The system can stimulate tandem eye movements (saccades and smooth pursuit) or opposing eye movements (vergence) or any combination.

VisualEyes：一个模块化的软件系统动眼神经实验

Eye movement studies have provided a strong foundation forming an understanding of how the brain acquires visual information in both the normal and ...

科研

神经科学

How to Build a Dichoptic Presentation System That Includes an Eye Tracker

The presentation of different stimuli to the two eyes, dichoptic presentation, is essential for studies involving 3D vision and interocular suppression. There is a growing literature on the unique experimental value of pupillary and oculomotor measures, especially for research on interocular suppression. Although obtaining eye-tracking measures would thus benefit studies that use dichoptic presentation, the hardware essential for dichoptic presentation (e.g. mirrors) often interferes with high-quality eye tracking, especially when using a video-based eye tracker. We recently described an experimental setup that combines a standard dichoptic presentation system with an infrared eye tracker by using infrared-transparent mirrors1. The setup is compatible with standard monitors and eye trackers, easy to implement, and affordable (on the order of US$1,000). Relative to existing methods it has the benefits of not requiring special equipment and posing few limits on the nature and quality of the visual stimulus. Here we provide a visual guide to the construction and use of our setup.

We recently proposed a method that allows dichoptic visual stimulus presentation and binocular eye tracking simultaneously1. The key is the combination of an infrared eye tracker and the corresponding infrared-transparent mirrors. This manuscript provides an in depth protocol for initial setup and everyday operation.

如何建立一个包括眼球跟踪器的 Dichoptic 演示系统

The presentation of different stimuli to the two eyes, dichoptic presentation, is essential for studies involving 3D vision and interocular suppression. ...

行为学

Central and Divided Visual Field Presentation of Emotional Images to Measure Hemispheric Differences in Motivated Attention

Two dominant theories on lateralized processing of emotional information exist in the literature. One theory posits that unpleasant emotions are processed by right frontal regions, while pleasant emotions are processed by left frontal regions. The other theory posits that the right hemisphere is more specialized for the processing of emotional information overall, particularly in posterior regions.
Assessing the different roles of the cerebral hemispheres in processing emotional information can be difficult without the use of neuroimaging methodologies, which are not accessible or affordable to all scientists. Divided visual field presentation of stimuli can allow for the investigation of lateralized processing of information without the use of neuroimaging technology. 
This study compared central versus divided visual field presentations of emotional images to assess differences in motivated attention between the two hemispheres. The late positive potential (LPP) was recorded using electroencephalography (EEG) and event-related potentials (ERPs) methodologies to assess motivated attention. Future work will pair this paradigm with a more active behavioral task to explore the behavioral impacts on the attentional differences found.

This study compared central versus divided visual field presentations of emotional images to assess differences in motivated attention between the two hemispheres. The late positive potential (LPP) was recorded using electroencephalography (EEG) and event-related potentials (ERPs) methodologies to assess motivated attention.

中央和分割的视觉场表现的情绪图像, 以测量半球的差异, 激发注意

Two dominant theories on lateralized processing of emotional information exist in the literature. One theory posits that unpleasant emotions are processed ...

Monocular Visual Deprivation and Ocular Dominance Plasticity Measurement in the Mouse Primary Visual Cortex

Monocular visual deprivation is an excellent experimental paradigm to induce primary visual cortical response plasticity. In general, the response of the cortex to the contralateral eye to a stimulus is much stronger than the response of the ipsilateral eye in the binocular segment of the mouse primary visual cortex (V1). During the mammalian critical period, suturing the contralateral eye will result in a rapid loss of responsiveness of V1 cells to contralateral eye stimulation. With the continuing development of transgenic technologies, more and more studies are using transgenic mice as experimental models to examine the effects of specific genes on ocular dominance (OD) plasticity. In this study, we introduce detailed protocols for monocular visual deprivation and calculate the change in OD plasticity in mouse V1. After monocular deprivation (MD) for 4 days during the critical period, the orientation tuning curves of each neuron are measured, and the tuning curves of layer four neurons in V1 are compared between stimulation of the ipsilateral and contralateral eyes. The contralateral bias index (CBI) can be calculated using each cell&#39;s ocular OD score to indicate the degree of OD plasticity. This experimental technique is important for studying the neural mechanisms of OD plasticity during the critical period and for surveying the roles of specific genes in neural development. The major limitation is that the acute study cannot investigate the change in neural plasticity of the same mouse at a different time.

Here, we present detailed protocols for monocular visual deprivation and ocular dominance plasticity analysis, which are important methods for studying the neural mechanisms of visual plasticity during the critical period and the effects of specific genes on visual development.

