作者感谢彼得 Schiphorst 在设计设置和提供图1和3的图形方面的作用, 以及马尼克斯 Naber 的有用讨论和他对图表6的贡献。作者还承认研究人员和出版商从一个已发表的论文1中重用图1和6。

本议定书已得到密歇根州立大学机构审查委员会的批准. 
 1. 生成系统 <ol> <li> 基本原理 <ol> <li> 准备镜像设置, 经典惠斯立体 28 的变体在 图1中演示, 由位于45和 #176 的两个镜像组成; 相对于参与者和 #39 中线的角度。镜子反映了两个屏幕的刺激, 它们位于桌子的两端, 彼此面向. </li>
		<li> 在镜子前放置一个参与者, 让他们查看不同的屏幕, 通过不同的镜子反映出来, 每只眼睛。为了取得最佳效果, 使用头部休息来稳定参与者和 #39 的头部. </li>
		<li> 将红外线敏感的视频眼跟踪器 (包括照相机和照明灯) 放置在参与者前面, 但在镜子后面。眼睛跟踪器由 图 1 中的一个框表示. 
		注意: 在这种类型的正常设置中试图跟踪眼睛的一个挑战是, 眼睛被镜子挡住了. </li>
		<li> 使用两个前表面反射镜, 通常是广告 #34; 冷镜和 #34; (入射角:45 和 #176;), 该特征近乎完全的可见光反射率和近乎完全的近红外波长传输 (详见表 1)有关镜像的信息). 
		注: 此类镜子可以通过提供科学和工业用途的光学设备的公司获得, 这通常列出诸如和 #39 之类的组件; 冷镜和 #39; 或作为一种和 #39;d ichroic 镜子和 #39; (参见材料中更多的细节设备表)。
		<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always"> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td> 设置 1 </td> <td> 设置 2 </td> </tr> <tr> 镜像 <td rowspan="3"> </td> 维度 <td> </td> 10.10#215; 12.70 厘米 </td> <td> 10.10 和 #215; 12.70 厘米 </td> </tr> <tr> <td> 反射 </td> <td> 400 ~ 690 nm </td> <td> 425 ~ 650 nm </td> </tr> <tr> 传输 <td> </td> 750 ~ 1200 nm <td> </td> 800 ~ 1200 nm <td> </td>>> <td rowspan="2"> 眼球跟踪器 </td> <td> 品牌 </td> <td> 研究-最终眼球跟踪仪 </td> <td> 客户级别眼球跟踪仪 </td> </tr> <tr> 传输 <td> </td> 890 〜 940 nm <td> </td> 大约 850 nm <td> </td> </tr> </tbody>
		 表1。我们已经使用过的安装程序的两个版本的详细信息. 
		眼睛跟踪器和 #39 的传输波长范围由镜像和 #39 覆盖; 传输范围在45和 #176; 入射角, 但在其反射范围之外. </li>
	安装程序 <ol> <li> 的 </ol> </li> <li> 结构在桌面上建立安装。除镜子和眼睛追踪器之外, 它仅包括由纤维板制成的三 custom-built 元素 (参见 图 2 为汇编指南) 和二台平板显示器在显示器-胳膊可利用从正常办公室供应商店. </li>
		<li> 纤维板元素 <ol> <li> 从纤维板的三组件中构建安装框架: 一个中心组件和两侧的两个参考板 (参见 图 1 , 用于一般定位、表2对于详细维度, 以及每个组件的程序集指南的 图 2 。将所有这些碎片涂在无光泽的黑色中以减少光散射. 
			注意: 中心组件 (参见 图 2B 和 2D ) 持有镜像和眼睛跟踪器。两者都是在同一高原, 从而保持眼睛跟踪的参与者和 #39; 眼睛水平. </li>
			<li> 放置此组件的顶部元素, 使其在桌面的前面留下8厘米深。这样的安排为参与者和 #39 提供了足够的空间, 使其在头上保持稳定, 并避免在过期时在镜子上凝结, 同时最小化参与者和 #39 之间的距离; 使眼睛和镜子最大化参与者和 #39 的可视字段的可能使用. </li>
			<li> 将两个参考板直接放在显示器下面 (请参阅 图 1 用于定位和 图 2 面板 A 和 C 的组件指南), 以方便手动校准屏幕。请注意, 屏幕和板之间的 图 1 中的明显偏移是由于图像中的有限深度提示造成的;这些板子在两边的显示器上都是直的. </li>
			<li> 将长的横向与桌面的边缘对齐, 而长的垂直线会在桌面的前面留下4厘米, 以方便稳定校准板 (见下) 到这些主板。这两个小的垂直面将确保垂直保持竖直作为显示器的参考. </li>
			<li> (可选) 使用单独的纤维板作为校准板 (请参见 图 3 )。在这种情况下, 在获得一个最佳的显示器位置后, 将校准板放在参考板上, 并在校准板上显示参考板和显示器的位置 (例如, 强类 = "xfig" > 图 3 , 木板条提供这些指示). </li>
