Alfredo Attisano was supported by a European Social Fund studentship. James T. Murphy is supported by USDA-NIFA Award 2013-34103-21437.

1.构建飞行磨<ol><li> 构建亚克力塑料支撑结构 : <ol><li>切成3毫米厚的透明压克力板成两个外垂直壁中，一个中央垂直壁和所指定的图 1中所示的设计的五个水平架。 </li><li>成垂直壁（ 图1和2; OW和CW），以形成所述支撑结构（图2A）;通过插入所述货架（HS 图1和图2）装配。 </li><li>通过在外角插入聚苯乙烯列在该装置（图2A和图2C）的背面加强的结构。如果需要的话，胶短件直角边缘保护器沿中心垂直壁结到用于水平搁板提供额外的支撑。 </li></ol></li><li> 构建pivotin摹臂总成: <ol><li>胶的1厘米直径的塑料管5厘米长成每个电池单元的顶部中心。胶的1厘米直径的塑料管有2厘米长到每个细胞的底部中心，并确保每个单元中的顶部和底部管道对准。用热胶，贴上两个10毫米×4毫米N42钕磁铁给每个支持的结束，形成磁轴承工厂的手臂。 </li><li>插入一个昆虫针到20微升的吸头和到位用热胶固定。定位销，使得两个端延伸出来的枪头，以形成飞行轧机的电枢。 注意:在飞行试验中，所述销的顶部被代替由顶组磁体保持。底组磁体是保持衔铁处于垂直位置，使其能够围绕其轴线旋转。 </li><li>切的19计非磁性皮下钢管24厘米长。用热胶，贴上中心点枪头f的顶部ROM步1.2.2。管在2厘米从端至95°的角度，而使从中心点12cm的长臂和短臂从中心向弯曲（图2B）10厘米半径的弯曲的一端。 注意:半径长度可以适应不同的革命的距离而改变。 </li></ol></li><li> 设置红外传感器和数据记录器 : <ol><li>固定的红外线传感器使用可重复使用的粘合剂腻子每个电池单元的永恒两侧，允许传感器通过切入外部垂直壁支撑件（ 图2C）中的开口延伸到细胞中。 </li><li>通过建立在一个焊试验电路板（图3）一个非常基本的电子电路连接的红外线传感器到数据记录器。在实验电路板（ 图3A，B），红外连接的输入和输出连接180Ω和2.2kΩ的两个电阻分别。发生在阿尔特电阻沿着线路板到来自多个传感器的记录期间减少在电压信号滴rnate行（参见图3C）。 </li></ol></li></ol> 2.飞行试验<ol><li> 间接通过昆虫针系绳昆虫飞行磨臂 : <ol><li>放置一个小箔标志在枢转臂的未弯曲端的端部以最大化在传感器中的红外线光束的中断和充当平衡重。 </li><li>根据昆虫的大小和角质层区域可用于连接，连接实验昆虫昆虫引脚可重复使用的粘合剂腻子或无毒的皮胶。如果有必要，无论是冷冻或用二氧化碳麻醉昆虫。 </li><li>塑造少量的昆虫学销的圆形尖端周围粘合剂腻子并覆盖它用一滴无毒皮胶。轻轻涂抹于前胸背板区，等待5-10s，直到胶水变干。 注:亲cedure步骤2.1.3适合于昆虫坚硬（甲虫，臭虫）或软（黄蜂，苍蝇）角质层。昆虫与毛茸茸的角质层（蛾，蝶）将需要与圈养之前很细的画笔轻轻去除毛发。 </li><li>插入附加到枢转臂组件的弯曲端的昆虫的管脚。 </li><li>试飞结束后，取出栓系用细钳子。 注意:数据记录器设置和获取已被优化如下在材料表中列出的具体的设备和应调整为与另一种设备用。 </li></ol></li><li> 启动与免费提供WinDAQ精简版软件记录会话 <ol><li>下载并安装免费软件WinDAQ精简版（见设备清单）。 </li><li>打开仪器硬件管理器中，选择数据记录器，从弹出的列表，然后按"开始Windaq"。一个新的窗口将打开，输入标志人从每个传感器将被显示。 </li><li>选择所需要的采样频率在该数据记录器中读取并显示传感器的输出。 注意:采样频率将取决于昆虫的飞行速度，但是采样频率30-45赫兹之间的范围内将是足够快，以捕捉中小规模的昆虫的飞行。 </li><li>按Ctrl-F4开始记录会话。选择第一个弹出窗口中的录音文件的目标路径。选择一段适当的长度，记录飞行的特定昆虫和实验。定义录音时间，在第二个弹出式窗口。一旦录音时间结束后按Ctrl-S来完成录制的文件。 </li></ol></li><li> 检查录音质量。 <ol><li>打开记录的飞行轨迹，并选择一个电压通道。按Ctrl-T与电压的统计数据为每个通道打开一个弹出窗口。 </li><li>确保没有大滴在最低值导致从整个电路（图4）的电压降。丢弃在其中信道平均和最小电压之间的差大于0.1V。任何频道</li></ol></li><li> 将文件保存在一个* .csv格式 :选择File&gt;另存为，然后在弹出的窗口中选择"电子表格打印（CSV）"。在"电子表格注释"，弹出的窗口中选择"相对时间"，并取消选择所有其他选项。点击确定保存文件。 </li></ol>飞行数据的使用Python 3.4.x 3.分析<ol><li> 安装最新的Python 3.4.x版本 ，下载档案<a href="https://jove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/files/ftp_upload/53377/Python_scripts.zip">Python_scripts.zip（</a>补充文件），打开它，并保存standardize_peaks.py和flight_analysis.py到桌面上。 </li><li> 规范和选择记录信号的峰如下<ol><li>在standardize_peaks.py图标上单击右键。选择"打开方式IDLE"。 注:空闲的默认编辑器为Python，但任何文本编辑器，可用于这一目的。 </li><li>在线路18-19，指定周围用来执行为每个信道的电压信号的标准化的平均电压的阈值。 注意:默认值被设置为提供一个微调信号标准化，但用户可以根据平均电压为每个信道的值定义任何所需的阈值。这些都可以在电压统计窗口中找到（见步骤2.3）。 </li><li>在第45行，键入路径，其中记录的* .csv文件被保存的文件夹。 </li><li>在91行，键入路径到要在其中记录* .TXT峰值文件的文件夹。 </li><li>在管线61和管线72中，指定所需要的信道数。添加或删除＃在行61-63和72-74的开始到一个最大删除频道imum的8个通道。 </li><li>保存文件，然后按F5键启动脚本。 </li><li>在该弹出窗口，然后按返回输入* .csv文件（以及任何额外的子文件夹）的名称保存一个新的* .TXT文件中指定的文件夹中的标准化信号。 注意:根据使用的n个信道的数量，该文件包含n + 1个列:第一列是取样事件的相对时间，其他的n列表示从用于记录的n个通道的基极和峰事件。值0表示的基极电压，而值1表示从标志通过IR传感器的通路的峰。 </li></ol></li><li> 使用标准化文件分析航迹 :编辑flight_analysis.py脚本，以适应用户的实验条件: <ol><li>右键单击flight_analysis.py图标。选择"打开方式IDLE"。 </li><li>在线路39和线路80调整长度根据臂的半径的圆形的飞行路径。 </li><li>如果需要，通过删除＃中的行50-52激活可选的速度校正循环。相应地更改速度值。 </li><li>在管线77和管线85，编辑速度阈值和时间间隔值来校正在飞行轨道假速度读数和占两个连续长时间不间断飞行较量之间发生非常短的时间间隙。 </li><li>在198行中，指定以秒为单位的总记录时间。改变从线287起，输出线的数值范围。 注意:默认范围可以根据用户的实验要求进行修改。为了做到这一点，在该函数内的所有数值（包括那些在变量名，例如在变量"flight_300_900"）需要被改变成所需的值。 </li><li>在线路248类型的文件夹路径，其中，* .TXT标准化文件被保存。 </li><li>指定号码渠道。添加或通过在线257-259，270-272线条和线条279-281最多8个信道的开头添加或删除＃删除频道。 </li><li>在304行中键入路径，要在其中保存输出文件的文件夹。 </li><li>一旦指定用户的所有设置，保存文件，然后按F5键启动脚本。 </li><li>输入* .TXT文件的名称来分析（以及任何额外的子文件夹），在弹出的窗口中，然后按返回。 </li></ol></li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

