这项工作得到了公民联合研究癫痫 (赠款编号 35489);国家卫生研究院 (赠款编号 R01NS100954, R01NS099188);和路易斯安那州立大学健康科学中心马尔科姆费斯特博士后奖学金。

所有的实验程序都应按照国家卫生研究院 (NIH) 的指导方针进行, 由机构的动物保育和使用委员会 (IACUC) 批准。此协议所需的主要手术工具如图 1所示。
1. 植入电极的制备
<ol><li>安置10插座女性 nanoconnector (i. e, 电极;图 2A)到一个桌面老虎钳与10线面对和黑色的电线在前面。使用细钳, 将第一条 (黑线) 线折叠到右侧, 第二条 (棕) 线向左折。接下来将红色、橙色、蓝色和紫色的线交替向下折叠 (图 2B)。切断在他们的附件底部的黄色, 绿色, 白色和灰色的电线。</li>
	<li>要准备心电图线, 使用永久性的标记在紫色导线上做标记在 ~ 3.2 cm 和 ~ 3.5 cm 从电极的基地和在蓝色导线在 ~ 2.2 cm 和 ~ 2.5 cm (图 2C)。将电极从虎钳上取出, 并通过剥开手术刀刀片 (图 2D), 将导线一侧的绝缘层剥离, 从而将银丝暴露在标记区域之间。 注: 刮线应在显微镜下进行。应谨慎使用, 以确保银丝没有损坏, 因为绝缘被刮掉。</li>
	<li>将电极放回虎钳中。用一层薄薄的强力, 在电极的长度和宽度上贴一条双面安装胶带, 预制到导线的顶端。 注: 在粘胶带之前, 请确保电线是平的, 笔直地贴在两侧, 而不是相互缠绕。</li>
	<li>将用于脑电图的导线修剪成一个略微 V 形的角, 长度约为7-9 毫米, 棕褐色和黑色的线切割最短。不要切断用于心电图的导线 (图 2E)。</li>
	<li>包装和灭菌电极, 以备日后使用。</li>
</ol>2. 为手术准备鼠标
<ol><li>称量鼠标。注射5毫克/千克剂量的卡洛芬皮下 (南卡罗来纳州)。麻醉用腹腔 (ip) 注射含有氯胺酮 (80 毫克/千克)、嗪 (10 毫克/千克) 和乙酰 (1 毫克/千克) 的小鼠麻醉鸡尾酒的动物。</li>
	<li>一旦鼠标变成麻醉, 应用一条细线的兽医眼软膏每只眼睛。使用电动微调器, 剃须两个小区域 (〜2厘米2) 在鼠标的躯干两侧, 对应的心电图线将被植入 (图 3A)。 注意: 右边的剃光区域应该位于动物右侧 "腋窝" 的侧位置。在左侧, 剃须的区域应位于动物一侧的更腹的方向, 但比右侧的剃光区域 (图 3A) 的后侧要多1厘米。</li>
	<li>取下修剪过的头发, 用洗必泰溶液清洗两个剃光区域。</li>
</ol>3. 将电极连接到头骨
<ol><li>在解剖显微镜的舞台上, 将小鼠置于俯卧位置, 并在没有脚趾夹紧反射的情况下确认麻醉深度。 注: 步骤3.2 至5.6 应借助显微镜来完成。</li>
	<li>在拇指和食指之间保持头部稳定, 将皮毛从耳朵中间从耳部到眼睛后面, 再用棉签浸泡在酒精中 (图 3B)。 注意: 虽然这项手术应该做无菌技术, 它不是一个无菌的程序, 因为头皮不能剃光和鼠标必须在手术过程中操作。</li>
	<li>使用手术刀, 使一个〜1厘米中线切口通过头皮之间的分离皮毛之间的只是在前面的耳朵之间的眼睛 (图 3C, D)。<ol>
<li>使用手术刀的一侧或棉签, 轻轻地刮在头骨上的粘液膜, 直到骨头出现干燥。</li>
		<li>在切口周围拔毛, 形成一个薄薄的秃皮边缘。小心地除去任何可能掉进手术场的毛皮, 用一副钳子。用不育的棉头涂抹器将颅骨表面干燥, 如果需要的话, 施加几秒钟的轻柔压力。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>在头骨上有一个无菌的永久性标记, 在钻孔将钻 (图 3E) 的位置上做四标记。放置两个标记, 一个在矢状缝合的两侧在 bregma 前, 大约4毫米前和5毫米侧向 bregma (在额叶皮层以上), 为参考和地线。另两个标记, 一个在两侧的矢状缝合后 bregma, 大约2毫米后部和7毫米侧向 bregma (高于颞皮层), 为两个脑电图记录线。 注意: 这不是一个立体定向手术, 所给的距离是近似的, 根据鼠标的大小会有所不同。确保将孔放置在足够的侧面, 以方便地容纳电极植入物的底座, 该基座将沿着矢状缝合线 (图 3F) 固定在中线上。</li>
	<li>使用无菌微钻头, 用0.8 毫米直径钻头在每个标记处制作小毛刺孔。<ol>
<li>在钻孔时施加轻柔的压力, 在每个标记点处创建小凹槽。钻过头骨通过脉冲钻头的钻孔接近完成, 确保不施加太大的压力, 这可能会导致穿透和损害的基础脑组织。</li>
		<li>钻完所有孔后, 用棉签将该区域擦拭干净。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>要将电极固定在头骨的顶部, 请从电极上的双面安装胶带上取下纸背。在磁带上应用一层薄薄的强力。使用一对镊子, 从钳子中取出电极。定位于此, 当沿矢状缝合时, 较短的 EEG 线是侧的, 而长的心电图导线是尾鳍。<ol>
<li>将电极粘在头骨上, 在孔之间的矢状缝合 (图 3F)。 注意: 头骨必须是完全干燥的胶水在电极上坚持。一定不要用电极或胶水咬合头骨上的毛刺孔。</li>
		<li>简要地, 保持电极到位, 以确保与头骨的粘附, 然后允许胶水干燥5-10 分钟。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>4. 植入心电图的导线