			<li> 当所需的监视器位置丢失时 (意外或由于其他实验需要不同的位置), 请使用校准板上的标记来检索此位置, 以便将校准板放回相对于在桌子上有固定位置的参考板。再次移动显示器以使其与适当的标记一致 (请参见步骤 2.1.1. 详细信息)。
			<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always"> <tbody> <tr> <td> 组件 </td> <td> 维度 (cm) </td> <td> 数字 </td> <td> 备注 </td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4"> 中心组件td > <td> 80、#215; 25 和 #215; 2 </td> <td> 1 </td> <td> 水平上 </td> </tr> <tr> <td> 23 和 #215; 25 和 #215; 2 </td> <td> 1 </td> <td> 水平底部 </td> </tr> <tr> <td> 21 和 #215; 32 和 #215; 2 </td> <td> 1 </td>
						<td> 中央垂直 </td> </tr>
					<tr> <td> 32 和 #215; 25 和 #215; 2 </td> <td> 1 </td> <td> 前面向垂直 </td> </tr>
					<tr> <td rowspan="3"> 参考板 </td> <td> 61 和 #215; 11 和 #215; 2 </td> <td> 2 </td> <td> 长水平 </td> </tr>
					<tr> <td> 66 和 #215; 29 和 #215; 2 </td> <td> 2 </td> <td> 长垂直 </td> </tr>
					<tr> <td> 11 和 #215; 15 和 #215; 2 </td> <td> 4 </td> <td> 小垂直 </td></tr> </tbody> </table> 表2。纤维板组件的详细信息. </li>
		</ol> </li> <li> 监视器和镜像 <ol> <li> 将安装设置在标准办公室的顶部. </li>
			<li> 在标准显示器臂上安装两个平板显示器, 固定在办公桌一侧 (夹住参考板和办公桌)。这些武器允许翻译在三维度和旋转在屏幕的平面。传统的 CRT 显示器显然也与安装程序兼容, 但在定位和重新定位方面却不具备相同的灵活性. </li>
			<li> 在镜像装载上挂载镜像, 由相同的供应商为目的销售。将这些支架连接到在参与者和 #39 上持有镜子的纤维板; 眼睛水平。把镜子放在90和 #176 的位置上, 在中心的角度, 在参与者和 #39 的鼻子前. </li>
		</ol> </li> <li> 剩余元素 注意: 一些实验要求参与者不要从眼角看到屏幕, 这样就可以直接看见屏幕的线 (在 图 4A 中虚线)应该避免。
		<ol> <li> 在这种情况下, 创建和 #34; 眼罩和 #34; 黑色的纸板和泡沫填充的孔带涂黑色, 并附上他们的头部休息的职位 (见 图 4B )。调整眼罩的高度和角度, 以适应个别参与者。如果参加者前面的墙有高反射率, 挂一块黑色的面料将有助于弥补这一点. </li>
		</ol> </li> </ol> </li> </ol> 2。使用系统 <ol> <li> 硬件校准 注: 校准的目的是为了使两台显示器之间的融合更加轻松, 从而实现两台显示器和 #39 的协调; 每个参与者的图像。这可以通过两个步骤实现: 硬件校准 (此处描述) 和软件校准 (如下所述)。
	<ol> <li> 使用校准板时, 如上所述, 将其与一个参考板对齐, 如果需要, 将其与 C 钳固定在一起, 然后将相应的显示器移动到校准板上所需的参考线上。显示器应该是平行的, 并且每个应该是平直的在它的参考板之上. </li>
		<li> 当使用眼罩时, 将其移动到参与者和 #39 的眼睛水平, 并将它们稍微向中线旋转, 即比较内向, 与显示器的方向相对。确保每只眼睛都能看到镜子里的整个视觉刺激, 而不直接看到它。把眼罩朝向而不是远离中线将会使参与者和 #39 最小化; 接触其他视觉输入. </li>
	</ol> </li> <li> 软件校准 <ol> <li>, 因为尽管使用了头部休息, 参与者的眼睛位置可能会有所不同, 但在进行实验之前还要进一步校准。这部分是最容易完成的软件, 即不移动的设置和 #39; s 部分进一步。有两种可能的方法。
		<ol> <li> 对于第一个, 在交替的两个屏幕上呈现一个点, 并指示参与者通过在其中一个屏幕上移动点 (或两个相反方向) 来消除感知位置的变化. </li>
			<li> 对于第二种方法, 指示参与者将实验刺激的帧与两个点对齐, 使眼睛和 #39; 对特定实验至关重要的可视字段对齐. </li>
		</ol> </li> <li> 在应用任一方法后, 将实验中的刺激集中在所产生的 on-screen 位置上。其他方面的设置显示和刺激 dichoptic 演示文稿一般可以在别处找到 5 . </li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>

