作者要感谢西班牙政府部:EconomíaÿCompetitividad（项目MAT2013-46695-C3-1-R）和马德里自治区政府（P2013 / MIT-2862）。

1.多尺度复合材料官能石墨烯纳米薄片填充环氧树脂的制备<ol><li> 分散官能石墨烯纳米片（F-的GNP）插入环氧树脂。 <ol><li>权衡24.00克的f-的GNP，以实现最终的纳米复合材料的12重量％的无管通风柜内部。 </li><li>添加143.09克双酚A二缩水甘油醚（DGEBA）单体和手动搅拌它来实现同质化。 </li><li>通过两步法，结合超声探头和压延加工20驱散F-的GNP成单体。 <ol><li>超声处理在幅度的50％的混合物和0.5秒的45分钟的循环。 </li><li>申请使用5μm的滚筒间隙压延并在每个周期增加滚筒的速度的3个循环:以250rpm，300rpm下和350转。 </li><li>称重在完成分散之后的f-生产总值/单体的混合物。 </li></ol></li><li>脱气F-GNP /单体混合物理解过程ř真空和在80℃15分钟磁力搅拌。 </li><li>称重和在100的重量比添加固化剂:23（单体:固化剂）并手动搅拌直至达到均匀。 </li></ol></li></ol> 2.玻璃布与功能化石墨烯纳米薄片填充浆纱（悬挂），多尺度复合材料涂层<ol><li> 分散功能化石墨烯纳米片成大小。 <ol><li>权衡7.5克的f-的GNP，达到5％（重量）所需的量，成无管通风柜内部（在2.1.2指定的大小/蒸馏水）142.5克的溶剂。 </li><li>制备的f的GNP的混合物中，并用蒸馏水稀释施胶:无管通风柜内部（1 1重量）。一旦蒸馏水已被添加，执行无管通风柜以外的工作。 </li><li>分散由探针超声处理所述的GNP，在50％的幅度45分钟和0.5秒的周期。 </li></ol></li><li> 大衣的G姑娘面料与F-GNP充满大小。 <ol><li>随着适用于布料裁剪剪，用浸涂机切割玻璃纤维的14层与120尺寸х120 平方毫米，然后用F-国民生产总值的（2.1.3），涂布（一个浸泡）混合物和浆纱他们的外套在F-GNP充满大小。 </li><li>干燥在真空烘箱中在f-生产总值涂覆的玻璃布在150℃下放置24小时在由制造商提供的技术片表示。 </li></ol></li></ol> 3.多尺度复合材料的制造<ol><li> 制造F-GNP /环氧复合材料。 <ol><li>脱气混合物后，保持在f-生产总值填充的环氧树脂在磁力搅拌下在80℃下进行所有的制造工艺。 </li><li>该玻璃织物的14层置于在80℃的烘箱。 </li><li>可替代地，将在f-生产总值填充的环氧树脂层和玻璃纤维织物层（14层）sequentially通过使用脱气辊将每个玻璃织物层后的金属板手。 <ol><li>用剪刀剪下并放置抗粘着聚合物膜（120х120 平方毫米）上的钢板。 </li><li>上用刷子抗粘着聚合物膜应用的f生产总值/环氧树脂混合物的层。放置玻璃纤维织物的层。注意覆盖的f生产总值/环氧区域与不同织物层的对准的区域的重要性。通过使用脱气滚筒拆下空气和紧凑的层。 </li><li>重复步骤3.1.3.2直到完成所有层压体的层。 </li><li>适用的f生产总值/环氧树脂与刷混合物的最终层和覆盖抗粘着聚合物薄膜的另一层的层叠体。 </li></ol></li><li>一旦所有的织物层已经被堆放，固化该层压体中的热板压机在140℃下8小时的增加的压力最高至6巴。 </li><li>从热高原提取已固化的叠层e按。 </li></ol></li><li> 通过真空辅助树脂灌注成型（VARIM）制造的F-GNP /玻璃纤维复合材料。 <ol><li>制备，其中VARIM将要进行的金属板。 <ol><li>清洁用丙酮钢板表面。 </li><li>放置抗粘附的聚合物膜到钢板。 </li></ol></li><li>将F-GNP镀膜玻璃织物的序列（14层，120尺寸120х 平方毫米）到盘子。确保织物的各层肉眼和触摸对齐。 </li><li>密封真空袋与密封带的VARIM过程和在80℃的烘箱中预加热该体系。 </li><li>脱气真空和电磁搅拌下在80℃下进行15分钟的DGEBA单体。添加硬化剂中的重量比是100:23（单体:固化剂），搅拌至达到均匀。 </li><li>在80℃添加环氧树脂与连接到真空袋与聚合真空泵管，直到该玻璃织物桩完全由环氧树脂填充并在140℃下固化该层压体在烘箱中8小时。 </li><li>提取从烘箱固化的层压板和除去真空袋和辅助材料。 </li></ol></li></ol> 4.制备样品进行应变传感器测试<ol><li>机样品（计算机数字控制-数控铣床）多尺度层压制品为弯曲试验的要求尺寸按照ASTM D790-02 21的切玻璃纤维织物带10毫米宽，以研究在f-生产总值涂覆的应变灵敏度布。 注:样品被固定到具有胶带的加工台，并使用以下参数加工:500毫米/分，为0.1毫米5000分钟-1和深度步骤怠速进给速度。 </li><li>仔细清洁机加工样品的表面用丙酮，以消除粉尘。 </li><li>银色的涂装线（亚克力导电漆）上材料的表面隔开相距20mm至最小化的电接触电阻和附着铜线至湿银线作为电极，以促进在测试期间的电阻的测量。 注:电气接点位于两面:挤压表面和拉伸受到表面。 </li><li>一旦银漆是干的，固定用热熔胶电触点，以避免电接触脱离。 </li></ol> 5.测试应变传感器<ol><li> 分析传感器的弯曲载荷（三点弯曲试验）下的电行为。 <ol><li>测量样品的宽度和厚度用游标卡尺。 </li><li>与弯曲测试配置设置在机械试验机的样品。 </li><li>设置测试速度（由应变控制），以1mm /分钟和限定试样的初始长度的开始位置。 </li><li>连接电触头的万用表。因为它是在图1中指定的测量每两个相邻的电触头之间的电阻。 </li><li>运行弯曲试验和为了研究由于在试样中产生的应变的变化同时监测电阻。 </li><li>重复所有步骤至少3个试样的f-生产总值/环氧树脂和f-生产总值/玻璃纤维复合材料，以确认该复合材料的电气性能。 </li></ol></li></ol><img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/54512/54512fig1.jpg" /> 图1.电触点设置在多尺度复合材料的弯曲试验。铜电极使用，以尽量减少接触电阻的银粉漆线（灰色）相连的复合材料的表面上。 <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54512/54512fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处</a>查看该图的放大版本。 <ol start="2"><li> 分析F-GNP /玻璃纤维布作为人类运动的应变传感器。 <ol><li> 监控手指弯曲。 <ol><li>附加的玻璃纤维织物带在各带内表面上的热熔粘接剂的腈手套的手指， 如图2所示。 </li><li>重复步骤5.1.4，但衡量置于同一手指接触的电阻。 </li><li>开始手指弯曲而手指弯曲，以监测和测量的电阻的顺序。手指在这个特定情况下，弯曲的顺序是:（1）拇指，（2）指数，（3）中指，（4）无名指，（5）同时所有的手指和（6）弯曲的序列（更高的速度）:（1），（2），（3），（4），（4），（3），（2）和（1）。 </li></ol></li></ol></li></ol><img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/54512/54512fig2.jpg" /> 数字2.腈手套的手指的内表面上的f-生产总值/玻璃纤维条带的位置以监测手指弯曲，一旦玻璃纤维织物已被涂覆并干燥，频带宽度10mm切割和连接的不同与监测手指弯曲和佐证上述协议的可行性，目的是手套的手指。 <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54512/54512fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a>

