这项研究是由瑞士国家科学基金会，贝蒂和大卫Koetser基金会脑研究和ETH基金会的支持。

这里介绍的实验是由瑞士苏黎世州兽医局批准，并按照国家和机构的规定进行了。 1.饲养条件注:所有的培训课程都排定喂养方案下进行的。 <ol><li>饲料大鼠为50g / kg的标准饮食的每天一次，完成训练后。食品的此量足以防止主要体重减轻（体重&gt; 90％的自由喂养重量），但小到足以确保重现行为调节。每天称量老鼠，以确保他们的体重保持稳定。 注:其他过夜（10-12高）食物剥夺可以是先于所述第一奖励触摸会议（步骤2.3）是有用的。 </li></ol> 2.培训程序覆盖面和拉任务<ol><li>准备:让老鼠使其习惯自己的新家笼在LEAST中动物设施到达后一个星期。在此期间，经常处理的大鼠，并给在家里笼无尘精确丸使其习惯老鼠到新的食物。这些小球将被用作整个训练协议的奖励。 </li><li> 习惯:将在测试笼子里的老鼠30-45分钟，并提供饲养碗30-50粒，有粉状食物混合。打开和关闭笼窗口并运行颗粒机偶尔老鼠habituate他们的声音。 <ol><li>重复此2-3天。 </li></ol></li><li> 奖励触摸列车老鼠透笼窗口触及球形把手，并然后移动到笼子的另一侧检索食物奖励。 <ol><li>调整软件设置使手柄就位于检测笼窗外在每个试验的开始，并与笼窗口的中心对齐手柄。如果试验成功， 即&lt;/ em&gt;的，只要轻轻一碰在手柄（0.25 mm排量在任何方向）已被检测到，发出提示音，并奖励被分配。分类试验时为180秒没有检测到触摸打开的窗口之后为失败。 </li><li>把老鼠在训练笼子里。提示大鼠经让它抢在手柄附近举行了球团伸出。通过敲击笼子直接老鼠的注意手柄和食盆。 </li><li>停止提示当老鼠独立到达透笼窗口并检索食物颗粒。 </li><li>继续，直到100次试验（触摸）已完成或直到60分钟过去了，以先到者为准。 </li><li>持续3-4天的培训，并开始训练（步骤2.4）的下一个阶段，当老鼠在连续两天在30分钟内达到100次试验。 注意:不要过度训练这一步。奖励触摸的目标是实现大鼠和机器人之间的可靠的相互作用，使这一行为可以在被成形随后的训练。 </li></ol></li><li> 免费拉（FP）:训练老鼠伸手去拉机器人的句柄。 <ol><li>调整软件设置使手柄位于距离窗18 mm，在每次试验的开始，并没有中断，必须拉到至少10毫米试制成功。有关于在该阶段的拉伸运动没有横向限制。 <ol><li>分类试验当把手没有移动为打开的窗口后180秒为失败，当手柄移动可达工作空间（从中线超过12mm）中以外，或当老鼠已经退出内小于10毫米已经检测到第一触摸后5秒。 </li></ol></li><li>取在第一FP部分的前20个试验注意到倍左和右爪使用的数量。即在试验中至少80％的所用的爪被认为是优选的爪子。 注:偏好爪可能已经是明确的奖励-Touch会议。 </li><li>横向移动的手柄，直到它与窗口的边缘对齐，以促进与优选的爪子拉动（ 即移动至机器人5mm至窗口为右旋大鼠和反之亦然的左侧）。 注意:将手柄相对于这个相同的位置，以笼为这个老鼠所有后续培训。保证在轿厢壁和在机器人用标记确切位置。 </li><li>把老鼠在训练笼子，直到列车100次试验完成或直到60分钟过去了，以先到者为准。 注:如果老鼠不伸手远远不够，通过让它抢在手柄附近举行了球团提醒。老鼠可能会停止尝试多次失败的尝试后拉。塔上的笼子里，让他们抢了一双镊子举行的颗粒或分配的颗粒以恢复他们的动机。 </li><li>对于只涉及计划生育培训实验，继续训练在2.4描述。 没有TE:通常情况下，需要1-2 FP课程，帮助从奖励触摸SP（直拉）培训过渡。这些FP会议的目的是使其习惯老鼠伸手，抢拉把手，而不是只触摸它。至于奖励点触控训练，它不要过度的火车，如果我们的目标是要过渡到下一个训练的步骤是非常重要的。 </li></ol></li><li> 直拉（SP）:训练老鼠拉把手，而不偏离中线距离超过2毫米。 注:中线定义相对于机器人的开始位置，而不是在轿厢窗口的中点。因此，在笼窗口的中点结束的拉伸企图将导致牵引轨道即偏离中线超过2毫米。 <ol><li>调整软件设置，以便只试验，其中拉力运动不偏离任一侧从中线超过2毫米的由一个音调和一个小球奖赏。保留所有其他参数如步骤2.4所述。 </li><li>把老鼠在训练笼子，直到列车100次试验完成或直到60分钟过去了，以先到者为准。 注:大鼠可能会变得非常激动，停止尝试多次失败的尝试后拉。轻按笼他们的注意力重定向到达成任务，让他们抢了一双镊子举行的颗粒或分配的颗粒以恢复他们的动机。 </li><li>继续训练，直到大鼠到达平台的性能，或适应根据实验的目标的训练周期。 </li></ol></li></ol>

