Name: a method for investigating change blindness in pigeons (columba livia)
Uploaded: 2018-09-07T12:30:00.000+00:00
Duration: 6 min 14 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Method for Investigating Change Blindness in Pigeons Columba Livia at JoVE.com

作者感谢惠特曼学院比较心理学实验室的成员在数据收集方面的帮助, 包括马克 Arand, 迈克尔巴克, Eva 戴维斯, Kuba 杰弗斯, 布雷特兰伯特, 塔拉麻将, 普拉特, Tvan 陈, 莱拉瓦迪亚, 和帕特里夏 Xi。

这里描述的程序是按照实验室动物福利办公室和美国公共卫生服务政策的人道护理和使用实验动物, 并批准了惠特曼学院的机构动物护理和使用委员会。
1. 减少鸽子的重量
注意: 鸽子的体重减少到 80-85%, 他们的免费喂养体重33 , 以确保鸟类是健康的, 并充分的动机, 为食物工作。
<ol><li>把天真的小鸟放在单独的笼子里, 用无限的水、砂砾和食物。</li>
	<li>每只鸽子在大约同一时间每天2到4周的体重, 或直到每一个鸟的免费喂养重量已稳定。</li>
	<li>计算每只鸽子的目标重量, 相当于其稳定的自由喂养重量的85%。</li>
	<li>限制食物逐渐减少每只鸽子的重量, 直到目标体重达到34。鸽子仍应无限制地获得水和砂砾。 注: 使用此协议29、30、31、32发布的实验在每一个条件下使用4和6只鸽子取得了显著的结果。相似的数字应该是足够的直接复制或微妙的变化。改变失明效应幅度的变化可能需要更大的样本。</li>
</ol>2. 训练鸽子在操作室的反应键上显示出的刺激, 并从食物料斗中进食谷物
注: 训练和实验课程需要精确的计算机控制, 时间分辨率不到1毫秒. 使用灵活的编程语言 (见材料表) 通过 i/o 中继控制操作室。
<ol><li>在每一天的会议开始, 称鸽子, 并把它们放进操作室 (见材料表)。天真的鸽子可能需要时间来适应处理, 权衡和运输到和从操作室。 在那之前, 要格外小心, 轻轻地处理鸟儿, 观察它们是否有压力的迹象。</li>
	<li>每天100次的试验。每项试验:<ol>
<li>随机选择一个视觉刺激元素 (如颜色或线条) 和三键 (见材料表) 在操作室中的一个。使用兼容的刺激投影仪 (参见材料表), 在相关键上照亮选定的刺激元素。 注意: 在许多操作室中标准的白炽灯泡的起始和偏移时间太慢, 不宜用于这种方法。用较快的 LED 当量替换操作室中的任何白炽灯泡, 然后确认显示器显示为预期状态, 刺激的开始是清脆的 (小于1毫秒, 从起始到峰值亮度)。</li>
		<li>等到鸽子啄刺激的钥匙。不要将啄确认为其他任何键。 注: 经验丰富的鸽子可以立即知道啄灯的响应键。天真或较少经验的鸟啄可以使用 handshaping 或 autoshaping35程序, 因为他们将是其他实验室任务的形状。</li>
		<li>在一个单一的啄到正确的反应键, 清除刺激显示, 并提供粮食从食品漏斗 2-3 秒。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>每届会议结束时, 将鸽子从操作室中移除, 并在返回他们的笼子前称重。调整疗程之间的食物进入时间, 以保持鸟类的个体运行重量在 80-85% 的自由喂养重量。</li>
	<li>继续训练前的课程, 直到鸽子迅速和一致地响应所有的刺激因素, 包括在实验中, 所有三反应键。</li>