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S., Dong, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+graphene+waviness+on+the+thermal+conductivity+of+graphene+composites.">Role of graphene waviness on the thermal conductivity of graphene composites.</a> Appl Phys A. 111, 221-225 (2013).</li><li>Monti, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Morphology+and+electrical+properties+of+graphene-epoxy+nanocomposites+obtained+by+different+solvent+assisted+processing+methods.">Morphology and electrical properties of graphene-epoxy nanocomposites obtained by different solvent assisted processing methods.</a> Compos Part A. 46, 166-172 (2013).</li><li>Moazzami Gudarzi, M., Sharif, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enhancement+of+dispersion+and+bonding+of+graphene-polymer+through+wet+transfer+of+functionalized+graphene+oxide.">Enhancement of dispersion and bonding of graphene-polymer through wet transfer of functionalized graphene oxide.</a> Express Polym Lett. 6, 1017-1031 (2013).</li><li>Fan, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fabrication,+mechanical+properties+and+biocompatibility+of+graphene-reinforced+chitosan+composites.">Fabrication, mechanical properties and biocompatibility of graphene-reinforced chitosan composites.</a> Biomacromolecules. 11, 2345-2351 (2010).</li><li>Teomete, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transverse+strain+sensitivity+of+steel+fiber+reinforced+cement+composites+tested+by+compression+and+split+tensile+tests.">Transverse strain sensitivity of steel fiber reinforced cement composites tested by compression and split tensile tests.</a> Constr Build Mater. 55, 136-145 (2014).</li><li>Nauman, S., Cristian, I., Koncar, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simultaneous+Application+of+Fibrous+Piezoresistive+Sensors.">Simultaneous Application of Fibrous Piezoresistive Sensors.</a> Sensors. 11, 9478-9498 (2011).</li><li>Han, B., Ding, S., Yu, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intrinsic+self-sensing+concrete+and+structures+A+review.">Intrinsic self-sensing concrete and structures A review.</a> Measurement. 59, 110-128 (2015).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

nanoreinforced复合材料的自传感器性能是由于通过的f的GNP通过环氧基体，沿着玻璃纤维的产生的电网络中，当应变被诱导被修改。的f的GNP的分散是那么关键，因为传感器的电行为强烈依赖于材料的微观结构。这里，我们提出一种优化过程来实现的GNP的良好分散到环氧基体，并避免纳米颗粒，这会导致导电性的损害的起皱。的关键步骤是超声处理（操作参数）和压延过程（辊间隙和速度）。这些步?...

