This work is part of a doctoral dissertation that was supported by grants from (in alphabetical order): Hersenstichting Nederland, Johanna KinderFonds, Stichting Rotterdams Kinderrevalidatie Fonds Adraanstichting, Phelps Stichting voor Spastici, and Revalidatie fonds.

从社会科学学院（ECSW）来自Radboud大学奈梅亨的地方道德委员会以及各区域医学研究伦理委员会，奇美电阿纳姆，奈梅亨（注册号获得批准使用这种实验设计不同的实验:2012 / 049; NL NR:39607.091.12）。 1.参加<ol><li>只包括被确诊为单侧CP作为诊断的，由医学专家（例如，神经科，儿科医生）的孩子。 注:ERP协议来评估认知方面底层上肢运动控制已经开发儿童单侧的CP，但并不限于此组只。 </li><li>只有包括孩子年龄超过5岁10,11。 注:年幼的孩子可能无法在整个过程中要注意任务。 </li><li>排除重症患儿视觉和听觉障碍。 注意:建议包括孩子谁只有轻微的视觉和听觉障碍如果它们能够执行的任务，并显示没有差异相对于响应速度或准确度相比，参与无视觉障碍的儿童。然而，可能的损伤需要在以后的报告中指定并有可能在最终的分析控制了。 </li><li>最后，排除孩子是无法满足的任务，因为可能的认知障碍和/或行为障碍。 </li><li>在此之前的脑电图测量，有一个训练有素的职业治疗师和/或物理治疗师评估相对于患侧手13的手动能力（MACS）以及DD可能存在的儿童。 <ol><li>评估的DD，计算过程中自发的日常活动（性能）与手/臂技术人员理想条件（容量）14,15下的质量进行比较使用受影响的手和臂的典型量的指标</SUP&gt;。要做到这一点使用有效和可靠的测试评估手的容量和性能手16。建议:以前已使用，最好使用指数验证14,15。使用该VOAA-DDD-R确定DD强烈建议，因为此任务的心理测试已经出版14。 </li><li>由于动手能力以及DD可能随时 ​​间（因治疗效果，例如 ，）改变，前不久或脑电图测量（最好在同一个星期）之后，安排这样的评价。 </li></ol></li><li>此外，收集孩子们的人口统计数据（如年龄，性别，药物治疗和癫痫发作史）能够把这些变量考虑在内（例如，匹配组时，或结果的解释）。 </li></ol> 2.开发可视目标响应任务<ol><li>写在电脑视觉目标的反应任务的脚本。见补充编码文件的一个示例脚本。 <ol><li>到呈现视觉刺激的计算机屏幕上，用一个刺激递送和实验控制程序，它是时间足够精确每当一个刺激被呈现给发送时间锁定标记来脑电图信号。对于注册的响应，使用登记时间准确（1毫秒）按键，并提供相关的刺激标记的EEG计算机的设备（ 见表材料 ）。 </li><li>对于视觉刺激使用呈现白色背景上的明确的形状，很容易识别（实例为形状或简单对象），并很容易区分（例如，基于颜色，形状，尺寸）。推荐是简单的图形设计，而不是复杂的刺激像的照片。 </li><li>请按照以下建议来设计ERP实验的儿童。注:设计ERP实验，为孩子往往是具有挑战性的，因为孩子们可能有能力有限遵守长期反复的实验。 <ol><li>目前的刺激是不够大，很容易被孩子（7×7厘米推荐大小）的认可。 </li><li>此外，优选使用的刺激有吸引力为孩子使儿童的注意力吸引到任务（例如，表情符号的）。图1显示了一个实验方案，可用于在幼儿学习期间简单的手部动作不同的认知过程。 </li></ol></li><li>确保包括明确不同的刺激右与左手的运动开始。这使得比较参与上述两个受影响和受影响较小的手在儿童单侧CP运动的不同的处理阶段。这被试内设计让参加的孩子作为自己的控制参与者（受影响对受影响较小的手）。 <ol><li>建议:目前刺激的左边或右边的屏幕分别诱导左手或右手的动作。合作ntrol的刺激偏侧，包括背景刺激到屏幕的另一侧。 </li></ol></li><li>呈现刺激的相同量给受影响作为对受影响较小侧。至少使用每刺激类别20次重复，以使事件相关电位11的平均。但是，保证实验的长度不超过10分钟，因为孩子可能无法参加较长任务的过程。早期的ERP研究儿童4.5和10分钟10,11,17,18之间CP报告协议。如果需要更长的协议时，让孩子好好休息10分钟后，继续算账。 </li></ol></li><li>为了记录反应所呈现的刺激，提供了两个大的响应按钮（推荐:直径9.5厘米;身高5.5厘米）具有极低的响应力的要求，以确保即使孩子有大量流动的限制可以轻易地作出反应。 </li><li> ADAPt是研究范式来测量感兴趣的认知过程，并排除可能的数据替代的解释。 </li><li>实验设计示例:线索/无故障工作（ 图1） <ol><li>要提示的/无故障工作来研究反应选择，响应制备以及反应抑制，本四种不同类型的视觉刺激的:背景刺激（实现为视觉刺激的处理的基线测量），线索刺激针对左和右侧（实施研究刺激选择过程），去/靶刺激左侧和右侧（实施学习响应制备方法）和NOGO-刺激左侧和右侧（实施研究反应抑制过程）。 </li><li>建议:现在的背景 - 和线索刺激为1000毫秒。本目标的刺激，直到响应制成。目前NOGO-刺激为1500毫秒。保持刺激间的时间间隔（ISI）CUE-和目标/ NOGO之间-stimuli固定（推​​荐:1000毫秒）。保持ISI每个正确的反应以下的目标之后，或去刺激随机的（建议:1000-1500毫秒之间）。 </li><li>为了避免在等概率的方式混杂古怪的活动，目前靶子和NOGO-刺激。 注意:虽然此范例减少抑制对NOGO-刺激19的作用，它允许资源规划的一个更直接的比较由两个靶-和NOGO-刺激诱 ​​发。 </li><li>在每次正确反应的目标刺激或一个NOGO刺激正确的反应受到抑制，出现某种形式的激励反馈（例如，短笑的声音）。 </li></ol></li></ol> 3.数据采集系统注:对于有孩子的测量值的移动脑电图实验室，强烈推荐。移动实验室允许进行研究的环境中所熟悉的孩子（如，学校，康复中心，家庭）。如果移动脑电图的设置不可用，确保孩子舒适的测试环境。期间的EEG制剂时，建议有一些分心/娱乐为儿童（例如，观看电影）。 <ol><li>使用两个计算机:一呈现所述刺激和第二计算机来记录和数字化的EEG。连接计算机，使得事件代码可以被发送到的脑电图数字化计算机每当某种事件发生时（例如，刺激，应答）。 </li><li>当选择的电极 - 放大器系统使用的有源电极系统（强烈推荐），以减少信号噪声比。 注:活动电极提高了信噪比，因为扩增的第一步骤是在所述电极的部位进行的，从而最大限度地减少中间噪声信号的影响。这种主动电极系统的一大好处是，电隔离室脑电图记录允许时是没有必要的几乎每一个环境测量研究。 <ol><li>即使有活性电极系统，要小心，不要测量接近电气或机械装置。 </li></ol></li><li>选择基于所研究的问题，并研究人群的电极的数目。一个32信道系统的电极（连同32通道脑电图放大器）是足够用于研究有关儿童上肢控制的不同处理阶段最认知过程。 </li></ol> 4.电录音<ol><li>先从清洁皮肤的位置处参考电极放置，以减少阻抗（建议:将左边乳突骨参考电极和用于在右侧乳突骨另一个有源电极脱机再参照的链接乳突）。 <ol><li>轻轻将去角质霜，去除死皮细胞，并用酒精清洗以去除油腻子清洁肌肤的参比电极安置立场。 </li><li>此外，清洁额头和眼睛周围的的EOG（眼电图）电极（眼电图记录在步骤4.6的详细信息）的皮肤。擦洗脸时要小心，这里的皮肤可能会非常敏感。 </li></ol></li><li>在把盖子上的参与者头上，测量头围来确定上限的大小。要确定圆周周围放置头部的最宽部分一个卷尺，略高于耳朵。 </li><li>应用与相应尺寸的帽，并检查其是否处于正确的位置。 <ol><li>要做到这一点，测量INION之间的距离（在头骨的背面凸状枕骨的一部分）和鼻根（点鼻顶端满足前额的脊）和左，右耳间凹槽之间。放置在锆石电极这些距离的整整50％。使用盖确保如果直拉正确地位于在中心顶点，所有其它埃尔ectrodes是根据国际:10-20 系统 20自动定位在标准位置。 </li></ol></li><li>根据国际:10-20 系统 20通过使用在帽和电极的数目放置电极。 <ol><li>找到电极五中线网站（Fz的，FCZ，CZ，Pz的和OZ）和24个横向网站（FP1 / 2，F7 / 8，F3 / 4，FC5 / 6，FC1 / 2，C3 / 4，CP5 / 6， CP1 / 2，P7 / 8，P3 / 4，T7 / 8，01/2），以允许头皮分布估计为脱机数据处理（ 参见图2）中找到所关心的ERP成分空间的最大值。 </li><li>如果参考电极放置在左侧乳突骨，将一个以上的电极上的权利乳突骨为链接参考记录。上放置AFZ（参见图2为电极放置的示意图）与接地电极。 </li></ol></li><li>由通过电极插入钝针填充传导凝胶的电极。 Ť他凝胶最大化皮肤接触，并作为电极的延展性延伸。为了降低阻抗，轻轻研磨所述电极下方的皮肤。注意不要使用过多的导电胶凝胶可能会与相邻电极的凝胶接触，从而扭曲了的信号。 </li><li>联合注册一个EOG离线数据处理过程中，纠正脑电信号的眼球运动。 注:尤其是有孩子的，很难通过指令来避免眼球运动伪影只。联合注册该EOG信号随后正确的眼睛所产生的电活动，因此强烈建议这些参与者。 <ol><li>为了这个目的，将孩子的眼睛周围的EOG电极。 </li><li>由于儿童的皮肤非常敏感，尽量避免放置四个EOG电极。相反，地点只有两个EOG电极通过使用一个下面右眼的有源电极和一个在其外表罐从而右眼。当离线数据处理过程中施加眼校正，使用F7和FP2电极作为EOG记录参比电极。 </li></ol></li><li>保持低于20千欧姆电极的阻抗通过使用阻抗计而附着在电极。 注:建议使用放大系统具有此作为一个内置函数。 </li><li>使用数字化的软件进行数字化，并根据制造商的说明记录脑电图信号。使用以下推荐的设置为录音:数字化在0.016和250 Hz之间的1000样本/秒和在线过滤器。 </li></ol> 5.执行目标响应任务在脑电图记录<ol><li>放置笔记本电脑或电脑屏幕大约40厘米的孩子面前。定位旁边的笔记本键盘，一个在右侧，另一个在左侧的两个红色按钮。保持在30厘米的按钮之间的距离是消除硅氧烷ibility是错手来按按钮。找到孩子的手略高于肘部搁在桌子上的两个红色的按钮。 </li><li>指示孩子通过按目标刺激（右按钮权利刺激呈现，对于左刺激呈现左键）侧的红色按钮尽快响应与目标刺激。如果NOGO-刺激都包括在内，指导孩子只要NOGO刺激呈现抑制自己的反应。 </li><li>进行简短的试验会议。请确保在实验中使用的所有刺激该试验会话过程中至少出现一次。然而，保持这种试验会议尽可能短（约1分钟无不必要的重复），以防止在以后的协议诱导的疲劳。 </li></ol> 6.离线数据处理<ol><li> 行为数据处理 <ol><li>定义行为变量（ 如错误，REAC重刑次）加工脑电图数据之前。该ERP数据对应于行为数据（例如，只有拥有正确反应试验用于平均化的ERP）是重要的。 </li><li>建议:定义跟随用目标刺激（以下在2000毫秒CUE-和NOGO-的刺激，例如 ，响应）错误，虚假点击，遗漏（建议:在2000毫秒无反应），以及错误的响应（错误的按钮或两个按钮按下同时）。根据研究问题，研究人员可能希望排除在RT和ERP数据这些错误。 </li></ol></li><li> 对于ERP的分析电数据处理（推荐步骤） 注:选择一个数据分析系统，该系统是适合于分析针对回答特定问题的研究的数据。不同的系统有更好的适用于不同的分析目的（例如，ERP系统的分析与频率分析）。有可能独立LY方案本软件以及使用市售的脑电图分析系统。下面提供的说明特定的BrainVision分析。使用BrainVision分析仪只有一个出了许多可用的选项来分析ERP数据。 <ol><li>如果链接的引用记录被选择（参考电极放置在一个乳突骨与另一种活性电极置于另一乳突骨），重新参考每脑电图电极相连乳突的信号。选择频道置于右乳突骨作为一个新的参考渠道，包括隐式引用到新的基准计算（转换 - &gt;频道预处理 - &gt;新建参考）。 </li><li>通过使用从垂直和水平EOG通道（例如，格拉顿＆科尔斯21）记录在信号施加的眼修正。如果使用只有两个EOG通道，使用F7和FP2电极作为EOG通道参比电极（转换 - &gt; OCULAR修正）。 </li><li>应用适当的过滤器（转换 - &gt;数据过滤 - &gt; IIR滤波器）。为记录在儿童的ERP，建议使用高通滤波器，0.5 Hz的截止和一个低通滤波器，其不超过40赫兹。 </li><li>段涉及到不同的刺激到根据不同的标记位置等于段时期的信号（转换 - &gt;段分析功能 - &gt;分割 - &gt;创建基于标记位置新段）。对于下面的视觉刺激的呈现的ERP刺激后使用段从250毫秒刺激前到至少750毫秒（推荐）。此外，通过布尔选择的方式排除不正确的审判（虚假点击和遗漏）的时期。 </li><li> Detrend信号，以纠正信号漂移（转换 - &gt;段分析功能 - &gt;直流Detrend）。 </li><li>应用神器拒绝筛选每段电机和眼的文物，如高频肌肉活动，并删除含有文物超过±150μV段。建议:使用半自动模式，以便更深入地了解哪些数据被删除（转换 - &gt;神器抑制 - &gt;半自动段选择）。 </li><li>应用适当的基线校正（转换 - &gt;段分析功能 - &gt;基线校正）。建议:对于以下的视觉刺激的呈现的ERP使用从-250毫秒的基线校正，直到刺激的呈现。 </li><li>人均刺激型和手（影响对受影响较小）（转换 - &gt;段分析功能 - &gt;平均）段。 </li><li>最后，出口平均振幅为各种感兴趣的峰（出口 - &gt;区域信息）。建议:为了让盲人的得分，定义在一个固定的等待时间窗口的平均值。来确定适当的延迟时间窗口中研究组发现在所有儿童的宏伟平均ERP的目标峰的最大值和定义一个窗口前和峰值后达到此值的50％。使用此窗口可以导出这个组件窗口的平均值为所有个人参与者22。 </li><li>建议:由于目前研究方案是冲着学习信息处理和认知能力的差异，包括从中线电极数据。内源性成分反映在信息处理和认知能力的差异是清楚可见的和可识别的在顶点由于信号的普遍活性和涂抹头皮地形。 注意:在使用此协议之前的研究，从Fz的，鱼类养殖区和Cz电极的数据被用于数据分析10,11。 </li></ol></li></ol>