经济实惠，灵活，可调的飞行工厂设计 。 昆虫飞行的行为感兴趣的是一系列的科学家，从那些在变量的环境中专家生物防治谁需要了解的条件如何影响的害虫驱散倾向感兴趣的昆虫的基本行为。飞行行为，可以通过其范围从飞行"跑步机"和风洞是近似的现场条件，以静态的系留飞行装置的各种方法进行研究。系留飞行轧机，像一个这里提出，在飞行的某些方面，例如高度变化的限制，不能测量14。然而，系留飞行造纸厂并允许昆虫飞不间断，从而使研究人员量化参数，如飞行速度，距离和周期性和这些参数与环境条件的，生理学和米关联orphology。 飞行磨这里介绍的目的是让研究人员没有电子建造和使用系留飞行磨为了研究昆虫的飞行行为的专门知识。这种设计的一个优点是，与其它设计相比飞行轧机的总成本是低的。总成本可保持300远低于美元。塑料压克力板是最昂贵的项目。第二个优点是，该飞行轧机可适于在许多实验室中可用的有限控制条件的工作区，而不是一个专门风洞。采用3毫米厚的透明的丙烯酸塑料片意味着该结构既透明的，以允许容易观察昆虫的，并且还具有重量轻，从而使飞行轧机被移动到适当的位置用于飞行试验。飞行磨单元的堆叠配置最大化，同时尽量减少脚的样本数执行打印装置的。另外，该装置可容易地拆卸用于存储。此外，飞行磨机被设计为允许对大量个人可以相对容易地采样。每次飞行磨包含8个细胞，使研究人员能够同时记录多个个体的飞行活动。通过昆虫销间接附着昆虫的枢转臂允许个别昆虫被迅速地放在并除去从飞行轧机。最后，数据记录电子是简单，易于使用，具有进行数据分析可免费获得的软件。一旦组装好，飞行磨机使用简单的IR传感器来记录飞行活动。箔标志在通过红外光束的臂的端部的通道允许被记录的臂的每一转。旋转速率可以像速度数据，行驶距离，总飞行时间和飞行模式，以被记录为输入到一个数据记录器。 飞行磨能够适于许多不同种类的昆虫的。因为，即使重，所产生的阻力由窄直径减小，允许甚至小昆虫是飞行试验的枢转臂的使用皮下注射钢管比其它选项，如木棍或吸管更有效。最近，小件光纤已被用于在飞行磨小昆虫25。臂的弯曲结局可以粘到衔铁在相对于支撑轴不同的角度，以在其天然飞行方向定位实验昆虫。在提出的设计，其中，半径为10厘米的长度，在一个旋转行进的整个距离是62.8厘米。除去中央纵壁将允许飞行轧机，其中所述臂的半径的长度可以增加一倍，以容纳较大的昆虫和公转距离可达1.20米的另一种结构。在这种情况下，强磁体是recommenDED，以适应和稳定再磨的手臂。 如所陈述在整个的飞行工厂设计的灵活性和适应性为感兴趣的昆虫物种和研究人员能够定制他们的特殊需要。这包括昆虫，不仅身体的需要，包括参数，如尺寸，功率，角质层的结构，而且物种之间的生物学差异。一个潜在的缺点，以所有飞行钢厂是缺乏跗支持"分裂势力"昆虫飞行，也许是为了耗尽。虽然这是事实在一些物种中，例如，我们观察到的自动飞行的反应与我们的马利筋错误的试验，它是不是适用于所有我们已经测试（例如N. vespilloides）的昆虫。但是，即使有自动响应，我们从来没有观察昆虫飞行劳累或死亡，部分是因为录制时间，我们选择以适应昆虫的生物学。因此，为了做到这一点是很重要在感兴趣的昆虫初步观察，以了解，为了优化数据采集其在飞行磨机行为。另外一个，著名的问题，飞行厂，是惯性能保持甚至在昆虫已经停止积极飞行运动。该脚本提供了占误读由于飞行磨的惯性，在飞行速度特点是快速减少和增加峰之间的距离。该脚本flight_analysis.py"放弃这些"假峰"，并构造分析的新信号。用户可以选择校正的速度阈值，因为在脚本中提供的说明解释。 5 V的电源是足以获得一个可读电压信号，但是具有可变输出电压的电源装置可被用作动力源，以允许输入功率是变化的，从而优化工作电压为每个传感器。这种解决方案还可以帮助提高可视化的质量Ø˚F高峰信号在软件的录音界面。传感器的输出显示在软件接口由碱和峰值电压，其中基准电压表示来自传感器在休息的最低输出电压（当红外线光束不被中断），而峰值电压是从基极电压的上升所形成当作为手臂穿过光束红外光束被中断时才会发生。 5伏的输入电压提供了大约100 mV的上升而增加输入到7V增加了峰值的上升到300mV，允许为基础，峰值电压更清晰的歧视。所选择的焊面包板的大小决定了许多飞行细胞如何能得到满足。为了从多个传感器在记录期间最小化在电压信号下降时，建议以放置在沿着线路板交替行的电阻器（参见图3C）。 可定制的信号标准化和analysi对开放存取的编程语言Python的s要写的脚本。 电压信号的标准化和分析，通过使用Python中，这是一个免费的，广泛使用的通用型，高层次的编程语言定制编写的脚本进行的。最终用户可以轻松地自定义脚本与自己指定的设置工作。定制是通过简单地改变数值或变量名来实现。关于如何自定义参数的注意事项可以在脚本本身中找到。脚本中的默认值设定为提供一个微调信号标准化，但用户可以根据平均电压为每个信道的值定义任何所需的阈值。在飞行分析剧本，从线105功能flying_bouts计算持续时间最长秒，最短的飞行较量，时间在飞行花了的总记录时间的百分比和飞来飞去事件的数量s的指定时间范围内。该范围可以根据用户的实验要求进行修改。为了做到这一点，在该函数内的所有数值（包括那些在变量名，例如在变量"flight_300_900"）需要被改变成所需的值。范围和它们的持续时间的数目简单地取决于用户的规格。该脚本将打印在屏幕上的分析对每个信道的结果。这些措施包括:平均飞行速度，总飞行时间，行驶距离，最短和最长飞行较量和飞行组成。此外，脚本返回* .DAT文件为每个信道，并将其保存在由用户指定的输出文件夹。每* .DAT文件包含两列:第一个代表峰值事件的相对时间，第二次是两个连续峰值之间的事件的详细速度变化。此文件可以在Excel或R导入到生产速度变化的图表里时间和可视化的飞行活动模式。 总之，这些结果表明，该飞机厂的设计可以很容易地和成功地实施，以聚集行为研究观察飞行活动模式在不同的昆虫模型的数据。这样的数据可以被用来研究在运动模式那样依赖例如在生理学和形态学的个体差异。这提供了极大分析上市公司潜在的生理和形态特征确定的运动模式，如觅食或迁徙活动，最终影响整个人口的个体差异。随着时间的推移详细速度变化可与详细的生理学和形态学测量组合使用，将提供来研究资源消费模式或变化的飞行活动身体部分的形态的效果的工具。

