Name: insect-machine hybrid system: remote radio control of a freely flying beetle (mercynorrhina torquata)
Uploaded: 2016-09-02T13:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 10 min 17 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Insect-machine Hybrid System: Remote Radio Control of a Freely Flying Beetle Mercynorrhina torquata at JoVE.com

This material is based on the works supported by Nanyang Assistant Professorship (NAP, M4080740), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) Public Sector Research Funding (PSF, M4070190), A*STAR-JST (The Japan Science and Technology Agency) joint grant (M4070198), and Singapore Ministry of Education (MOE2013-T2-2-049). The authors would like to thank Mr. Roger Tan Kay Chia, Prof. Low Kin Huat, Mr. Poon Kee Chun, Mr. Chew Hock See, Mr. Lam Kim Kheong and Dr. Mao Shixin at School of MAE for their support in setting up and maintaining the research facilities. The authors thank Prof. Michel Maharbiz (U.C. Berkeley) his advice and discussion, Prof. Kris Pister and his group (U.C. Berkeley) for their support in providing the GINA used in this study.

1.动物研究<ol><li>后个人Mecynorrhina torquata甲虫英寸（6厘米，将8g）在单独的塑料容器木质颗粒床上用品。 </li><li>每次喂糖甲虫果冻（12毫升）每3天杯。 </li><li>保持饲养室的温度和湿度在25℃和60％，分别为。 </li><li>植入细线电极之前测试每个甲虫的飞行能力。 <ol><li>轻轻扔甲虫到空气中。如果甲虫能飞的时间超过10秒，连续5个试验，得出这样的结论甲虫拥有定期航班的能力和使用它为后续飞行实验。夺回甲虫，关闭在房间里所有的灯，使其黑暗。这将导致甲虫终止飞行。 注:甲虫自发地开始飞走时释放到空气中。最好是在一个大的封闭室以进行飞行实验如在图1中（16×8×4米所示的<suP&gt; 3的一个动作捕捉空间12.5×8×4米3），作为飞行甲虫动作非常快（约3-5米/秒），并在空气中转动时绘制大弧。 </li></ol></li></ol> 2.植入电极<ol><li>通过将它放置在填充有CO 2的1分钟13,16,20-24塑料容器麻醉甲虫。 </li><li>通过在热水中浸渍10秒软化的牙模。放置一个木块上麻醉甲虫和软化的牙模固定它。牙科用蜡自然冷却并在几分钟之内固化。 </li><li>切割绝缘电线银（127微米裸内径，外径178微米与全氟烷涂时）到25毫米的长度，以用作细线电极植入。 </li><li>通过在每个导线的两端燃烧绝缘体露出裸露的银3毫米。 </li><li>用细尖的剪刀来创建SMA解剖甲虫的角质层的顶面在metepisternum（ 图2c）的约4×4mm的LL窗口。注意:再用柔软的褐色表皮暴露出来， 如图2c中 - 即该3AX肌肉位于软角质层下方。 </li><li>皮尔斯使用昆虫销（尺寸00）的两个孔中（ 图2d）之间2mm的距离暴露的棕色角质层两个孔。 </li><li>插入两个线电极（包括在步骤2.4制得一种活性和一个返回电极）小心穿过孔，并将它们植入到每个3AX肌肉以3毫米的深度。 </li><li>固定植入电极和举行的地方通过孔下降融化的蜂蜡，避免接触和短路。