Name: central and divided visual field presentation of emotional images to measure hemispheric differences in motivated attention
Uploaded: 2017-11-16T12:30:00.000+00:00
Duration: 5 min 36 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Central and Divided Visual Field Presentation of Emotional Images to Measure Hemispheric Differences in Motivated Attention at JoVE.com

此处描述的所有方法都已由堪萨斯大学的 "人类主题研究" 内部审查委员会批准. 
 1. 选择参与者 <ol> <li> 使用右手的参与者进行 DVF 研究。在少数情况下 (10%), left-handed 个体是侧的语言处理在右半球, 这将导致头皮记录的 ERP 组件与非的地形分布. </li>
	<li> 让参与者完成爱丁堡惯用手清单 9 以确定强右。八或更高的分数表示强右. </li>
</ol> 2。刺激 <ol> <li> 通过情感和注意力的研究中心和 #39 的网站 11 , 请求国际情感图片系统 (IAPS) 10 的研究副本。根据步骤 2.2-2.4 中的规范选择 IAPS 的刺激。IAPS 带有每个刺激的图像文件和一个制表符分隔的文本文件, 其中包含每个图像的价和唤醒的赋范分级. 
	<ol> <li> 使用电子表格程序查看准则并进行刺激选择。为 O 和 #39 的刺激选择的完整列表; 野兔, Atchley, 和年轻 (2016) 请参见 表 1 . 
		注意: 这个刺激集提供了对情绪刺激的额定价和唤醒的规范。刺激的规范是通过参与者评分在自我评估模特 10 上创建的。这个比例描绘了一个图形, 从一个皱着眉头, 不快乐的身影, 以微笑, 幸福的数字, 和一个放松, 昏昏欲睡的身影, 兴奋, wide-eyed 的形象, 以唤醒。价是额定的9点李克特规模与1等于最令人不快的 (皱眉, 不愉快的数字) 和9等于最愉快的 (微笑, 快乐的身影)。觉醒也被评为9点李克特规模与1等于最小激起 (放松, 昏昏欲睡的数字) 和9等于最激起 (兴奋, wide-eyed 的数字)。每个图像中唤起情感反应的各个组成部分都集中在每个映像中. </li>
	</ol> </li> <li> 使用 IAPS 手册 12 中提供的规范, 在每个组中创建具有60图像的三价组图像: 不愉快、愉快和中性. 
	<ol> <li> 若要执行此项, 请按平均价差对 IAPS 图像进行排序。不愉快的刺激范围平均价差从1到3.99。中性刺激范围平均价差从4到6.99。宜人的刺激范围平均价差从7到9。每一个价群必须在平均价差上有显著的差异, 且其范围内没有重叠. </li>
		<li> 确认价组在使用独立的样本 t 测试时彼此显著不同 13 。由于没有发现图像复杂度影响 LPP 14 , 因此无法控制图像组之间的图片复杂性. </li>
	</ol> </li> <li> 在不愉快和令人愉快的价刺激中, 创建30图像的高和中唤醒子组. </li>
	<li> 在中性价刺激内, 创建中等和低唤醒子群。高觉醒分组的平均唤醒率从4.30 到 8.70, 并没有显著不同, 在平均唤醒评分。中等唤醒分组的平均唤醒率从2.40 到 7.29, 并没有显著不同, 在平均唤醒评分。低觉醒亚群的平均唤醒率从 1.4-5.44. </li>
	<li> 一旦选择了刺激, 测试它们 (通过 t 测试) 13 以确保刺激组可靠地不同. 
	注意: 每个唤醒子群 (高、中、低) 在平均唤醒率上都必须显著不同, 但在价群中的唤醒子群在价差上没有显著差异。这只允许检查 1) 价效应单独, 2) 唤醒效果, 和 3) 的互动效应之间的价和唤醒. </li>
	<li> 使用图像编辑软件程序, 调整最终的刺激图像的大小, 以确保它们将以17.06 水平和10.85 的垂直视角显示在刺激-演示监视器上. 
	<ol> <li> 使用公式 (v = 2 arctan (s/2 D) 15 计算视觉角度 (v), 其中 S = 可视对象的高度或宽度, 以及 D = 从查看器和 #39 的瞳孔到可视对象的距离。刺激图像的大小将取决于参与者和 #39 的学生和经济刺激的表现监测 (D) 之间的距离. </li>
	</ol> </li> <li> 为图像刺激的向后掩蔽创建蒙版刺激。掩模刺激由一组向后斜杠 (即 #34; \ #34 与图像的空间尺寸匹配的;) 组成。创建一个文本框, 它在图像编辑软件程序中具有与图像刺激相同的像素尺寸。在文本框中输入向后斜杠, 直到它们填充整个空间而不更改指定的尺寸。将此文本框保存为图像以创建蒙版刺激. </li>