<ol><li>在保持头部直立的同时, 将鼠标稍稍旋转到右侧。将长的心电图线放在左侧, 并将其向下延伸到鼠标左侧的剃光区域。想象一下, 一旦被暴露的电线将被放置在皮肤下面的隧道。 注: 为参考, 一个小的标记可以在皮肤上有一个永久性的标志。</li>
	<li>使用手术刀, 做一个〜1厘米切口在皮肤上的位置, 裸露的电线将被定位。在用 Adson 钳切开切口的同时, 用一根镊钳将切口周围的皮肤从底层结缔组织中松开, 形成一个口袋。从切口部位开始在动物的一侧, 隧道皮下与一块无菌聚乙烯油管 (已准备通过切割到〜6厘米长度与领先的边缘斜面), 直到斜面边缘退出切口上作出的头部 (c0>Figure 4A, B)。</li>
	<li>使用 (图 4C) 将心电图线通过油管送进导管。取出油管时, 用 Adson 钳抓住电极丝, 退出侧向切口。拉紧线 (图 4D)。</li>
	<li>通过将6-0 尼龙 (图 4E) 缝合到皮肤下的组织, 将心电导线固定到位。使用镊子和奥尔森 Hegar 针持有人, 在暴露的部分之前或之后, 在裸露的花丝和另一缝合线上应用一缝合。</li>
	<li>切割的电极线约2-3 毫米过去的最后缝合和塔克结束到口袋的皮肤之前形成。将切口的两侧拉在一起, 并使用克瑞理-木针夹 (图 4F) 应用的伤口夹子缝合。</li>
	<li>转动鼠标, 使鼻子指向相反的方向。头部仍处于直立俯卧位置, 将鼠标稍稍旋转到其左侧。</li>
	<li>重复上述步骤, 将对侧心电导线。 注意: 要近似于导联心电图记录的配置, 右心电线应放置在比左心线稍多的背侧和前部, 应稍多一些腹侧和后方。</li>
</ol>5. 植入脑电图线
<ol><li>为脑电图植入导线, 将小鼠置于俯卧位置, 并用非显性手的拇指和食指将头皮切口打开。</li>
	<li>用钳子, 去除任何可能已被油管拉下皮肤的毛皮。如有必要, 再用棉签擦干颅骨。使用 "钻钳", 小心铲出并清除任何可能在毛刺孔中收集的碎片或血块。</li>
	<li>从一侧最前面的孔开始, 弯曲最靠近该孔的导线, 使其直接位于孔上, 但尚未插入。抓住导线的下端, 并尽可能地将其喂入到孔中, 直到2-3 毫米的导线在头骨下 (图 5A)。 注意: 导线应该水平地位于头骨和大脑的表面之间。电线不应该刺穿大脑。</li>
	<li>随着导线的一端固定在孔中, 轻轻地将导线的剩余部分折叠起来, 使其对着头骨平躺。</li>
	<li>继续以同样的方式与后方的电线在同一侧。对另一侧的前后线重复 (图 5B)。 注意: 线配置在图 5C中进行了总结。</li>
</ol>6. 用牙科用水泥封头切口
<ol><li>将两勺羧酸粉与5滴羧酸液混合。用牙签搅拌混合物, 使糊状物具有所需的粘度。 注: 后续步骤6.2 至6.4 必须快速执行, 因为牙科水泥在搅拌后1分钟内干燥。</li>
	<li>拿起一大滴水泥膏与牙签和应用它周围的底部电极开始尾 (图 6A)。在电极周围继续进行, 使水泥在植入物周围形成一个盖子的导线上滴水 (图 6B)。</li>
	<li>使用平钳, 拉在切口的边缘上的毛皮, 在水泥帽上, 并按在一起, 小心不要扰乱植入的电线下面。将毛皮压入水泥以帮助闭合。</li>
	<li>通过将毛皮与牙科水泥粘合 (图 6C), 在眼睛之间进行切口密封。</li>
</ol>7. 协助术后康复
<ol><li>将鼠标放在循环热垫上的空笼中。监测鼠标, 直到它恢复知觉, 并能保持胸骨卧床。</li>
	<li>手术后, 把老鼠单独放在笼子里, 放在笼子里的食物颗粒和保湿凝胶中。用微隔离器盖上的笼子。</li>
	<li>在 24 h 后手术, 注射 (南卡罗来纳州) 的鼠标与5毫克/千克卡洛芬。</li>
	<li>在记录前允许≥48小时的手术后恢复。</li>
</ol>8. 从栓鼠中记录 EEG-心电信号
<ol><li>恢复后, 将植入的鼠标转移到具有透明壁的记录室, 以方便视频监控。系绳 (即 "插入") 鼠标 (图 7A), 轻轻但牢牢地握住鼠标, 同时使用另一只手插入的10针 (男性) nanoconnector 与引导后, 到插座的脑电图-心电图电极植入 (女性) 在鼠标的头部。</li>
	<li>使用支撑杆固定在房间上方的布线, 确保在导线上有足够的松弛, 允许鼠标自由移动, 但不太多, 电线拖地板的房间。</li>
	<li>将10针 nanoconnector 的布线连接到计算机连接的信号采集接口单元, 并在图 7B中描述同步视频录制。</li>
	<li>将记录的采样率设置为≥2赫用于心电图和≥500赫兹的脑电图 (即, 至少两倍的频率, 你有兴趣学习)。</li>
	<li>为获得最佳的信号跟踪效果, 请按照先前的18: 对所有数据使用60赫兹陷波器、75赫兹低和0.3 赫兹的 EEG 高通频带滤波器, 以及用于心电图的 3 hz 高通滤波器。</li>
	<li>记录同步视频和脑电图-心电图 (图 7C), 并将数字化数据保存到信号处理软件进行离线分析。</li>
	<li>一旦录音完成, 仔细解开鼠标, 并返回到它的家庭笼。</li>
</ol>9. 分析脑电图记录
<ol><li>进行检出量化分析。<ol>
<li>目视检查整个脑电图记录, 以手动识别发作发作, 在这个模型中定义为高振幅 (至少两次基线), 有节律的图放电持续大于5秒 (图 8A)。检查与图癫痫发作相对应的视频, 以确定与癫痫相关的行为。</li>
		<li>要计算癫痫发作频率 (缉获量/小时), 将缉获次数除以记录小时数。</li>
		<li>要计算发作持续时间, 请测量从图发作开始直到停止峰值 (图 8A) 的经过时间。</li>