几个实验室技术已经开发了用于昆虫飞行行为1,2-研究。这些范围从简单的静态圈养3,4，使运动的栓昆虫5更大的自由先进的设备。迄今为止飞行室6-9所代表的设备允许的飞行在受控条件下的自由的最高水平。这种技术具有两个主要的缺点:它是难以用于大型的昆虫的研究和数据收集的手动过程是耗时的。 飞行钢厂表示为昆虫飞行实验室条件下10月12日的研究中最常见和负担得起的技术之一。这种技术是最好的静态束缚，因为它提供了运动刺激的13，但它不同于自由飞行的行为反应14-16。上的轧机和在野外的飞行特性的某些方面similař5,17所以尽管有一些限制，飞行钢厂表示一个可行的选择，调查关于特定飞行行为应答的发生的问题，由于是迁徙飞行型的情况下。此外，飞行钢厂更容易实现比风洞或飞行室和数据收集可以很容易地实现自动化。因此，研究人员感兴趣的飞行行为常常会发现飞行钢厂是最好的选择，但应该意识到该方法的潜在限制。在这里，一个灵活，可定制的飞行工厂设计，提出对于那些已经选择了利用飞行钢厂进行调查飞行行为的研究。 几位作者描述的替代航班轧机的设计。在飞行轧机系统， 即 ，枢转磨机的臂的一般的主要部分，是非常简单的实现。少是直截了当的飞行轧机系统，它允许数据的记录的电子部件。与埃尔处理ectronic电路的设计可以是具有挑战性的，特别是对于昆虫学家或行为生态学家缺乏电子的背景知识。有些作者描述了他们的飞行工厂设计18-21，或飞行机的电子部件的缺失22,23说明一个复杂的或过时的电子电路元件。其他设计描述结构复杂actographs，这是相当复杂的实现，但可以帮助研究人员进行更复杂的行为观察5。 本文设计了一个简单的打造，价格相对低廉的飞行磨的系留飞行昆虫的研究描述。连同极其简单的电子部件，该设计具有许多优点。飞行轧机设计在通常在标准昆虫生态实验室中可用的约束空间中使用。其结构是做出来的透明亚克力的P拉斯蒂克使得单个光源可以均匀地达到在该轧机的单独的腔室每一个人。给定的物质和小尺寸的透明度，飞行磨机可以在培养箱中标准化的光照和温度条件下使用。最后，整个结构可以组装和拆卸容易，一旦拆卸，它可以储存在一个小的空间。另一个优点与结构的设计是，飞行轧机可以被修改，以允许不同大小的昆虫，并使用不同的公转距离的研究。这次飞行磨已被用于收集昆虫等不同大小的数据和形状马利筋错误，Oncopeltus暗纹东方鲀 24，葛根错误， 筛豆龟蝽和埋葬甲虫，Nicrophorus vespilloides。飞行工厂设计还允许通过量高的要求，需要大样本量的研究。数据可以使用8个通道同时为每个数据记录器ü收集SED使大量的个体可以同时分析和大量的样品可以在同一天进行处理。不需要昂贵的软件是必要的记录和可视化的数据和用于数据分析的定制编写脚本可以下列实验设计的具体需要来修改。逃反应是在不同的昆虫种类变化很大。因此，进行全面的飞行磨实验前，建议对焦点昆虫模型的飞行响应初步测试。这些将提供行为变化在飞行的反应，这将用于在飞行分析微调方面，例如记录时间或飞行速度范围的程度的理解。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Data Logger</td><td>DATAQ Instruments, Ohio, USA</td><td>DI-149</td><td>These particular data loggers were chosen because they can be easily connected via USB to a computer and come with free proprietary software (WinDaq/Lite, DATAQ Instruments, Ohio, USA) to visualize and record the sensor&#039;s output, increasing the affordability of the flight mill design.</td></tr><tr><td>Data Logger - potential alternative</td><td></td><td></td><td>A potential alternative to the DATAQ data loggers&amp;nbsp; is an RS232 to USB adaptor, readily available through office or electronic supply stores.&amp;nbsp; These should be able to read data directly from the serial port via the pyserial module.</td></tr><tr><td>Entomological pins</td><td>BioQuip</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hypodermic steel tubing 19 guage</td><td>Small Parts</td><td>B000FN5Q3I</td><td>Available through Amazon.com; other suppliers are available but be sure to purchase austenitic steel tubing to ensure the arm in non-magnetic</td></tr><tr><td>IR Sensors</td><td>Optek Technology Inc., Texas USA</td><td>OPB800W</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>N42 neodymium magnets</td><td></td><td></td><td>Readily available; can be purchased through specialized magnet suppliers, hobby stores or Amazon</td></tr><tr><td>Plexiglass/perspex</td><td></td><td></td><td>Readily available at any hardware store</td></tr><tr><td>Polystyrene columns for support</td><td></td><td></td><td>Any polystyrene or styrofoam packing materials that might otherwise be discarded or recycled can be used to fashion the support columns for the flight mill.&amp;nbsp; Otherwise, styrofoam insulation sheets are available at any hardware store.</td></tr><tr><td>Solderless Breadboard Power Supply Module</td><td>Arrela</td><td>MB102</td><td>The 5V power unit, breadboard and solderless male-male jumper wires can be easily purchased as a kit.</td></tr></tbody></table>