	<li> 对于 DVF 范例, 创建要加载到刺激演示软件中的图像演示幻灯片. 
	<ol> <li> 在图像编辑软件程序中, 将固定标记 (#34; + #34;) 在图像的中间。将您的第一个刺激图像垂直居中, 其右边缘3和 #176; 在固定标记左侧的视觉角度. </li>
		<li> 创建一个与刺激图像具有相同尺寸的褐色矩形, 并将它的左边缘与固定标记的右侧3度的视角垂直居中。将此安排保存为此刺激图像的左视场显示. </li>
		<li> 切换刺激图像和棕色矩形的位置, 并将此安排保存为该刺激图像的正确的可视化字段表示。对所有刺激图像执行此项 ( 图 1 ). </li>
	</ol> </li> <li> 对于 DVF 范例, 创建蒙版演示文稿幻灯片, 以与为图像演示文稿幻灯片所做的相同方式加载到刺激演示软件中。将蒙版图像放在固定标记的两侧, 同时从固定标记 ( 图 2 ) 的内边3度视角。保存这种安排作为 DVF 范式的面具刺激. </li>
</ol> 3。实验设备 <ol> <li> 使用银-银 (Ag-氯化) 活性电极或其他 eeg 电极, 根据国际10-20 系统 16 从头皮位置记录脑电图。在右眼下方另外放置一个电极, 记录垂直眼球运动. </li>
	<li> 使用 EEG 采集软件进行数据采集, 采样率为250-500 赫兹, 具体取决于设备规格。详细考虑 EEG 采集参数参见运气 (2014) 17 . </li>
	<li> 当前 stimuli 通过一个刺激演示软件包 18 在一台计算机上的一个镜像24英寸刺激演示液晶显示器 (1920 x 1200 分辨率), 是在一个单独的, 电屏蔽, 和声音减毒室将镜像显示器置于屏蔽室内, 同时将计算机从实验室中排除, 可降低电气噪音。声音衰减降低了 EEG 数据中听觉诱发电位的发生。刺激-演示软件软件包必须允许用户设置的演示时间和屏幕的刺激位置. </li>
</ol> 4。准备参与者 <ol> <li> 在提供任何数据之前让参与者完成知情的书面同意. </li>
	<li> 让参与者完成一项人口统计调查, 以提供性别、年龄、惯用手、母语、视力和神经系统病史。收集性别和年龄报告在最后的研究传播。使用所有其他人口统计信息来确定参与者是否符合纳入研究的标准: 右撇子 (通过爱丁堡惯用手的清单进行评估), 通过自我报告收集的母语为英语的人 (或本机使用的语言在学习指导中), 正常或 correct-to-normal 视力, 没有神经外伤史. </li>
	<li> 在参与者身上应用脑电图电极。任何包括头皮枕顶叶区域的脑电图蒙太奇都适用于记录 LPP 反应. </li>
	<li> 座椅参与者在一个黑暗的, 电屏蔽, 声音衰减的房间。使用下巴休息, 以稳定头部和减少运动。将下巴的位置保持在远离刺激表示显示器的正确距离上, 以维持在视觉角度计算中使用的 D 变量。将键盘 (或响应框) 放在参与者的前面, 通过他们的右手进行响应收集. </li>
	<li> 检查数据信号以确保所有通道阻抗小于 50 kiloohms 17 . </li>
	<li> 指示参与者被动地查看图像刺激, 而不将其视线移离屏幕中心。在屏幕中心显示固定标记 (和 #34; + 和 #34;), 以帮助参与者关注 17 。指示参与者在每个图像块后面都有一个识别测验, 因此他们必须注意。每个参与者只完成 CVF 或 DVF 范例, 创建一个介于主题之间的设计. 
	注意: CVF 和 DVF 范式都可以在同一参与者上进行, 以创建一个内部主题的设计。如果这样做, 平衡两个范式的顺序, 以控制任何熟悉的影响与刺激. </li>
</ol> 5。中央视场 (CVF) 范例 注意: 在 CVF 范式中, 随机呈现在屏幕中心的图像刺激。每项试验由 500 ms 中央固定 (和 #34; + 和 #34;) 后, 刺激的 150 ms 表示, 其次是一个向后面具, 在呈现期间随机变化 2,000-4, 000 ms. 抖动的表示持续时间为掩码服务于减少对下一个试验 20 开始时的任何预期 ERP 响应. 
<ol> <li> 指定演示持续时间和刺激位置为固定、刺激图像和刺激演示软件中的掩码刺激创建单独的演示幻灯片. 
	<ol> <li> 对于固定标记的表示形式, 请指定加号符号 (和 #34 的表示形式; + 和 #34;) 垂直和水平居中, 并将持续时间设置为500毫秒. 这可以通过此幻灯片的属性来完成. </li>
		<li> 对于刺激的表示形式, 请在矩阵或列表对象中输入用于刺激的图像文件名. </li>