		<li>计算扣押负担, 定义为每小时占用的时间, 对扣押期间进行求和, 并除以总记录时间。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>对前、后发作脑电图进行频谱功率分析。<ol>
<li>选择一个30分钟 (或任何其他所需的时间段) 围发作脑电图数据中心周围的癫痫发作将被检查。将原始数据 (已删除过滤器设置) 导出为 ASCII 数据文件或与电源频谱软件兼容的某些其他文件类型。</li>
		<li>使用简单的文本编辑器应用程序将 ASCII 文件转换为文本文件。</li>
		<li>打开功率谱软件中 EEG 段的结果文本文件, 并指定以下设置: "忽略非数字行";"逗号作为数据分隔符";和1000赫兹的缺省采样率。</li>
		<li>一旦 EEG 信号出现在功率谱软件在其各自的通道, 点击频道下拉菜单, 并选择 "数字滤波"。应用与所需频率范围相对应的数字带通滤波器进行分析。</li>
		<li>打开 "频谱视图" 从菜单面板, 选择适当的脑电图显示频道进行分析, 然后单击 "设置"。在 "设置" 下, 为频谱图指定下列参数, 然后单击 "关闭" 以生成频谱谱 (图形 8C): FFT 大小: 8192, 数据窗口: 韦尔奇, 窗口重叠: 93.75%, 显示模式: 功率密度, 频谱图颜色: 彩虹,笑颜色:64、PSD 平均: 1、去除零频率分量: 检查为 "on"。</li>
		<li>根据需要调整色度刻度以实现频谱图的最佳可视化。</li>
		<li>从菜单面板打开 "分析管理器"。点击 "+ 新分析" 创建两个分析 (分析1和分析 2), 这将对应于前和后发作脑电片段进行分析。在频谱图上指定所需的前和后发作段, 并分别与分析1和分析2相关联。 注意: 只有在没有噪声和伪影的情况下, 才应该考虑脑电图数据, 并从分析中删除 eeg 记录与重要工件的周期。</li>
		<li>创建分析段后, 从 "菜单" 面板中打开 "数据键盘视图"。点击适当的脑电图频道, 打开该频道的 "数据键盘设置" 菜单。</li>
		<li>在 "数据垫列设置" 中, 选择 "频谱" 选项, 然后选择 "总功率百分比"。</li>
		<li>在 "数据键盘列设置" 中, 单击 "选项", 并指定要检查的频率范围。在 "频谱数据键盘选项" 和 "数据键盘列设置" 中单击 "确定", 并且指定频带的百分比 (%) 电源将显示在所选分析段 (即分析1或分析 2) 的 "数据键盘" 视图中, 如 "分析经理。 注: 每个波段的功率或相对功率表示为在指定频率范围内的总光谱功率的百分比。</li>
		<li>对每个要分析的频带重复上述步骤。 注: 五主要 EEG 频带的常用范围包括18: δ波段 = 0.5-3 赫兹, 带 = 3.5-7 hz, α波段 = 8-12 hz, β波段 = 13-20 hz, γ波段 = 21-50 hz。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>10. 分析心电图记录
<ol><li>量化跳过心脏跳动。<ol>
<li>目测检查整个心电图记录, 以手动识别跳过的心跳, 定义为 RR 间隔的延长等于≥1.5 倍以前 r r 间隔, 这通常与非传导性 P 波指示房室传导块 (图 9A)。</li>
		<li>要计算每小时跳过心跳的频率, 请将录制会话期间的跳过节拍总数除以录制时间的总持续时间。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>执行心率变异性 (HRV) 分析。<ol>
<li>在数据采集软件中, 将记录设置更改为心电图通道的1新纪元。为 ecg 记录生成分析器段: 在12小时的光相位期间每3小时一个5分钟的心电图段, 总共4段。 注: 为分析选择的心电图记录应该是在动物静止和数据没有运动伪影的时候。</li>
		<li>通过单击 "保存已分析的派生数据", 从选定的已分析的心电图段生成 r r 间隔值的电子表格。检查电子表格中是否有丢失的数据或错误数据, 并删除除 r r 间隔数据以外的所有其他数值。将此修改后的电子表格保存为文本文件, 选择 "制表符分隔" 选项。</li>
		<li>在 HRV 软件中打开文本文件作为自定义 ASCII 文件, 指定以下选项: 标题行数: 0, 列分隔符: 制表符/空格, 数据类型: RR, 数据列: 1, 数据单位: 毫秒和时间索引列: 无。</li>
		<li>在菜单的 "首选项" 部分中, 设置下面详细的选项。<ol>
<li>设置分析选项, 如所述。r r 区间 detrending, detrending 方法: smoothn 先验, 平滑参数: 500, 心率变异性频带19, 极低频: 0-0. 15 赫兹, 低频: 0.15-1. 5 hz 和高频: 1.5-5 hz</li>
			<li>设置如上所述的高级设置。频谱估计选项, RR 序列的插值: 20Hz, 频率域中的点: 500 点/Hz, 使用 Welchs 周期方法的 FFT 频谱, 窗口宽度: 32s, 窗口重叠: 50%</li>
		</ol>
</li>
		<li>运行心率变异性分析, 产生时域分析值的平均 rr, STD rr (即, SDNN), RMSSD 和频域分析值的 HF 功率, lf 功率, 和比率的低频/高频功率。如果需要, 请将结果保存为 PDF 文件。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>