a simple flight mill for the study of tethered flight in insects

Flight in insects can be long-range migratory flights, intermediate-range dispersal flights, or short-range host-seeking flights. Previous studies have shown that flight mills are valuable tools for the experimental study of insect flight behavior, allowing researchers to examine how factors such as age, host plants, or population source can influence an insects' propensity to disperse. Flight mills allow researchers to measure components of flight such as speed and distance flown. Lack of detailed information about how to build such a device can make their construction appear to be prohibitively complex. We present a simple and relatively inexpensive flight mill for the study of tethered flight in insects. Experimental insects can be tethered with non-toxic adhesives and revolve around an axis by means of a very low friction magnetic bearing. The mill is designed for the study of flight in controlled conditions as it can be used inside an incubator or environmental chamber. The strongest points are the very simple electronic circuitry, the design that allows sixteen insects to fly simultaneously allowing the collection and analysis of a large number of samples in a short time and the potential to use the device in a very limited workspace. This design is extremely flexible, and we have adjusted the mill to accommodate different species of insects of various sizes.

图5示出了可以使用在上一节中所描述的脚本来获得图形的类型的代表性例子。飞行数据来自使用埋葬甲虫Nicrophorus vespilloides为模型（Attisano， 未发表的数据）的动物学系在剑桥大学进行的试点工作获得的。约20日龄两个年轻未交配的雄性都拴飞行钢厂和摆在14时10大号控制的环境条件:D和21℃。甲虫被留在飞行轧机连续8小时，并在飞行活动的记录。屏幕上的分析和图形输出使得有可能解决在飞行中的活动模式的个体差异。例如，第一公（图5A）表现出强烈的飞行活动记录的第一个小时之内，其特征在于，高速和连续飞行，历时约3小时。钍被延长活性相从约1.6米/秒的特征在于在速度逐渐降​​低到约1米/秒其中。最初的飞行回合后，个人表现出相对较短的飞行几乎周期模式的较量每次约10-15分钟时间。第二阳显示出非常不同的飞行模式与飞行较量从未超过15-20分钟（图5B）的持续时间。在此个人飞行活动的特征在于一个宽的飞行较量的传播中的前4个小时的记录，之后，其活性变得几乎周期性。这个人也提出了非常低的飞行速度，只有偶尔超过0.4米/秒。 使用不同的昆虫模型，马利筋错误Oncopeltus鲀得到另一个有代表性的例子。在迁徙行为和马利筋错误女性24生理反应的食物应力研究过程中收集的数据。在这项研究中的录音时间设定为一小时，以刻画女性为移民或居民。这些行为类型的特征在于"全有或全无"的响应。迁徙女性从事持续不断航班通常持续几个小时，而女性居民从来没有表现出飞行活动超过几分钟。因此，农民女性将呈现飞行图案像在图6A中，而居民女性的特点将是像在图6B的运动模式。 <img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/53377/53377fig1.jpg" /> 丙烯酸塑料支撑结构图1.设计配置。的丙烯酸塑料支撑结构为飞行轧机是从三个不同的部件构成。有含有插槽的货架和一个开口，以容纳红外SENS两头在外垂直壁（OW）口服补液盐（A）。有一个单一的中央纵壁（CW）与货架槽。并且有5个水平货架（HS）与墙壁插槽。磁轴是粘在水平货架上的位置B. <a href="https://jove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/files/ftp_upload/53377/53377fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/53377/53377fig2.jpg" /> 图2.组装飞机厂。 （A）中的丙烯酸塑料支撑结构通过滑动在两个外壁（OW）和中央壁（CW）的五个水平搁板（HS）到槽，所获得的结构具有8个独立的细胞各包含磁力组装枢轴和IR传感器，允许8个人在同一时间飞行。 （B）中的枢轴臂到的昆虫被拴系可构造成accomm<html>大馆各种尺寸和昆虫的形貌。 （三）由于拴昆虫移动转臂悬挂磁铁之间，箔标志在手臂的另一端激活红外传感器（箭头）。 <a href="https://jove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/files/ftp_upload/53377/53377fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图3" src="/files/ftp_upload/53377/53377fig3.jpg" /> 图3.设计中的红外传感器连接到数据记录器的电路 。 （一）一个简单的电路由红外传感器数据记录器连接的输入。 （B）中的每个数据记录器可以被供电并经由使用图一焊试验电路板连接到数据记录器。 （C）的多个传感器可以连接到使用相同的试验板的单个数据记录器。large.jpg"目标="_空白"&gt;点击此处查看该图的放大版本。 <img alt="图4" src="/files/ftp_upload/53377/53377fig4.jpg" /> 图中记录的飞行活动4.示例。电压峰代表飞行工厂的手臂彻底革命。 （A）飞行事件的高品质录音，无压降所记录的信号。 （B）的飞行事件，在记录信号的电压降。 <a href="https://jove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/files/ftp_upload/53377/53377fig4large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图5" src="/files/ftp_upload/53377/53377fig5.jpg" /> 图从埋葬甲虫Nicrophorus vespilloides代表性的飞行数据 。在飞行中的个体变异行为很容易在飞行记录确认。 （ 一）持续一个单独飞行了大约三个小时的庭审开始后，然后在整个审判的其余部分周期性地扑到高速。 （ 二）个人的行为是不同的这种甲虫飞只是偶尔在整个审判，永远飞在看到在A组（注意在Y轴上规模的差异）个人高的速度。 <a href="https://jove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/files/ftp_upload/53377/53377fig5large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图6" src="/files/ftp_upload/53377/53377fig6.jpg" /> 图从乳草错误Oncopeltus鲀代表性的飞行数据 。行为的两个不同的图案的飞行数据记录之间进行清楚地观察。 （A </strong&gt;）这种记录是典型的飞行特性见于洄游个体的类型。迁徙个人在一个相对稳定的速度在长时间飞行。 （二）在A组的行为对比与居民个人的典型飞行的行为。居民在较低的速度和飞行较量飞行只持续很短的时间（注意A和B的X轴在规模上的差异）。 <a href="https://jove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/files/ftp_upload/53377/53377fig6large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Simple Flight Mill for the Study of Tethered Flight in Insects at JoVE.com

A Simple Flight Mill for the Study of Tethered Flight in Insects

Flight in insects is influenced by a number of factors and the propensity to disperse is an important variable in understanding insect ecology and biological control strategies. We describe the construction and use of a simple, relatively inexpensive, and flexible flight mill for measuring parameters of tethered flight in insects.

一个简单的飞行磨的系留飞行的昆虫研究

Flight in insects can be long-range migratory flights, intermediate-range dispersal flights, or short-range host-seeking flights. Previous studies have ...

a-simple-flight-mill-for-the-study-of-tethered-flight-in-insects

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

16.9K 次观看.  Polish Academy of Sciences. Flight in insects is influenced by a number of factors and the propensity to disperse is an important variable in understanding insect ecology and biological control strategies. We describe the construction and use of a simple, relatively inexpensive, and flexible flight mill for measuring parameters of tethered flight in insects.