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J., Braun, J., Moody, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Eye+tracker+system+for+use+with+head+mounted+displays.">Eye tracker system for use with head mounted displays.</a> 1998 IEEE Int. Conf. Syst. Man. 5, 4348-4352 (1998).</li><li>Gibaldi, A., Vanegas, M., Bex, P. J., Maiello, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+the+Tobii+EyeX+Eye+tracking+controller+and+Matlab+toolkit+for+research.">Evaluation of the Tobii EyeX Eye tracking controller and Matlab toolkit for research.</a> Behav. Res. Methods. , 1-24 (2016).</li><li>Fox, R., Todd, S., Bettinger, L. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optokinetic+nystagmus+as+an+objective+indicator+of+binocular+rivalry.">Optokinetic nystagmus as an objective indicator of binocular rivalry.</a> Vision Res. 15 (7), 849-853 (1975).</li><li>Leopold, D. A., Fitzgibbons, J. C., Logothetis, N. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Role+of+Attention+in+Binocular+Rivalry+as+Revealed+through+Optokinetic+Nystagmus.">The Role of Attention in Binocular Rivalry as Revealed through Optokinetic Nystagmus.</a> , (1995).</li><li>Zaretskaya, N., Thielscher, A., Logothetis, N. K., Bartels, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Disrupting+Parietal+Function+Prolongs+Dominance+Durations+in+Binocular+Rivalry.">Disrupting Parietal Function Prolongs Dominance Durations in Binocular Rivalry.</a> Curr. Biol. 20 (23), 2106-2111 (2010).</li><li>Robinson, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Method+of+Measuring+Eye+Movemnent+Using+a+Scieral+Search+Coil+in+a+Magnetic+Field.">A Method of Measuring Eye Movemnent Using a Scieral Search Coil in a Magnetic Field.</a> IEEE Trans. Bio-Med. Electron. 10 (4), 137-145 (1963).</li><li>Kalisvaart, J. P., Goossens, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+Retinal+Image+Shifts+and+Extra-Retinal+Eye+Movement+Signals+on+Binocular+Rivalry+Alternations.">Influence of Retinal Image Shifts and Extra-Retinal Eye Movement Signals on Binocular Rivalry Alternations.</a> PLOS ONE. 8 (4), e61702 (2013).</li><li>Fr&#228;ssle, S., Sommer, J., Jansen, A., Naber, M., Einh&#228;user, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Binocular+rivalry:+frontal+activity+relates+to+introspection+and+action+but+not+to+perception.">Binocular rivalry: frontal activity relates to introspection and action but not to perception.</a> J. Neurosci. 34 (5), 1738-1747 (2014).</li><li>Duchowski, A. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Binocular+Eye+Tracking+in+Virtual+Reality+for+Inspection+Training.">Binocular Eye Tracking in Virtual Reality for Inspection Training.</a> Proc. 2000 Symp. Eye Track. Res. Appl. , 89-96 (2000).</li><li>Hayashi, R., Tanifuji, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Which+image+is+in+awareness+during+binocular+rivalry?+Reading+perceptual+status+from+eye+movements.">Which image is in awareness during binocular rivalry? Reading perceptual status from eye movements.</a> J. Vis. 12 (3), 5-5 (2012).</li><li>van Dam, L. C. J., van Ee, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retinal+image+shifts,+but+not+eye+movements+per+se,+cause+alternations+in+awareness+during+binocular+rivalry.">Retinal image shifts, but not eye movements per se, cause alternations in awareness during binocular rivalry.</a> J. Vis. 6 (11), 3-3 (2006).</li><li>Maiello, G., Chessa, M., Solari, F., Bex, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simulated+disparity+and+peripheral+blur+interact+during+binocular+fusionShort+Title??.">Simulated disparity and peripheral blur interact during binocular fusionShort Title??.</a> J. Vis. 14 (8), 13-13 (2014).</li><li>Vinnikov, M., Allison, R. S., Fernandes, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impact+of+depth+of+field+simulation+on+visual+fatigue:+Who+are+impacted?+and+how?.">Impact of depth of field simulation on visual fatigue: Who are impacted? and how?.</a> Int. J. Hum.-Comput. Stud. 91, 37-51 (2016).</li><li>Tsuchiya, N., Wilke, M., Fr&#228;ssle, S., Lamme, V. A. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=No-Report+Paradigms:+Extracting+the+True+Neural+Correlates+of+Consciousness.">No-Report Paradigms: Extracting the True Neural Correlates of Consciousness.</a> Trends Cogn. Sci. 19 (12), 757-770 (2015).</li><li>Naber, M., Fr&#228;ssle, S., Einh&#228;user, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Perceptual+Rivalry:+Reflexes+Reveal+the+Gradual+Nature+of+Visual+Awareness.">Perceptual Rivalry: Reflexes Reveal the Gradual Nature of Visual Awareness.</a> PLOS ONE. 6 (6), e20910 (2011).</li></ol>