</ol>3. 训练鸽子在响应键上搜索和啄出变化
<ol><li>在每一天的会议开始, 称鸽子并把它们放进操作室。</li>
	<li>在每天的100次试验的开始, 确定即将到来的刺激显示的细节。实验控制软件可以随机选择每个试验的细节。运行每日实验会话的示例程序包括作为补充文件 (change.cpp);存在的元素也可用于在步骤2中执行更简单的操作。<ol>
<li>随机选择250毫秒或0毫秒的间刺激间隔 (ISI) (每个). </li>
		<li>随机确定要呈现的更改重复次数, 无论是1、2、4、8或 16 (每个都有p = 0.2)。</li>
		<li>定义一个原始的刺激显示, 由一个或多个元素组成 (在 pretraining 期间呈现的颜色或线条) 在每个响应键上。</li>
		<li>更改原始的刺激显示, 通过在一个键上添加、删除或更改一个元素来定义修改后的显示。有关原始和修改的刺激显示的示例, 请参见图 1 。</li>
		<li>确保鸽子不会看到所有可能的刺激显示在训练期间。如有必要, 请指定一个用于传输的显示子集 (步骤 4), 并在培训过程中避免演示。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>提出一个 5 s 之间的审判间隔 (houselight), 与所有的反应键黑暗, 以分离每个试验从前面的审判。</li>
	<li>使用为步骤3.2 中的当前试用确定的值呈现刺激显示。<ol>
<li>照亮构成250毫秒的原始显示的刺激元素。</li>
		<li>清除刺激显示, 等待0或 250 ms 的 ISI。</li>
		<li>阐明了为 250 ms 组成修改后的显示的刺激元素。</li>
		<li>清除刺激显示, 等待0或 250 ms 的 ISI。</li>
		<li>重复步骤3.4.1 到 3.4.4, 直到完成先前为当前试用确定的重复次数。全部重复, 并忽略任何 keypecks 在刺激表现。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>用白光照亮所有三个响应键, 然后等待一只鸽子啄三响应键之一。考虑在刺激演示完成后, 对任何响应键的第一个啄是对该试验的响应。如图2所示, 有或没有 ISI 的试验的示意图说明。</li>
	<li>清除所有密钥并以增强或错误信号结束试用:<ol>
<li>如果一只鸟的反应是在显示变化的关键, 提供粮食从食品漏斗 2-3 s。</li>
		<li>如果一只鸟的反应不在被改变的键上, 则每0.5 秒之间切换 houselight 10 秒钟以表示错误的响应。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>每届会议结束时, 将鸽子从操作室中移除, 并在返回他们的笼子前称重。调整疗程之间的食物进入时间, 以保持鸟类的个体运行重量在 80-85% 的自由喂养重量。</li>
	<li>继续每天的训练, 直到鸽子反应的准确性稳定, 并且可靠地比机会准确性33%。提供了一个示例文件 (更改. xlsx), 分析原始数据以显示 ISI 存在的影响和重复次数。</li>
</ol>4. 在日常会议中提出新的转移审判
<ol><li>按照步骤3中概述的步骤进行操作, 但不排除任何潜在的显示 (请参见步骤 3.2.5)。 注: 有大量的潜在刺激显示, 没有必要排除潜在的显示器在训练和介绍他们以后。在这些情况下, 只需继续正常的训练, 因为从未见过的显示器自然会发生。</li>
	<li>分析新的, 从未见过的刺激显示的准确性, 不包括鸽子以前遇到的任何显示。比机会的准确性更好地证实鸽子已经学会了一个一般的变化检测规则, 而不是依靠记忆的熟悉刺激显示。</li>
</ol>