		<li> 在图像显示幻灯片上, 将图像对象置于垂直和水平居中, 并将此对象链接到图像文件名列表中以加载图像刺激。将 "矩阵" 或 "list" 对象与图像文件名一起从列表中随机选择, 而无需替换已选定的刺激。将图像演示文稿幻灯片的持续时间设置为150毫秒 </li> <li> 用于掩码演示幻灯片, 再次将图像对象置于垂直和水平居中。通过在属性中输入文件名, 可以将此对象直接链接到掩码图像文件。将掩码演示幻灯片的持续时间设置为随机更改2,000-4、000毫秒 </li> </ol> </li> <li> 当前图像刺激在四实验块45试验每 (180 试验共计)。每个区块有相同数量的刺激从价/唤醒条件。这可以通过创建四独立的矩阵或列表对象与图像文件的名称, 每个包含7-8 图像从每个价激发组 ( 例如 , 在列表1有可能是 7 high-arousing 不愉快的图像, 并在列表2有可能是8high-arousing 不愉快的图像)。参与者被动地查看每项试验的图像刺激. </li>
	<li> 在每个区块之后, 进行10项识别测试, 以确保参与者在研究的被动观察部分时注意。在识别测试中显示前一个块和新的四项的六项。选择这六项目, 使他们代表所有类别的价和唤醒。让参与者通过按键, 用右手表示他们以前看过的刺激. </li>
</ol> 6。分视场 (DVF) 范例 注意: DVF 范式与 CVF 范式相同, 包括图像刺激的大小, 除了目前每个图像刺激的横向, 左或右的固定标记使用在步骤2.7 中创建的图像演示幻灯片 (请参见 图 3 ) 4 。
<ol> <li> 在左侧可视字段中显示每个图像一次, 在正确的可视字段中呈现一次。以完全随机的顺序呈现所有刺激. </li>
	<li> 当每个刺激方案呈现两次时, 实验块的数量 (8) 和识别测试的两倍, 总共360试验. </li>
	<li> 配对每个图像刺激与同时呈现一个坚实的棕色矩形相同的刺激维度在对面的固定。这样做是为了减少对刺激的反身扫视。此外, 150 毫秒的呈现持续时间比大多数扫视延迟 21 短, 这意味着如果参与者将他/她的眼睛转移到刺激, 那么在参与者能够注视它之前就会被掩盖。 22 . </li> <li> 将每个刺激和其配对的褐色矩形与其内边缘3和 #176; 从固定的视觉角度。这样做是为了确保刺激完全落在仅由一个半球 4 处理的视网膜区域内. </li>
	<li> 向后蒙版使用与在 CVF 范式中完成的标准和过程相同的条件和方法 20 . </li>
</ol> 7。数据分析 <ol> <li> 从数据中删除在识别测试中得分少于 50% (机会) 的参与者, 因为不能保证他/她正在注意刺激. </li>
	<li> 使用 eeg 软件包对 eeg 数据进行预处理和分析 23 。用连续的0.01-30 赫兹带通来过滤数据离线, 标记数据波动200和 #956; v 在 100 ms 时间窗口中为坏, 正确的眼睛眨眼工件使用每个参与者生成的平均模板, 手动删除水平眼移从数据后的目视检查, 和 rereference 数据使用 com周一平均 rereference 24 , 25 . </li>
	<li> 根据 200 ms pre-stimulus 基线 26 , 在刺激开始后计算1000毫秒的世纪. </li>
	<li> 使用波形和 ERP 文献的目视检查来确定 LPP 的地形 27 。在本研究中, LPP 以通道 CPz 为中心。在这种情况下, 平均通道 CPz、Pz、Cz、CP1 和 CP2 一起创建了 LPP 的表示. </li>
	<li> 在 DVF 数据中, 进行侧分析, 比较左枕顶叶通道和右枕顶叶通道的 LPP 振幅, 以确保 DVF 的演示不会改变 LPP 组件的典型地形。在通道对 CP1 和 CP2、CP3 和 CP4、C1 和 C2、C3 和 C4、P1 和 P2、P3 和 P4 分别进行配对样本 t 检验, 以确保它们在平均振幅上没有显著差异. </li>
	<li> 由于 LPP 是一个长期的, 持续的组成部分, 提取两个不同的 LPP 世纪: 早期 (400-700 毫秒刺激发病) 和后期 (700-1, 000 ms 刺激发病). </li>
	<li> 通过3分析 CVF LPP 数据 (价: 不愉快, 愉快, 和中性) 由 2 (世纪: 早和晚) 在组内方差分析 (方差), 以确保典型的 LPP 效果的情绪刺激产生较大的 LPP 反应比中性刺激存在。这种分析是为了确认刺激是正常处理的. </li>
	<li> 研究化学价和唤醒对 LPP 的交互作用的行为 2 (价: 不愉快和愉快) 由 2 (唤醒: 高和低) 由 2 (世纪: 早和晚) 内组方差分析的 CVF LPP 数据. </li>
	<li> 要检查演示半球的效果, 请在7.8 节中指定的方差分析中, 使用半球的附加因素: 左和右 DVF LPP 数据. </li>
</ol>