结构健康监测（SHM）已经变得越来越重要，因为有必要知道结构1-3的剩余寿命。时下，难以接近的位置，例如海上风力植物，带来更高的风险中的维护操作，以及更大的成本2-4。自感应材料构成的在SHM领域的可能性之一，由于其自我监测应变和损坏5的能力。 在风力涡轮机的情况下，叶片通常在玻璃纤维/环氧复合材料，其被电绝缘体制成。为了赋予自感知特性这种复合材料，本征电网络容易受到应变和需要创建损坏。在过去的几年中，导电纳米颗粒，例如银纳米线6,7，碳纳米管（CNT）8-10，和石墨纳米片（的GNP）11-13的掺入已经研究了创建该电网。这些纳米颗粒可被掺入到系统中作为填料混入聚合物基质或通过涂覆玻璃纤维织物14。这些材料也可以应用于其他工业领域， 即，航天，汽车和民用工程5中 ，和涂覆织物可在生物力学应用7,15可以用作智能材料。 这些传感器的压阻是由三个不同的贡献来实现。第一贡献是纳米颗粒的内在压阻;结构的应变改变了纳米颗粒的导电性。然而，主要的贡献是因为在上覆那些9之间的接触面积的变化的变化在隧道电阻，由于在相邻的纳米颗粒，和电接触电阻之间的距离的修改。这压阻较高时，2Dñ由于电网呈现较高易感性几何变化和不连续性，通常大小优于16的一个顺序anoparticles用作纳米填料相比1D纳米颗粒。 由于2D原子字符17和高电导率18,19，石墨烯纳米片已在这项工作中作为多尺度复合材料的纳米增强剂选择，以获得自传感器具有增强的灵敏度。两种不同的方式，以纳入的GNP到复合材料进行了研究，以阐明在感测机制和灵敏度可能差别。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="816">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:217px;">Graphene Nanoplatelets</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">XGScience</td>
			<td style="width:319px;">M25</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">NA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="42" rowspan="2" style="height:42px;width:217px;">Epoxy resin&#160;</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:113px;">Huntsman</td>
			<td style="width:319px;">Araldite LY556</td>
			<td>NA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:319px;">XB3473</td>
			<td>NA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:217px;">Probe sonication</td>
			<td>Hielscher&#160;</td>
			<td>UP400S&#160;</td>
			<td>NA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:217px;">Three roll mill</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Exakt</td>
			<td>Exakt 80E (Exakt GmbH)</td>
			<td>NA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:217px;">Glass fiber fabric</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Hexcel</td>
			<td>HexForce &#174; 01031 1000 TF970 E UD 4H&#160;</td>
			<td>NA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:217px;">Hot plate press</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Fontijne&#160;</td>
			<td>Fontijne LabEcon300</td>
			<td>NA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:217px;">Sizing</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Nanocyl</td>
			<td>SizicylTM</td>
			<td>NA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:217px;">Multimeter</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Alava Ingenieros</td>
			<td>Agilent 34410A&#160;</td>
			<td>NA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:217px;">Strain Gauges</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Vishay</td>
			<td>Micro-Measurement (MM&#174;) CEA-06-187UW-120&#160;</td>
			<td>NA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:217px;">Mechanical tests machine</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Zwick</td>
			<td>Zwick/Roell 100&#160;kN</td>
			<td>NA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:217px;">Conductive silver paint</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Monocomp</td>
			<td style="width:319px;">16062 &#8211; PELCO&#174; Conductive Silver Paint</td>
			<td>NA</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

strain sensing based on multiscale composite materials reinforced with graphene nanoplatelets

NH 2的电响应-functionalized石墨纳米片下应变的复合材料进行了研究。提出了两种不同的制造方法来创建在此工作的电网络:（a）该纳米片掺入环氧基体和（b）的玻璃纤维织物的涂布填充有相同的纳米片上浆。这两种类型的多尺度复合材料，具有10 -3 S / M的〜的面内的导电性，显示出随着应变增大的电阻的指数增长由于相邻官能石墨烯纳米片和上覆的人之间的接触损耗之间保持距离。本研究中进行分析，使用所描述的程序的材料的敏感性，已显示出比市售应变仪更高。对于结构复合材料的自感应的建议的程序将有利于结构健康监测ING如海上风力发电场在难以进入炮位组件。虽然多尺度复合材料的灵敏度比金属箔的用作应变仪的灵敏度，用NH 2涂覆官能石墨烯纳米片织物达到的值要高得多几乎量值优于一个数量级。这个结果阐明用作智能面料监测人的运动，如手指或膝盖弯曲他们的潜力。通过使用该方法，聪明的织物可以立即检测弯曲和立即恢复。这一事实允许的弯曲的时间精确监测以及弯曲程度。