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作者什么都没有透露

熟练到达任务通常用于研究病理状态下6运动技能采集以及运动功能障碍。到达行为的可靠和明确的分析是基本的运动技能采集，以及参与损失和功能的神经系统疾病的动物模型后续恢复神经生理过程的细胞机理的研究至关重要。这里给出的结果显示机芯拉动的空间和时间方面是如何在展示运动技能训练不同的配置文件。这可能反映了运动技能学习过程中<sup class...

马达任务被广泛用于评估神经学或药理学动物模型有关运动学习或改变在运动功能的行为和神经的变化。细调电机的功能是很困难的在啮齿类动物中进行量化，但是。需要手巧的任务，如谷物1的操纵，面食2，或葵花子3是敏感的，不需要对动物的大量的训练。它们的主要缺点是，这些任务产生主要定性结果和可能难以明确得分。 熟练到达任务，例如单粒料到达任务的变化是更直接量化4,5。然而，所依据的这些任务成功执行运动因子只能推断到有限的程度并需要劳动密集型的帧一帧视频nalysis。 机器人设备已得到普及作为量化前肢功能和运动技能方面的手段。一些自动化的任务，达到可用。多数焦点上的前肢运动的一个方面，诸如沿着一个直线导轨的手柄的拉动6,7，简单远侧肢体运动8或爪9的旋前和旋后。虽然这些设备在显示运动功能的分析诺言，他们只反映单颗粒达到在有限的延长期间执行的复杂的运动动作。 在这里，我们演示如何使用一个三度的自由度的机器人设备，ETH Pattus，对大鼠10,11的各种电机任务的培训和考核制定了。它记录面和影响力，把握大鼠前肢运动的旋转运动，并拉在水平面下进行的任务。大鼠经由毫米直径的6球形把手的机器人，可以通过在测试笼（:15厘米，长度:40厘米，高度:宽度45cm）上的窗口到达相互作用并在水平面移动（推动和拉动运动）和旋转（旋前，旋后动作）。因此，它使老鼠进行的近似中传统的单颗粒到达任务执行的那些动作。窗口为10毫米宽，位于为50mm笼地板上方。手柄位于55毫米在地板上方。滑动门阻止访问到手柄达到试验和当机器人到达起始位置和试验完成后，关闭打开的。一个正确执行移动后，大鼠接受对测试笼的相对侧上的食物奖励。 该机器人是通过软件进行控制，并在1000赫兹记录从3旋转编码器的输出，从而对位置O信息f在水平面，以及它的旋转角度的手柄（详见附图11）。成功执行任务所需的条件在之前的每次训练软件定义（ 如需要最小的范围拉式拉任务的距离，最大偏差从中线）。手柄的初始标准化参考位置记录有在每次训练的开始的固定支架。该参考用于会话内的所有试验，保证了手柄每次试验的恒定起始位置。相对于所述笼窗口的把手恒定定位是通过在轿厢和机器人（ 图1）的标记的对准保证。 趋近动作录像使用的是小型高速摄像机（120帧/秒，640×480分辨率）记录。在相机的视图一个小显示屏，显示老鼠的识别号码，训练结束后，审判数量和审判结果（成功或失败）。这些视频用于验证记录的结果，并评估达到这一先于触摸动作，所述手柄的拉动或转动的效果。 这里，我们证明了达到和拉动任务的变化使用这种机器人平台。这个任务可以在一段时间内是可比其他本领域技术人员到达范例，并产生可再现的结果内的培训。我们描述了一个典型的培训协议，以及为一些主要的输出参数。此外，我们展示了使用的培训协议微小的变化如何导致行为结果可能在运动技能学习过程中的自主代表子进程改变的全日制课程。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="679">
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">ETH Pattus</td>
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			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td style="width:191px;">ETH Pattus was made by the Rehabilitation Engineering Laboratory of Prof. Gassert at ETH Zurich.&#160;</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">Training cage&#160;</td>
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			<td>The plexiglass training cage was made in-house.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:247px;">Pellet dispenser</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Campden Instruments</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:136px;">80209</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">45-mg dustless precision pellets</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Bio-Serv</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">F0021-J</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">GoPro Hero 3+ Silver Edition&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">digitec.ch</td>