作者没有什么可透露的。

我们提出了一个 step-by 步指南的建设和使用的实验设置, 允许同时跟踪眼睛和 dichoptic 呈现视觉刺激。在许多情况下, dichoptic 刺激使用, 关键的问题, 防止有效的眼睛跟踪是 dichoptic 表示阻挡视线的视频眼追踪。这是通过使用红外线透明的镜子和红外线敏感的眼睛跟踪器来解决的。这种设置允许3D 视觉, 双眼抑制或临床研究的研究员收集高质量的眼球跟踪数据, 同时使用大的, 任意颜色的刺激。
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在正常的观察条件下, 我们的每一个眼睛都接受一个稍微不同的视觉输入。然后处理这个输入, 以产生一个连贯的, 三维的世界代表。Dichoptic 演示, 独立控制两只眼睛所呈现的输入的实践, 从而使研究人员能够从两个 two-dimensional 视网膜图像2中重建一个三维的表示.,3,4。另外, 如果两只眼睛的图像太不相同, 这种双眼组合就会失败, 而观察者却只报告其中一个图像的感知, 而另一只则被压制, 在诸如双目对抗等现象中5和连续的 flash 抑制6。这种双眼抑制的研究人员, 也使用 dichoptic 演示, 在这种情况下, 以检查与主题有关的问题, 如神经轨迹的意识7, 感性选择8,9, 和无意识正在处理10。
凝视和瞳孔动力学在人类行为和知觉的研究中被记录为多个目的。凝视方向可以通知有关, 例如, 注意分配11,10,13和决策14, 而瞳孔大小可以显示可视处理的各个方面15, 16, 任务约定17, 或流体智能18。
结合眼跟踪与 dichoptic 演示是有用的研究, 例如, 三维 (3D) 知觉19,20,21,22或视觉反应在双眼抑制期间输入23,24,25。例如, 在连续的 flash 抑制23中, 发现了眼球运动, 而没有主观感知的无意识处理。临床视觉研究人员可以使用的能力, 跟踪两眼在 dichoptic 的演示, 以调查眼部疾病, 影响两眼非对称, 例如, 监测单眼和双目视觉失真发生在弱视26和黄斑27。
我们最近描述了一个设置1 , 它允许高质量的视频眼跟踪和 dichoptic 刺激的组合, 对刺激的大小或颜色的限制很少, 我们评估了它的性能。下面我们将总结这个设置的构造和使用。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1130">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:163px;">Mirrors in Setup 1</td>
			<td style="width:283px;">Edmund Optics</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">&#160;#64-452</td>
			<td style="width:516px;">dimensions 10.10 &#215; 12.70 cm; Reflectance: 400 ~ 690 nm; Transmission: 750 ~ 1200nm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:163px;">Mirrors in Setup 2</td>
			<td style="width:283px;">Edmund Optics</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Item discontinued</td>
			<td>dimensions 10.10 &#215; 12.70 cm; Reflectance: 425 ~ 650 nm; Transmission: 800 ~ 1200nm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Other Mirror Option</td>
			<td style="width:283px;">Edmund Optics</td>
			<td>#62-634</td>
			<td>dimensions 12.50 &#215; 12.50 cm; Reflectance: 425 ~ 650 nm; Transmission: 800 ~ 1200nm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:163px;">Eye Tracker in Setup 1</td>
			<td style="width:283px;">SR Research Ltd., Mississauga, Ontario, Canada</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Eyelink 1000</td>
			<td>Transmission: 890 ~ 940 nm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:163px;">Eye Tracker in Setup 2</td>
			<td style="width:283px;">The Eye Tribe Aps, Copenhagen, Denmark</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Eye Tribe (item discontinued)</td>
			<td>Transmission: around 850 nm</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

how to build a dichoptic presentation system that includes an eye tracker

不同的刺激对两只眼睛的介绍, dichoptic 介绍, 是必要的研究涉及3D 视觉和双眼抑制。关于瞳孔和动眼神经测量的独特实验价值的文献越来越多, 特别是对双眼抑制的研究。虽然获得眼球跟踪措施将有益于使用 dichoptic 演示的研究, 但 dichoptic 演示的硬件 (如镜子) 通常会干扰高质量的眼球跟踪, 尤其是在使用视频眼睛跟踪.我们最近描述了一个实验性的设置, 它将一个标准的 dichoptic 演示系统与红外眼睛跟踪器结合使用红外透明镜像1。安装程序与标准监视器和眼跟踪器兼容, 易于实施, 而且价格适中 (按1000美元的顺序)。相对于现有的方法, 它具有不需要特殊设备的好处, 对视觉刺激的性质和质量的限制很少。在这里, 我们提供了建设和使用我们的设置视觉指南。