<ol>
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作者没有什么可透露的。

为了获得高质量的脑电图-心电记录, 没有任何文物, 应采取一切预防措施, 以防止退化或松动的植入电极和电线。当 EEG 头植入物变得松散时, 与大脑的导线接触会降低, 导致信号振幅降低。松散的植入物或不良的导线接触也会导致电信号失真, 将运动工件和背景噪音引入录音。为防止头部植入物可能松动, 在闭合头皮切口的基础上, 在种植体周围应用大量的牙科水泥, 以确保最大的强度和附着力。还?...

脑电图 (eeg) 和心电图 (ECG) 是强有力的和广泛使用的技术, 以评估在体内脑和心脏功能, 分别。EEG 是通过将电极连接到头皮1来记录电脑活动。用非侵入性脑电图记录的信号是由皮层锥体神经元产生的发货兴奋和抑制突触后电位引起的电压波动1,2。脑电图是评价和管理癫痫患者的最常见的 neurodiagnostic 测试3,4。这是特别有用的, 当癫痫发作发生时, 没有明显的抽搐行为表现, 如缺勤发作或无抽搐状态持续癫痫症5,6。反之, 非癫痫相关的情况, 导致抽搐发作或意识丧失可能被误诊为癫痫发作没有视频脑电图监测7。除了在癫痫领域的用处之外, EEG 还广泛用于检测与睡眠障碍、脑和记忆障碍有关的异常脑活动, 以及在手术中补充全身麻醉2,8,9。
与脑电图相反, 心电图 (有时简称心电图) 是心脏电活动的记录10。心电图通常是通过在四肢和胸壁上贴上电极来进行的, 这样可以在收缩和松弛的每个心脏周期中检测到心肌产生的电压变化10,11。正常心脏周期的主要心电图波形成分包括 P 波、QRS 复合体和 T 波, 分别对应于心房去极化、心室去极化和心室复极,10, 11. 心电图监测通常用于确定心脏传导系统的心律失常和缺陷12。在癫痫患者中, 使用心电图识别潜在的危及生命的心律失常的重要性被放大了, 因为他们是在明显增加心脏骤停的风险, 以及突然意外死亡的癫痫13, 14,15。
除了临床应用, 脑电图和心电图记录已经成为识别小鼠疾病模型中大脑和心脏功能障碍的不可或缺的工具。尽管传统上这些录音是单独进行的, 我们在这里描述了一种在小鼠中同时记录视频、脑电图和心电图的技术。在这里详细介绍的同步视频脑电图-心电图方法采用栓式记录配置, 在鼠标头上植入的电极硬连接到记录设备。历史上, 这种拴, 或有线, 配置已成为标准和最广泛使用的方法, 脑电图记录小鼠;然而, 无线脑电波遥测系统也在最近得到了发展, 并且越来越受欢迎16。
与无线脑电图系统相比, 栓系安排具有若干技术优势, 可根据所需的应用而使其更可取。这些优势包括更多的频道记录脑电图或其他 biopotentials;降低电极成本;电极一次性;对信号损耗的敏感性较小;和更大的频率带宽 (i. e, 采样率) 的录音17。正确地做, 这里描述的栓录音方法能提供高质量, 无工件的 EEG 和心电图数据同时, 与相应的录影为行为监视。这种脑电图和心电图数据, 然后可以挖掘, 以确定神经, 心脏, 或 neurocardiac 异常, 如癫痫发作, 改变脑电图功率谱, 心脏传导阻滞 (i. e, 跳过心脏跳动), 和心率变异性的变化。为了演示这些 EEG-心电图定量方法的应用, 我们提出了一个使用Kcna1挖空 (-) 鼠标的示例实验。Kcna1--小鼠缺乏电压门控的 Kv1.1 α亚基, 结果显示自发性癫痫发作、心功能不全和过早死亡, 使它们成为同时脑电图-心电图评价有害癫痫相关性的理想模型neurocardiac 功能障碍。