如果需要的话，通过用热烙铁的前端接触蜂蜡回流过角质层的蜂蜡。蜂蜡快速凝固并加强植入。 注意:要检查是否着床是正确的，甜菜的鞘翅乐可解除电刺激期间遵守3AX肌肉的运动。 </li></ol> 3.无线背包大会注:背包包括一个内置的无线电微控制器上的4层状FR-4板（1.6×1.6 平方厘米）的。背包是由锂聚合物微电池（3.7 V，350毫克，10毫安）驱动。背包包括电池的总质量为1.2±0.26 g的小于甲虫（10 g体重的30％）的有效负载容量。背包被预编程成接收无线通信，并且有两个输出通道。 <ol><li>使用双面胶带清洁前胸背板表面（去除角质层蜡层）。然后，附上甲虫搭配了一块双面胶带的前胸背板的背包。 </li><li>植入电极的端部连接至背包的输出。 </li><li>环绕微电池的反光带，产生一个标记FO- [R动作捕捉摄像头检测。 </li><li>附加微电池使用一块双面胶带，使反光带可以通过运动捕获相机被检测的背包的顶部。 </li></ol> 4.无线控制系统注意:在此情况下，术语无线控制系统包括用于在遥控器的接收器，膝上型计算机，以运行定制飞行控制软件，基站，背包，以及动作捕捉系统。 <ol><li>经由USB端口连接的遥控器的膝上型计算机的基站和接收器。 </li><li>切换动作捕捉系统，它通过一个以太网端口连接到膝上型计算机。 </li><li>挥动魔杖校准（由运动捕捉系统的供应商公司提供的）完全覆盖运动捕捉空间进行体积校准。 <ol><li>从笔记本电脑的桌面上打开动作捕捉软件。点击和DR公司选择"资源"面板的"系统"菜单上的所有摄像头。 </li><li>点击"3D透视"菜单，选择"相机"切换到摄像机视图。单击"工具"面板上的"照相机"选项卡上显示校准设置。点击"开始"，在"创建相机面具"菜单上，以消除来自摄像机的噪音，然后选择"停止"噪音以蓝色掩盖了。 </li><li>单击并从"魔杖"菜单和"照相机"选项卡上的"L型框架"菜单中选择"5标记棒＆L型框架"。将"棒数"到2500，点击"开始"的"校准相机"菜单上，并在整个动作捕捉空间波校准魔杖。当魔杖计数达到2,500校准过程将停止。 </li><li>重复校准过程，如果图像错误（在"工具"面板中的"摄像机"选项卡的底部）高于0.3˚F或任何摄像头。校准后，放在地上的魔杖的动作捕捉空间的中间，然后点击"设置音量起源"菜单上的"开始"设置动作捕捉空间的原点。 </li></ol></li><li>使用虚拟测试记录由在运动捕获空间的用户挥手的标记的运动路径，并确认该标记是否被检测和跟踪检查动作捕捉系统的覆盖范围。如果标记检测过程中经常丢失，重复体积校准，直到假人测试成功。 <ol><li>点击"捕捉"选项卡上的"工具"面板，然后通过整个动作捕捉空间挥舞采样标记来记录它的轨迹前的"捕捉"菜单上的"开始"。 </li><li>录制完毕后，点击"运行重构流水线"来重建标记的位置，并检查录音质量。 </li></ol></li><li>连接为MicroB的端子attery（附接到背包在步骤3.4），以背包的电源引脚。 </li><li>测试笔记本电脑和使用自飞行控制软件背包之间的无线通信。在软件点击"开始"命令，检查显示连接状态。 </li></ol> 5.免费飞行实验<ol><li>开展飞行测量竞技场16×8×4米3的自由飞行实验。 </li><li>输入相应的参数，以飞行控制软件（电压，脉冲宽度，频率，和刺激持续时间）。注意:对于示范，我们固定的电压3伏，脉冲宽度为3毫秒，而刺激的持续时间为1秒，变化后的频率为60至100赫兹。 <ol><li>在软件的屏幕，类型3 3 V在"电压"中，1000为1000毫秒的"刺激持续时间"中，3为在"脉冲宽度"框3毫秒，而在赫兹的期望的频率的"频率"框Øn中的命令窗口。 </li></ol></li><li>松开背包式甲虫到空气中允许它飞行舞台上自由飞翔。手动触发刺激时，甲虫进入动作捕捉空间。按遥控器上的相应命令按钮（左或右），以刺激对甲虫的左侧或右侧的目标肌肉。 注意:一旦该按钮被按下，在笔记本电脑上运行的飞行控制软件生成的命令，并将其发送到背包。背包然后输出该电刺激到感兴趣的肌肉（左或右侧）。 </li><li>观察甲虫的实时反应的刺激时，重建使用三维绘图软件中的数据。 <ol><li>选择记录在"甲壳虫显示"窗口的数据表的试验之一，并单击"导出熊猫"该试验的数据复制到文件夹的分析和运行3D图形模块。 </li><li>对按"N"键盘刺激信号与记录的轨迹结合。按我以显示与突出显示的刺激时期甲壳虫的轨迹。 </li></ol></li></ol>

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.