<html>以获得两种不同材料的协议已经在过程进行了描述。所不同的是在nanoreinforcement在复合材料中，以达到可用于应变监测的电网络的方式。第一种方法包括一个玻璃纤维织物使用f-生产总值上浆可用于作为智能织物的涂层（命名的f-生产总值/玻璃纤维），或者作为聚合物基质多尺度复合材料的加强件（命名为F-生产总值/玻璃纤维复合材料）。另一种方法是使用f-的GNP复合?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Strain Sensing Based on Multiscale Composite Materials Reinforced with Graphene Nanoplatelets at JoVE.com

Strain Sensing Based on Multiscale Composite Materials Reinforced with Graphene Nanoplatelets

导电纳米颗粒，如石墨纳米片，在玻璃纤维复合材料的整合产生的固有电网络容易受到应变。这里，不同的方法来获得的基础上增加石墨纳米片的成环氧基体或作为对玻璃纤维织物的涂层提出了应变传感器。

基于多尺度复合材料的增强与石墨烯纳米片应变传感

The electrical response of NH2-functionalized graphene nanoplatelets composite materials under strain was studied. Two different manufacturing methods are ...

strain-sensing-based-on-multiscale-composite-materials-reinforced

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

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Mechanical Engineering

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Unit 1

Stress and Strain - Axial Loading

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8.7K 次观看.  University Rey Juan Carlos. 导电纳米颗粒，如石墨纳米片，在玻璃纤维复合材料的整合产生的固有电网络容易受到应变。这里，不同的方法来获得的基础上增加石墨纳米片的成环氧基体或作为对玻璃纤维织物的涂层提出了应变传感器。 

视频: Strain Sensing Based on Multiscale Composite Materials Reinforced with Graphene Nanoplatelets

Fabrication of Gate-tunable Graphene Devices for Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Studies with Coulomb Impurities

Owing to its relativistic low-energy charge carriers, the interaction between graphene and various impurities leads to a wealth of new physics and degrees of freedom to control electronic devices. In particular, the behavior of graphene&#8217;s charge carriers in response to potentials from charged Coulomb impurities is predicted to differ significantly from that of most materials. Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS) can provide detailed information on both the spatial and energy dependence of graphene&#39;s electronic structure in the presence of a charged impurity.&#160;The design of a hybrid impurity-graphene device, fabricated using controlled deposition of impurities onto a back-gated graphene surface, has enabled several novel methods for controllably tuning graphene&#8217;s electronic properties.1-8 Electrostatic gating enables control of the charge carrier density in graphene and the ability to reversibly tune the charge2 and/or molecular5 states of an impurity. This paper outlines the process of fabricating a gate-tunable graphene device decorated with individual Coulomb impurities for combined STM/STS studies.2-5 These studies provide valuable insights into the underlying physics, as well as signposts for designing hybrid graphene devices.

This paper details the fabrication process of a gate-tunable graphene device, decorated with Coulomb impurities for scanning tunneling microscopy studies. Mapping the spatially dependent electronic structure of graphene in the presence of charged impurities unveils the unique behavior of its relativistic charge carriers in response to a local Coulomb potential.

对于扫描隧道显微学与库仑杂质制造门可调谐石墨烯器件

Owing to its relativistic low-energy charge carriers, the interaction between graphene and various impurities leads to a wealth of new physics and degrees ...

科研

工程学

Synthesis and Functionalization of 3D Nano-graphene Materials: Graphene Aerogels and Graphene Macro Assemblies

Efforts to assemble graphene into three-dimensional monolithic structures have been hampered by the high cost and poor processability of graphene. Additionally, most reported graphene assemblies are held together through physical interactions (e.g., van der Waals forces) rather than chemical bonds, which limit their mechanical strength and conductivity. This video method details recently developed strategies to fabricate mass-producible, graphene-based bulk materials derived from either polymer foams or single layer graphene oxide. These materials consist primarily of individual graphene sheets connected through covalently bound carbon linkers. They maintain the favorable properties of graphene such as high surface area and high electrical and thermal conductivity, combined with tunable pore morphology and exceptional mechanical strength and elasticity. This flexible synthetic method can be extended to the fabrication of polymer/carbon nanotube (CNT) and polymer/graphene oxide (GO) composite materials. Furthermore, additional post-synthetic functionalization with anthraquinone is described, which enables a dramatic increase in charge storage performance in supercapacitor applications.