			<td align="right">284528</td>
			<td>Small highspeed camera&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:247px;">Small display</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Adafruit Industries</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">#50, #661</td>
			<td>128x32 SPI Oled display controlled via an Arduino Uno microcontroller and Labview software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:247px;">Labview 2012</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">National Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">776678-3513</td>
			<td>ETH Pattus is compatible with more recent Labview versions.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:247px;">Matlab 2014b</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">The Mathworks</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">MLALL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

investigating motor skill learning processes with a robotic manipulandum

熟练到达任务在健康和病理条件下的运动技能的学习和运动功能的研究中常用的，但也需要大量的时间和模糊量化超越了简单的成功率。在这里，我们描述了带有ETH Pattus，自动化前肢达到培训的记录和拉动大鼠手旋转运动的机器人平台范围和拉任务的训练过程。所执行的拉尝试运动学定量揭示的运动参数不同时间轮廓，如从中线提拉速度，牵引轨迹空间变异，偏差，以及拉成功的存在。我们发现在训练模式小幅调整如何导致这些参数的变化，揭示了它们之间的关系，以任务难度，一般的运动功能或技术执行任务。与电生理，药理和光遗传学技术相结合，这种范式可以使用探索运动学习和记忆的形成，以及损耗和功能恢复（ 例如中风后）基础的机制。

在这里，我们将展示用雄性Long-Evans大鼠（10-12周龄）的接收范围和拉任务的3变化。在自由拉（FP）组（n = 6），老鼠被训练去拉机器人的手柄，一个22天的时间没有横向限制。在动物直拉1（SP1）组（n = 12）进行了培训，以拉动手柄，而不偏离中线距离超过2毫米。这些动物直接从奖励点触摸（步骤2.3），以直拉训练（步骤2.5）转变。对于这两个FP和SP1中的动物中，手柄被放?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Investigating Motor Skill Learning Processes with a Robotic Manipulandum at JoVE.com

Investigating Motor Skill Learning Processes with a Robotic Manipulandum

范式提出了大鼠自动化技术达到任务的培训和分析。拉动尝试分析表明电机学习不同的子进程。

调查运动技能的学习过程与机器人Manipulandum

Skilled reaching tasks are commonly used in studies of motor skill learning and motor function under healthy and pathological conditions, but can be ...