<table><tbody><tr><td>VistaVision stereozoom dissecting microscope</td><td>VWR</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dolan-Jenner MI-150 microscopy illuminator, with ring light</td><td>VWR</td><td>MI-150RL</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CS Series scale</td><td>Ohaus</td><td>CS200</td><td>for weighing animal</td></tr><tr><td>T/Pump professional</td><td>Stryker</td><td></td><td>recirculating water heat pad system</td></tr><tr><td>Ideal Micro Drill</td><td>Roboz Surgical Instruments</td><td>RS-6300</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ideal Micro Drill Burr Set</td><td>Cell Point Scientific</td><td>60-1000</td><td>only need the 0.8-mm size</td></tr><tr><td>electric trimmer</td><td>Wahl</td><td>9962</td><td>mini clipper</td></tr><tr><td>tabletop vise</td><td>Eclipse Tools</td><td>PD-372</td><td>PD-372 Mini-tabletop suction vise</td></tr><tr><td>fine scissors</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>14058-11</td><td>ToughCut, Straight, Sharp/Sharp, 11.5 cm</td></tr><tr><td>Crile-Wood needle holder</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>12003-15</td><td>Straight, Serrated, 15 cm, with lock - For applying wound clips</td></tr><tr><td>Dumont #7 forceps</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>11297-00</td><td>Standard Tips, Curved, Dumostar, 11.5 cm</td></tr><tr><td>Adson forceps</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>11006-12</td><td>Serrated, Straight, 12 cm</td></tr><tr><td>Olsen-Hegar needle holder with suture cutter</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>12002-12</td><td>Straight, Serrated, 12 cm, with lock</td></tr><tr><td>scalpel handle #3</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>10003-12</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>surgical blades #15</td><td>Havel&#039;s</td><td>FHS15</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>6-0 surgical suture</td><td>Unify</td><td>S-N618R13</td><td>non-absorbable, monofilament, black</td></tr><tr><td>gauze sponges</td><td>Coviden</td><td>2346</td><td>12 ply, 7.6 cm x 7.6 cm</td></tr><tr><td>cotton-tipped swabs</td><td>Constix</td><td>SC-9</td><td>15.2-cm total length</td></tr><tr><td>super glue&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Loctite</td><td>LOC1364076</td><td>gel control</td></tr><tr><td>Michel wound clips, 7.5mm</td><td>Kent Scientific</td><td>INS700750</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>polycarboxylate dental cement kit</td><td>Prime-dent</td><td>010-036</td><td>Type 1 fine grain</td></tr><tr><td>tuberculin syringe</td><td>BD</td><td>309623</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>polyethylene tubing</td><td>Intramedic</td><td>427431</td><td>PE160, 1.143 mm (ID) x 1.575 mm (OD)</td></tr><tr><td>chlorhexidine&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>C9394</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ethanol</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>E7023-500ML</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Puralube vet ointment</td><td>Dechra Veterinary Products</td><td></td><td>opthalamic eye ointment</td></tr><tr><td>mouse anesthetic cocktail</td><td></td><td></td><td>Ketamine (80 mg/kg), Xylazine (10 mg/kg), and Acepromazine (1 mg/kg)</td></tr><tr><td>carprofen</td><td></td><td></td><td>Rimadyl (trade name)</td></tr><tr><td>HydroGel</td><td>ClearH20</td><td>70-01-5022</td><td>hydrating gel; 56-g cups</td></tr><tr><td>Ponemah&amp;nbsp; software</td><td>Data Sciences International</td><td></td><td>data acquisition and analysis software; version 5.2 or greater with Electrocardiogram Module</td></tr><tr><td>7700 Digital Signal conditioner</td><td>Data Sciences International</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>12 Channel Isolated Bio-potential Pod</td><td>Data Sciences International</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>fish tank</td><td>Topfin</td><td></td><td>for use as recording chamber; 20.8 gallon aquarium; 40.8 cm (L) X 21.3 cm (W) X 25.5 cm (H)</td></tr><tr><td>Digital Communication Module (DCOM)</td><td>Data Sciences International</td><td>13-7715-70</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>12 Channel Isolated Bio-potential Pod</td><td>Data Sciences International</td><td>12-7770-BIO12</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>serial link cable</td><td>Data Sciences International</td><td>J03557-20</td><td>connects DCOM to bio-potential pod</td></tr><tr><td>Acquisition Interface (ACQ-7700USB)</td><td>Data Sciences International</td><td>PNM-P3P-7002</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>network video camera</td><td>Axis Communications</td><td></td><td>P1343, day/night capability</td></tr><tr><td>8-Port Gigabit Smart Switch</td><td>Cisco</td><td>SG200-08</td><td>8-port gigabit ethernet swith with 4 power over ethernet supported ports (Cisco Small Business 200 Series)</td></tr><tr><td>10-pin male nanoconnector with guide post hole</td><td>Omnetics</td><td>NPS-10-WD-30.0-C-G</td><td>electrode for implantation on the mouse head</td></tr><tr><td>10-socket female nanoconnector with guide post</td><td>Omnetics</td><td>NSS-10-WD-2.0-C-G</td><td>connector for electrode implant</td></tr><tr><td>1.5-mm female touchproof connector cables</td><td>PlasticsOne</td><td>441</td><td>1 signal, gold-plated; for connecting the wiring from the head-mount implant to the bio-potential pod</td></tr><tr><td>soldering iron</td><td>Weller</td><td>WESD51 BUNDLE</td><td>digital soldering station</td></tr><tr><td>solder</td><td>Bernzomatic</td><td>327797</td><td>lead free, silver bearing, acid flux core solder</td></tr><tr><td>heat shrink tubing</td><td>URBEST</td><td></td><td>collection of tubing with 1.5- to 10-mm internal diameters</td></tr><tr><td>heat gun</td><td>Dewalt</td><td>D26960</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>mounting tape (double-sided)</td><td>3M Scotch</td><td>MMM114</td><td>114/DC Heavy Duty Mounting Tape, 2.54 cm x 1.27 m&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>desktop computer</td><td>Dell</td><td></td><td>recommended minimum requirements: 3rd Gen Intel Core i7-3770 processor with HD4000 graphics; 4 GB RAM, 1 GB AMD Radeon HD 7570 video card; 1 TB hard drive; Windows 7 OS&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>permanent marker</td><td>Sharpie</td><td>37001</td><td>black color, ultra fine point</td></tr><tr><td>toothpicks</td><td></td><td></td><td>for mixing and applying the polycarboxylate dental cement</td></tr><tr><td>LabChart Pro software</td><td>ADInstruments</td><td></td><td>power spectrum software; version 8.1.3 or greater</td></tr><tr><td>Kubios HRV software</td><td>Univ. of Eastern Finland</td><td></td><td>HRV analysis software; version 2.2</td></tr><tr><td>Notepad</td><td>Microsoft</td><td></td><td>simple text editor software</td></tr></tbody></table>

simultaneous video-eeg-ecg monitoring to identify neurocardiac dysfunction in mouse models of epilepsy

癫痫发作可以引起心律紊乱, 如心率变化、传导阻滞、asystoles 和心律失常, 这可能增加癫痫猝死的风险 (SUDEP)。脑电图 (eeg) 和心电图 (ECG) 是广泛使用的临床诊断工具, 以监测异常的大脑和心律失常患者。在这里, 一项技术, 同时记录视频, 脑电图和心电图的小鼠, 以测量行为, 大脑和心脏活动, 分别描述。本文所描述的技术采用了栓 (即, 有线) 记录配置, 其中植入的电极头上的鼠标是硬连接到录音设备。与无线遥测记录系统相比, 栓系布置具有多种技术优势, 如可能有更多的记录脑电图或其它 biopotentials 的通道数;降低电极成本;和更大的频率带宽 (即, 采样率) 的录音。这项技术的基础, 也可以很容易地修改, 以适应记录其他生理, 如肌电图 (肌电信号) 或描记评估的肌肉和呼吸活动, 分别。除了描述如何执行脑电图-心电记录, 我们还详细的方法, 以量化的结果数据的癫痫发作, 脑电图频谱功率, 心脏功能和心率变异性, 我们在一个例子实验演示使用鼠标癫痫由于Kcna1基因缺失。在小鼠癫痫或其他神经系统疾病模型中, 视频脑电图-心电图监测提供了一个强有力的工具来识别大脑、心脏或大脑-心脏相互作用的功能障碍。

为了演示如何分析从 eeg-心电图记录的数据, 以确定 neurocardiac 异常, 结果显示为一个24小时脑电图-心电图记录的Kcna1-/-鼠标 (2 月老)。这些突变的动物, 被设计为缺乏电压门控的 Kv1.1 α亚基编码的Kcna1基因, 是一个经常使用的遗传模型的癫痫, 因为他们表现出可靠和频繁的广义补药挛发作活动开始在大约2-3 周的年龄20。?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Simultaneous Video-EEG-ECG Monitoring to Identify Neurocardiac Dysfunction in Mouse Models of Epilepsy at JoVE.com

Simultaneous Video-EEG-ECG Monitoring to Identify Neurocardiac Dysfunction in Mouse Models of Epilepsy