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N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=International+affective+picture+system+(IAPS):+affective+ratings+of+pictures+and+instruction+manual.">International affective picture system (IAPS): affective ratings of pictures and instruction manual.</a> Technical Report A-8. , (2008).</li><li>Nolan, S. A., Heinzen, T. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hypothesis+testing+with+t+tests:+comparing+two+groups.">Hypothesis testing with t tests: comparing two groups.</a> Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences. , 382-421 (2008).</li><li>Bradley, M. M., Hamby, S., Low, A., Lang, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Brain+potentials+in+perception:+picture+complexity+and+emotional+arousal.">Brain potentials in perception: picture complexity and emotional arousal.</a> Psychophysiology. 44, 364-373 (2007).</li><li>Mccready, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=On+size,+distance,+and+visual+angle+perception.">On size, distance, and visual angle perception.</a> Percept Psychophys. 37 (4), 323-334 (1985).</li><li>Jasper, H. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Report+of+the+committee+on+methods+of+clinical+examination+in+electroencephalography:+1957.">Report of the committee on methods of clinical examination in electroencephalography: 1957.</a> Electroen Clin Neuro. 10 (2), 370-375 (1958).</li><li>Luck, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Basic principles of ERP recording. An Introduction to the Event-Related Potential Technique. , 147-184 (2014).</li><li>Luck, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+design+of+ERP+experiments.">The design of ERP experiments.</a> An Introduction to the Event-Related Potential Technique. , 119-146 (2014).</li><li>Woodman, G. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+brief+introduction+to+the+use+of+event-related+potentials+(ERPs)+in+studies+of+perception+and+attention.">A brief introduction to the use of event-related potentials (ERPs) in studies of perception and attention.</a> Atten Percept Psychophys. 72 (8), 2031-2046 (2010).</li><li>Carpenter, R. H. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Movements of the eyes. , (1988).</li><li>Young, K. M., Atchley, R. A., Atchley, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Offset+masking+in+a+divided+visual+field+study.">Offset masking in a divided visual field study.</a> Laterality. 14 (5), 473-494 (2009).</li><li>Compumedics Neuroscan. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> CURRY 7 [computer software]. , (2008).</li><li>Luck, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Artifact+rejection+and+correction.">Artifact rejection and correction.</a> An Introduction to the Event-Related Potential Technique. , 185-218 (2014).</li><li>Luck, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Baseline+correction,+averaging,+and+time-frequency+analysis.">Baseline correction, averaging, and time-frequency analysis.</a> An Introduction to the Event-Related Potential Technique. , 249-282 (2014).</li><li>Kappenman, E. S., Luck, S. J., Luck, S. J., Kappenman, E. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ERP+components:+the+ups+and+downs+of+brainwave+recordings.">ERP components: the ups and downs of brainwave recordings.</a> The Oxford Handbook of Event-Related Potential Components. , 3-30 (2012).</li><li>Hajcak, G., Weinberg, A., MacNamara, A., Foti, D., Luck, S. J., Kappenman, E. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ERPs+and+the+study+of+emotion.">ERPs and the study of emotion.</a> The Oxford Handbook of Event-Related Potential Components. , 441-474 (2012).</li><li>Hugdahl, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lateralization+of+cognitive+processes+in+the+brain.">Lateralization of cognitive processes in the brain.</a> Acta Psychol. 105 (2-3), 211-235 (2000).</li><li>Kayser, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuronal+generator+patterns+at+scalp+elicited+by+lateralized+aversive+pictures+reveal+consecutive+stages+of+motivated+attention.">Neuronal generator patterns at scalp elicited by lateralized aversive pictures reveal consecutive stages of motivated attention.</a> NeuroImage. 142 (15), 337-350 (2016).</li><li>Kayser, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Event-Related+Potential+(ERP)+asymmetries+to+emotional+stimuli+in+a+visual+half-field+paradigm.">Event-Related Potential (ERP) asymmetries to emotional stimuli in a visual half-field paradigm.</a> Psychophysiology. 34, 414-426 (1997).</li><li>Smith, E. R., Chenery, H. J., Angwin, A. J., Copland, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hemispheric+contributions+to+semantic+activation:+a+divided+visual+field+and+event-related+potential+investigation+of+time-course.">Hemispheric contributions to semantic activation: a divided visual field and event-related potential investigation of time-course.</a> Brain Res. 1284, 125-144 (2009).</li></ol>