investigating-motor-skill-learning-processes-with-robotic

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

8.6K 次观看.  University Hospital Zurich. 范式提出了大鼠自动化技术达到任务的培训和分析。拉动尝试分析表明电机学习不同的子进程。 

视频: Investigating Motor Skill Learning Processes with a Robotic Manipulandum

Study Motor Skill Learning by Single-pellet Reaching Tasks in Mice

Reaching for and retrieving objects require precise and coordinated motor movements in the forelimb. When mice are repeatedly trained to grasp and retrieve food rewards positioned at a specific location, their motor performance (defined as accuracy and speed) improves progressively over time, and plateaus after persistent training. Once such reaching skill is mastered, its further maintenance does not require constant practice. Here we introduce a single-pellet reaching task to study the acquisition and maintenance of skilled forelimb movements in mice. In this video, we first describe the behaviors of mice that are commonly encountered in this learning and memory paradigm, and then discuss how to categorize these behaviors and quantify the observed results. Combined with mouse genetics, this paradigm can be utilized as a behavioral platform to explore the anatomical underpinnings, physiological properties, and molecular mechanisms of learning and memory.

Persistent practice improves the precision of coordinated movements.&#160;Here we introduce a single-pellet reaching task, which is designed to assess the learning and memory of forelimb skill in mice.&#160;

学习运动技能通过单颗粒到达任务小鼠学习

Reaching for and retrieving objects require precise and coordinated motor movements in the forelimb. When mice are repeatedly trained to grasp and ...

科研

行为学

Methods to Explore the Influence of Top-down Visual Processes on Motor Behavior

Kinesthetic awareness is important to successfully navigate the environment. When we interact with our daily surroundings, some aspects of movement are deliberately planned, while others spontaneously occur below conscious awareness. The deliberate component of this dichotomy has been studied extensively in several contexts, while the spontaneous component remains largely under-explored. Moreover, how perceptual processes modulate these movement classes is still unclear. In particular, a currently debated issue is whether the visuomotor system is governed by the spatial percept produced by a visual illusion or whether it is not affected by the illusion and is governed instead by the veridical percept. Bistable percepts such as 3D depth inversion illusions (DIIs) provide an excellent context to study such interactions and balance, particularly when used in combination with reach-to-grasp movements. In this study, a methodology is developed that uses a DII to clarify the role of top-down processes on motor action, particularly exploring how reaches toward a target on a DII are affected in both deliberate and spontaneous movement domains.

It is unclear how top-down signals from the ventral visual stream affect movement. We developed a paradigm to test motor behavior towards a target on a 3D depth inversion illusion. Significant differences are reported in both deliberate, goal-directed movements and automatic actions under illusory and veridical viewing conditions.

方法探索自上而下视觉过程对电机性能的影响

Kinesthetic awareness is important to successfully navigate the environment. When we interact with our daily surroundings, some aspects of movement are ...

Compensatory Limb Use and Behavioral Assessment of Motor Skill Learning Following Sensorimotor Cortex Injury in a Mouse Model of Ischemic Stroke

Mouse models have become increasingly popular in the field of behavioral neuroscience, and specifically in studies of experimental stroke. As models advance, it is important to develop sensitive behavioral measures specific to the mouse. The present protocol describes a skilled motor task for use in mouse models of stroke. The Pasta Matrix Reaching Task functions as a versatile and sensitive behavioral assay that permits experimenters to collect accurate outcome data and manipulate limb use to mimic human clinical phenomena including compensatory strategies (i.e., learned non-use) and focused rehabilitative training. When combined with neuroanatomical tools, this task also permits researchers to explore the mechanisms that support behavioral recovery of function (or lack thereof) following stroke. The task is both simple and affordable to set up and conduct, offering a variety of training and testing options for numerous research questions concerning functional outcome following injury. Though the task has been applied to mouse models of stroke, it may also be beneficial in studies of functional outcome in other upper extremity injury models.