在协议中描述的校准后, 我们执行了校准-验证程序, 而不存在镜像的问题。图 5清楚地说明了该方法的有效性, 它显示了照相机的图像 (使用研究端眼跟踪系统) 与镜像到位。两组平行线沿参与者的鼻子和眼睛眉毛以上的线是镜子的边缘, 但, 然而, 在该框架内的脸是一样清楚的, 因为它是外面。这突出显示了在相机记录的波长上缺少信号损耗。一个正式?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about How to Build a Dichoptic Presentation System That Includes an Eye Tracker at JoVE.com

How to Build a Dichoptic Presentation System That Includes an Eye Tracker

我们最近提出了一种方法, 允许 dichoptic 视觉刺激演示和双目眼睛跟踪同时1。关键是红外眼跟踪器和相应的红外透明镜像的组合。这份手稿提供了一个在初始设置和日常操作的深度协议。

如何建立一个包括眼球跟踪器的 Dichoptic 演示系统

The presentation of different stimuli to the two eyes, dichoptic presentation, is essential for studies involving 3D vision and interocular suppression. ...

how-to-build-dichoptic-presentation-system-that-includes-an-eye

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

8.4K 次观看.  Michigan State University. 我们最近提出了一种方法, 允许 dichoptic 视觉刺激演示和双目眼睛跟踪同时1。关键是红外眼跟踪器和相应的红外透明镜像的组合。这份手稿提供了一个在初始设置和日常操作的深度协议。

视频: How to Build a Dichoptic Presentation System That Includes an Eye Tracker

Eye Tracking, Cortisol, and a Sleep vs. Wake Consolidation Delay: Combining Methods to Uncover an Interactive Effect of Sleep and Cortisol on Memory

Although rises in cortisol can benefit memory consolidation, as can sleep soon after encoding, there is currently a paucity of literature as to how these two factors may interact to influence consolidation. Here we present a protocol to examine the interactive influence of cortisol and sleep on memory consolidation, by combining three methods: eye tracking, salivary cortisol analysis, and behavioral memory testing across sleep and wake delays. To assess resting cortisol levels, participants gave a saliva sample before viewing negative and neutral objects within scenes. To measure overt attention, participants&#8217; eye gaze was tracked during encoding. To manipulate whether sleep occurred during the consolidation window, participants either encoded scenes in the evening, slept overnight, and took a recognition test the next morning, or encoded scenes in the morning and remained awake during a comparably long retention interval. Additional control groups were tested after a 20&#160;min&#160;delay in the morning or evening, to control for time-of-day effects. Together, results showed that there is a direct relation between resting cortisol at encoding and subsequent memory, only following a period of sleep. Through eye tracking, it was further determined that for negative stimuli, this beneficial effect of cortisol on subsequent memory may be due to cortisol strengthening the relation between where participants look during encoding and what they are later able to remember. Overall, results obtained by a combination of these methods uncovered an interactive effect of sleep and cortisol on memory consolidation.

We present a protocol used to discover an interactive effect between sleep and cortisol on memory consolidation, particularly for negative arousing images. Specifically, the experimental design utilizes eye tracking, salivary cortisol analysis, and behavioral memory testing &#8211; methods that can be used with both healthy and clinical participants.

眼睛跟踪，皮质醇和睡眠与唤醒延迟合并:合并方法来揭开睡眠和皮质醇的交互式影响记忆

Although rises in cortisol can benefit memory consolidation, as can sleep soon after encoding, there is currently a paucity of literature as to how these ...

科研

行为学

Assessment of Murine Exercise Endurance Without the Use of a Shock Grid: An Alternative to Forced Exercise

Using laboratory mouse models, the molecular pathways responsible for the metabolic benefits of endurance exercise are beginning to be defined. The most common method for assessing exercise endurance in mice utilizes forced running on a motorized treadmill equipped with a shock grid. Animals who quit running are pushed by the moving treadmill belt onto a grid that delivers an electric foot shock; to escape the negative stimulus, the mice return to running on the belt. However, avoidance behavior and psychological stress due to use of a shock apparatus can interfere with quantitation of running endurance, as well as confound measurements of postexercise serum hormone and cytokine levels. Here, we demonstrate and validate a refined method to measure running endurance in na&#239;ve C57BL/6 laboratory mice on a motorized treadmill without utilizing a shock grid. When mice are preacclimated to the treadmill, they run voluntarily with gait speeds specific to each mouse. Use of the shock grid is replaced by gentle encouragement by a human operator using a tongue depressor, coupled with sensitivity to the voluntary willingness to run on the part of the mouse. Clear endpoints for quantifying running time-to-exhaustion for each mouse are defined and reflected in behavioral signs of exhaustion such as splayed posture and labored breathing. This method is a humane refinement which also decreases the confounding effects of stress on experimental parameters.