作者没有什么可透露的。

在本研究中, 刺激价和唤醒的操作使用 DVF 范式测试的理论, 侧处理的情绪, 因为它们适用于激励注意网络。然而, DVF 方法可以用来探索任何侧处理的视觉信息。当使用 DVF 范式时, 关键是控制刺激的呈现, 以确保信息被隔离到一个半球进行初始处理。有几个关键步骤的 DVF 范式, 有助于这方面的研究。
首先, 参与者被指示保持眼睛盯着屏幕的中心。固定标记, 双边假刺激 (或占位),...

关于侧处理的几个理论已经被假设为两个大脑半球。其中包括情绪处理理论。价模型1提出, 左半球是专门为愉快的情绪, 而右半球是专门为不愉快的情绪。右半球优势假说2建议右半球是专门用来处理与左半球相比的所有情感信息的。最后, Circumplex 理论3提出, 除了对价的额不对称外, 右半球的后部区域专门用于处理所有 high-arousing 的情绪。为了测试这些侧的加工理论, 必须使用能够区分两半球之间加工的方法。虽然神经影像技术可以提供这些信息, 但大多数研究科学家往往不容易接触到它们。此外, 许多标准的认知范式, 即使结合神经影像学方法, 也不能隔离在每个半球内处理的信息。分视场 (DVF) 方法为行为学和心理科学家提供了一个途径, 可以在不使用神经影像技术的情况下测试侧的处理理论。
DVF 的方法学是基于对一个视觉领域的刺激最初接受和处理的对侧半球4的知识。DVF 方法利用侧的刺激, 在短的时间间隔, 让一个大脑半球接收信息之前, 其他5。因此, 对右视野的 contralaterally 的刺激是由左半球处理的, 而对左视场的刺激是由右半球处理的。通过这种方式, 可以检查单个半球中信息的初始处理的差异。例如, 它是公认的左半球是专门为处理语言信息 (为荟萃分析参见参考6)。使用 DVF 范式的研究表明, 当向左半球 (即, 显示在正确的视野中) 的单词与向右半球呈现时相比, 处理速度提高了。
为了评估两个半球的加工差异, 可能需要比行为反应时间更精细的时间分辨措施。事件相关电位 (erp) 来源于人类脑电图 (eeg) 数据有时间分辨率的顺序毫秒 (ms)。因此, 利用 ERP 技术与 DVF 方法, 可以对两个半球之间的加工差异进行精确评估。最初, 中央视场 (CVF) 的介绍的刺激可以用来复制既定的 ERP 效果。然后, DVF 的介绍的刺激可以用来检查独特的贡献, 每个半球的传播这些 ERP 的影响。对当前研究的特别感兴趣的7, 后期的正电位 (LPP) 已经被确定为对刺激的情绪唤醒敏感的 ERP 组件8。有趣的是, LPP 并没有被发现能够始终如一地区分不愉快和愉悦的刺激, 而是对中性刺激的情绪刺激做出同样的反应。这项研究的目的是测试侧处理的情绪理论, 使用 LPP 作为一个指标的动机关注情绪刺激的两个半球之间。
此外, 本研究还系统地考察了 LPP 早期和晚期表现的情绪刺激的价和觉醒维度。这些刺激操作结合了 CVF 和 DVF 刺激的介绍是独特的文学, 因为它们允许研究的价, 唤醒, 和半球的处理的独特和互动的影响 LPP 的传播.因此, 与愉快的刺激相比较, 不愉快的动作的即时性的影响, 这应该是有动机的注意, 从而 LPP, 可以探索。

<table><tbody><tr><td>64-channel Ag-AgCl active electrodes</td><td>Cortech Solutions</td><td>DA-AT-ESP32102064A/DA-AT-ESP32102064B</td><td>EEG electrodes for data collection</td></tr><tr><td>ActiveTwo Base System</td><td>Cortech Solutions</td><td>DA-AT-BCBS</td><td>Digitizes and ampliphies EEG data at 500 Hz</td></tr><tr><td>E-Prime Professional 2.0</td><td>Psychology Software Tools</td><td>NA</td><td>Stimulus presentation software, available at https://www.pstnet.com/eprime.cfm</td></tr><tr><td>CURRY 7.0</td><td>Compumedics Neuroscan</td><td>NA</td><td>EEG/ERP data processing and analysis, available at http://compumedicsneuroscan.com/products/by-name/curry/</td></tr></tbody></table>

central and divided visual field presentation of emotional images to measure hemispheric differences in motivated attention

文学中存在着两种主要的情绪信息侧处理理论。有一种理论认为, 不愉快的情绪是由右前额区处理的, 而愉悦的情绪则由左前额区域处理。另一种理论认为右半球更专门处理情绪信息的整体, 特别是在后区。
如果不使用神经影像学方法, 评估大脑半球在处理情绪信息方面的不同作用可能会很困难, 因为这是所有科学家都无法获取或负担不起的。不同的视觉场呈现的刺激可以允许调查的侧处理信息, 而不使用神经影像技术。
这项研究比较了中央和分割的视觉场表现的情绪图像, 以评估不同的动机注意两个半球。晚阳性电位 (LPP) 记录使用脑电图 (eeg) 和事件相关电位 (erp) 方法, 以评估积极的注意。未来的工作将对这个范例与一个更积极的行为任务, 以探索行为影响的注意差异发现。

为了复制先前对 LPP 的研究, LPP 对不愉快和令人愉悦的图像的反应应大于对中性图像的 LPP 响应。这由 CVF 分析证实, 发现 LPP 在早期的世纪是明显地大到令人不快的 (m = 1.90 μ) 和宜人 (m = 1.71 μ) 图片比较中性图片 (m = 0.72 μ), 但令人不快和宜人没有发现图像有明显的不同。有趣的是, 在晚期, LPP 被发现是更大的令人不快的 (m = 1.19 μ) 相比, 令人愉快?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Central and Divided Visual Field Presentation of Emotional Images to Measure Hemispheric Differences in Motivated Attention at JoVE.com

Central and Divided Visual Field Presentation of Emotional Images to Measure Hemispheric Differences in Motivated Attention

中央和分割的视觉场表现的情绪图像, 以测量半球的差异, 激发注意

这项研究比较了中央和分割的视觉场表现的情绪图像, 以评估不同的动机注意两个半球。晚阳性电位 (LPP) 记录使用脑电图 (eeg) 和事件相关电位 (erp) 方法, 以评估积极的注意。