<ol>
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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

本文介绍了发展直接评估过程中简单的上肢运动的孩子单侧脑性麻痹（CP）和发展否认（DD）与运动控制的认知过程的协议。单边CP是非渐进的神经发育紊乱为特征的运动障碍在身体的一侧上，主要影响上肢1,3。与DD儿童表现出不顾自己患手的过程中自发的日常活动5的保存能力。目前的协议的开发是为了解开可能有助于DD的现象，改进现有的康复程序，对这些儿童的目标，相关的认知机制。通过使用这种协议有价值的新见解，获得有关与DD 10,11与简单的上肢运动的孩子的基本认知过程。 关键这个原COL是在一个非常简单的可执行目标响应任务中使用事件相关电位（ERP的）的。在进行任务的简单性允许纳入幼儿用流动的限制。在任务期间记录的ERP用作测量神经活动具有高时间分辨率的强大的非侵入性神经成像技术。使用该协议允许有关儿童单侧CP上肢控制不同的加工阶段的认知方面的研究。因此，它延伸行为检查到神经生理水平。此外，该协议可以很容易地通过提出不同的刺激适于（例如，线索刺激，NOGO-刺激）或适应刺激呈现时间以及刺激间的间隔。因此，有可能直接评估参与上肢控制不同的认知过程（例如，响应制剂与反应抑制）。 接下来的想法，一定的运动障碍患儿单侧CP实际上是由不正常的认知过程引起的，这可能有助于观察运动障碍患儿的DD另一个重要方面是可能的感官赤字18。由于伤病的具体丘脑和corticocortical途径有的孩子单侧CP没有收到来自他们的动作24准确的感官反馈。这反过来又被提出来引起患侧手的使用不足， 即 ，DD。目前的协议并没有直接评价这种可能感觉障碍。对于不同的感觉处理患儿运动残疾的详细评估，我们将贝耶和关键（2014年）25的工作。 为了确保准确和有效的结果，有几个关键点需要注意。起始脑电图实验之前，首先对所有重要了解相关廉这种技术的itations。空间分辨率相对较差，以及推断皮质下活动的难度是要考虑的重要问题。如果所研究的问题是针对神经解剖学期间上肢控制定位特定的过程，神经影像的替代方法，应考虑（例如，（F），MRI）。然而，应该清楚地指出，非侵袭性脑电图以及使用移动实验室以测量所熟悉的子位置的可能性，提供了巨大的优势比其他技术。 旁边的EEG测量的空间分辨率差，通过闪烁和肌肉的活动所引入的噪声也是不利的。尤其是在儿童是非常困难的，得到适当的指令，以减少这些伪影。因此，它是非常重要的使用协议，保持孩子的注意力，不会需要太长时间。 目前公关otocol提供了新的经验见解，与单边CP 10,11有助于DD的现象在孩子们的基本认知过程。这些见解可能是高价值不仅为进一步理解的DD，也为个体化的当前疗法。此外，该协议的能力直接评估上肢控制潜在的认知因素可能导致的对儿童与运动的发展认知方面的研究可能更广泛的执行。