Mouse models have become increasingly popular in studies of behavioral neuroscience. As models advance, it is important to develop sensitive behavioral measures specific to the mouse. This protocol describes the Pasta Matrix Reaching Task, which is a skilled motor task for use in mouse models of stroke.

补偿肢使用和运动技能学习行为评估以下感觉运动皮层损伤缺血性脑卒中的小鼠模型

Mouse models have become increasingly popular in the field of behavioral neuroscience, and specifically in studies of experimental stroke. As models ...

Stimulating the Lip Motor Cortex with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has proven to be a useful tool in investigating the role of the articulatory motor cortex in speech perception. Researchers have used single-pulse and repetitive TMS to stimulate the lip representation in the motor cortex. The excitability of the lip motor representation can be investigated by applying single TMS pulses over this cortical area and recording TMS-induced motor evoked potentials (MEPs) via electrodes attached to the lip muscles (electromyography; EMG). Larger MEPs reflect increased cortical excitability. Studies have shown that excitability increases during listening to speech as well as during&#160;viewing speech-related movements. TMS can be used also to disrupt the lip motor representation. A 15-min train of low-frequency sub-threshold repetitive stimulation has been shown to suppress motor excitability for a further 15-20 min. This TMS-induced disruption of the motor lip representation impairs subsequent performance in demanding speech perception tasks and modulates auditory-cortex responses to speech sounds. These findings are consistent with the suggestion that the motor cortex contributes to speech perception. This article describes how to localize the lip representation in the motor cortex and how to define the appropriate stimulation intensity for carrying out both single-pulse and repetitive TMS experiments.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has proven to be a useful tool in investigating the role of the articulatory motor cortex in speech perception.&#160; This article describes how to record motor evoked potentials (MEPs) from the lip muscles and how to disrupt the motor lip representation using repetitive TMS.

刺激唇部运动皮层与经颅磁刺激

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has proven to be a useful tool in investigating the role of the articulatory motor cortex in speech perception. ...

Quantifying Learning in Young Infants: Tracking Leg Actions During a Discovery-learning Task

Task-specific actions emerge from spontaneous movement during infancy. It has been proposed that task-specific actions emerge through a discovery-learning process. Here a method is described in which 3-4 month old infants learn a task by discovery and their leg movements are captured to quantify the learning process. This discovery-learning task uses an infant activated mobile that rotates and plays music based on specified leg action of infants. Supine infants activate the mobile by moving their feet vertically across a virtual threshold. This paradigm is unique in that as infants independently discover that their leg actions activate the mobile, the infants&#8217; leg movements are tracked using a motion capture system allowing for the quantification of the learning process. Specifically, learning is quantified in terms of the duration of mobile activation, the position variance of the end effectors (feet) that activate the mobile, changes in hip-knee coordination patterns, and changes in hip and knee muscle torque. This information describes infant exploration and exploitation at the interplay of person and environmental constraints that support task-specific action. Subsequent research using this method can investigate how specific impairments of different populations of infants at risk for movement disorders influence the discovery-learning process for task-specific action.

A method is described in which 3-4 month old infants learn a task by discovery and their leg movements are captured to quantify the learning process.

量化学习婴幼儿:跟踪腿操作期间发现，学习任务

Task-specific actions emerge from spontaneous movement during infancy. It has been proposed that task-specific actions emerge through a discovery-learning ...