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J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Autoshaping+of+the+pigeon's+keypeck.">Autoshaping of the pigeon's keypeck.</a> J. Exp. Anal. Behav. 11, 1-8 (1968).</li><li>Smilek, D., Eastwood, J. D., Merikle, P. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Does+unattended+information+facilitate+change+detection?.">Does unattended information facilitate change detection?.</a> J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform. 26, 480-487 (2000).</li><li>Herbranson, W. T., Call, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Selective+and+divided+attention+in+comparative+psychology.">Selective and divided attention in comparative psychology.</a> APA handbook of comparative psychology. , 183-201 (2017).</li></ol>

作者没有什么可透露的。

这里提出的方法是由认知心理学家通常使用的所谓的 "闪烁范式" 来研究人类的改变失明9。在这项人类研究中, 改变失明在操作上被定义为由 ISI 的存在打断了刺激显示之间的转变而产生的变化检测中的损害。这里描述的鸽子的实施也是如此。此外, 人类倾向于使用串行搜索策略来处理闪烁任务, 考虑一次可能的位置, 并在每个位置成功地识别更改或拒绝该位置并移动到另一个。这?...

认知心理学在我们的认知过程中反复表现出惊人的、常常令人惊讶的缺陷。一些比较显著的例子包括但不限于错误记忆1、次优决策启发式2和错误统计推理3。最近添加的这个列表是改变失明的现象。改变失明是一个持续的注意力不集中的问题, 在这种情况下, 你没有注意到对环境的显著变化。在一个示范4, 实验者有一个邦联的方法, 个人要求的方向。在他们的谈话中, 工人们在两人之间传递了一扇门, 短暂中断了视觉接触, 并提供了一个机会去交换邦联的另一个人。在这次偷偷摸摸的交流之后, 大多数个人没有注意到他们的谈话搭档不再是同一个人。这种失败是令人惊讶的, 因为瞬间的变化似乎是可能引起我们注意的重要事件的信号。
为了更好地了解改变失明发生的方式和原因, 研究人员把它带进实验室, 并开发了几个巧妙的程序5,6,7,8研究它在更多的受控条件。一个特别成功的方法被称为 "闪烁任务"9。在这个过程中, 实验者通过删除一个特征来编辑照片, 然后将图像呈现给参与者, 在原始版本和修改版之间快速交替。参与者很快发现了差异。但是, 如果在连续的图像之间插入了一个简短的空白字段 (生成一个为其命名过程的闪烁显示), 则更改检测难度更大, 从而导致精度和响应时间变慢。这个过程是有吸引力的, 因为它提供了一个精确的测量变化盲目性, 很容易操作的具体方面的显示, 如大小, 突出, 或时间的变化。
闪烁范式已被证明是一个强大的工具, 学习的知觉和注意在人类10。效果惊人的强大和持久。对于简单动画11中唯一对象的更改, 以及直接查看更改位置12, 可能会发生更改失明。即使经验与改变失明和知觉的现象不消灭它13。此外, 改变失明是相当多样的, 可以诱发的一些不同的事件, 如眼睛扫视5, mudsplashes14, 电影削减7, 或视觉闭塞4。在听觉15和触觉16模式中出现了一个平行现象, 表明它可能不是唯一的视觉刺激, 可能是一个更普遍的关注现象。
当然, 人类不是唯一利用注意力的动物。举个例子, 鸽子展示了许多人类同样的注意力能力。他们可以选择特定的特点, 以优先处理 (当他们使用搜索图像来寻找特定的食物目标)17,18。他们可以直接注意到特定区域或空间位置19。他们可以转移他们的注意力在组织20,21层级层次。他们还可以在刺激显示的不同方面,22,23之间划分注意力。看来, 鸽子拥有许多同样的能力, 使人们对人类的注意力很有用。如果改变失明与某些固有的注意力限制有关, 我们可能会期望看到鸽子 (或者其他动物) 的平行改变失明效应。此外, 最近有多次成功的研究使用鸽子进行的变化检测, 实施广泛不同的方法24,25,26,27, 28。
最近的研究29,30,31,32已经适应了闪变范式调查鸽子的改变失明, 并产生了平行人类改变失明的结果。本报告描述了在操作室中实现此过程的简单方法。与人类版本的任务一样, 很容易分离和操作刺激演示的特定方面, 以调查它们对改变检测和改变失明的影响。因此, 这一程序应成为研究鸟类注意的局限性的宝贵工具, 以及它们与人类关注的局限性的相似程度。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Small Environment Cublicle</td><td>BRS/LVE</td><td>SEC-002</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pigeon Intelligence Panel</td><td>BRS/LVE</td><td>PIP-016</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Grain Feeder</td><td>BRS/LVE</td><td>GFM-001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pigeon Pecking Key</td><td>BRS/LVE</td><td>PPK-001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Stimulus projector</td><td>BRS/LVE</td><td>IC-901</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>LED Lamp</td><td>Martek Industries, Cherry Hill NJ</td><td>1820</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>I/O module</td><td>Acces IO</td><td>USB-IDIO-8</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Personal Computer</td><td>Dell</td><td>Optiplex 3040</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Visual C++</td><td>Microsoft</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>White Carneau pigeons</td><td>Double-T Farm</td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

a method for investigating change blindness in pigeons (columba livia)