<html>脑性麻痹（CP）被定义为一组有关运动和姿势损伤神经发育障碍所引起的干扰，以显影胎儿或婴儿大脑1。即使这些损伤都是非渐进的，它们与终生残疾1,2相关联。一个CP最常见的亚型是单方面的CP，占全部病例的3三分之一以上。它的特点是显着的运动障碍上经常在上肢1,3-更突出体的一侧。旁边的受影响的上肢的降低运动能力，几个孩子单侧CP也似乎忽视自发地使用他们的患手的剩余容量在日常生活4-8。这种无视单边CP受影响上肢的剩余容量经常被称为发展否认（DD）4-11。 内容"&gt;除了DD的基于行为加固理论4传统的解释，较近期的研究已强调了认知因素的重要性的理解DD 5,9-11。这些理论基于这样的思想，某些运动障碍儿童单方面的CP实际上是由不正常的认知过程所必需的成功目标导向的运动行为，而不是通过限制行动本身造成的。在这方面，DD一直比较中风后电机忽视的现象，表明视空间关注缺陷9，11,12，或者，已经提出，在关键发育期间缺乏使用受影响的手的不仅影响电机的开发，但也与相关的运动行为5认知过程的延迟相关联， 10。 虽然DD已经在文献中被广泛描述和不同的理论都强调与目标导向的运动行为改变的认知过程5,9-11，这些认知过程中从来没有直接研究了单边CP可能作出的贡献。目前的协议被开发，以评估有关儿童单侧CP上肢控制认知方面。该协议描述了事件相关电位（有效保护率）从在手动目标响应的任务正在进行的EEG中提取的。 企业资源规划提供独特的机会来测量神经反应是时间锁定到相关的公开回应不同的处理阶段。也就是说，它们允许以研究有关目标定向运动反应，如反应选择，反应准备和反应抑制过程不同的认知过程。此外，事件相关电位由几个部分组成，每个区域具有不同的认知过程有关（例如，N1的早期注意要数处理，对N2与认知控制和认知负荷和心理努力P3）。同样，在一个简单的手动目标响应任务使用的ERP，使我们能够直接研究有关儿童单侧CP使用和不使用DD上肢控制不同的处理阶段有不同的认知过程。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="834">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="105">
			<td height="105" style="height:105px;width:205px;">&#34;Presentation&#34; stimulus delivery and experimental control program for neuroscience</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">NeuoBehavioralSystems&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:100px;"></td>
			<td style="width:367px;">company web address: http://www.neurobs.com/index_html 
			Alternate stimulus presenation software can be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:205px;">Button Box, for time accurate(1ms) button press registration</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">TSG, Radboud University Nijmegen</td>
			<td style="width:100px;"></td>
			<td style="width:367px;">company web address: http://tsgdoc.socsci.ru.nl/ 
			index.php?title=ButtonBoxes 
			Alternate button press registration device can be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="147">
			<td height="147" style="height:147px;width:205px;">BrainAmp DC 32 channels EEG/EP system, with BUA 128 USB interface 
			S/N: AMP13061963DC, BUA128-1302289, EIB13010349</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">MedCaT B.V.</td>
			<td style="width:100px;">BP-01100</td>
			<td style="width:367px;">company web address: http://www.medcat.nl/Research/acticap.htm 
			For measurements with children a mobile EEG lab is highly 
			recommended</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="105">
			<td height="105" style="height:105px;width:205px;">Acticap 32 channel standard cap set 
			S/N: aCAP11101664, aEB13032942</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">MedCaT B.V.</td>
			<td style="width:100px;">BP-04200</td>
			<td style="width:367px;">company web address: http://www.medcat.nl/Research/acticap.htm 
			It is highly recommended to use an active electrode system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="168">
			<td height="168" style="height:168px;width:205px;">BrainVision Recorder Software license 
			USB Dongel: UR11471 
			&#38; 
			BrainVision Analyzer Software license 
			USB Dongel: U12512</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Brain products</td>
			<td style="width:100px;">BP00020 
			 
			 
			&#38; 
			BP00120</td>
			<td style="width:367px;">company web address: http://www.brainproducts.com/ 
			Alterante recording and analyzing software can be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:205px;">NuPrep</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">MedCatSupplies</td>
			<td style="width:100px;">10-30</td>
			<td style="width:367px;">company web address: http://www.medcat.nl/supplies/ 
			Alternate skin preparation exfoliants can be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:205px;">Skin Conductance Electrode Paste</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">MedCatSupplies</td>
			<td style="width:100px;">TD-246</td>
			<td style="width:367px;">company web address: http://www.medcat.nl/supplies/ 
			Alternate EEG conductive electrode gel can be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:205px;">Blunt needle 
			and 
			syringe kit</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">MedCatSupplies</td>
			<td style="width:100px;">JG161.5 
			&#38; 
			30xxxx</td>
			<td style="width:367px;">company web address: http://www.medcat.nl/supplies/ 
			Needle and syringe kit is used to apply conductive gel to electrode embedded in the EEG cap</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:205px;">Acticap Holder for Active Electrodes and 
			stickers</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">MedCatSupplies</td>
			<td style="width:100px;">BP-04244 
			&#38; 
			Z85-10x</td>
			<td style="width:367px;">company web address: http://www.medcat.nl/supplies/ 
			Acticap Holders and stickers are used for fixating EOG electrodes</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

event-related potentials during target-response tasks to study cognitive processes of upper limb use in children with unilateral cerebral palsy

单侧脑瘫（CP）是一种神经疾病，是残疾儿童的一个非常常见的原因。它的特征在于:经常把持上肢单方面运动障碍。除了受影响的上肢的减小的运动能力，几个孩子单侧的CP表明肢体的剩余的移动量的降低的认识。这种现象不考虑受影响上肢的保存容量将定期被称为发展否认（DD）。不同的理论已经假定来解释的DD，用于治疗的每个提示稍有不同的准则。不过，这可能会导致额外儿童单侧CP到DD认知过程从来没有直接影响。目前的协议的开发是为了学习与之相关的儿童单侧CP使用和不使用DD上肢控制认知方面。这是通过记录与事件相关的p进行otentials（企业资源规划）期间的目标响应任务要求手的运动响应从正在进行的EEG提取。事件相关电位由几个部分组成，每个人有一个明确的认知过程相关（例如，N1的早期关注过程中，N2与认知控制和认知负荷和心理努力P3）。由于其出色的时间分辨率，在ERP技术使得研究前述公开的运动反应几个隐蔽认知过程，从而便于洞察可能有助于DD的现象认知过程。使用该协议增加了解释，现有的行为研究的新水平，开辟了新的途径，对儿童发展的行动限制认知方面的更广泛实施的研究。