植入过程是重要的，因为它影响了实验的可靠性。电极应在3毫米或取决于甲虫（避免与附近的肌肉接触）的大小更小的深度插入到肌肉。如果电极触摸附近的肌肉，可能由于附近的肌肉的收缩发生不期望的马达动作和行为。两个电极应该很好对齐，以确保不会发生短路。当熔融和使用烙铁回流蜂蜡，该实验者有要小心和焊料尽快，由于肌肉可以通过用高温下长时间接触被燃烧，导致肌肉的故障。...

An insect-machine hybrid system, often referred to as a cyborg insect or biobot, is the fusion of a living insect platform with a miniature mounted electronic device. The electronic device, which is wirelessly commanded by a remote user, outputs an electrical signal to electrically stimulate neuromuscular sites in the insect via implanted wire electrodes to induce user desired motor actions and behaviors. In the early stages of this research field, researchers were limited to conducting wireless recording of the muscular action of an insect, using simple analog circuits comprised of surface-mounted components1-3. The development of system-on-a-chip technology with radio frequency functionality enabled not only the wireless recording of neuromuscular signals but also the electrical stimulation of the neuromuscular sites in living insects. At present, a built-in radio microcontroller is small enough to be mounted on living insects without causing any obstructions to their locomotion4-13.
The development of the built-in radio microcontroller allows researchers to determine electrical stimulation protocols to induce desired motor actions to control the locomotion of the insect of interest. On the ground, researchers have demonstrated walking control by stimulating the neuromuscular sites of cockroaches4,12,14, spiders15, and beetles16,17. In the air, the initiation and cessation of flight were achieved using different methods such as the stimulation of the optic lobes (the massive neural cluster of a compound eye) in beetles7,9 and brain sub-regions in bees18, whereas turning control has been demonstrated by stimulating the antennae muscles and nervous system of the abdomens in moths11,19 and the flight muscles of beetles7,9,13. In most cases, a built-in radio microcontroller was integrated on a custom-designed printed circuit board to produce a miniature wireless stimulator (backpack), which was mounted on the insect of interest. This allows wireless electrical stimulation to be applied to a freely walking or flying insect. Such a microcontroller-mounted insect is what is referred to as an insect-machine hybrid system. 
This study describes the experimental protocols for building an insect-machine hybrid system, wherein a living beetle is employed as the insect platform, and instructs on how to operate the robot and test its flight control systems. The third axillary sclerite (3Ax) muscle was chosen as the muscle of interest for electrical stimulation and demonstration of left or right turning control13. A pair of thin silver wire electrodes was implanted in both the left and right 3Ax muscles. Moreover, a backpack was mounted on the living beetle. The other ends of the wire electrode were connected to the output pins of the microcontroller. The backpack was small enough for the beetle to carry in flight. Thus, this allows an experimentalist to remotely stimulate the muscle of interest of an insect in free flight and investigate its reactions to the stimulations.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Mecynorrhina torquata beetle</td><td>Kingdom of Beetle Taiwan</td><td></td><td>10 g, 8 cm, pay load capacity is 30% of the body mass&lt;br/&gt; Aproval of importing and using by Agri-Food and Veterinary Authority of Singapore (AVA; HS code: 01069000, product code: ALV002).</td></tr><tr><td>Wireless backpack stimulator</td><td>Custom</td><td></td><td>TI CC2431 micocontroler&lt;br/&gt; The board is custom made based on the GINA board from Prof. Kris Pister&amp;rsquo;s lab. The layout of GINA board can be found at&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; https://openwsn.atlassian.net/wiki/display/OW/GINA</td></tr><tr><td>Wii Remote control</td><td>Nintendo</td><td></td><td>Bluetooth remote control to send the command to the operator laptop</td></tr><tr><td>BeetleCommander v1.8</td><td>Custom. Maharbiz group at UC Berkeley and Sato group at NTU</td><td></td><td>Establish the wireless communication of the backpack and the operator laptop. Configure the stimulus parameters and log the positional data. Visualize the flight data.</td></tr><tr><td>GINA base station</td><td>Kris Pister group at UC Berkeley</td><td></td><td>TI MSP430F2618 and AT86RF231</td></tr><tr><td>Motion capture system</td><td>VICON</td><td>T160</td><td>8 cameras for a flight arena of 12.5 m x 8 m x 4 m</td></tr><tr><td>Motion capture system</td><td>VICON</td><td>T40s</td><td>12 cameras for a flight arena of 12.5 x 8 x 4 m</td></tr><tr><td>Micro battery</td><td>Fullriver</td><td>&amp;nbsp;201013HS10C&amp;nbsp;</td><td>3.7V, 10 mAh</td></tr><tr><td>Retro reflective tape</td><td>Reflexite</td><td>V92-1549-010150</td><td>V92 reflective tape, silver color</td></tr><tr><td>PFA-Insulated Silver Wire&amp;nbsp;</td><td>A-M systems</td><td>786000</td><td>127 &amp;micro;m bare, 177.8 &amp;micro;m coated, 3 mm bare silver flame exposed at tips</td></tr><tr><td>SMT Micro Header&amp;nbsp;</td><td>SAMTEC</td><td>FTSH-110-01-L-DV</td><td>0.3 mm x 6 mm, bend to make a 3 mm long slider to secure the electrode into the PCB header.</td></tr><tr><td>Beeswax</td><td></td><td></td><td>Secure the electrodes</td></tr><tr><td>Dental Wax</td><td>Vertex</td><td></td><td>Immobilize the beetle</td></tr><tr><td>Insect pin</td><td>ROBOZ</td><td>RS-6082-30</td><td>Size&amp;nbsp; 00; 0.3 mm Rod diameter; 0.03 mm tip width; 38 mm Length&amp;nbsp;&lt;br/&gt; Make electrode guiding holes on cuticle</td></tr><tr><td>Tweezers</td><td>DUMONT</td><td>RS-5015</td><td>Pattern #5; .05 mm x .01 mm Tip Size; 110 mm Length&lt;br/&gt; Dissecting and implantation</td></tr><tr><td>Scissors</td><td>ROBOZ</td><td>RS-5620</td><td>Vannas Micro Dissecting Spring Scissors; Straight; 3mm Cutting Edge; 0.1 mm Tip Width; 3&quot; Overall Length&amp;nbsp;&lt;br/&gt; Dissecting and implantation</td></tr><tr><td>Potable soldering iron</td><td>DAIYO</td><td>DS241</td><td>Reflow beeswax</td></tr><tr><td>Hotplate&amp;nbsp;</td><td>CORNING</td><td>PC-400D</td><td>Melting beeswax and dental wax</td></tr><tr><td>Flourescent lamp</td><td>Philips</td><td>TL5 14W</td><td>Light the entire flight arena with 30 panels (60 x 60 cm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). Each panel has 3 lamps.&lt;br/&gt; 14 W, 549 mm x 17 mm&amp;nbsp;</td></tr></tbody></table>