改变失明是一种视觉注意的现象, 在某些特定情况下, 视觉显示的变化会被忽视。虽然已经制定了许多实验室程序来产生人类的改变失明, 但闪变范式已经成为一种特别有效的方法。在闪变范式中, 两个可视显示相互交替呈现。如果连续显示通过短的相互刺激间隔 (ISI) 隔开, 则更改检测将受到损害。程序的简单性和清晰的、基于性能的变化盲操作定义使闪变范式非常适合使用非人类动物进行比较研究。事实上, 已经制定了一个变种, 可以实施在操作室, 以研究改变失明的鸽子。结果表明, 如果两个连续的显示器在时间上被空白 ISI 所分离, 鸽子和人类一样, 在检测变化的位置时会更差。此外, 鸽子的变化检测与一个活跃的, 按位置的搜索过程是一致的, 需要选择性的注意。因此, 闪烁任务有可能有助于调查鸽子的选择性空间注意的动态与人类相比。这也说明了改变失明现象并不排斥人类的视觉知觉, 而是可能是选择性注意的一般结果。最后, 虽然人们普遍赞赏和理解注意的有用方面, 但也必须承认, 它们可能伴随着诸如改变失明等具体缺陷, 而且这些缺陷在广泛的上下文范围。

兴趣的主要结果是在与没有 ISI 的试验之间的准确性差异。特别是, 在闪变范式中, 改变盲的操作定义大大降低了与 isi 相对于没有 isi 的试验相比的试验的变化检测准确性。此效果可以在图 3中看到, 显示以前发布的数据29。在这个实验中, 鸽子发现了由颜色元素组成的刺激 (图 1左侧所描述的类型) 的变化。如图?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Method for Investigating Change Blindness in Pigeons Columba Livia at JoVE.com

A Method for Investigating Change Blindness in Pigeons Columba Livia

一种调查鸽子变盲的方法 (科伦巴)

改变失明是一种视觉注意的现象, 在某些特定情况下, 视觉显示的变化会被忽视。该协议描述了在闪烁范式上的变化, 用于调查与鸽子研究有关的变化盲。

Change blindness is a phenomenon of visual attention, whereby changes to a visual display go unnoticed under certain specific circumstances. While many ...

a-method-for-investigating-change-blindness-in-pigeons-columba-livia

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

A Method for Investigating Change Blindness in Pigeons (Columba Livia)

6.4K 次观看.  Whitman College. 改变失明是一种视觉注意的现象, 在某些特定情况下, 视觉显示的变化会被忽视。该协议描述了在闪烁范式上的变化, 用于调查与鸽子研究有关的变化盲。

视频: A Method for Investigating Change Blindness in Pigeons Columba Livia

Automated, Quantitative Cognitive/Behavioral Screening of Mice: For Genetics, Pharmacology, Animal Cognition and Undergraduate Instruction

We describe a high-throughput, high-volume, fully automated, live-in 24/7 behavioral testing system for assessing the effects of genetic and pharmacological manipulations on basic mechanisms of cognition and learning in mice. A standard polypropylene mouse housing tub is connected through an acrylic tube to a standard commercial mouse test box. The test box has 3 hoppers, 2 of which are connected to pellet feeders. All are internally illuminable with an LED and monitored for head entries by infrared (IR) beams. Mice live in the environment, which eliminates handling during screening. They obtain their food during two or more daily feeding periods by performing in operant (instrumental) and Pavlovian (classical) protocols, for which we have written protocol-control software and quasi-real-time data analysis and graphing software. The data analysis and graphing routines are written in a MATLAB-based language created to simplify greatly the analysis of large time-stamped behavioral and physiological event records and to preserve a full data trail from raw data through all intermediate analyses to the published graphs and statistics within a single data structure. The data-analysis code harvests the data several times a day and subjects it to statistical and graphical analyses, which are automatically stored in the &#34;cloud&#34; and on in-lab computers. Thus, the progress of individual mice is visualized and quantified daily. The data-analysis code talks to the protocol-control code, permitting the automated advance from protocol to protocol of individual subjects. The behavioral protocols implemented are matching, autoshaping, timed hopper-switching, risk assessment in timed hopper-switching, impulsivity measurement, and the circadian anticipation of food availability. Open-source protocol-control and data-analysis code makes the addition of new protocols simple. Eight test environments fit in a 48 in x 24 in x 78 in&#160;cabinet; two such cabinets (16 environments) may be controlled by one computer.