所描述的协议已被应用在之前发表的报告所研究的潜在的认知因素导致发育否认（DD）的儿童单侧脑性麻痹（CP）10,11的现象。两个略有不同的协议已经被用于在这些出版物中解开参与朝向目标目标导向手响应不同的认知过程。在这两种物品组（DD和NODD）之间的认知过程显著差异，在反应的目标刺激对中线电极（Fz的，FCZ，CZ）的介绍。因此，代表性的结果表明事件相关电位（有效保护率）由目标刺激引起儿童单侧CP使用和不使用DD（引起的GO / NOGO任务见图1）。给出的数据是基于对24名儿童，5岁和11岁之间单方面的CP录音。 在整个试验和参与者平均产生的ERP波形由一系列的正面和负面的变形:在ERP 组件图3显示了24名儿童单侧CP盛大平均的ERP响应视觉目标刺激（如图介绍1）。 图3A示出的宏伟平均有效保护率在为不同的电位的详图FCZ电极位置。它示出了用于刺激呈现给受影响侧（AS）和向受影响较小侧（LAS）独立的电位。 图3B示出了potentialsacross头皮的代表性。这些宏伟平均的ERP示出平均值反应对刺激呈现给双方，受影响的（AS）和在受影响较小侧（​​LAS）。在图 3A和3B中所示的盛大平均包含一个明确的N1和P2组件。取而代之的是经典的P3的，一个纬度Ë潜伏期负成分（NC）在额中部头皮的位置上观测以下目标刺激。在儿童这种额中部负波报道早些时候媲美成人20经典P3波曾多次在目标任务的反应中观察到儿童单侧CP 10,11。 图4描述了儿童单侧CP使用和不使用DD组间差异的ERP。 图4A描绘了宏伟的平均有效保护率的两组（DD和NODD）和两侧（受影响少患侧）分开。两组的N1和P2的成分以及后期延迟负成分可​​以观察到。然而，在P3域负波是显著越大DD组（p &lt;0.05）中。此外，可以在组之间被观察的N1成分的振幅间显著差异。对于统计分析固定延迟窗口内的平均值进行分析。描绘显著差异，条形图经常被用作如图 4B中所示。为了解释这两个组之间的差异，存在涉及每个ERP组件以一个特定的认知操作大量的文献。每当发现显著的组间差异存在的文学应该被用于这些差异的含义相应的解释。如何对这些有代表性的结果发现被解释相关的研究问题记录在相应的出版物10,11。 除了从ERP记录导出的数据时，不同的目标响应的任务还生成可用于额外分析行为数据。以下目标stimu反应时间（从目标演示文稿按钮按下时）和错误（例如，遗漏里）可以作为单独的附加因变量。当研究儿童单侧的CP，在两手之间的反应时间的差异（相对于受影响的影响较小）可如图5中可以预期10,11，然而，即使在事件相关电位的差异观察到，有可能是行为的测量结果表明组10之间无显着差异。 另一种可能性，使用的反应时间和错误分数作为单独的尺寸是通过计算逆效率得分（IES）使用一个组合分值。该IES由平均反应时间的表现在23毫秒正确反应的比例划分确定。这种方法被认为是在具有低（&lt;10％）的错误率2 3任务特别有用。作为当前协议表明很容易的目标响应的程序，低差错率预期并一直文件编辑在之前发表的作品10,11。 <img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/53420/53420fig1.jpg" /> 的目标响应任务图1.实施例实验适于广泛的年龄范围。该示例包含对呈现在白色背景笑脸数字的视觉刺激。两种不同类型的试验示:目标试验为右手（左）和NOGO-试验为右手（右）。这两项试验包括背景-和CUE-刺激。 <a href="https://jove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/files/ftp_upload/53420/53420fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/53420/53420fig2.jpg" /> 图2.电极位置根据国际10-20系统上的白色电极所代表的应用placemen吨，挂乳突参考位置用于EOG测量的32个活动电极和双活性电极的。橙色电极表示基准电极。灰色电极代表接地电极。 <a href="https://jove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/files/ftp_upload/53420/53420fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图3" src="/files/ftp_upload/53420/53420fig3.jpg" /> 图3。代表隆重平均的事件相关电位以下目标刺激，对24名儿童单侧CP时间锁定为目标的刺激大平均的ERP波形。 （ 一）大平均的ERP在鱼类养殖区电极位置。连续线表示的ERP以下目标刺激呈现给受影响较小侧（​​LAS）。虚线表示跟随用目标刺激呈现向患侧（视）的ERP。时间窗ARound感兴趣的不同组分的最大值（N1，P2和P3 / NC）被突出显示。 （二）在整个头皮大平均的ERP的表示。 <a href="https://jove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/files/ftp_upload/53420/53420fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图4" src="/files/ftp_upload/53420/53420fig4.jpg" /> 图4。代表隆重平均的事件相关电位以下目标刺激显示两组之间的差异。（A）相同的24名儿童单侧的CP，如图3所示大平均的ERP波形，时间锁定为目标的刺激。十二个​​孩子被归为DD。蓝线代表儿童单侧CP的有效保护率无DD（NODD; N = 12）。橙色线代表的ERP的儿童DD（DD; N = 12）。连续线表示该事件相关电位以下目标刺激呈现给受影响较小侧（​​LAS）。虚线代表跟随用目标刺激呈现给受影响侧（AS）的所述的ERP。围绕感兴趣的不同成分的最大值的时间窗口（N1，P2和P3 / NC）被突出显示。 （B）的&#160; P3 / Nc的振幅（平均±SEMμV）到目标-刺激如图 3A中所描绘。蓝色条代表的儿童不DD P3 / Nc的振幅的平均值。橙色条形代表的儿童用的DD P3 / Nc的振幅的平均值。将澄清的条表示受影响较小侧（​​LAS）的结果。条纹柱表示患侧（AS）的结果。星号表示关于P3 / NC波幅两组之间的显著（P &lt;0.05）的区别。 <a href="https://jove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/files/ftp_upload/53420/53420fig4large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该F的放大版本。</a>igure。 <img alt="图5" src="/files/ftp_upload/53420/53420fig5.jpg" /> 图5.代表性的反应时间数据显示受影响和受影响较小的手之间的差异。描绘为手段±中小企业。灰色栏显示的平均反应时间为目标，刺激的24名儿童单侧CP与他们的影响较小的手。黑色栏显示的平均反应时间为目标的刺激相同的孩子与他们受影响的手。 <a href="https://jove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/files/ftp_upload/53420/53420fig5large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Event-related Potentials During Target-response Tasks to Study Cognitive Processes of Upper Limb Use in Children with Unilateral Cerebral Palsy at JoVE.com