A method to assess exercise endurance in laboratory mice without the use of a shock grid is demonstrated. This method is a humane refinement that can decrease the confounding effects of stress on experimental parameters.

小鼠运动耐力的评估没有一个冲击电网的使用:另一种强迫运动

Using laboratory mouse models, the molecular pathways responsible for the metabolic benefits of endurance exercise are beginning to be defined. The most ...

A Dual Task Procedure Combined with Rapid Serial Visual Presentation to Test Attentional Blink for Nontargets

When viewers search for targets in a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) stream, if two targets are presented within about 500 msec of each other, the first target may be easy to spot but the second is likely to be missed. This phenomenon of attentional blink (AB) has been widely studied to probe the temporal capacity of attention for detecting visual targets. However, with the typical procedure of AB experiments, it is not possible to examine how the processing of non-target items in RSVP may be affected by attention. This paper describes a novel dual task procedure combined with RSVP to test effects of AB for nontargets at varied stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs). In an exemplar experiment, a target category was first displayed, followed by a sequence of 8 nouns. If one of the nouns belonged to the target category, participants would respond &#8216;yes&#8217; at the end of the sequence, otherwise participants would respond &#8216;no&#8217;. Two 2-alternative forced choice memory tasks followed the response to determine if participants remembered the words immediately before or after the target, as well as a random word from another part of the sequence. In a second exemplar experiment, the same design was used, except that 1) the memory task was counterbalanced into two groups with SOAs of either 120 or 240 msec and 2) three memory tasks followed the sequence and tested remembrance for nontarget nouns in the sequence that could be anywhere from 3 items prior the target noun position to 3 items following the target noun position. Representative results from a previously published study demonstrate that our procedure can be used to examine divergent effects of attention that not only enhance targets but also suppress nontargets. Here we show results from a representative participant that replicated the previous finding.&#160;

This paper describes a novel dual task procedure combined with Rapid Serial Visual Presentation to look at attentional blink at varied stimulus onset asynchronies. This experimental procedure differed from others in that it tested attentional blink for nontargets.

的双任务过程结合快速系列视觉呈现到测试的注意闪烁Nontargets

When viewers search for targets in a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) stream, if two targets are presented within about 500 msec of each other, the ...

Eye-Tracking Control to Assess Cognitive Functions in Patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder with pathological involvement of upper and lower motoneurons, subsequently leading to progressive loss of motor and speech abilities. In addition, cognitive functions are impaired in a subset of patients. To evaluate these potential deficits in severely physically impaired ALS patients, eye-tracking is a promising means to conduct cognitive tests. The present article focuses on how eye movements, an indirect means of communication for physically disabled patients, can be utilized to allow for detailed neuropsychological assessment. The requirements, in terms of oculomotor parameters that have to be met for sufficient eye-tracking in ALS patients are presented. The properties of stimuli, including type of neuropsychological tests and style of presentation, best suited to successfully assess cognitive functioning, are also described. Furthermore, recommendations regarding procedural requirements are provided. Overall, this methodology provides a reliable, easy to administer and fast approach for assessing cognitive deficits in patients who are unable to speak or write such as patients with severe ALS. The only confounding factor might be deficits in voluntary eye movement control in a subset of ALS patients.

Cognitive deficits are common in about one third of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, a neurological condition leading to progressive impairments in speech and movement abilities. To conduct cognitive tests in patients unable to speak or write a reliable and easy to administer eye-tracking paradigm was developed.

眼跟踪控制，以评估患者的认知功能与肌萎缩性脊髓侧索硬化症

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder with pathological involvement of upper and lower motoneurons, subsequently leading to ...

The Other End of the Leash: An Experimental Test to Analyze How Owners Interact with Their Pet Dogs

It has been suggested that the way in which owners interact with their dogs can largely vary and influence the dog-owner bond, but very few objective studies, so far, have addressed how the owner interacts with the dog. The goal of the present study was to record dog owners&#39; interaction styles by means of objective observation and coding. The experiment included eight standardized situations in which owners of pet dogs were asked to perform specific tasks including both positive (i.e. playing, teaching a new task, showing a preference towards an object in a food searching task, greeting after separation) and potentially distressing tasks (i.e. physical restriction during DNA sampling, putting a T-shirt onto the dog, giving basic obedience commands while the dog was distracted). The video recordings were coded off-line using a specifically designed coding scheme including scores for communication, social support, warmth, enthusiasm, and play style, as well as frequency of behaviors like petting, praising, commands, and attention sounds. Exploratory Factor Analysis of the 20 variables measured revealed 3 factors, labeled as Owner Warmth, Owner Social Support, and Owner Control, which can be viewed as analogues to parenting style dimensions. The experimental procedure introduced here represents the first standardized measure of interaction styles of dog owners. The methodology presented here is a useful tool to investigate individual variation in the interaction style of pet dog owners that can be used to explain differences in the dog-human relationship, dogs&#39; behavioral outcomes, and dogs stress coping strategies, all crucial elements both from a theoretical and applied point of view.