Fully automated system for measuring physiologically meaningful properties of the mechanisms mediating spatial localization, temporal localization, duration, rate&#160;and probability estimation, risk assessment, impulsivity, and the accuracy and precision of memory, in order to assess the effects of genetic and pharmacological manipulations on foundational mechanisms of cognition in mice.

小鼠自动化，定量认知/行为筛选：对于遗传学，药理学，动物认知与本科教学

We describe a high-throughput, high-volume, fully automated, live-in 24/7 behavioral testing system for assessing the effects of genetic and ...

科研

行为学

The Attentional Set Shifting Task: A Measure of Cognitive Flexibility in Mice

Cognitive impairment, particularly involving dysfunction of circuitry within the prefrontal cortex (PFC), represents a core feature of many neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders, including depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder. Deficits in cognitive function also represent the most difficult symptom domain&#160;to successfully treat, as serotonin reuptake inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants have only modest effects. Functional neuroimaging studies and postmortem analysis of human brain tissue implicate the PFC as being a primary region of dysregulation in patients with these disorders. However, preclinical behavioral assays used to assess these deficits in mouse models which can be readily manipulated genetically and could provide the basis for studies of new treatment avenues have been underutilized. Here we describe the adaptation of a behavioral assay, the attentional set shifting task (AST), to be performed in mice to assess prefrontal cortex mediated cognitive deficits. The neural circuits underlying behavior during the AST are highly conserved across humans, nonhuman primates and rodents, providing excellent face, construct and predictive validity.

The goal of this protocol is to perform a behavioral assay such as the attentional set shifting task (AST) to assess prefrontal cortex-mediated cognitive flexibility in mice.

在注意定势转移任务:测量小鼠认知的灵活性

Cognitive impairment, particularly involving dysfunction of circuitry within the prefrontal cortex (PFC), represents a core feature of many ...

A Dual Task Procedure Combined with Rapid Serial Visual Presentation to Test Attentional Blink for Nontargets

When viewers search for targets in a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) stream, if two targets are presented within about 500 msec of each other, the first target may be easy to spot but the second is likely to be missed. This phenomenon of attentional blink (AB) has been widely studied to probe the temporal capacity of attention for detecting visual targets. However, with the typical procedure of AB experiments, it is not possible to examine how the processing of non-target items in RSVP may be affected by attention. This paper describes a novel dual task procedure combined with RSVP to test effects of AB for nontargets at varied stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs). In an exemplar experiment, a target category was first displayed, followed by a sequence of 8 nouns. If one of the nouns belonged to the target category, participants would respond &#8216;yes&#8217; at the end of the sequence, otherwise participants would respond &#8216;no&#8217;. Two 2-alternative forced choice memory tasks followed the response to determine if participants remembered the words immediately before or after the target, as well as a random word from another part of the sequence. In a second exemplar experiment, the same design was used, except that 1) the memory task was counterbalanced into two groups with SOAs of either 120 or 240 msec and 2) three memory tasks followed the sequence and tested remembrance for nontarget nouns in the sequence that could be anywhere from 3 items prior the target noun position to 3 items following the target noun position. Representative results from a previously published study demonstrate that our procedure can be used to examine divergent effects of attention that not only enhance targets but also suppress nontargets. Here we show results from a representative participant that replicated the previous finding.&#160;

This paper describes a novel dual task procedure combined with Rapid Serial Visual Presentation to look at attentional blink at varied stimulus onset asynchronies. This experimental procedure differed from others in that it tested attentional blink for nontargets.

的双任务过程结合快速系列视觉呈现到测试的注意闪烁Nontargets

When viewers search for targets in a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) stream, if two targets are presented within about 500 msec of each other, the ...