Event-related Potentials During Target-response Tasks to Study Cognitive Processes of Upper Limb Use in Children with Unilateral Cerebral Palsy

Several children with unilateral Cerebral Palsy seem to disregard the preserved capacity of their affected upper limb. This Developmental Disregard is extensively described in the literature but the involved cognitive processes have not been studied. To study underlying cognitive factors of upper limb control, an event-related potential protocol was developed.

事件相关电位在目标响应的任务，研究的上肢使用在儿童认知过程单侧脑性麻痹

Unilateral Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is a very common cause of disability in childhood. It is characterized by unilateral ...

event-related-potentials-during-target-response-tasks-to-study

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

12.0K 次观看.  Radboud University Nijmegen. Several children with unilateral Cerebral Palsy seem to disregard the preserved capacity of their affected upper limb. This Developmental Disregard is extensively described in the literature but the involved cognitive processes have not been studied. To study underlying cognitive factors of upper limb control, an event-related potential protocol was developed. 

视频: Event-related Potentials During Target-response Tasks to Study Cognitive Processes of Upper Limb Use in Children with Unilateral Cerebral Palsy

Using Eye Movements to Evaluate the Cognitive Processes Involved in Text Comprehension

The present article describes how to use eye tracking methodologies to study the cognitive processes involved in text comprehension. Measuring eye movements during reading is one of the most precise methods for measuring moment-by-moment (online) processing demands during text comprehension. Cognitive processing demands are reflected by several aspects of eye movement behavior, such as fixation duration, number of fixations, and number of regressions (returning to prior parts of a text). Important properties of eye tracking equipment that researchers need to consider are described, including how frequently the eye position is measured (sampling rate), accuracy of determining eye position, how much head movement is allowed, and ease of use. Also described are properties of stimuli that influence eye movements that need to be controlled in studies of text comprehension, such as the position, frequency, and length of target words. Procedural recommendations related to preparing the participant, setting up and calibrating the equipment, and running a study are given. Representative results are presented to illustrate how data can be evaluated. Although the methodology is described in terms of reading comprehension, much of the information presented can be applied to any study in which participants read verbal stimuli.

The present article describes how to use eye tracking methodologies to study the cognitive processes involved in text comprehension. Descriptions of eye tracking equipment, how to develop experimental stimuli, and procedural recommendations are included. The information presented can be applied to most any study using verbal stimuli.

使用眼动来评估文本理解中涉及的认知过程

The present article describes how to use eye  tracking methodologies to study the cognitive processes involved in text  comprehension. Measuring eye ...

科研

行为学

Assessing Forelimb Function after Unilateral Cervical SCI using Novel Tasks: Limb Step-alternation, Postural Instability and Pasta Handling

Cervical spinal cord injury (cSCI) can cause devastating neurological deficits, including impairment or loss of upper limb and hand function. A majority of the spinal cord injuries in humans occur at the cervical levels. Therefore, developing cervical injury models and developing relevant and sensitive behavioral tests is of great importance. Here we describe the use of a newly developed forelimb step-alternation test after cervical spinal cord injury in rats. In addition, we describe two behavioral tests that have not been used after spinal cord injury: a postural instability test (PIT), and a pasta-handling test. All three behavioral tests are highly sensitive to injury and are easy to use. Therefore, we feel that these behavioral tests can be instrumental in investigating therapeutic strategies after cSCI.

Three new behavioral tests (forelimb step-alternation, postural instability test, pasta handling test) for evaluating forelimb function after cervical spinal cord injury in rodents are described.

采用新型任务评估前肢功能单侧颈脊髓损伤后:肢体步交替，姿势不稳和面食处理

Cervical spinal cord injury (cSCI) can cause devastating neurological deficits, including impairment or loss of upper limb and hand function. A majority ...

Methods to Explore the Influence of Top-down Visual Processes on Motor Behavior

Kinesthetic awareness is important to successfully navigate the environment. When we interact with our daily surroundings, some aspects of movement are deliberately planned, while others spontaneously occur below conscious awareness. The deliberate component of this dichotomy has been studied extensively in several contexts, while the spontaneous component remains largely under-explored. Moreover, how perceptual processes modulate these movement classes is still unclear. In particular, a currently debated issue is whether the visuomotor system is governed by the spatial percept produced by a visual illusion or whether it is not affected by the illusion and is governed instead by the veridical percept. Bistable percepts such as 3D depth inversion illusions (DIIs) provide an excellent context to study such interactions and balance, particularly when used in combination with reach-to-grasp movements. In this study, a methodology is developed that uses a DII to clarify the role of top-down processes on motor action, particularly exploring how reaches toward a target on a DII are affected in both deliberate and spontaneous movement domains.

It is unclear how top-down signals from the ventral visual stream affect movement. We developed a paradigm to test motor behavior towards a target on a 3D depth inversion illusion. Significant differences are reported in both deliberate, goal-directed movements and automatic actions under illusory and veridical viewing conditions.

方法探索自上而下视觉过程对电机性能的影响

Kinesthetic awareness is important to successfully navigate the environment. When we interact with our daily surroundings, some aspects of movement are ...