视频: A Simple Flight Mill for the Study of Tethered Flight in Insects

A Simple Composite Phenotype Scoring System for Evaluating Mouse Models of Cerebellar Ataxia

We describe a protocol for the rapid and sensitive quantification of disease severity in mouse models of cerebella ataxia. It is derived from previously published phenotype assessments in several disease models, including spinocerebellar ataxias, Huntington s disease and spinobulbar muscular atrophy. Measures include hind limb clasping, ledge test, gait and kyphosis. Each measure is recorded on a scale of 0-3, with a combined total of 0-12 for all four measures. The results effectively discriminate between affected and non-affected individuals, while also quantifying the temporal progression of neurodegenerative disease phenotypes. Measures may be analyzed individually or combined into a composite phenotype score for greater statistical power. The ideal combination of the four described measures will depend upon the disorder in question. We present an example of the protocol used to assess disease severity in a transgenic mouse model of spinocerebellar ataxia type 7 (SCA7).
Albert R. La Spada and Gwenn A. Garden contributed to this manuscript equally.

We describe a protocol for the rapid and sensitive quantification of disease severity in mouse models of cerebellar ataxia. Measures include hind limb clasping, ledge test, gait and kyphosis. This protocol effectively discriminates between affected and non-affected individuals, and detects the progression of affected individuals over time.

一个简单的综合评分系统评估小脑共济失调的小鼠模型的表型

We describe a protocol for the rapid and sensitive quantification of disease severity in mouse models of cerebella ataxia. It is derived from previously ...

科研

神经科学

Early Metamorphic Insertion Technology for Insect Flight Behavior Monitoring

Early Metamorphosis Insertion Technology (EMIT) is a novel methodology for integrating microfabricated neuromuscular recording and actuation platforms on insects during their metamorphic development. Here, the implants are fused within the structure and function of the neuromuscular system as a result of metamorphic tissue remaking. The implants emerge with the insect where the development of tissue around the electronics during pupal development results in a bioelectrically and biomechanically enhanced tissue interface. This relatively more reliable and stable interface would be beneficial for many researchers exploring the neural basis of the insect locomotion with alleviated traumatic effects caused during adult stage insertions. In this article, we implant our electrodes into the indirect flight muscles of Manduca sexta. Located in the dorsal-thorax, these main flight powering dorsoventral and dorsolongitudinal muscles actuate the wings and supply the mechanical power for up and down strokes. Relative contraction of these two muscle groups has been under investigation to explore how the yaw maneuver is neurophysiologically coordinated. To characterize the flight dynamics, insects are often tethered with wires and their flight is recorded with digital cameras. We also developed a novel way to tether Manduca sexta on a magnetically levitating frame where the insect is connected to a commercially available wireless neural amplifier. This set up can be used to limit the degree of freedom to yawing &#8220;only&#8221; while transmitting the related electromyography signals from dorsoventral and dorsolongitudinal muscle groups.

We present a novel surgical procedure to implant electrodes in Manduca sexta during its early metamorphic stages. This technique allows mechanically stable and electrically reliable coupling with the neuromuscular tissue to study flight neurophysiology dynamics. We also present a novel magnetic levitation platform for tethered studies of insect yaw.

早期变质插入技术昆虫飞行行为监控

Early Metamorphosis Insertion Technology (EMIT) is a novel methodology for integrating microfabricated neuromuscular recording and actuation platforms on ...

行为学

Studying the Neural Basis of Adaptive Locomotor Behavior in Insects

Studying the neural basis of walking behavior, one often faces the problem that it is hard to separate the neuronally produced stepping output from those leg movements that result from passive forces and interactions with other legs through the common contact with the substrate. If we want to understand, which part of a given movement is produced by nervous system motor output, kinematic analysis of stepping movements, therefore, needs to be complemented with electrophysiological recordings of motor activity. The recording of neuronal or muscular activity in a behaving animal is often limited by the electrophysiological equipment which can constrain the animal in its ability to move with as many degrees of freedom as possible. This can either be avoided by using implantable electrodes and then having the animal move on a long tether (i.e. Clarac et al., 1987; Duch &amp; Pfl&uuml;ger, 1995; B&ouml;hm et al., 1997; Gruhn &amp; Rathmayer, 2002) or by transmitting the data using telemetric devices (Kutsch et al, 1993; Fischer et al., 1996; Tsuchida et al. 2004; Hama et al., 2007; Wang et al., 2008). Both of these elegant methods, which are successfully used in larger arthropods, often prove difficult to apply in smaller walking insects which either easily get entangled in the long tether or are hindered by the weight of the telemetric device and its batteries. In addition, in all these cases, it is still impossible to distinguish between the purely neuronal basis of locomotion and the effects exerted by mechanical coupling between the walking legs through the substrate. One solution for this problem is to conduct the experiments in a tethered animal that is free to walk in place and that is locally suspended, for example over a slippery surface, which effectively removes most ground contact mechanics. This has been used to study escape responses (Camhi and Nolen, 1981; Camhi and Levy, 1988), turning (Tryba and Ritzman, 2000a,b; Gruhn et al., 2009a), backward walking (Graham and Epstein, 1985) or changes in velocity (Gruhn et al., 2009b) and it allows the experimenter easily to combine intra- and extracellular physiology with kinematic analyses (Gruhn et al., 2006).
We use a slippery surface setup to investigate the timing of leg muscles in the behaving stick insect with respect to touch-down and lift-off under different behavioral paradigms such as straight forward and curved walking in intact and reduced preparations.