A Video Demonstration of Preserved Piloting by Scent Tracking but Impaired Dead Reckoning After Fimbria-Fornix Lesions in the Rat

Piloting and dead reckoning navigation strategies use very different cue constellations and computational processes (Darwin, 1873; Barlow, 1964; O&#x2019;Keefe and Nadel, 1978; Mittelstaedt and Mittelstaedt, 1980; Landeau et al., 1984; Etienne, 1987; Gallistel, 1990;
Maurer and S&#233;guinot, 1995). Piloting requires the use of the relationships between relatively stable external (visual, olfactory, auditory) cues, whereas dead reckoning requires the integration of cues generated by self-movement. Animals obtain self-movement information from vestibular receptors, and possibly muscle and joint receptors, and efference copy of commands that generate movement. An animal may also use the flows of visual, auditory, and olfactory stimuli caused by its movements. Using a piloting strategy an animal can use geometrical calculations to determine directions and distances to places in its environment, whereas using an dead reckoning strategy it can integrate cues generated by its previous movements to return to a just left location. Dead reckoning is colloquially called "sense of direction" and "sense of distance."

Although there is considerable evidence that the hippocampus is involved in piloting (O&#x2019;Keefe and Nadel, 1978; O&#x2019;Keefe and Speakman, 1987), there is also evidence from behavioral (Whishaw et al., 1997; Whishaw and Maaswinkel, 1998; Maaswinkel and Whishaw, 1999), modeling (Samsonovich and McNaughton, 1997), and electrophysiological (O&#x2019;Mare et al., 1994; Sharp et al., 1995; Taube and Burton, 1995; Blair and Sharp, 1996; McNaughton et al., 1996; Wiener, 1996; Golob and Taube, 1997) studies that the hippocampal formation is involved in dead reckoning. The relative contribution of the hippocampus to the two forms of navigation is still uncertain, however. Ordinarily, it is difficult to be certain that an animal is using a piloting versus a dead reckoning strategy because animals are very flexible in their use of strategies and cues (Etienne et al., 1996; Dudchenko et al., 1997; Martin et al., 1997; Maaswinkel and Whishaw, 1999). The objective of the present video demonstrations was to solve the problem of cue specification in order to examine the relative contribution of the hippocampus in the use of these strategies. The rats were trained in a new task in which they followed linear or polygon scented trails to obtain a large food pellet hidden on an open field. Because rats have a proclivity to carry the food back to the refuge, accuracy and the cues used to return to the home base were dependent variables (Whishaw and Tomie, 1997). To force an animal to use a a dead reckoning strategy to reach its refuge with the food, the rats were tested when blindfolded or under infrared light, a spectral wavelength in which they cannot see, and in some experiments the scent trail was additionally removed once an animal reached the food. To examine the relative contribution of the hippocampus, fimbria&#x2013;fornix (FF) lesions, which disrupt information flow in the hippocampal formation (Bland, 1986), impair memory (Gaffan and Gaffan, 1991), and produce spatial deficits (Whishaw and Jarrard, 1995), were used.

In a piloting scent tracking task, the ability of the rats to return to a refuge with food using visual an odor trail or using dead reckoning in infrared light, the integrated record of previous movements, demonstrates that the hippocampus is necessary for dead reckoning.

录像示范保存鼠气味追踪，但经过伞 - 穹窿病变受损的惯性导航试验

Piloting and dead reckoning navigation strategies use very different cue constellations and computational processes (Darwin, 1873; Barlow, 1964; ...

生物学

Recording Single Neurons' Action Potentials from Freely Moving Pigeons Across Three Stages of Learning

While the subject of learning has attracted immense interest from both behavioral and neural scientists, only relatively few investigators have observed single-neuron activity while animals are acquiring an operantly conditioned response, or when that response is extinguished. But even in these cases, observation periods usually encompass only a single stage of learning, i.e. acquisition or extinction, but not both (exceptions include protocols employing reversal learning; see Bingman&#160;et al.1 for an example). However, acquisition and extinction entail different learning mechanisms and are therefore expected to be accompanied by different types and/or loci of neural plasticity.
Accordingly, we developed a behavioral paradigm which institutes three stages of learning in a single behavioral session and which is well suited for the simultaneous recording of single neurons&#39; action potentials. Animals are trained on a single-interval forced choice task which requires mapping each of two possible choice responses to the presentation of different novel visual stimuli (acquisition). After having reached a predefined performance criterion, one of the two choice responses is no longer reinforced (extinction). Following a certain decrement in performance level, correct responses are reinforced again (reacquisition). By using a new set of stimuli in every session, animals can undergo the acquisition-extinction-reacquisition process repeatedly. Because all three stages of learning occur in a single behavioral session, the paradigm is ideal for the simultaneous observation of the spiking output of multiple single neurons. We use pigeons as model systems, but the task can easily be adapted to any other species capable of conditioned discrimination learning.