insect-machine hybrid system: remote radio control of a freely flying beetle (mercynorrhina torquata)

启用无线电数字电子设备的兴起，促使利用小型无线神经肌肉录像机和刺激为研究飞行昆虫的行为。借助该技术使用本协议中所述活虫平台昆虫机混合动力系统的开发。此外，该协议提出的系统结构和用于在不受限制的昆虫评估飞行肌的功能自由飞行的实验程序。为了演示，我们有针对性的第三腋骨片（3AX）肌肉来控制和实现飞行甲虫向左或向右转向。薄银线电极植入上的甲虫两侧的肌肉3AX。这些被连接到一个无线背包的输出（ 即神经肌肉电刺激器）装上甲虫的前胸。肌肉是由交替的刺激侧（左或右），或者改变stimulatio在自由飞行刺激N频点。甲虫转向同侧当肌肉受到刺激并展出，以增加频率的召。植入过程和三维运动捕获相机系统的体积校准需要小心进行，以避免损坏肌肉和丢失标记的轨道，分别。该方法是非常有益的，研究昆虫飞行，因为它有助于揭示感兴趣的飞行肌的功能在自由飞行。

电极植入手术方式如图2薄银线电极植入通过刺穿上的肌肉（ 图2d - E）软角质层小孔甲虫的肌肉3AX。此软角质层刚好在basalar肌肉的apodema上面除去metepisternum的前部后（ 图2d - 三 ）。然后在电极用蜂蜡（ 图2F）固定。 图3示出了使用一个完?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Insect-machine Hybrid System: Remote Radio Control of a Freely Flying Beetle Mercynorrhina torquata at JoVE.com

Insect-machine Hybrid System: Remote Radio Control of a Freely Flying Beetle Mercynorrhina torquata

This protocol describes the process of constructing an insect-machine hybrid system and carrying out wireless electrical stimulation of the flight muscles required to control the turning motion of a flying insect.