This video method describes the synthesis of high surface area, monolithic 3D graphene-based materials derived from polymer precursors as well as single layer graphene oxide.

合成和3D纳米石墨烯材料的功能化:石墨烯气凝胶和石墨烯宏组件

Efforts to assemble graphene into three-dimensional monolithic structures have been hampered by the high cost and poor processability of graphene. ...

Wicking Tests for Unidirectional Fabrics: Measurements of Capillary Parameters to Evaluate Capillary Pressure in Liquid Composite Molding Processes

During impregnation of a fibrous reinforcement in liquid composite molding (LCM) processes, capillary effects have to be understood in order to identify their influence on void formation in composite parts. Wicking in a fibrous medium described by the Washburn equation was considered equivalent to a flow under the effect of capillary pressure according to the Darcy law. Experimental tests for the characterization of wicking were conducted with both carbon and flax fiber reinforcement. Quasi-unidirectional fabrics were then tested by means of a tensiometer to determine the morphological and wetting parameters along the fiber direction. The procedure was shown to be promising when the morphology of the fabric is unchanged during capillary wicking. In the case of carbon fabrics, the capillary pressure can be calculated. Flax fibers are sensitive to moisture sorption and swell in water. This phenomenon has to be taken into account to assess the wetting parameters. In order to make fibers less sensitive to water sorption, a thermal treatment was carried out on flax reinforcements. This treatment enhances fiber morphological stability and prevents swelling in water. It was shown that treated fabrics have a linear wicking trend similar to those found in carbon fabrics, allowing for the determination of capillary pressure.

An experimental method to measure geometrical parameters and the apparent advancing contact angles describing capillary wicking in unidirectional synthetic and natural fabrics is proposed. These parameters are mandatory for the determination of the capillary pressures that must be taken into account for liquid composite molding (LCM) applications.

吸湿排汗试验单向织物:毛细管参数的标准评价在液体复合成型工艺毛细管压力

During impregnation of a fibrous reinforcement in liquid composite molding (LCM) processes, capillary effects have to be understood in order to identify ...

Experimental Implementation of a New Composite Fabrication Method: Exposing Bare Fibers on the Composite Surface by the Soft Layer Method

The bipolar plate is a key component in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) and vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs). It is a multi-functional component that should have high electrical conductivity, high mechanical properties, and high productivity.
In this regard, a carbon fiber/epoxy resin composite can be an ideal material to replace the conventional graphite bipolar plate, which often leads to the catastrophic failure of the entire system because of its inherent brittleness. Though the carbon/epoxy composite has high mechanical properties and is easy to manufacture, the electrical conductivity in the through-thickness direction is poor because of the resin-rich layer that forms on its surface. Therefore, an expanded graphite coating was adopted to solve the electrical conductivity issue. However, the expanded graphite coating not only increases the manufacturing costs but also has poor mechanical properties.
In this study, a method to expose fibers on the composite surface is demonstrated. There are currently many methods that can expose fibers by surface treatment after the fabrication of the composite. This new method, however, does not require surface treatment because the fibers are exposed during the manufacture of the composite. By exposing bare carbon fibers on the surface, the electrical conductivity and mechanical strength of the composite are increased drastically.

A protocol to expose bare fibers on the composite surface by eliminating resin rich area is presented. The fibers are exposed during fabrication of the composites, not by the post surface treatment. The exposed carbon composites exhibit high electrical conductivity in the through-thickness direction and high mechanical property.

一种新的复合制备方法的实验实现: 用软层法对复合材料表面裸露纤维进行曝光

The bipolar plate is a key component in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) and vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs). It is a multi-functional ...