We describe a method to record motor activity, timed to the electrically recorded tarsal contact signal in a tethered insect, walking on a slippery surface. This is used to study the neural basis of adaptive behavior under reduced influence of mechanical interaction between legs through the substrate.

研究昆虫的自适应运动能力行为的神经基础

Studying the neural basis of walking behavior, one often faces the problem that it is hard to separate the neuronally produced stepping output from those ...

Measuring the Flight Ability of the Ambrosia Beetle, Platypus Quercivorus (Murayama), Using a Low-Cost, Small, and Easily Constructed Flight Mill

The ambrosia beetle, Platypus quercivorus (Murayama), is the vector of a fungal pathogen that causes mass mortality of Fagaceae trees (Japanese oak wilt). Therefore, knowing the dispersal capacity may help inform trapping/tree removal efforts to prevent this disease more effectively. In this study, we measured the flight velocity and duration and estimated the flight distance of the beetle using a newly developed flight mill. The flight mill is low cost, small, and constructed using commonly available items. Both the flight mill arm and its vertical axis comprise a thin needle. A beetle specimen is glued to one tip of the arm using instant glue. The other tip is thick due to being covered with plastic, thus it facilitates the detection of rotations of the arm. The revolution of the arm is detected by a photo sensor mounted on an infrared LED, and is indicated by a change in the output voltage when the arm passed above the LED. The photo sensor is connected to a personal computer and the output voltage data are stored at a sampling rate of 1 kHz. By conducting experiments using this flight mill, we found that P. quercivorus can fly at least 27 km. Because our flight mill comprises cheap and small ordinary items, many flight mills can be prepared and used simultaneously in a small laboratory space. This enables experimenters to obtain a sufficient amount of data within a short period.

Measuring the Flight Ability of the Ambrosia Beetle, Platypus Quercivorus Murayama, Using a Low-Cost, Small, and Easily Constructed Flight Mill

We developed a low cost and small flight mill, constructed with commonly available items and easily used in experimentation. Using this apparatus, we measured the flight ability of an ambrosia beetle, Platypus quercivorus.

利用低成本、小型、易于建造的Quercivorus测量豚草甲虫、鸭嘴兽的飞行能力 (村山富市)

The ambrosia beetle, Platypus quercivorus (Murayama), is the vector of a fungal pathogen that causes mass mortality of Fagaceae trees (Japanese oak wilt). ...

环境科学

A Magnetic Tether System to Investigate Visual and Olfactory Mediated Flight Control in Drosophila

It has been clear for many years that insects use visual cues to stabilize their heading in a wind stream. Many animals track odors carried in the wind. As such, visual stabilization of upwind tracking directly aids in odor tracking. But do olfactory signals directly influence visual tracking behavior independently from wind cues? Also, the recent deluge of research on the neurophysiology and neurobehavioral genetics of olfaction in Drosophila has motivated ever more technically sophisticated and quantitative behavioral assays. Here, we modified a magnetic tether system originally devised for vision experiments by equipping the arena with narrow laminar flow odor plumes. A fly is glued to a small steel pin and suspended in a magnetic field that enables it to yaw freely. Small diameter food odor plumes are directed downward over the fly s head, eliciting stable tracking by a hungry fly. Here we focus on the critical mechanics of tethering, aligning the magnets, devising the odor plume, and confirming stable odor tracking.

Here we describe how to tether a fly in an olfactory magnetic-tether (OMT) apparatus. We describe how to align the rare-earth magnets and odor ports, and how to set mass flow rates for both the stimulus delivery and vacuum suction to achieve optimal odor tracking.

一个磁性的系绳系统，以调查在果蝇的视觉和嗅觉介导的飞行控制

It has been clear for many years that insects use visual cues to stabilize their heading in a wind stream. Many animals track odors carried in the wind. ...

生物学

A Wind Tunnel for Odor Mediated Insect Behavioural Assays

Olfaction is the most important sensory mechanism by which many insects interact with their environment and a wind tunnel is an excellent tool to study insect chemical ecology. Insects can locate point sources in a three-dimensional environment through the sensory interaction and sophisticated behavior. The quantification of this behavior is a key element in the development of new tools for pest control and decision support. A wind tunnel with a suitable flight section with laminar air flow, visual cues for in-flight feedback and a variety of options for the application of odors can be used to measure complex behaviour which subsequently may allow the identification of attractive or repellent odors, insect flight characteristics, visual-odor interactions and interactions between attractants and odors lingering as background odors in the environment. A wind tunnel holds the advantage of studying the odor mediated behavioural repertoire of an insect in a laboratory setting. Behavioural measures in a controlled setting provide the link between the insect physiology and field application. A wind tunnel must be a flexible tool and should easily support the changes to setup and hardware to fit different research questions. The major disadvantage to the wind tunnel setup described here, is the clean odor background which necessitates special attention when developing a synthetic volatile blend for field application.

Here, we describe the construction and use of a wind tunnel for odor mediated behavioural assays with insects. The wind tunnel design facilitates the release of odor sources by several methods, with and without visual stimuli. Wind tunnel experiments are important methods to identify behaviorally active volatile chemicals.

气味介导的昆虫行为检测风洞

Olfaction is the most important sensory mechanism by which many insects interact with their environment and a wind tunnel is an excellent tool to study ...