昆虫机的混合动力系统:一个自由飞翔的甲壳虫无线电远程控制（<em&gt; Mercynorrhina torquata</em&gt;）

The rise of radio-enabled digital electronic devices has prompted the use of small wireless neuromuscular recorders and stimulators for studying in-flight ...

insect-machine-hybrid-system-remote-radio-control-freely-flying

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Insect-machine Hybrid System: Remote Radio Control of a Freely Flying Beetle (Mercynorrhina torquata)

12.2K 次观看.  Nanyang Technological University. This protocol describes the process of constructing an insect-machine hybrid system and carrying out wireless electrical stimulation of the flight muscles required to control the turning motion of a flying insect.

视频: Insect-machine Hybrid System: Remote Radio Control of a Freely Flying Beetle Mercynorrhina torquata

An Experimental Platform to Study the Closed-loop Performance of Brain-machine Interfaces

The non-stationary nature and variability of neuronal signals is a fundamental problem in brain-machine interfacing. We developed a brain-machine interface to assess the robustness of different control-laws applied to a closed-loop image stabilization task. Taking advantage of the well-characterized fly visuomotor pathway we record the electrical activity from an identified, motion-sensitive neuron, H1, to control the yaw rotation of a two-wheeled robot. The robot is equipped with 2 high-speed video cameras providing visual motion input to a fly placed in front of 2 CRT computer monitors. The activity of the H1 neuron indicates the direction and relative speed of the robot's rotation. The neural activity is filtered and fed back into the steering system of the robot by means of proportional and proportional/adaptive control. Our goal is to test and optimize the performance of various control laws under closed-loop conditions for a broader application also in other brain machine interfaces.

We use a closed-loop fly-machine interface to investigate general principles in neuronal control.

研究脑机接口的闭环性能的实验平台

The non-stationary nature and variability of neuronal signals is a fundamental problem in brain-machine interfacing. We developed a brain-machine ...

科研

神经科学

Early Metamorphic Insertion Technology for Insect Flight Behavior Monitoring

Early Metamorphosis Insertion Technology (EMIT) is a novel methodology for integrating microfabricated neuromuscular recording and actuation platforms on insects during their metamorphic development. Here, the implants are fused within the structure and function of the neuromuscular system as a result of metamorphic tissue remaking. The implants emerge with the insect where the development of tissue around the electronics during pupal development results in a bioelectrically and biomechanically enhanced tissue interface. This relatively more reliable and stable interface would be beneficial for many researchers exploring the neural basis of the insect locomotion with alleviated traumatic effects caused during adult stage insertions. In this article, we implant our electrodes into the indirect flight muscles of Manduca sexta. Located in the dorsal-thorax, these main flight powering dorsoventral and dorsolongitudinal muscles actuate the wings and supply the mechanical power for up and down strokes. Relative contraction of these two muscle groups has been under investigation to explore how the yaw maneuver is neurophysiologically coordinated. To characterize the flight dynamics, insects are often tethered with wires and their flight is recorded with digital cameras. We also developed a novel way to tether Manduca sexta on a magnetically levitating frame where the insect is connected to a commercially available wireless neural amplifier. This set up can be used to limit the degree of freedom to yawing &#8220;only&#8221; while transmitting the related electromyography signals from dorsoventral and dorsolongitudinal muscle groups.

We present a novel surgical procedure to implant electrodes in Manduca sexta during its early metamorphic stages. This technique allows mechanically stable and electrically reliable coupling with the neuromuscular tissue to study flight neurophysiology dynamics. We also present a novel magnetic levitation platform for tethered studies of insect yaw.

早期变质插入技术昆虫飞行行为监控

Early Metamorphosis Insertion Technology (EMIT) is a novel methodology for integrating microfabricated neuromuscular recording and actuation platforms on ...