Learning new stimulus-response associations engages a wide range of neural processes which are ultimately reflected in changing spike output of individual neurons. Here we describe a behavioral protocol allowing for the continuous registration of single-neuron activity while animals acquire, extinguish, and reacquire a conditioned response within a single experimental session.

自由移动鸽子穿越三个阶段学习记录单个神经元&#39;动作电位

While the subject of learning has attracted immense interest from both behavioral and neural scientists, only relatively few investigators have observed ...

神经科学

A Simple Behavioral Assay for Testing Visual Function in Xenopus laevis

Measurement of the visual function in the tadpoles of the frog, Xenopus laevis, allows screening for blindness in live animals. The optokinetic response is a vision-based, reflexive behavior that has been observed in all vertebrates tested. Tadpole eyes are small so the tail flip response was used as alternative measure, which requires a trained technician to record the subtle response. We developed an alternative behavior assay based on the fact that tadpoles prefer to swim on the white side of a tank when placed in a tank with both black and white sides. The assay presented here is an inexpensive, simple alternative that creates a response that is easily measured. The setup consists of a tripod, webcam and nested testing tanks, readily available in most Xenopus laboratories. This article includes a movie showing the behavior of tadpoles, before and after severing the optic nerve. In order to test the function of one eye, we also include representative results of a tadpole in which each eye underwent retinal axotomy on consecutive days. Future studies could develop an automated version of this assay for testing the vision of many tadpoles at once.

A Simple Behavioral Assay for Testing Visual Function in Xenopus laevis

Xenopus laevis tadpoles prefer swimming on the white side of a black/white tank. This behavior is guided by their vision. Based on this behavior, we present a simple assay to test the visual function of tadpoles.

一个简单的行为分析在检测视觉功能<em&gt;非洲爪蟾</em

Measurement of the visual function in the tadpoles of the frog, Xenopus laevis, allows screening for blindness in live animals. The optokinetic response ...

Eye Tracking During A Complex Aviation Task For Insights Into Information Processing

Eye tracking has been used extensively as a proxy to gain insight into the cognitive, perceptual, and sensorimotor processes that underlie skill performance. Previous work has shown that traditional and advanced gaze metrics reliably demonstrate robust differences in pilot expertise, cognitive load, fatigue, and even situation awareness (SA).
This study describes the methodology for using a wearable eye tracker and gaze mapping algorithm that captures naturalistic head and eye movements (i.e., gaze) in a high-fidelity flight motionless simulator. The method outlined in this paper describes the area of interest (AOI)-based gaze analyses, which provides more context related to where participants are looking, and dwell time duration, which indicates how efficiently they are processing the fixated information. The protocol illustrates the utility of a wearable eye tracker and computer vision algorithm to assess changes in gaze behavior in response to an unexpected in-flight emergency.
Representative results demonstrated that gaze was significantly impacted when the emergency event was introduced. Specifically, attention allocation, gaze dispersion, and gaze sequence complexity significantly decreased and became highly concentrated on looking outside the front window and at the airspeed gauge during the emergency scenario (all p values &#60; 0.05). The utility and limitations of employing a wearable eye tracker in a high-fidelity motionless flight simulation environment to understand the spatiotemporal characteristics of gaze behavior and its relation to information processing in the aviation domain are discussed.

Eye tracking is a non-invasive method to probe information processing. This article describes how eye tracking can be used to study gaze behavior during a flight simulation emergency task in low-time pilots (i.e., &lt;350 flight hours).

在复杂的航空任务中进行眼动追踪，以深入了解信息处理

Eye tracking has been used extensively as a proxy to gain insight into the cognitive, perceptual, and sensorimotor processes that underlie skill ...