This article presents eight different experimental tasks, mirroring the everyday life of dogs and owners, used to analyze how owners interact with their dogs in a standardized way. The tasks included both positive (e.g. play) and negative (potentially stressful) situations (e.g. physical restriction).

皮带的另一端: 分析主人与宠物狗互动的实验测试

It has been suggested that the way in which owners interact with their dogs can largely vary and influence the dog-owner bond, but very few objective ...

Using Rapid Serial Visual Presentation to Measure Set-Specific Capture, a Consequence of Distraction While Multitasking

This method uses a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) paradigm to measure the cost of distraction when participants maintain multiple search goals. The protocol identifies two types of distraction within a single task - contingent attentional capture and set-specific capture - that represent different types of limitations of cognitive processing. Participants search for letters in two or more &#34;target&#34; ink colors (e.g., green and orange) within a continuous RSVP stream of heterogeneously colored letters, while ignoring two peripheral RSVPs of letters. Upon detecting a target, participants are to identify the letter. On some trials, target-colored distractors appear in the periphery just prior to the presentation of a target, causing a drop in target identification performance. Contingent attentional capture is observed by examining performance on trials in which the peripheral distractor is the same color as the target on that trial (e.g., both orange). Set-specific capture is represented by performance on trials in which the peripheral distractor is target-colored (e.g., orange), but not the same color as the target on that trial (e.g., green.) By varying the amount of time (i.e., the number of stimuli appearing) between the presentation of the distractor and the target, researchers can observe how participants recover from these distraction costs over time. As compared to static displays that are often used to measure contingent attentional capture, the dynamic display produces much larger effects, allowing the researcher to identify subtle effects of smaller manipulations. An unusual aspect of our design is that it employs a continuous display; &#34;filler&#34; stimuli connect one trial to the next seamlessly, and participants respond during this interval whenever they detect a target. The continuous display reduces chance performance to near-zero levels (rather than 50%) and provides researchers with a more sensitive measure of performance differences across trial types.

This method uses a dynamic visual display to index costs of distraction during visual search, including both &#34;contingent attentional capture&#34; and &#34;set-specific capture,&#34; which is a cost of distraction that occurs when the participants maintain multiple search goals simultaneously. This method has revealed basic mechanisms and limitations of visual attention.

使用快速串行可视化演示来测量集特定捕获, 这是在多任务时分心的结果。

This method uses a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) paradigm to measure the cost of distraction when participants maintain multiple search goals. ...

Olfactory Context Dependent Memory: Direct Presentation of Odorants

Information is retrieved more effectively when the retrieval occurs in the same context as that in which the information was first encoded. This is termed context dependent memory (CDM). One category of cues that have been shown to effectively produce CDM effects are odors. However, it is unclear what the boundary conditions of these CDM effects are. In particular, given that olfaction has been called an implicit sense, it is possible that odors are only effective mnemonic cues when they are presented in the background. This assertion seems even more likely given that previous research has shown odors to be poor cues during paired associate memory tests, where odors are in the focus of attention as mnemonic cues for other information. In order to determine whether odors are only effective contextual mnemonic cues when presented outside the central focus of an observer, an olfactory CDM experiment was performed in which odorants were presented directly, rather than ambiently. Direct presentation was accomplished with the aid of an olfactometer. The olfactometer not only allows for direct presentation of odorants, but provides other methodological benefits, including the allowance of trial by trial manipulations of odorant presentations and, relatedly, time-specific releases of odorants. The presence of the same odor during both encoding and retrieval enhanced memory performance, regardless of whether the odor was presented ambiently or directly. This finding can serve as a basis for future olfactory CDM research which can utilize the benefits of direct presentation.

The use of an olfactometer for directly presenting odorants opens exciting opportunities for researchers of olfactory memory. The current paper discusses issues related to this methodology as related to a previously published experiment on olfactory context dependent memory.

嗅觉语境依赖性记忆: 气味的直接表现

Information is retrieved more effectively when the retrieval occurs in the same context as that in which the information was first encoded. This is termed ...

Eye-tracking to Distinguish Comprehension-based and Oculomotor-based Regressive Eye Movements During Reading

Regressive eye movements are eye movements that move backwards through the text and comprise approximately 10-25% of eye movements during reading. As such, understanding the causes and mechanisms of regressions plays an important role in understanding eye movement behavior. Inhibition of return (IOR) is an oculomotor effect that results in increased latency to return attention to a previously attended target versus a target that was not previously attended. Thus, IOR may affect regressions. This paper describes how to design materials to distinguish between regressions caused by comprehension-related and oculomotor processes; the latter is subject to IOR. The method allows researchers to identify IOR and control the causes of regressions. While the method requires tightly controlled materials and large numbers of participants and materials, it allows researchers to distinguish and control the types of regressions that occur in their reading studies.