小鼠主视觉皮质中的单眼视觉剥夺和眼部优势可塑性测量

Monocular visual deprivation is an excellent experimental paradigm to induce primary visual cortical response plasticity. In general, the response of the ...

发育生物学

Quantification of Oculomotor Responses and Accommodation Through Instrumentation and Analysis Toolboxes

Through the purposeful stimulation and recording of eye movements, the fundamental characteristics of the underlying neural mechanisms of eye movements can be observed. VisualEyes2020 (VE2020) was developed based on the lack of customizable software-based visual stimulation available for researchers that does not rely on motors or actuators within a traditional haploscope. This new instrument and methodology have been developed for a novel haploscope configuration utilizing both eye tracking and autorefractor systems. Analysis software that enables the synchronized analysis of eye movement and accommodative responses provides vision researchers and clinicians with a reproducible environment and shareable tool. The Vision and Neural Engineering Laboratory&#39;s (VNEL) Eye Movement Analysis Program (VEMAP) was established to process recordings produced by VE2020&#39;s eye trackers, while the Accommodative Movement Analysis Program (AMAP) was created to process the recording outputs from the corresponding autorefractor system. The VNEL studies three primary stimuli: accommodation (blur-driven changes in the convexity of the intraocular lens), vergence (inward, convergent rotation and outward, divergent rotation of the eyes), and saccades (conjugate eye movements). The VEMAP and AMAP utilize similar data flow processes, manual operator interactions, and interventions where necessary; however, these analysis platforms advance the establishment of an objective software suite that minimizes operator reliance. The utility of a graphical interface and its corresponding algorithms allow for a broad range of visual experiments to be conducted with minimal required prior coding experience from its operator(s).

VisualEyes2020 (VE2020) is a custom scripting language that presents, records, and synchronizes visual eye movement stimuli. VE2020 provides stimuli for conjugate eye movements (saccades and smooth pursuit), disconjugate eye movements (vergence), accommodation, and combinations of each. Two analysis programs unify the data processing from the eye tracking and accommodation recording systems.

通过仪器和分析工具量化动眼神经反应和调节

Through the purposeful stimulation and recording of eye movements, the fundamental characteristics of the underlying neural mechanisms of eye movements ...

生物工程

Binocular Dynamic Visual Acuity in Eyeglass-Corrected Myopic Patients

Current clinical visual assessment mainly focuses on static vision. However, static vision may not sufficiently reflect real-life visual function as moving optotypes are frequently observed daily. Dynamic visual acuity (DVA) might reflect real-life situations better, especially when objects are moving at high speeds. Myopia impacts static uncorrected distance visual acuity, conveniently corrected with eyeglasses. However, due to peripheral defocus and prism effects, eyeglass correction might affect DVA. The present research demonstrates a standard method to examine eyeglass-corrected DVA in myopia patients, and aimed to explore the influence of eyeglass correction on DVA. 
Initially, standard subjective refraction was performed to provide the eyeglass prescription to correct the refractive error. Then, binocular distance vision-corrected DVA was examined using the object-moving DVA protocol. Software was designed to display the moving optotypes according to the preset velocity and size on a screen. The optotype was the standard logarithmic visual chart letter E and moves from the middle of the left to the right side horizontally during the test. Moving optotypes with randomized opening direction for each size are displayed. The subjects were required to identify the opening direction of the optotype, and the DVA is defined as the minimum optotype that subjects could recognize, calculated according to the algorithm of logarithmic visual acuity.
Then, the method was applied in 181 young myopic subjects with eyeglass-corrected-to-normal static visual acuity. Dominant eye, cycloplegic subjective refraction (sphere and cylinder), accommodation function (negative and positive relative accommodation, binocular cross-cylinder), and binocular DVA at 40 and 80 degrees per second (dps) were examined. The results showed that with increasing age, DVA first increased and then decreased. When myopia was fully corrected with eyeglasses, a worse binocular DVA was associated with more significant myopic refractive error. There was no correlation between the dominant eye, accommodation function, and binocular DVA.

The present research demonstrates a method to accurately examine dynamic visual acuity (DVA) in myopic subjects with eyeglass correction. Further analysis indicated that the closer the refraction state to emmetropia, the better the eyeglass-corrected binocular DVA is at both 40 and 80 degrees per second.

眼镜矫正近视患者的双眼动态视力

Current clinical visual assessment mainly focuses on static vision. However, static vision may not sufficiently reflect real-life visual function as ...