行为学

Measuring the Flight Ability of the Ambrosia Beetle, Platypus Quercivorus (Murayama), Using a Low-Cost, Small, and Easily Constructed Flight Mill

The ambrosia beetle, Platypus quercivorus (Murayama), is the vector of a fungal pathogen that causes mass mortality of Fagaceae trees (Japanese oak wilt). Therefore, knowing the dispersal capacity may help inform trapping/tree removal efforts to prevent this disease more effectively. In this study, we measured the flight velocity and duration and estimated the flight distance of the beetle using a newly developed flight mill. The flight mill is low cost, small, and constructed using commonly available items. Both the flight mill arm and its vertical axis comprise a thin needle. A beetle specimen is glued to one tip of the arm using instant glue. The other tip is thick due to being covered with plastic, thus it facilitates the detection of rotations of the arm. The revolution of the arm is detected by a photo sensor mounted on an infrared LED, and is indicated by a change in the output voltage when the arm passed above the LED. The photo sensor is connected to a personal computer and the output voltage data are stored at a sampling rate of 1 kHz. By conducting experiments using this flight mill, we found that P. quercivorus can fly at least 27 km. Because our flight mill comprises cheap and small ordinary items, many flight mills can be prepared and used simultaneously in a small laboratory space. This enables experimenters to obtain a sufficient amount of data within a short period.

Measuring the Flight Ability of the Ambrosia Beetle, Platypus Quercivorus Murayama, Using a Low-Cost, Small, and Easily Constructed Flight Mill

We developed a low cost and small flight mill, constructed with commonly available items and easily used in experimentation. Using this apparatus, we measured the flight ability of an ambrosia beetle, Platypus quercivorus.

利用低成本、小型、易于建造的Quercivorus测量豚草甲虫、鸭嘴兽的飞行能力 (村山富市)

The ambrosia beetle, Platypus quercivorus (Murayama), is the vector of a fungal pathogen that causes mass mortality of Fagaceae trees (Japanese oak wilt). ...

环境科学

A Precise and Autonomous System for the Detection of Insect Emergence Patterns

Existing systems to measure insect emergence patterns have limitations; they are only partially automated and are limited in the maximum number of emerging insects they can detect. In order to obtain precise measurement of insect emergence, it is necessary for systems to be semi-automated and able to measure large numbers of emerging insects. We addressed these issues by designing and building a system that is automated and can measure emergence of up to 1200 insects. We modified the existing &#34;falling-ball&#34; system using Arduino microcontrollers to automate data collection and expand the sample size through multiple data channels. Multiple data channels enable the user to not only increase their sample size, but also allows for multiple treatments to be run simultaneously in a single experiment. Furthermore, we created an R script to automatically visualize the data as a bubble plot, while also calculating the median day and time of emergence. The current system was designed using 3D printing so the user can modify the system to be adjusted for different species of insects. The goal of this protocol is to investigate important questions in chronobiology and stress physiology, using this precise and automated system to measure insect emergence patterns.

Measurement of insect emergence patterns requires precision. Existing systems are only semi-automated and sample size is limited. We addressed these issues by designing a system using microcontrollers to precisely measure the time of emergence of large numbers of emerging insects.

一种精确、自主的昆虫产生模式检测系统

Existing systems to measure insect emergence patterns have limitations; they are only partially automated and are limited in the maximum number of ...

Flying Insect Detection and Classification with Inexpensive Sensors

An inexpensive, noninvasive system that could accurately classify flying insects would have important implications for entomological research, and allow for the development of many useful applications in vector and pest control for both medical and agricultural entomology. Given this, the last sixty years have seen many research efforts devoted to this task. To date, however, none of this research has had a lasting impact. In this work, we show that pseudo-acoustic optical sensors can produce superior data; that additional features, both intrinsic and extrinsic to the insect&#8217;s flight behavior, can be exploited to improve insect classification; that a Bayesian classification approach allows to efficiently learn classification models that are very robust to over-fitting, and a general classification framework allows to easily incorporate arbitrary number of features. We demonstrate the findings with large-scale experiments that dwarf all previous works combined, as measured by the number of insects and the number of species considered.

We proposed a system that uses inexpensive, noninvasive pseudo-acoustic optical sensors to automatically and accurately detect, count, and classify flying insects based on their flying sound.

飞行昆虫检测与分类用便宜的传感器

An inexpensive, noninvasive system that could accurately classify flying insects would have important implications for entomological research, and allow ...