在这里, 我们提出了一个协议来记录大脑和心脏的生物信号, 在小鼠使用同步视频, 脑电图 (eeg) 和心电图 (ECG)。我们还描述的方法来分析产生的脑电图-心电图记录癫痫发作, 脑电图谱功率, 心功能, 心率变异性。

同步视频脑电图-心电图监测对小鼠癫痫模型 Neurocardiac 功能障碍的鉴别

In epilepsy, seizures can evoke cardiac rhythm disturbances such as heart rate changes, conduction blocks, asystoles, and arrhythmias, which can ...

simultaneous-video-eeg-ecg-monitoring-to-identify-neurocardiac

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Genetics

25.2K 次观看.  Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center. 在这里, 我们提出了一个协议来记录大脑和心脏的生物信号, 在小鼠使用同步视频, 脑电图 (eeg) 和心电图 (ECG)。我们还描述的方法来分析产生的脑电图-心电图记录癫痫发作, 脑电图谱功率, 心功能, 心率变异性。

视频: Simultaneous Video-EEG-ECG Monitoring to Identify Neurocardiac Dysfunction in Mouse Models of Epilepsy

Simultaneous Electroencephalography, Real-time Measurement of Lactate Concentration and Optogenetic Manipulation of Neuronal Activity in the Rodent Cerebral Cortex

Although the brain represents less than 5% of the body by mass, it utilizes approximately one quarter of the glucose used by the body at rest1. The function of non rapid eye movement sleep (NREMS), the largest portion of sleep by time, is uncertain. However, one salient feature of NREMS is a significant reduction in the rate of cerebral glucose utilization relative to wakefulness2-4. This and other findings have led to the widely held belief that sleep serves a function related to cerebral metabolism. Yet, the mechanisms underlying the reduction in cerebral glucose metabolism during NREMS remain to be elucidated.
	One phenomenon associated with NREMS that might impact cerebral metabolic rate is the occurrence of slow waves, oscillations at frequencies less than 4 Hz, in the electroencephalogram5,6. These slow waves detected at the level of the skull or cerebral cortical surface reflect the oscillations of underlying neurons between a depolarized/up state and a hyperpolarized/down state7. During the down state, cells do not undergo action potentials for intervals of up to several hundred milliseconds. Restoration of ionic concentration gradients subsequent to action potentials represents a significant metabolic load on the cell8; absence of action potentials during down states associated with NREMS may contribute to reduced metabolism relative to wake.
	Two technical challenges had to be addressed in order for this hypothetical relationship to be tested. First, it was necessary to measure cerebral glycolytic metabolism with a temporal resolution reflective of the dynamics of the cerebral EEG (that is, over seconds rather than minutes). To do so, we measured the concentration of lactate, the product of aerobic glycolysis, and therefore a readout of the rate of glucose metabolism in the brains of mice. Lactate was measured using a lactate oxidase based real time sensor embedded in the frontal cortex. The sensing mechanism consists of a platinum-iridium electrode surrounded by a layer of lactate oxidase molecules. Metabolism of lactate by lactate oxidase produces hydrogen peroxide, which produces a current in the platinum-iridium electrode. So a ramping up of cerebral glycolysis provides an increase in the concentration of substrate for lactate oxidase, which then is reflected in increased current at the sensing electrode. It was additionally necessary to measure these variables while manipulating the excitability of the cerebral cortex, in order to isolate this variable from other facets of NREMS.
	We devised an experimental system for simultaneous measurement of neuronal activity via the elecetroencephalogram, measurement of glycolytic flux via a lactate biosensor, and manipulation of cerebral cortical neuronal activity via optogenetic activation of pyramidal neurons. We have utilized this system to document the relationship between sleep-related electroencephalographic waveforms and the moment-to-moment dynamics of lactate concentration in the cerebral cortex. The protocol may be useful for any individual interested in studying, in freely behaving rodents, the relationship between neuronal activity measured at the electroencephalographic level and cellular energetics within the brain.

A procedure is described for manipulating the activity of cerebral cortical pyramidal neurons optogenetically while the electroencephalogram, electromyogram, and cerebral lactate concentration are monitored. Experimental recordings are performed on cable-tethered mice while they undergo spontaneous sleep/wake cycles. Optogenetic equipment is assembled in our laboratory; recording equipment is commercially available.

同时脑电图，实时测量的啮齿动物的大脑皮质中的神经元活动的乳酸浓度与Optogenetic的操作

Although the brain represents less than 5% of the body  by mass, it utilizes approximately one quarter of the glucose used by the body  at rest1. The ...

科研

神经科学

Use of a Wireless Video-EEG System to Monitor Epileptiform Discharges Following Lateral Fluid-Percussion Induced Traumatic Brain Injury

The lateral fluid percussion injury (FPI) model is well established and has been used to study TBI and post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE). However, considerable variability has been reported for the specific parameters used in different studies that have employed this model, making it difficult to harmonize and interpret the results between laboratories. For example, variability has been reported regarding the size and location of the craniectomy, how the Luer lock hub is placed relative to the craniectomy, the atmospheric pressure applied to the dura and the duration of the pressure pulse. Each of these parameters can impact injury severity, which directly correlates with the incidence of PTE. This has been manifested as a wide range of mortality rates, righting reflex times and incidence of convulsive seizures reported. Here we provide a detailed protocol for the method we have used to help facilitate harmonization between studies. We used FPI in combination with a wireless EEG telemetry system to continuously monitor for electrographic changes and detect seizure activity.&#160; FPI is induced by creating a 5 mm craniectomy over the left hemisphere, between the Bregma and Lambda and adjacent to the lateral ridge. A Luer lock hub is secured onto the skull over the craniectomy. This hub is connected to the FPI device, and a 20-millisecond pressure pulse is delivered directly to the intact dura through pressure tubing connected to the hub via a twist lock connector. Following recovery, rats are re-anesthetized to remove the hub. Five 0.5 mm, stainless steel EEG electrode screws are placed in contact with the dura through the skull and serve as four recording electrodes and one reference electrode. The electrode wires are collected into a pedestal connector which is secured into place with bone cement. Continuous video/EEG recordings are collected for up to 4 weeks post TBI.