Cortical Source Analysis of High-Density EEG Recordings in Children

EEG is traditionally described as a neuroimaging technique with high temporal and low spatial resolution. Recent advances in biophysical modelling and signal processing make it possible to exploit information from other imaging modalities like structural MRI that provide high spatial resolution to overcome this constraint1. This is especially useful for investigations that require high resolution in the temporal as well as spatial domain. In addition, due to the easy application and low cost of EEG recordings, EEG is often the method of choice when working with populations, such as young children, that do not tolerate functional MRI scans well. However, in order to investigate which neural substrates are involved, anatomical information from structural MRI is still needed. Most EEG analysis packages work with standard head models that are based on adult anatomy. The accuracy of these models when used for children is limited2, because the composition and spatial configuration of head tissues changes dramatically over development3.&#160;
In the present paper, we provide an overview of our recent work in utilizing head models based on individual structural MRI scans or age specific head models to reconstruct the cortical generators of high density EEG. This article describes how&#160;EEG recordings are acquired, processed, and analyzed with pediatric populations at the London Baby Lab, including laboratory setup, task design, EEG preprocessing, MRI processing, and EEG channel level and source analysis.&#160;

In recent years, there has been increasing interest in estimating the cortical sources of scalp measured electrical activity for cognitive neuroscience experiments. This article describes how high density EEG is acquired and how recordings are processed for cortical source estimation in children from the age of 2 years at the London Baby Lab.

高密度的脑电图记录在儿童的皮质来源分析

EEG is traditionally described as a neuroimaging technique with high temporal and low spatial resolution. Recent advances in biophysical modelling and ...

Uncovering Beat Deafness: Detecting Rhythm Disorders with Synchronized Finger Tapping and Perceptual Timing Tasks

A set of behavioral tasks for assessing perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities in the general population (i.e., non-musicians) is presented here with the goal of uncovering rhythm disorders, such as beat deafness. Beat deafness is characterized by poor performance in perceiving durations in auditory rhythmic patterns or poor synchronization of movement with auditory rhythms (e.g., with musical beats). These tasks include the synchronization of finger tapping to the beat of simple and complex auditory stimuli and the detection of rhythmic irregularities (anisochrony detection task) embedded in the same stimuli. These tests, which are easy to administer, include an assessment of both perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities under different conditions (e.g., beat rates and types of auditory material) and are based on the same auditory stimuli, ranging from a simple metronome to a complex musical excerpt. The analysis of synchronized tapping data is performed with circular statistics, which provide reliable measures of synchronization accuracy (e.g., the difference between the timing of the taps and the timing of the pacing stimuli) and consistency. Circular statistics on tapping data are particularly well-suited for detecting individual differences in the general population. Synchronized tapping and anisochrony detection are sensitive measures for identifying profiles of rhythm disorders and have been used with success to uncover cases of poor synchronization with spared perceptual timing. This systematic assessment of perceptual and sensorimotor timing can be extended to populations of patients with brain damage, neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Parkinson&#8217;s disease), and developmental disorders (e.g., Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder).

Behavioral tasks that allow for the assessment of perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities in the general population (i.e., non-musicians) are presented. Synchronization of finger tapping to the beat of an auditory stimuli and detecting rhythmic irregularities provides a means of uncovering rhythm disorders.

揭开节拍耳聋:检测节律紊乱与同步手指敲击和感知定时任务

A set of behavioral tasks for assessing perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities in the general population (i.e., non-musicians) is presented here ...

Measuring Neural and Behavioral Activity During Ongoing Computerized Social Interactions: An Examination of Event-Related Brain Potentials

Social exclusion is a complex social phenomenon with powerful negative consequences. Given the impact of social exclusion on mental and emotional health, an understanding of how perceptions of social exclusion develop over the course of a social interaction is important for advancing treatments aimed at lessening the harmful costs of being excluded. To date, most scientific examinations of social exclusion have looked at exclusion after a social interaction has been completed. While this has been very helpful in developing an understanding of what happens to a person following exclusion, it has not helped to clarify the moment-to-moment dynamics of the process of social exclusion. Accordingly, the current protocol was developed to obtain an improved understanding of social exclusion by examining the patterns of event-related brain activation that are present during social interactions. This protocol allows greater precision and sensitivity in detailing the social processes that lead people to feel as though they have been excluded from a social interaction. Importantly, the current protocol can be adapted to include research projects that vary the nature of exclusionary social interactions by altering how frequently participants are included, how long the periods of exclusion will last in each interaction, and when exclusion will take place during the social interactions. Further, the current protocol can be used to examine variables and constructs beyond those related to social exclusion. This capability to address a variety of applications across psychology by obtaining both neural and behavioral data during ongoing social interactions suggests the present protocol could be at the core of a developing area of scientific inquiry related to social interactions.

Research on social exclusion has grown tremendously in recent years. As the field expands, it is imperative to develop sophisticated methodologies allowing for the simultaneous measurement of neural and behavioral outcomes during social exclusion. This protocol utilizes event-related brain potentials to record ongoing neural activity during computerized social interactions.

测量神经和行为活动期间持续计算机化的社会互动:对事件相关电位的考察

Social exclusion is a complex social phenomenon with powerful negative consequences. Given the impact of social exclusion on mental and emotional health, ...

Investigating the Effects of Antipsychotics and Schizotypy on the N400 Using Event-Related Potentials and Semantic Categorization

Within the field of cognitive neuroscience, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a popular method of visualizing brain function. This is in part because of its excellent spatial resolution, which allows researchers to identify brain areas associated with specific cognitive processes. However, in the quest to localize brain functions, it is relevant to note that many cognitive, sensory, and motor processes have temporal distinctions that are imperative to capture, an aspect that is left unfulfilled by fMRI&#8217;s suboptimal temporal resolution. To better understand cognitive processes, it is thus advantageous to utilize event-related potential (ERP) recording as a method of gathering information about the brain. Some of its advantages include its fantastic temporal resolution, which gives researchers the ability to follow the activity of the brain down to the millisecond. It also directly indexes both excitatory and inhibitory post-synaptic potentials by which most brain computations are performed. This sits in contrast to fMRI, which captures an index of metabolic activity. Further, the non-invasive ERP method does not require a contrast condition: raw ERPs can be examined for just one experimental condition, a distinction from fMRI where control conditions must be subtracted from the experimental condition, leading to uncertainty in associating observations with experimental or contrast conditions. While it is limited by its poor spatial and subcortical activity resolution, ERP recordings&#8217; utility, relative cost-effectiveness, and associated advantages offer strong rationale for its use in cognitive neuroscience to track rapid temporal changes in neural activity. In an effort to foster increase in its use as a research imaging method, and to ensure proper and accurate data collection, the present article will outline &#8211; in the framework of a paradigm using semantic categorization to examine the effects of antipsychotics and schizotypy on the N400 &#8211; the procedure and key aspects associated with ERP data acquisition.