The method was designed to investigate the role of inhibition of return (IOR) in regressive eye movements during reading. The focus is on differentiating between regressions triggered as a result of comprehension difficulty versus those triggered from oculomotor error, including the role of IOR in the two types of regressions.

眼动追踪在阅读中区分基于理解的和基于眼球的退行性眼球运动

Regressive eye movements are eye movements that move backwards through the text and comprise approximately 10-25% of eye movements during reading. As ...

Efficiently Recording the Eye-Hand Coordination to Incoordination Spectrum

The objective analysis of eye movements has a significant history and has been long proven to be an important research tool in the setting of brain injury. Quantitative recordings have a strong capacity to screen diagnostically. Concurrent examinations of the eye and upper limb movements directed toward shared functional goals (e.g., eye-hand coordination) serve as an additional robust biomarker-laden path to capture and interrogate neural injury, including acquired brain injury (ABI). While quantitative dual-effector recordings in 3-D afford ample opportunities within ocular-manual motor investigations in the setting of ABI, the feasibility of such dual recordings for both eye and hand is challenging in pathological settings, particularly when approached with research-grade rigor. Here we describe the integration of an eye tracking system with a motion tracking system intended primarily for limb control research to study a natural behavior. The protocol enables the investigation of unrestricted, three-dimensional (3D) eye-hand coordination tasks. More specifically, we review a method to assess eye-hand coordination in visually guided saccade-to-reach tasks in subjects with chronic middle cerebral artery (MCA) stroke and compare them to healthy controls. Special attention is paid to the specific eye- and limb-tracking system properties in order to obtain high fidelity data from participants post-injury. Sampling rate, accuracy, permissible head movement range given anticipated tolerance and the feasibility of use were several of the critical properties considered when selecting an eye tracker and an approach. The limb tracker was selected based on a similar rubric but included the need for 3-D recording, dynamic interaction and a miniaturized physical footprint. The quantitative data provided by this method and the overall approach when executed correctly has tremendous potential to further refine our mechanistic understanding of eye-hand control and help inform feasible diagnostic and pragmatic interventions within the neurological and rehabilitative practice.&#160;

Cerebral injury can damage both ocular and somatic motor systems. Characterization of motor control post-injury affords biomarkers that assist in disease detection, monitoring, and prognosis. We review a method to measure eye-hand movement control in health and in pathologic incoordination, with look-and-reach paradigms to assess coordination between eye and hand.

有效地记录不协调谱的眼手协调

The objective analysis of eye movements has a significant history and has been long proven to be an important research tool in the setting of brain ...

Modified Blood Collection from Tail Veins of Non-anesthetized Mice with a Vacuum Blood Collection System and Eyeglass Magnifier

Blood sample collection is the basis of experimental animal research. It is of importance to obtain adequate blood samples for various research purposes. The tail veins of mice are small, and it is sometimes difficult to obtain the required blood volume by conventional puncture methods. This study investigates the superiority of repeated blood sample collection from tail veins of mice through use of a vacuum blood collection system and eyeglass magnifier (experimental group) compared to conventional blood sampling methods (conventional group), performed by beginners and experts, respectively. With the help of an eyeglass magnifier, a butterfly needle tip is inserted into the tail vein of each mouse in the experimental group. When the vein is penetrated successfully, a blood sample is collected in the vacuum collection tube by insertion of the rubber end of a butterfly needle into the vacuum blood collection tube. The plunger is then used to collect blood without the help of the eyeglass magnifier in the conventional group. Success rates of blood sample collection by the beginners and experts were shown to be 70% vs. 100% (p &#60; 0.01) in the experimental group and 35% vs. 85% (p &#60; 0.01) in the conventional group. For both beginners and experts, puncture times required for obtaining required blood sample were significantly lower in the experimental group compared to the conventional group (2.40 &#177; 0.75 vs. 2.90 &#177; 0.31, p &#60; 0.05; 1.15 &#177; 0.37 vs. 1.55 &#177; 0.76, p &#60; 0.05). In conclusion, the presented blood sampling technique is feasible and easy to practice and enables frequent sampling of adequate blood volumes from non-anesthetized mice.&#160;

This study reports blood sampling from tail vein in mice using a vacuum extraction tube system with eyeglass magnifier. Our method is easy to practice and could be used for repeat blood sampling in mice.

真空采血系统和眼镜放大镜从非麻醉小鼠尾静脉中修饰采血

Blood sample collection is the basis of experimental animal research. It is of importance to obtain adequate blood samples for various research purposes. ...