Here we present a protocol to induce severe TBI with the lateral fluid percussion injury (FPI) model in adult, male Wistar rats. We also demonstrate the use of a wireless telemetry system to collect continuous video-EEG recordings and monitor for epileptiform discharges consistent with post-traumatic epileptogenesis.&#160;

使用无线视频-EEG系统监测侧流冲击后癫痫的放电诱发创伤性脑损伤

The lateral fluid percussion injury (FPI) model is well established and has been used to study TBI and post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE). However, ...

行为学

Inducing Post-Traumatic Epilepsy in a Mouse Model of Repetitive Diffuse Traumatic Brain Injury

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of acquired epilepsy. TBI can result in a focal or diffuse brain injury. Focal injury is a result of direct mechanical forces, sometimes penetrating through the cranium, creating a direct lesion in the brain tissue. These are visible during brain imaging as areas with contusion, laceration, and hemorrhage. Focal lesions induce neuronal death and glial scar formation and are present in 20%&minus;25% of all people who incur a TBI. However, in the majority of TBI cases, injury is caused by acceleration-deceleration forces and subsequent tissue shearing, resulting in nonfocal, diffuse damage. A subpopulation of TBI patients continues to develop post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE) after a latency period of months or years. Currently, it is impossible to predict which patients will develop PTE, and seizures in PTE patients are challenging to control, necessitating further research. Until recently, the field was limited to only two animal/rodent models with validated spontaneous post-traumatic seizures, both presenting with large focal lesions with massive tissue loss in the cortex and sometimes subcortical structures. In contrast to these approaches, it was determined that diffuse TBI induced using a modified weight drop model is sufficient to initiate development of spontaneous convulsive and non-convulsive seizures, even in the absence of focal lesions or tissue loss. Similar to human patients with acquired post-traumatic epilepsy, this model presents with a latency period after injury before seizure onset. In this protocol, the community will be provided with a new model of post-traumatic epilepsy, detailing how to induce diffuse non-lesional TBI followed by continuous long-term video-electroencephalographic animal monitoring over the course of several months. This protocol will detail animal handling, the weight drop procedure, the electrode placement for two acquisition systems, and the frequent challenges encountered during each of the steps of surgery, postoperative monitoring, and data acquisition.

This systematic protocol describes a new animal model of post-traumatic epilepsy after repetitive mild traumatic brain injury. The first part details steps for traumatic brain injury induction using a modified weight drop model. The second part provides instructions on the surgical approach for single- and multi-channel electroencephalographic data acquisition systems.

在重复性扩散创伤性脑损伤小鼠模型中诱导创伤后癫痫

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of acquired epilepsy. TBI can result in a focal or diffuse brain injury. Focal injury is a result of ...

Simultaneous Monitoring of Wireless Electrophysiology and Memory Behavioral Test as a Tool to Study Hippocampal Neurogenesis

Brainwaves amplitude obtained from electroencephalography (EEG) has been well-recognized as a basis for cognitive capacity, memory, and learning on animals and humans. Adult neurogenesis mechanism is also linked to memory and learning improvement. Traditionally, researchers used to assess learning and memory parameters in rodent models by behavioral tasks. Therefore, the simultaneous monitoring of behavioral changes and EEG is particularly interesting in correlating data between brain activity and task-related behaviors. However, most of the equipment required to perform both studies are either complex, expensive, or uses a wired setup network that hinders the natural animals&#8217; movement. In this study, EEG was recorded with a wireless electrophysiology device along with the execution of a novel object recognition task (NORT). The animal&#8217;s behavior was monitored simultaneously by a video tracking system. Both recordings were analyzed offline by their timestamps which were synched to link EEG signals with the animal&#8217;s actions. Subjects consist of adult Wistar rats after medium-term environmental enrichment treatment. Six skull screw electrodes were fixed in pairs on both hemispheres over frontal, central, and parietal regions and were referenced to an electrode located posterior of the nasal bone. NORT protocol consists of exposing the animal to two identical objects for 10 min. After 2 h and 24 h, one of the objects was replaced with a novel one. Exploration time for each object was monitored by a behavioral tracking software (BTS) and EEG data recording. The analysis of the EEG synced with behavioral data consists of estimations of alpha and beta relative band power and comparisons between novel object recognition versus familiar object exploration, between three experimental stages. In this manuscript, we have discussed electrodes manufacturing process, epidural electrodes implantation surgery, environmental enrichment protocol, NORT protocol, BTS setup, EEG &#8211; BTS coupling for simultaneous monitoring in real-time, and EEG data analysis based on automatic events detection.

The protocol presented here provides information on the simultaneous electroencephalography (EEG) and behavioral assessment in real-time. We have discussed all steps involved in this protocol as an attractive solution for researchers in many fields of neuroscience, particularly in learning and memory areas.

同时监测无线电生理学和记忆行为测试作为研究海马神经发生的工具

Brainwaves amplitude obtained from electroencephalography (EEG) has been well-recognized as a basis for cognitive capacity, memory, and learning on ...

Long-term Continuous EEG Monitoring in Small Rodent Models of Human Disease Using the Epoch Wireless Transmitter System

Many progressive neurologic diseases in humans, such as epilepsy, require pre-clinical animal models that slowly develop the disease in order to test interventions at various stages of the disease process. These animal models are particularly difficult to implement in immature rodents, a classic model organism for laboratory study of these disorders. Recording continuous EEG in young animal models of seizures and other neurological disorders presents a technical challenge due to the small physical size of young rodents and their dependence on the dam prior to weaning. Therefore, there is not only a clear need for improving pre-clinical research that will better identify those therapies suitable for translation to the clinic but also a need for new devices capable of recording continuous EEG in immature rodents. Here, we describe the technology behind and demonstrate the use of a novel miniature telemetry system, specifically engineered for use in immature rats or mice, which is also effective for use in adult animals.

Here we demonstrate the use of a wireless enabling technology for electroencephalogram (EEG) in neonatal rodent models of human disease. With telemetry, there are no encumbering connections, thus allowing natural behaviors.

在人类疾病中使用大纪元无线传输系统的小型啮齿动物模型的长期连续监测脑电图

Many progressive neurologic diseases in humans, such as epilepsy, require pre-clinical animal models that slowly develop the disease in order to test ...