Two dominant theories on lateralized processing of emotional information exist in the literature. One theory posits that unpleasant emotions are processed ...

central-divided-visual-field-presentation-emotional-images-to-measure

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

7.5K 次观看.  University of Massachusetts Dartmouth. 这项研究比较了中央和分割的视觉场表现的情绪图像, 以评估不同的动机注意两个半球。晚阳性电位 (LPP) 记录使用脑电图 (eeg) 和事件相关电位 (erp) 方法, 以评估积极的注意。

视频: Central and Divided Visual Field Presentation of Emotional Images to Measure Hemispheric Differences in Motivated Attention

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Neural Correlates of Emotion Regulation

The ability to control/regulate emotions is an important coping mechanism in the face of emotionally stressful situations. Although significant progress has been made in understanding conscious/deliberate emotion regulation (ER), less is known about non-conscious/automatic ER and the associated neural correlates. This is in part due to the problems inherent in the unitary concepts of automatic and conscious processing1. Here, we present a protocol that allows investigation of the neural correlates of both deliberate and automatic ER using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). This protocol allows new avenues of inquiry into various aspects of ER. For instance, the experimental design allows manipulation of the goal to regulate emotion (conscious vs. non-conscious), as well as the intensity of the emotional challenge (high vs. low). Moreover, it allows investigation of both immediate (emotion perception) and long-term effects (emotional memory) of ER strategies on emotion processing. Therefore, this protocol may contribute to better understanding of the neural mechanisms of emotion regulation in healthy behaviour, and to gaining insight into possible causes of deficits in depression and anxiety disorders in which emotion dysregulation is often among the core debilitating features.

We present a protocol that allows investigation of the neural correlates of deliberate and automatic emotion regulation, using functional magnetic resonance imaging. This protocol can be used in healthy participants, both young and older, as well as in clinical patients.

情绪调节的神经关联的脑成像研究

The ability to control/regulate emotions is an important coping mechanism in the face of emotionally stressful situations. Although significant progress ...

科研

神经科学

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Memory-Enhancing Effect of Emotion

Emotional events tend to be better remembered than non-emotional events1,2. One goal of cognitive and affective neuroscientists is 
to understand the neural mechanisms underlying this enhancing effect of emotion on memory. A method that has proven particularly influential in the 
investigation of the memory-enhancing effect of emotion is the so-called subsequent memory paradigm (SMP). This method was originally used to investigate the 
neural correlates of non-emotional memories3, and more recently we and others also applied it successfully to studies of emotional memory (reviewed in4, 5-7). 
Here, we describe a protocol that allows investigation of the neural correlates of the memory-enhancing effect of emotion using the SMP in conjunction with 
event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). An important feature of the SMP is that it allows separation of brain activity specifically 
associated with memory from more general activity associated with perception. Moreover, in the context of investigating the impact of emotional stimuli, 
SMP allows identification of brain regions whose activity is susceptible to emotional modulation of both general/perceptual and memory-specific processing. 
This protocol can be used in healthy subjects8-15, as well as in clinical patients where there are alterations in the neural correlates of emotion perception 
and biases in remembering emotional events, such as those suffering from depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)16, 17.

We present a protocol that uses functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate the neural correlates of the memory-enhancing effect of emotion. This protocol allows identification of brain activity specifically linked to memory-related processing, contrary to more general perceptual processing, and can be used with healthy and clinical populations.

脑成像的情感记忆的促进作用调查

Emotional events tend to be better remembered than non-emotional events1,2. One goal of cognitive and affective neuroscientists is 
to understand the ...

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Impairing Effect of Emotion on Cognition

Emotions can impact cognition by exerting both enhancing (e.g., better memory for emotional events) and impairing (e.g., increased emotional distractibility) effects (reviewed in 1). Complementing our recent protocol 2 describing a method that allows investigation of the neural correlates of the memory-enhancing effect of emotion (see also 1, 3-5), here we present a protocol that allows investigation of the neural correlates of the detrimental impact of emotion on cognition. The main feature of this method is that it allows identification of reciprocal modulations between activity in a ventral neural system, involved in 'hot' emotion processing (HotEmo system), and a dorsal system, involved in higher-level 'cold' cognitive/executive processing (ColdEx system), which are linked to cognitive performance and to individual variations in behavior (reviewed in 1). Since its initial introduction 6, this design has proven particularly versatile and influential in the elucidation of various aspects concerning the neural correlates of the detrimental impact of emotional distraction on cognition, with a focus on working memory (WM), and of coping with such distraction 7,11, in both healthy 8-11 and clinical participants 12-14.

We present a protocol that allows investigation of the neural mechanisms mediating the detrimental impact of emotion on cognition, using functional magnetic resonance imaging. This protocol can be used with both healthy and clinical participants.

脑成像的情感对认知损害的影响调查

Emotions can impact cognition by exerting both enhancing (e.g., better memory for emotional events) and impairing (e.g., increased emotional ...