医学

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>用于模拟视力丧失学习和训练的凝视-或有框架

A Gaze-Contingent Display Framework for Perceptual Learning Research with Simulated Central Vision Loss

Macular degeneration (MD) is one of the leading causes of vision impairment in the Western world. Patients with MD tend to develop spontaneous eye movement strategies to compensate for their vision loss, including adopting a preferred retinal locus, or PRL, a spared peripheral region that they use more frequently to replace the damaged fovea. However, not all patients are successful in developing a PRL, and even when they do, it might take them months. Currently, no gold standard rehabilitative therapy exists, and MD research is further hindered by issues of recruitment, compliance, and comorbidity. To help address these issues, a growing body of research has used eye tracking-guided, gaze-contingent displays in a simulated central vision loss paradigm in individuals with intact vision. While simulated vision loss is qualitatively different than pathological central vision loss, our framework provides for a highly controlled model through which to study compensatory eye movements and test possible rehabilitation interventions in low vision. By developing a comprehensive framework, rather than relying on isolated and disconnected tasks, we create a cohesive environment where we can test larger-scale hypotheses, allowing us to examine interactions between tasks, assess training effects across multiple measures, and establish a consistent methodology for future research. Furthermore, participants in simulated central vision loss studies show similarities in their oculomotor compensatory behaviors compared to patients with MD. Here, we present a framework for conducting gaze-contingent studies related to simulated central vision loss. We emphasize the utilization of the framework to test behavioral and oculomotor performance of healthy individuals on a wide range of perceptual tasks encompassing different levels of visual processing. We also discuss how this framework can be adapted for training MD patients.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>开发一种凝视条件显示框架，旨在通过模拟中央视力丧失进行感知和动眼运动研究

We present development of a gaze-contingent display framework designed for perceptual and oculomotor research simulating central vision loss. This framework is particularly adaptable for studying compensatory behavioral and oculomotor strategies in individuals experiencing both simulated and pathological central vision loss.

用于模拟中央视力丧失的感知学习研究的凝视条件显示框架

Macular degeneration (MD) is one of the leading causes of vision impairment in the Western world. Patients with MD tend to develop spontaneous eye ...

 Evaluating Stereopsis in Unilateral Amblyopia: A Comparative Study

Comparison of Three Clinical Stereoscopic Methods for Measuring Binocular Visual Function During Amblyopic Treatment in Unilateral Amblyopia

This study aimed to compare the measuring stereopsis results of unilateral amblyopia during amblyopic treatment by employing some of the most widely used clinical tests. Thirty-four individuals with previously untreated unilateral amblyopia, aged 8.4 &#177; 2.7 years, were included in the study. Monocular (best corrected visual acuity [BCVA] at distance) and binocular (including Titmus, Random-dot, and Frisby stereopsis) visual functions were measured at baseline and 2-month and 6-month visits after synthetical treatment.
We found that Titmus stereopsis was always significantly better than Random-dot stereopsis (p &#60; 0.001). Frisby stereopsis was also always significantly better than Random-dot stereopsis (p &#60; 0.001). However, there was no significant difference between Titmus stereopsis and Frisby stereopsis (p = 0.562). However, interestingly, there was no significant difference in the mean improvement of the three stereopsis methods from baseline to the 2-month visit, F = 1.158, p = 0.318.
Similarly, a significant difference was also lacking in the mean improvement of the three stereopsis methods from baseline to the 6-month visit, F = 0.302, p = 0.740. We conclude that there will be different results obtained from different stereopsis measuring methods used to measure amblyopia in patients. We recommend performing at least two types of stereoscopic measurements to evaluate each case of amblyopia. However, for observing therapeutic effects, each measurement method has the same performance for clinical results during amblyopic treatment.

Here, we present three common stereopsis measurement methods to measure patients with amblyopia and the comparison of the efficacy of different methods.

This study aimed to compare the measuring stereopsis results of unilateral amblyopia during amblyopic treatment by employing some of the most widely used ...

在分选择性观察条件下评估双目中央视场和双目眼运动

摘要

探索更多视频

此视频中的章节

VisualEyes：一个模块化的软件系统动眼神经实验

如何建立一个包括眼球跟踪器的 Dichoptic 演示系统

中央和分割的视觉场表现的情绪图像, 以测量半球的差异, 激发注意

小鼠主视觉皮质中的单眼视觉剥夺和眼部优势可塑性测量

通过仪器和分析工具量化动眼神经反应和调节

眼镜矫正近视患者的双眼动态视力

用于模拟中央视力丧失的感知学习研究的凝视条件显示框架

用于模拟中央视力丧失的感知学习研究的凝视条件显示框架

用于模拟中央视力丧失的感知学习研究的凝视条件显示框架

Comparison of Three Clinical Stereoscopic Methods for Measuring Binocular Visual Function During Amblyopic Treatment in Unilateral Amblyopia