Using event-related EEG potentials (ERPs), we investigate the effects of antipsychotic medications on abnormal semantic brain activations in healthy individuals with schizotypal traits. We use ERPs to track distinct changes in brain activity, shedding insight into the cognitive processes associated with semantic categorization.

使用事件相关电位和语义分类调查抗精神病药和Schizotypy在N400的影响

Within the field of cognitive neuroscience, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a popular method of visualizing brain function. This is in ...

Practical Methodology of Cognitive Tasks Within a Navigational Assessment

This paper describes an approach for measuring navigation accuracy relative to cognitive skills. The methodology behind the assessment will thus be clearly outlined in a step-by-step manner. Navigational skills are important when trying to find symbols within a speech-generating device (SGD) that has a dynamic screen and taxonomical organization. The following skills have been found to impact children&#8217;s ability to find symbols when navigating within the levels of an SGD: sustained attention, categorization, cognitive flexibility, and fluid reasoning1,2. According to past studies, working memory was not correlated with navigation1,2.
The materials needed for this method include a computerized tablet, an augmentative and alternative communication application, a booklet of symbols, and the Leiter International Performance Scale-Revised (Leiter-R)3. This method has been used in two previous studies. Robillard, Mayer-Crittenden, Roy-Charland, Minor-Corriveau and B&#233;langer1 assessed typically developing children, while Rondeau, Robillard and Roy-Charland2 assessed children and adolescents with a diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder. The direct observation of this method will facilitate the replication of this study for researchers. It will also help clinicians that work with children who have complex communication needs to determine the children&#8217;s ability to navigate an SGD with taxonomical categorization.

Children who have complex communication needs can benefit from the use of a speech-generating device (SGD). Cognitive skills were identified as having an impact on the ability to navigate between levels of SGDs. This protocol describes the steps needed for Speech-language Pathologists to assess cognitive skills and navigational abilities.

认知任务的实用方法在一个导航评估

This paper describes an approach for measuring navigation accuracy relative to cognitive skills. The methodology behind the assessment will thus be ...

Infant Auditory Processing and Event-related Brain Oscillations

Rapid auditory processing and acoustic change detection abilities play a critical role in allowing human infants to efficiently process the fine spectral and temporal changes that are characteristic of human language. These abilities lay the foundation for effective language acquisition; allowing infants to hone in on the sounds of their native language. Invasive procedures in animals and scalp-recorded potentials from human adults suggest that simultaneous, rhythmic activity (oscillations) between and within brain regions are fundamental to sensory development; determining the resolution with which incoming stimuli are parsed. At this time, little is known about oscillatory dynamics in human infant development. However, animal neurophysiology and adult EEG data provide the basis for a strong hypothesis that rapid auditory processing in infants is mediated by oscillatory synchrony in discrete frequency bands. In order to investigate this, 128-channel, high-density EEG responses of 4-month old infants to frequency change in tone pairs, presented in two rate conditions (Rapid: 70 msec ISI and Control: 300 msec ISI) were examined. To determine the frequency band and magnitude of activity, auditory evoked response averages were first co-registered with age-appropriate brain templates. Next, the principal components of the response were identified and localized using a two-dipole model of brain activity. Single-trial analysis of oscillatory power showed a robust index of frequency change processing in bursts of Theta band (3 - 8 Hz) activity in both right and left auditory cortices, with left activation more prominent in the Rapid condition. These methods have produced data that are not only some of the first reported evoked oscillations analyses in infants, but are also, importantly, the product of a well-established method of recording and analyzing clean, meticulously collected, infant EEG and ERPs. In this article, we describe our method for infant EEG net application, recording, dynamic brain response analysis, and representative results.

High-density electroencephalography (dEEG) is being used increasingly to study brain development and plasticity in the early years of life. Here we present an application of sophisticated analysis techniques that builds on traditional EEG recording to understand the oscillatory dynamics of rapid auditory processing in the infant brain.

婴儿听觉处理和事件相关的脑振荡

Rapid auditory processing and acoustic change detection abilities play a critical role in allowing human infants to efficiently process the fine spectral ...

Using Fiberless, Wearable fNIRS to Monitor Brain Activity in Real-world Cognitive Tasks

Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a neuroimaging technique that uses near-infrared light to monitor brain activity. Based on neurovascular coupling, fNIRS is able to measure the haemoglobin concentration changes secondary to neuronal activity. Compared to other neuroimaging techniques, fNIRS represents a good compromise in terms of spatial and temporal resolution. Moreover, it is portable, lightweight, less sensitive to motion artifacts and does not impose significant physical restraints. It is therefore appropriate to monitor a wide range of cognitive tasks (e.g., auditory, gait analysis, social interaction) and different age populations (e.g., new-borns, adults, elderly people). The recent development of fiberless fNIRS devices has opened the way to new applications in neuroscience research. This represents a unique opportunity to study functional activity during real-world tests, which can be more sensitive and accurate in assessing cognitive function and dysfunction than lab-based tests. This study explored the use of fiberless fNIRS to monitor brain activity during a real-world prospective memory task. This protocol is performed outside the lab and brain haemoglobin concentration changes are continuously measured over the prefrontal cortex while the subject walks around in order to accomplish several different tasks.

Monitoring brain activity outside the lab without physical constraints presents methodological challenges. A fiberless, wearable functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) system was used to measure brain activity during an ecological prospective memory task. It was demonstrated that this system could be used to monitor brain activity during non-lab based experiments.

用无纤维，耐磨fNIRS监视在真实世界的认知任务脑活动

Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a neuroimaging technique that uses near-infrared light to monitor brain activity. Based on neurovascular ...