Experimental Protocol to Determine the Chloride Threshold Value for Corrosion in Samples Taken from Reinforced Concrete Structures

The aging of reinforced concrete infrastructure in developed countries imposes an urgent need for methods to reliably assess the condition of these structures. Corrosion of the embedded reinforcing steel is the most frequent cause for degradation. While it is well known that the ability of a structure to withstand corrosion depends strongly on factors such as the materials used or the age, it is common practice to rely on threshold values stipulated in standards or textbooks. These threshold values for corrosion initiation (Ccrit) are independent of the actual properties of a certain structure, which clearly limits the accuracy of condition assessments and service life predictions. The practice of using tabulated values can be traced to the lack of reliable methods to determine Ccrit on-site and in the laboratory.
Here, an experimental protocol to determine Ccrit for individual engineering structures or structural members is presented. A number of reinforced concrete samples are taken from structures and laboratory corrosion testing is performed. The main advantage of this method is that it ensures real conditions concerning parameters that are well known to greatly influence Ccrit, such as the steel-concrete interface, which cannot be representatively mimicked in laboratory-produced samples. At the same time, the accelerated corrosion test in the laboratory permits the reliable determination of Ccrit prior to corrosion initiation on the tested structure; this is a major advantage over all common condition assessment methods that only permit estimating the conditions for corrosion after initiation, i.e., when the structure is already damaged.
The protocol yields the statistical distribution of Ccrit for the tested structure. This serves as a basis for probabilistic prediction models for the remaining time to corrosion, which is needed for maintenance planning. This method can potentially be used in material testing of civil infrastructures, similar to established methods used for mechanical testing.

We propose a method to measure a parameter that is highly relevant for corrosion assessments or predictions of reinforced concrete structures, with the main advantage of permitting testing of samples from engineering structures. This ensures real conditions at the steel-concrete interface, which are crucial to avoid artifacts of laboratory-made samples.

测定钢筋混凝土结构试样腐蚀的氯化物阈值的试验规程

The aging of reinforced concrete infrastructure in developed countries imposes an urgent need for methods to reliably assess the condition of these ...

Preparation of Aligned Steel Fiber Reinforced Cementitious Composite and Its Flexural Behavior

The aim of this work is to present an approach, inspired by the way in which a compass needle maintains a consistent orientation under the action of the Earth&#39;s magnetic field, for manufacturing a cementitious composite reinforced with aligned steel fibers. Aligned steel fiber reinforced cementitious composites (ASFRC) were prepared by applying a uniform electromagnetic field to fresh mortar containing short steel fibers, whereby the short steel fibers were driven to rotate in alignment with the magnetic field. The degree of alignment of steel fibers in hardened ASFRC was assessed both by counting steel fibers in fractured cross-sections and by X-ray computed tomography analysis. The results from the two methods show that the steel fibers in ASFRC were highly aligned while the steel fibers in non-magnetically treated composites were randomly distributed. The aligned steel fibers had a much higher reinforcing efficiency, and the composites, therefore, exhibited significantly enhanced flexural strength and toughness. The ASFRC is thus superior to SFRC in that it can withstand greater tensile stress and more effectively resist cracking.

This protocol describes an approach for manufacturing aligned steel fiber reinforced cementitious composite by applying a uniform electromagnetic field. Aligned steel fiber reinforced cementitious composite exhibits superior mechanical properties to ordinary fiber reinforced concrete.

定向钢纤维增强水泥基复合材料的制备及其弯曲性能研究

The aim of this work is to present an approach, inspired by the way in which a compass needle maintains a consistent orientation under the action of the ...

A Fabrication and Measurement Method for a Flexible Ferroelectric Element Based on Van Der Waals Heteroepitaxy

Flexible non-volatile memories have received much attention as they are applicable for portable smart electronic device in the future, relying on high-density data storage and low-power consumption capabilities. However, the high-quality oxide based nonvolatile memory on flexible substrates is often constrained by the material characteristics and the inevitable high-temperature fabrication process. In this paper, a protocol is proposed to directly grow an epitaxial yet flexible lead zirconium titanate memory element on muscovite mica. The versatile deposition technique and measurement method enable the fabrication of flexible yet single-crystalline non-volatile memory elements necessary for the next generation of smart devices.