生物工程

Building an Enhanced Flight Mill for the Study of Tethered Insect Flight

Makerspaces have a high potential of enabling researchers to develop new techniques and to work with novel species in ecological research. This protocol demonstrates how to take advantage of the technology found in makerspaces in order to build a more versatile flight mill for a relatively low cost. Given that this study extracted its&#160;prototype from flight mills built in the last decade, this protocol focuses more on outlining divergences made from the simple, modern flight mill. Previous studies have already shown how advantageous flight mills are to measuring flight parameters such as speed, distance, or periodicity. Such mills have allowed researchers to associate these parameters with morphological, physiological, or genetic factors. In addition to these advantages, this study discusses the benefits of using the technology in makerspaces, like 3D printers and laser cutters, in order to build a more flexible, sturdy, and collapsible flight mill design. Most notably, the 3D printed components of this design allow the user to test insects of various sizes by making the heights of the mill arm and infrared (IR) sensors adjustable. The 3D prints also enable the user to easily disassemble the machine for quick storage or transportation to the field. Moreover, this study makes greater use of magnets and magnetic paint to tether insects with minimal stress. Lastly, this protocol details a versatile analysis of flight data through computer scripts that efficiently separate and analyze differentiable flight trials within a single recording. Although more labor-intensive, applying the tools available in makerspaces and on online 3D modeling programs facilitates multidisciplinary and process-orientated practices and helps researchers avoid costly, premade products with narrowly adjustable dimensions. By taking advantage of the flexibility and reproducibility of technology in makerspaces, this protocol promotes creative flight mill design and inspires open science.

This protocol uses three-dimensional (3D) printers and laser cutters found in makerspaces in order to create a more flexible flight mill design. By using this technology, researchers can reduce costs, enhance design flexibility, and generate reproducible work when constructing their flight mills for tethered insect flight studies.

为系留昆虫飞行研究建造增强型飞行磨机

Makerspaces have a high potential of enabling researchers to develop new techniques and to work with novel species in ecological research. This protocol ...

工程学

Electroantennography-based Bio-hybrid Odor-detecting Drone using Silkmoth Antennae for Odor Source Localization

Small drones with chemical or biosensor devices that can detect airborne odorant molecules have attracted considerable attention owing to their applicability in environmental and security monitoring and search-and-rescue operations. Small drones with commercial metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOX) gas sensors have been developed for odor source localization; however, their real-time-odor-detection performance has proven inadequate. However, biosensing technologies based on insect olfactory systems exhibit relatively high sensitivity, selectivity, and real-time response with respect to odorant molecules compared to commercial MOX gas sensors. In such devices, excised insect antennae function as portable odorant biosensor elements and have been found to deliver excellent sensing performance. This study presents experimental protocols for odorant-molecule detection in the air using a small autonomous bio-hybrid drone based on a mountable electroantennography (EAG) device incorporating silkmoth antennae.
We developed a mountable EAG device including sensing/processing parts with a Wi-Fi module. The device was equipped with a simple sensor enclosure to enhance the sensor directivity. Thus, odor source localization was conducted using the spiral-surge algorithm, which does not assume an upwind direction. The experimental bio-hybrid odor-detecting drone identified real-time odorant-concentration differences in a pseudo-open environment (outside a wind tunnel) and localized the source. The developed drone and associated system can serve as an efficient odorant molecule-detection tool and a suitable flight platform for developing odor source localization algorithms owing to its high programmability.

This study introduces experimental protocols for a bio-hybrid odor-detecting drone based on silkmoth antennae. The operation of an experimental electroantennogram device with silkmoth antennae is presented, in addition to the structure of a bio-hybrid drone designed for odor source localization using the spiral-surge algorithm.

基于电子电图的生物混合气味检测无人机使用丝质天线进行气味源本地化

Small drones with chemical or biosensor devices that can detect airborne odorant molecules have attracted considerable attention owing to their ...