Event-related Potentials During Target-response Tasks to Study Cognitive Processes of Upper Limb Use in Children with Unilateral Cerebral Palsy

Unilateral Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is a very common cause of disability in childhood. It is characterized by unilateral motor impairments that are frequently dominated in the upper limb. In addition to a reduced movement capacity of the affected upper limb, several children with unilateral CP show a reduced awareness of the remaining movement capacity of that limb. This phenomenon of disregarding the preserved capacity of the affected upper limb is regularly referred to as Developmental Disregard (DD). Different theories have been postulated to explain DD, each suggesting slightly different guidelines for therapy. Still, cognitive processes that might additionally contribute to DD in children with unilateral CP have never been directly studied. The current protocol was developed to study cognitive aspects involved in upper limb control in children with unilateral CP with and without DD. This was done by recording event-related potentials (ERPs) extracted from the ongoing EEG during target-response tasks asking for a hand-movement response. ERPs consist of several components, each of them associated with a well-defined cognitive process (e.g., the N1 with early attention processes, the N2 with cognitive control and the P3 with cognitive load and mental effort). Due to its excellent temporal resolution, the ERP technique enables to study several covert cognitive processes preceding overt motor responses and thus allows insight into the cognitive processes that might contribute to the phenomenon of DD. Using this protocol adds a new level of explanation to existing behavioral studies and opens new avenues to the broader implementation of research on cognitive aspects of developmental movement restrictions in children.

Several children with unilateral Cerebral Palsy seem to disregard the preserved capacity of their affected upper limb. This Developmental Disregard is extensively described in the literature but the involved cognitive processes have not been studied. To study underlying cognitive factors of upper limb control, an event-related potential protocol was developed.

事件相关电位在目标响应的任务，研究的上肢使用在儿童认知过程单侧脑性麻痹

Unilateral Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is a very common cause of disability in childhood. It is characterized by unilateral ...

Using a Split-belt Treadmill to Evaluate Generalization of Human Locomotor Adaptation

Understanding the mechanisms underlying locomotor learning helps researchers and clinicians optimize gait retraining as part of motor rehabilitation. However, studying human locomotor learning can be challenging. During infancy and childhood, the neuromuscular system is quite immature, and it is unlikely that locomotor learning during early stages of development is governed by the same mechanisms as in adulthood. By the time humans reach maturity, they are so proficient at walking that it is difficult to come up with a sufficiently novel task to study de novo locomotor learning. The split-belt treadmill, which has two belts that can drive each leg at a different speed, enables the study of both short- (i.e., immediate) and long-term (i.e., over minutes-days; a form of motor learning) gait modifications in response to a novel change in the walking environment. Individuals can easily be screened for previous exposure to the split-belt treadmill, thus ensuring that all experimental participants have no (or equivalent) prior experience. This paper describes a typical split-belt treadmill adaptation protocol that incorporates testing methods to quantify locomotor learning and generalization of this learning to other walking contexts. A discussion of important considerations for designing split-belt treadmill experiments follows, including factors like treadmill belt speeds, rest breaks, and distractors. Additionally, potential but understudied confounding variables (e.g., arm movements, prior experience) are considered in the discussion.

We describe a protocol for investigating human locomotor adaptation using the split-belt treadmill, which has two belts that can drive each leg at a different speed. We specifically focus on a paradigm designed to test the generalization of adapted locomotor patterns to different walking contexts (e.g., gait speeds, walking environments).

用分体式跑步机评价人类运动适应的泛化

Understanding the mechanisms underlying locomotor learning helps researchers and clinicians optimize gait retraining as part of motor rehabilitation. ...

Using Virtual Reality to Transfer Motor Skill Knowledge from One Hand to Another

As far as acquiring motor skills is concerned, training by voluntary physical movement is superior to all other forms of training (e.g. training by observation or passive movement of trainee&#39;s hands by a robotic device). This obviously presents a major challenge in the rehabilitation of a paretic limb since voluntary control of physical movement is limited. Here, we describe a novel training scheme we have developed that has the potential to circumvent this major challenge. We exploited the voluntary control of one hand and provided real-time movement-based manipulated sensory feedback as if the other hand is moving. Visual manipulation through virtual reality (VR) was combined with a device that yokes left-hand fingers to passively follow right-hand voluntary finger movements. In healthy subjects, we demonstrate enhanced within-session performance gains of a limb in the absence of voluntary physical training. Results in healthy subjects suggest that training with the unique VR setup might also be beneficial for patients with upper limb hemiparesis by exploiting the voluntary control of their healthy hand to improve rehabilitation of their affected hand.