The Emotional Stroop Task: Assessing Cognitive Performance under Exposure to Emotional Content

The emotional Stroop effect (ESE) is the result of longer naming latencies to ink colors of emotion words than to ink colors of neutral words. The difference shows that people are affected by the emotional content conveyed by the carrier words even though they are irrelevant to the color-naming task at hand. The ESE has been widely deployed with patient populations, as well as with non-selected populations, because the emotion words can be selected to match the tested pathology. The ESE is a powerful tool, yet it is vulnerable to various threats to its validity. This report refers to potential sources of confounding and includes a modal experiment that provides the means to control for them. The most prevalent threat to the validity of existing ESE studies is sustained effects and habituation wrought about by repeated exposure to emotion stimuli. Consequently, the order of exposure to emotion and neutral stimuli is of utmost importance. We show that in the standard design, only one specific order produces the ESE.

The emotional Stroop effect (ESE) is the result of longer naming latencies to ink colors of emotion words than those of neutral words. This report refers to potential sources of confounding and includes a modal experiment that provides the means to control for them.

情绪Stroop任务:评估下暴露的认知表现的情感内容

The emotional Stroop effect (ESE) is the result of longer naming latencies to ink colors of emotion words than to ink colors of neutral words. The ...

行为学

Conscious and Non-conscious Representations of Emotional Faces in Asperger's Syndrome

Several neuroimaging studies have suggested that the low spatial frequency content in an emotional face mainly activates the amygdala, pulvinar, and superior colliculus especially with fearful faces1-3. These regions constitute the limbic structure in non-conscious perception of emotions and modulate cortical activity either directly or indirectly2. In contrast, the conscious representation of emotions is more pronounced in the anterior cingulate, prefrontal cortex, and somatosensory cortex for directing voluntary attention to details in faces3,4. Asperger&#39;s syndrome (AS)5,6 represents an atypical mental disturbance that affects sensory, affective and communicative abilities, without interfering with normal linguistic skills and intellectual ability. Several studies have found that functional deficits in the neural circuitry important for facial emotion recognition can partly explain social communication failure in patients with AS7-9. In order to clarify the interplay between conscious and non-conscious representations of emotional faces in AS, an EEG experimental protocol is designed with two tasks involving emotionality evaluation of either photograph or line-drawing faces. A pilot study is introduced for selecting face stimuli that minimize the differences in reaction times and scores assigned to facial emotions between the pretested patients with AS and IQ/gender-matched healthy controls. Information from the pretested patients was used to develop the scoring system used for the emotionality evaluation. Research into facial emotions and visual stimuli with different spatial frequency contents has reached discrepant findings depending on the demographic characteristics of participants and task demands2. The experimental protocol is intended to clarify deficits in patients with AS in processing emotional faces when compared with healthy controls by controlling for factors unrelated to recognition of facial emotions, such as task difficulty, IQ and gender.

An EEG experimental protocol is designed to clarify the interplay between conscious and non-conscious representations of emotional faces in patients with Asperger&#39;s syndrome. The technique suggests that patients with Asperger&#39;s syndrome have deficits in non-conscious representation of emotional faces, but have comparable performance in conscious representation with healthy controls.

在阿斯伯格综合症情绪面孔的自觉和不自觉的交涉

Several neuroimaging studies have suggested that the low spatial frequency content in an emotional face mainly activates the amygdala, pulvinar, and ...

Measuring Attention and Visual Processing Speed by Model-based Analysis of Temporal-order Judgments

This protocol describes how to conduct temporal-order experiments to measure visual processing speed and the attentional resource distribution. The proposed method is based on a new and synergistic combination of three components: the temporal-order judgments (TOJ) paradigm, Bundesen&#39;s Theory of Visual Attention (TVA), and a hierarchical Bayesian estimation framework. The method provides readily interpretable parameters, which are supported by the theoretical and neurophysiological underpinnings of TVA. Using TOJs, TVA-based estimates can be obtained for a broad range of stimuli, whereas traditional paradigms used with TVA are mainly limited to letters and digits. Finally, the meaningful parameters of the proposed model allow for the establishment of a hierarchical Bayesian model. Such a statistical model allows assessing results in one coherent analysis both on the subject and the group level.
To demonstrate the feasibility and versatility of this new approach, three experiments are reported with attention manipulations in synthetic pop-out displays, natural images, and a cued letter-report paradigm.

Temporal-order judgments can be used to estimate processing speed parameters and attentional weights and thereby to infer the mechanisms of attentional processing. This methodology can be applied to a wide range of visual stimuli and works with many attention manipulations.

通过颞阶判决的基于模型的分析测量注意力和视觉处理速度

This protocol describes how to conduct temporal-order experiments to measure visual processing speed and the attentional resource distribution. The ...