In this paper, we present a protocol to directly grow an epitaxial yet flexible lead zirconium titanate memory element on muscovite mica.

基于范德华 Heteroepitaxy 的柔性铁电元件制备及测量方法

Flexible non-volatile memories have received much attention as they are applicable for portable smart electronic device in the future, relying on ...

Multiscale Structures Aggregated by Imprinted Nanofibers for Functional Surfaces

Multiscale surface structures have attracted increasing interest owing to several potential applications in surface devices. However, an existing challenge in the field is the fabrication of hybrid micro-nano structures using a facile, cost-effective, and high-throughput method. To overcome these challenges, this paper proposes a protocol to fabricate multiscale structures using only an imprint process with an anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) filter and an evaporative self-aggregation process of nanofibers. Unlike previous attempts that have aimed to straighten nanofibers, we demonstrate a unique fabrication method for multiscale aggregated nanofibers with high aspect ratios. Furthermore, the surface morphology and wettability of these structures on various liquids were investigated to facilitate their use in multifunctional surfaces.

Presented is an easy method to fabricate nano-micro multiscale structures, for functional surfaces, by aggregating nanofibers fabricated using an anodic aluminum oxide filter.

功能表面用印迹纳米纤维聚合的多尺度结构

Multiscale surface structures have attracted increasing interest owing to several potential applications in surface devices. However, an existing ...

Fabrication of Three-Dimensional Graphene-Based Polyhedrons via Origami-Like Self-Folding

The assembly of two-dimensional (2D) graphene into three-dimensional (3D) polyhedral structures while preserving the graphene's excellent inherent properties has been of great interest for the development of novel device applications. Here, fabrication of 3D, microscale, hollow polyhedrons (cubes) consisting of a few layers of 2D graphene or graphene oxide sheets via an origami-like self-folding process is described. This method involves the use of polymer frames and hinges, and aluminum oxide/chromium protection layers that reduce tensile, spatial, and surface tension stresses on the graphene-based membranes when the 2D nets are transformed into 3D cubes. The process offers control of the size and shape of the structures as well as parallel production. In addition, this approach allows the creation of surface modifications by metal patterning on each face of the 3D cubes. Raman spectroscopy studies show the method allows the preservation of the intrinsic properties of the graphene-based membranes, demonstrating the robustness of our method.

Fabrication of Three-Dimensional Graphene-Based Polyhedrons via Origami-Like Self-Folding

Here, we present a protocol for fabrication of 3D graphene-based polyhedrons via origami-like self-folding.

基于折纸式自折叠的三维石墨烯正多面体的制备

The assembly of two-dimensional (2D) graphene into three-dimensional (3D) polyhedral structures while preserving the graphene's excellent inherent ...

Preparation of Graphene Liquid Cells for the Observation of Lithium-ion Battery Material

In this work, we introduce the preparation of graphene liquid cells (GLCs), encapsulating both electrode materials and organic liquid electrolytes between two graphene sheets, and the facile synthesis of one-dimensional nanostructures using electrospinning. The GLC enables in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for the lithiation dynamics of electrode materials. The in situ GLC-TEM using an electron beam for both imaging and lithiation can utilize not only realistic battery electrolytes, but also the high-resolution imaging of various morphological, phase, and interfacial transitions.

Here, we present a protocol for the fabrication and preparation of a graphene liquid cell for in situ transmission electron microscopy observation, along with a synthesis of electrode materials and electrochemical battery cell tests.

锂离子电池材料用石墨烯液位的制备

In this work, we introduce the preparation of graphene liquid cells (GLCs), encapsulating both electrode materials and organic liquid electrolytes between ...