We describe a novel virtual-reality based setup which exploits voluntary control of one hand to improve motor-skill performance in the other (non-trained) hand. This is achieved by providing real-time movement-based sensory feedback as if the non-trained hand is moving. This new approach may be used to enhance rehabilitation of patients with unilateral hemiparesis.

利用虚拟现实技术将运动技能知识从一只手转移到另一个

As far as acquiring motor skills is concerned, training by voluntary physical movement is superior to all other forms of training (e.g. training by ...

The "Motor" in Implicit Motor Sequence Learning: A Foot-stepping Serial Reaction Time Task

This protocol describes a modified serial reaction time (SRT) task used to study implicit motor sequence learning. Unlike the classic SRT task that involves finger-pressing movements while sitting, the modified SRT task requires participants to step with both feet while maintaining a standing posture. This stepping task necessitates whole body actions that impose postural challenges. The foot-stepping task complements the classic SRT task in several ways. The foot-stepping SRT task is a better proxy for the daily activities that require ongoing postural control, and thus may help us better understand sequence learning in real-life situations. In addition, response time serves as an indicator of sequence learning in the classic SRT task, but it is unclear whether response time, reaction time (RT) representing mental process, or movement time (MT) reflecting the movement itself, is a key player in motor sequence learning. The foot-stepping SRT task allows researchers to disentangle response time into RT and MT, which may clarify how motor planning and movement execution are involved in sequence learning. Lastly, postural control and cognition are interactively related, but little is known about how postural control interacts with learning motor sequences. With a motion capture system, the movement of the whole body (e.g., the center of mass (COM)) can be recorded. Such measures allow us to reveal the dynamic processes underlying discrete responses measured by RT and MT, and may aid in elucidating the relationship between postural control and the explicit and implicit processes involved in sequence learning. Details of the experimental set-up, procedure, and data processing are described. The representative data are adopted from one of our previous studies. Results are related to response time, RT, and MT, as well as the relationship between the anticipatory postural response and the explicit processes involved in implicit motor sequence learning.

We introduce the foot-stepping serial reaction time (SRT) task. This modified SRT task, complementing the classic SRT task that involves only finger-pressing movement, better approximates daily sequenced activities and allows researchers to study the dynamic processes underlying discrete response measures and disentangle the explicit process operating in implicit sequence learning.

隐式电机序列学习中的 "马达": 步进串行反应时间任务

This protocol describes a modified serial reaction time (SRT) task used to study implicit motor sequence learning. Unlike the classic SRT task that ...

Modeling Verbal Behavior Deficits with the Stimulus Control Ratio Equation, SCoRE

Verbal operant analyses are the extension of functional analysis technology to the field of verbal behavior, of particular relevance to autism spectrum disorders and associated developmental disabilities. Similarly, a verbal operant analysis carefully controls specific environmental factors that influence language, and measures strength of responding across four verbal operant classes: tact, mand, echoic, and sequelic. The frequency of each independent verbal operant is then measured against one another using the stimulus control ratio equation (SCoRE) to summarize the relative strength of the speaker&#8217;s repertoire. The verbal behavior SCoRE yields a statistic that can be compared against itself (e.g., for the purposes of pre/post testing) or against others (e.g., for the purposes of randomized controlled trials). The results of this evaluation provide an individualized hierarchy for diverging stimulus control across the verbal operants, from which a treatment plan for errorless language learning may be prescribed.

This article describes the procedures for conducting a verbal operant analysis (VOA), calculating the stimulus control ratio equation (SCoRE), and developing individualized verbal behavior treatment plans, specifically significant to address the deficits characteristic of autism.

使用刺激控制比率方程对言语行为缺陷建模,SCoRE

Verbal operant analyses are the extension of functional analysis technology to the field of verbal behavior, of particular relevance to autism spectrum ...