The Pilocarpine Model of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy and EEG Monitoring Using Radiotelemetry System in Mice

Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is a common neurological disorder in adulthood. For translational studies of chronic epilepsy, pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (SE) is frequently selected to recapitulate spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS). Here we present a protocol of SE induction by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of pilocarpine and monitoring of chronic recurring seizures in live animals using a wireless telemetry video and electroencephalogram (EEG) system. We demonstrated notable behavioral changes that need attention after pilocarpine injection and their correlation with hippocampal neuronal loss at 7 days and 6 weeks post-pilocarpine. We also describe the experimental procedures of electrode implantation for video and EEG recording, and analysis of the frequency and duration of chronic recurrent seizures. Finally, we discuss the possible reasons why the expected results are not achieved in each case. This provides a basic overview of modeling chronic epilepsy in mice and guidelines for troubleshooting. We believe this protocol can serve as a baseline for suitable models of chronic epilepsy and epileptogenesis.

This manuscript describes a method of inducing status epilepticus by systemic pilocarpine injection and of monitoring spontaneous recurrent seizures in live animals using a wireless telemetry video and electroencephalogram system. This protocol can be utilized for studying the pathophysiologic mechanisms of chronic epilepsy, epileptogenesis, and acute seizures.

小鼠颞叶癫痫的 Radiotelemetry 模型及脑电图监测

Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is a common neurological disorder in adulthood. For translational studies of chronic epilepsy, pilocarpine-induced status ...

医学

Continuous Video Electroencephalogram during Hypoxia-Ischemia in Neonatal Mice

Hypoxia ischemia is the most common cause of neonatal seizures. Animal models are crucial for understanding the mechanisms and physiology underlying neonatal seizures and hypoxia ischemia. This manuscript describes a method for continuous video electroencephalogram (EEG) monitoring in neonatal mice to detect seizures and analyze EEG background during hypoxia ischemia. Use of video and EEG in conjunction allows description of seizure semiology and confirmation of seizures. This method also allows analysis of power spectrograms and EEG background pattern trends over the experimental time period. In this hypoxia ischemia model, the method allows EEG recording prior to injury to obtain a normative baseline and during injury and recovery. Total monitoring time is limited by the inability to separate pups from the mother for longer than four hours. Although, we have used a model of hypoxic-ischemic seizures in this manuscript, this method for neonatal video EEG monitoring could be applied to diverse disease and seizure models in rodents.

This manuscript describes a method for continuous video EEG recordings using multiple depth electrodes in neonatal mice undergoing hypoxia-ischemia.

新生小鼠缺氧缺血期间的连续视频脑电图

Hypoxia ischemia is the most common cause of neonatal seizures. Animal models are crucial for understanding the mechanisms and physiology underlying ...

Multi-system Monitoring for Identification of Seizures, Arrhythmias and Apnea in Conscious Restrained Rabbits

Patients with ion channelopathies are at a high risk of developing seizures and fatal cardiac arrhythmias. There is a higher prevalence of heart disease and arrhythmias in people with epilepsy (i.e., epileptic heart.) Additionally, cardiac and autonomic disturbances have been reported surrounding seizures. 1:1,000 epilepsy patients/year die of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). The mechanisms for SUDEP remain incompletely understood. Electroencephalograms (EEG) and electrocardiograms (ECG) are two techniques routinely used in the clinical setting to detect and study the substrates/triggers for seizures and arrhythmias. While many studies and descriptions of this methodology are in rodents, their cardiac electrical activity differs significantly from humans. This article provides a description of a non-invasive method for recording simultaneous video-EEG-ECG-oximetry-capnography in conscious rabbits. As cardiac electrical function is similar in rabbits and humans, rabbits provide an excellent model of translational diagnostic and therapeutic studies. In addition to outlining the methodology for data acquisition, we discuss the analytical approaches for examining neuro-cardiac electrical function and pathology in rabbits. This includes arrhythmia detection, spectral analysis of EEG and a seizure scale developed for restrained rabbits.

Using simultaneous video-EEG-ECG-oximetry-capnography, we developed a methodology to evaluate the susceptibility of rabbit models to develop provoked arrhythmias and seizures. This novel recording system establishes a platform to test the efficacy and safety of therapeutics and can capture the complex cascade of multi-system events that culminate in sudden death.

意识约束兔子中癫痫发作、心律失常和呼吸暂停的多系统监测

Patients with ion channelopathies are at a high risk of developing seizures and fatal cardiac arrhythmias. There is a higher prevalence of heart disease ...

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>使用皮下电极放置的兔子连续 EEG/ECG 记录

Surgical Implant Procedure and Wiring Configuration for Continuous Long-Term EEG/ECG Monitoring in Rabbits

A multi-system approach that includes the continuous collection of electroencephalogram (EEG) and electrocardiogram (ECG) recordings facilitates a comprehensive assessment of electrical activity in the brain and heart, particularly leading up to and surrounding episodic events. Building on our previous protocol that facilitates the collection of intermittent EEG/ECG recordings from conscious restrained rabbits, we developed a protocol for the collection of continuous EEG/ECG recordings from unrestrained rabbits. This new method enables high-quality 24/7 recordings in the housing cage, which captures the normal range of physiological states and enables the rabbits to move, eat, drink, and sleep freely. It enables comprehensive assessments of the prevalence, incidence, and susceptibility to EEG/ECG abnormalities, seizures, arrhythmias, and sudden death. This procedure involves the surgical placement of subdermal electrodes and the design and manufacturing of a robust wiring system that is impervious to damage by the rabbits. The surgical procedure includes two incisions and the sub-dermal tunneling of nine electrodes and wires that exit through a custom-made port. The external connector attaches to a wire harness that includes an electrical swivel, which allows for&#160;free range of rabbit motion throughout its cage. Additionally, the wires are enclosed in a metal sheath suspended by a retractor cable from the ceiling of the rabbit&#39;s cage. The wires are then connected to an amplifier/digitizer for the acquisition of high-quality continuous EEG/ECG recordings.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>用于兔连续长期 EEG/ECG 监测的外科植入物手术和布线配置

The study outlines a protocol for the design, manufacturing, and placement of a novel continuous EEG/ECG recording system in rabbits. This hard-wired system allows for continuous EEG/ECG recordings from nine distinct electrodes on the head and chest, which facilitates comprehensive assessments of electrical activity in the brain and heart.