Radio Frequency Identification and Motion-sensitive Video Efficiently Automate Recording of Unrewarded Choice Behavior by Bumblebees

We present two methods for observing bumblebee choice behavior in an enclosed testing space. The first method consists of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) readers built into artificial flowers that display various visual cues, and RFID tags (i.e., passive transponders) glued to the thorax of bumblebee workers. The novelty in our implementation is that RFID readers are built directly into artificial flowers that are capable of displaying several distinct visual properties such as color, pattern type, spatial frequency (i.e., &#8220;busyness&#8221; of the pattern), and symmetry (spatial frequency and symmetry were not manipulated in this experiment). Additionally, these visual displays in conjunction with the automated systems are capable of recording unrewarded and untrained choice behavior. The second method consists of recording choice behavior at artificial flowers using motion-sensitive high-definition camcorders. Bumblebees have number tags glued to their thoraces for unique identification. The advantage in this implementation over RFID is that in addition to observing landing behavior, alternate measures of preference such as hovering and antennation may also be observed. Both automation methods increase experimental control, and internal validity by allowing larger scale studies that take into account individual differences. External validity is also improved because bees can freely enter and exit the testing environment without constraints such as the availability of a research assistant on-site. Compared to human observation in real time, the automated methods are more cost-effective and possibly less error-prone.

This video describes Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) and motion-sensitive video recording methods to monitor choice behavior by bumblebees.

无线射频识别和动作感应视频高效地自动Unrewarded选择行为的记录由大黄蜂

We present two methods for observing bumblebee choice behavior in an enclosed testing space. The first method consists of Radio Frequency Identification ...

A Simple Flight Mill for the Study of Tethered Flight in Insects

Flight in insects can be long-range migratory flights, intermediate-range dispersal flights, or short-range host-seeking flights. Previous studies have shown that flight mills are valuable tools for the experimental study of insect flight behavior, allowing researchers to examine how factors such as age, host plants, or population source can influence an insects' propensity to disperse. Flight mills allow researchers to measure components of flight such as speed and distance flown. Lack of detailed information about how to build such a device can make their construction appear to be prohibitively complex. We present a simple and relatively inexpensive flight mill for the study of tethered flight in insects. Experimental insects can be tethered with non-toxic adhesives and revolve around an axis by means of a very low friction magnetic bearing. The mill is designed for the study of flight in controlled conditions as it can be used inside an incubator or environmental chamber. The strongest points are the very simple electronic circuitry, the design that allows sixteen insects to fly simultaneously allowing the collection and analysis of a large number of samples in a short time and the potential to use the device in a very limited workspace. This design is extremely flexible, and we have adjusted the mill to accommodate different species of insects of various sizes.

Flight in insects is influenced by a number of factors and the propensity to disperse is an important variable in understanding insect ecology and biological control strategies. We describe the construction and use of a simple, relatively inexpensive, and flexible flight mill for measuring parameters of tethered flight in insects.

一个简单的飞行磨的系留飞行的昆虫研究

Flight in insects can be long-range migratory flights, intermediate-range dispersal flights, or short-range host-seeking flights. Previous studies have ...

Insect-controlled Robot: A Mobile Robot Platform to Evaluate the Odor-tracking Capability of an Insect

Robotic odor source localization has been a challenging area and one to which biological knowledge has been expected to contribute, as finding odor sources is an essential task for organism survival. Insects are well-studied organisms with regard to odor tracking, and their behavioral strategies have been applied to mobile robots for evaluation. This "bottom-up" approach is a fundamental way to develop biomimetic robots; however, the biological analyses and the modeling of behavioral mechanisms are still ongoing. Therefore, it is still unknown how such a biological system actually works as the controller of a robotic platform. To answer this question, we have developed an insect-controlled robot in which a male adult silkmoth (Bombyx mori) drives a robot car in response to odor stimuli; this can be regarded as a prototype of a future insect-mimetic robot. In the cockpit of the robot, a tethered silkmoth walked on an air-supported ball and an optical sensor measured the ball rotations. These rotations were translated into the movement of the two-wheeled robot. The advantage of this "hybrid" approach is that experimenters can manipulate any parameter of the robot, which enables the evaluation of the odor-tracking capability of insects and provides useful suggestions for robotic odor-tracking. Furthermore, these manipulations are non-invasive ways to alter the sensory-motor relationship of a pilot insect and will be a useful technique for understanding adaptive behaviors.

The capability to localize an odor source is necessary for insect survival and is expected to be applicable to artificial odor-tracking. The insect-controlled robot is driven by an actual silkmoth and enables us to evaluate the odor-tracking capability of insects through a robotic platform.

昆虫控制的机器人:移动机器人平台来评估昆虫的气味跟踪能力

Robotic odor source localization has been a challenging area and one to which biological knowledge has been expected to contribute, as finding odor ...

昆虫机的混合动力系统:一个自由飞翔的甲壳虫无线电远程控制（

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