Pupillometry to Assess Auditory Sensation in Guinea Pigs

Noise exposure is a leading cause of sensorineural hearing loss. Animal models of noise-induced hearing loss have generated mechanistic insight into the underlying anatomical and physiological pathologies of hearing loss. However, relating behavioral deficits observed in humans with hearing loss to behavioral deficits in animal models remains challenging. Here, pupillometry is proposed as a method that will enable the direct comparison of animal and human behavioral data. The method is based on a modified oddball paradigm - habituating the subject to the repeated presentation of a stimulus and intermittently presenting a deviant stimulus that varies in some parametric fashion from the repeated stimulus. The fundamental premise is that if the change between the repeated and deviant stimulus is detected by the subject, it will trigger a pupil dilation response that is larger than that elicited by the repeated stimulus. This approach is demonstrated using a vocalization categorization task in guinea pigs, an animal model widely used in auditory research, including in hearing loss studies. By presenting vocalizations from one vocalization category as standard stimuli and a second category as oddball stimuli embedded in noise at various signal-to-noise ratios, it is demonstrated that the magnitude of pupil dilation in response to the oddball category varies monotonically with the signal-to-noise ratio. Growth curve analyses can then be used to characterize the time course and statistical significance of these pupil dilation responses. In this protocol, detailed procedures for acclimating guinea pigs to the setup, conducting pupillometry, and evaluating/analyzing data are described. Although this technique is demonstrated in normal-hearing guinea pigs in this protocol, the method may be used to assess the sensory effects of various forms of hearing loss within each subject. These effects may then be correlated with concurrent electrophysiological measures and post-hoc anatomical observations.

Pupillometry, a simple and non-invasive technique, is proposed as a method to determine hearing-in-noise thresholds in normal hearing animals and animal models of various auditory pathologies.

评估豚鼠听觉的瞳孔测量法

Noise exposure is a leading cause of sensorineural hearing loss. Animal models of noise-induced hearing loss have generated mechanistic insight into the ...

Finding Your Blind Spot and Perceptual Filling-in

Source: Laboratory of Jonathan Flombaum&#8212;Johns Hopkins University
In the back of everyone's eye is a small piece of neural tissue called the retina. The retina has photosensitive cells that respond to stimulation by light. The responses of these cells are sent into the brain through the optic nerve, a bundle of neural fibers. In each retina there is a place somewhere in the periphery where the outputs from retinal cells collect and the bundled optic nerve exits to the brain. At that location, there is no photosensitivity-whatever light reflects from the world and lands in that position does not produce a signal in the brain. As a result, humans have a blind spot, a place in the visual field for which they don't process incoming stimuli. 
However, people are not aware that they have blind spots; there is not an empty hole in the visual images in front of the eyes. So what do people see in their blind spots? The brain actually fills-in missing input based on the surroundings. 
This video demonstrates how to find a person's blind spot, and how to investigate the mechanisms of perceptual filling-in.

找到你的盲点和感性充填在

Source: Laboratory of Jonathan Flombaum&#8212;Johns Hopkins University
In the back of everyone's eye is a small piece of neural tissue called the retina. ...

教育

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心理学

感觉和知觉

Motion-induced Blindness

Source: Laboratory of Jonathan Flombaum&#8212;Johns Hopkins University
One thing becomes very salient after basic exposure to the science of visual perception and sensation: what people see is a creation of the brain. As a result people may fail to see things, see things that are not there, or see things in a distorted way. 
To distinguish between physical reality and what people perceive, scientists use the term awareness to refer to what people perceive. To study awareness, vision scientists often rely on illusions-misperceptions that can reveal the ways that the brain constructs experience. In 2001, a group of researchers discovered a striking new illusion called motion-induced blindness that has become a powerful tool in the study of visual awareness.1
This video demonstrates typical stimuli and methods used to study awareness with motion-induced blindness.

Studying Visual Awareness and Motion-Induced Blindness

运动诱导的失明

Source: Laboratory of Jonathan Flombaum&#8212;Johns Hopkins University
One thing becomes very salient after basic exposure to the science of visual ...

一种调查鸽子变盲的方法 (科伦巴)

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