Correlating Behavioral Responses to fMRI Signals from Human Prefrontal Cortex: Examining Cognitive Processes Using Task Analysis

The aim of this methods paper is to describe how to implement a neuroimaging technique to examine complementary brain processes engaged by two similar tasks. Participants' behavior during task performance in an fMRI scanner can then be correlated to the brain activity using the blood-oxygen-level-dependent signal. We measure behavior to be able to sort correct trials, where the subject performed the task correctly and then be able to examine the brain signals related to correct performance. Conversely, if subjects do not perform the task correctly, and these trials are included in the same analysis with the correct trials we would introduce trials that were not only for correct performance. Thus, in many cases these errors can be used themselves to then correlate brain activity to them. We describe two complementary tasks that are used in our lab to examine the brain during suppression of an automatic responses: the stroop1 and anti-saccade tasks. The emotional stroop paradigm instructs participants to either report the superimposed emotional 'word' across the affective faces or the facial 'expressions' of the face stimuli1,2. When the word and the facial expression refer to different emotions, a conflict between what must be said and what is automatically read occurs. The participant has to resolve the conflict between two simultaneously competing processes of word reading and facial expression. Our urge to read out a word leads to strong 'stimulus-response (SR)' associations; hence inhibiting these strong SR's is difficult and participants are prone to making errors. Overcoming this conflict and directing attention away from the face or the word requires the subject to inhibit bottom up processes which typically directs attention to the more salient stimulus. Similarly, in the anti-saccade task3,4,5,6, where an instruction cue is used to direct only attention to a peripheral stimulus location but then the eye movement is made to the mirror opposite position. Yet again we measure behavior by recording the eye movements of participants which allows for the sorting of the behavioral responses into correct and error trials7 which then can be correlated to brain activity. Neuroimaging now allows researchers to measure different behaviors of correct and error trials that are indicative of different cognitive processes and pinpoint the different neural networks involved.

The goal of our research is to correlate behavior to brain activity. Accurate behavioral measures and imaging techniques allow us to elucidate brain-behavior relationships.

关联从人类前额叶皮层的fMRI信号的行为反应：检查的认知过程，使用任务分析

The aim of this methods paper is to describe how to implement a neuroimaging technique to examine complementary brain processes engaged by two similar ...

Eye Tracking During Visually Situated Language Comprehension: Flexibility and Limitations in Uncovering Visual Context Effects

The present work is a description and an assessment of a methodology designed to quantify different aspects of the interaction between language processing and the perception of the visual world. The recording of eye-gaze patterns has provided good evidence for the contribution of both the visual context and linguistic/world knowledge to language comprehension. Initial research assessed object-context effects to test&#160;theories of modularity in language processing. In the introduction, we describe how subsequent investigations have taken the role of the wider visual context in language processing as a research topic in its own right, asking questions such as how our visual perception of events and of speakers contributes to&#160;comprehension informed by&#160;comprehenders&#39; experience. Among the examined aspects of the visual context are actions, events, a speaker&#39;s gaze, and emotional facial expressions, as well as spatial object configurations. Following an overview of the eye-tracking method and its different applications, we list the key steps of the methodology in the protocol, illustrating how to successfully use it to study visually-situated language comprehension. A final section presents three sets of representative results and illustrates the benefits and limitations of eye tracking for investigating the interplay between the perception of the visual world and language comprehension.

The present article reviews an eye-tracking methodology for studies on language comprehension. To obtain reliable data, key steps of the protocol must be followed. Among these are the correct set-up of the eye tracker (e.g., ensuring good quality of the eye and head images) and accurate calibration.

视觉语言理解中的眼动追踪: 发现视觉语境效果的灵活性和局限性

The present work is a description and an assessment of a methodology designed to quantify different aspects of the interaction between language processing ...

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>用于模拟视力丧失学习和训练的凝视-或有框架

A Gaze-Contingent Display Framework for Perceptual Learning Research with Simulated Central Vision Loss

Macular degeneration (MD) is one of the leading causes of vision impairment in the Western world. Patients with MD tend to develop spontaneous eye movement strategies to compensate for their vision loss, including adopting a preferred retinal locus, or PRL, a spared peripheral region that they use more frequently to replace the damaged fovea. However, not all patients are successful in developing a PRL, and even when they do, it might take them months. Currently, no gold standard rehabilitative therapy exists, and MD research is further hindered by issues of recruitment, compliance, and comorbidity. To help address these issues, a growing body of research has used eye tracking-guided, gaze-contingent displays in a simulated central vision loss paradigm in individuals with intact vision. While simulated vision loss is qualitatively different than pathological central vision loss, our framework provides for a highly controlled model through which to study compensatory eye movements and test possible rehabilitation interventions in low vision. By developing a comprehensive framework, rather than relying on isolated and disconnected tasks, we create a cohesive environment where we can test larger-scale hypotheses, allowing us to examine interactions between tasks, assess training effects across multiple measures, and establish a consistent methodology for future research. Furthermore, participants in simulated central vision loss studies show similarities in their oculomotor compensatory behaviors compared to patients with MD. Here, we present a framework for conducting gaze-contingent studies related to simulated central vision loss. We emphasize the utilization of the framework to test behavioral and oculomotor performance of healthy individuals on a wide range of perceptual tasks encompassing different levels of visual processing. We also discuss how this framework can be adapted for training MD patients.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>开发一种凝视条件显示框架，旨在通过模拟中央视力丧失进行感知和动眼运动研究

We present development of a gaze-contingent display framework designed for perceptual and oculomotor research simulating central vision loss. This framework is particularly adaptable for studying compensatory behavioral and oculomotor strategies in individuals experiencing both simulated and pathological central vision loss.