Using Flight Mills to Measure Flight Propensity and Performance of Western Corn Rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera (LeConte)

The western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera (LeConte) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), is an economically important pest of corn in the northern United States. Some populations have developed resistance to management strategies including transgenic corn that produces insecticidal toxins derived from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). Knowledge of western corn rootworm dispersal is of critical importance for models of resistance evolution, spread, and mitigation. Flight behavior of an insect, especially over a long distance, is inherently difficult to observe and characterize. Flight mills provide a means to directly test developmental and physiological impacts and consequences of flight in the laboratory that cannot be obtained in field studies. In this study, flight mills were used to measure the timing of flight activity, total number of flights, and the distance, duration, and speed of flights taken by female rootworms during a 22-h test period. Sixteen flight mills were housed in an environmental chamber with programmable lighting, temperature, and humidity control. The flight mill described is of a typical design, where a flight arm is free to rotate about a central pivot. Rotation is caused by flight of an insect tethered to one end of the flight arm, and each rotation is recorded by a sensor with a time-stamp. Raw data are compiled by software, which are subsequently processed to provide summary statistics for flight parameters of interest. The most difficult task for any flight mill study is attachment of the tether to the insect with an adhesive, and the method used must be tailored to each species. The attachment must be strong enough to hold the insect in a rigid orientation and to prevent detachment during movement, while not interfering with natural wing motion during flight. The attachment process requires dexterity, finesse, and speed, making video footage of the process for rootworms of value.

Using Flight Mills to Measure Flight Propensity and Performance of Western Corn Rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte

Flight mills are important tools for comparing how age, sex, mating status, temperature, or various other factors may influence an insect&#8217;s flight behavior. Here we describe protocols to tether and measure the flight propensity and performance of western corn rootworm under different treatments.

使用飞行磨坊测量西部玉米根虫的飞行倾向和性能，二溴二恶十二药病毒病毒（LeConte）

The western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera (LeConte) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), is an economically important pest of corn in the northern ...

Building an Enhanced Flight Mill for the Study of Tethered Insect Flight

Makerspaces have a high potential of enabling researchers to develop new techniques and to work with novel species in ecological research. This protocol demonstrates how to take advantage of the technology found in makerspaces in order to build a more versatile flight mill for a relatively low cost. Given that this study extracted its&#160;prototype from flight mills built in the last decade, this protocol focuses more on outlining divergences made from the simple, modern flight mill. Previous studies have already shown how advantageous flight mills are to measuring flight parameters such as speed, distance, or periodicity. Such mills have allowed researchers to associate these parameters with morphological, physiological, or genetic factors. In addition to these advantages, this study discusses the benefits of using the technology in makerspaces, like 3D printers and laser cutters, in order to build a more flexible, sturdy, and collapsible flight mill design. Most notably, the 3D printed components of this design allow the user to test insects of various sizes by making the heights of the mill arm and infrared (IR) sensors adjustable. The 3D prints also enable the user to easily disassemble the machine for quick storage or transportation to the field. Moreover, this study makes greater use of magnets and magnetic paint to tether insects with minimal stress. Lastly, this protocol details a versatile analysis of flight data through computer scripts that efficiently separate and analyze differentiable flight trials within a single recording. Although more labor-intensive, applying the tools available in makerspaces and on online 3D modeling programs facilitates multidisciplinary and process-orientated practices and helps researchers avoid costly, premade products with narrowly adjustable dimensions. By taking advantage of the flexibility and reproducibility of technology in makerspaces, this protocol promotes creative flight mill design and inspires open science.

This protocol uses three-dimensional (3D) printers and laser cutters found in makerspaces in order to create a more flexible flight mill design. By using this technology, researchers can reduce costs, enhance design flexibility, and generate reproducible work when constructing their flight mills for tethered insect flight studies.

为系留昆虫飞行研究建造增强型飞行磨机

Makerspaces have a high potential of enabling researchers to develop new techniques and to work with novel species in ecological research. This protocol ...

工程学

Insect-machine Hybrid System: Remote Radio Control of a Freely Flying Beetle (Mercynorrhina torquata)

The rise of radio-enabled digital electronic devices has prompted the use of small wireless neuromuscular recorders and stimulators for studying in-flight insect behavior. This technology enables the development of an insect-machine hybrid system using a living insect platform described in this protocol. Moreover, this protocol presents the system configuration and free flight experimental procedures for evaluating the function of the flight muscles in an untethered insect. For demonstration, we targeted the third axillary sclerite (3Ax) muscle to control and achieve left or right turning of a flying beetle. A thin silver wire electrode was implanted on the 3Ax muscle on each side of the beetle. These were connected to the outputs of a wireless backpack (i.e., a neuromuscular electrical stimulator) mounted on the pronotum of the beetle. The muscle was stimulated in free flight by alternating the stimulation side (left or right) or varying the stimulation frequency. The beetle turned to the ipsilateral side when the muscle was stimulated and exhibited a graded response to an increasing frequency. The implantation process and volume calibration of the 3 dimensional motion capture camera system need to be carried out with care to avoid damaging the muscle and losing track of the marker, respectively. This method is highly beneficial to study insect flight, as it helps to reveal the functions of the flight muscle of interest in free flight.

Insect-machine Hybrid System: Remote Radio Control of a Freely Flying Beetle Mercynorrhina torquata

This protocol describes the process of constructing an insect-machine hybrid system and carrying out wireless electrical stimulation of the flight muscles required to control the turning motion of a flying insect.

昆虫机的混合动力系统:一个自由飞翔的甲壳虫无线电远程控制（<em&gt; Mercynorrhina torquata</em&gt;）

The rise of radio-enabled digital electronic devices has prompted the use of small wireless neuromuscular recorders and stimulators for studying in-flight ...

An Improved Method for Accurate and Rapid Measurement of Flight Performance in Drosophila

Drosophila has proven to be a useful model system for analysis of behavior, including flight. The initial flight tester involved dropping flies into an oil-coated graduated cylinder; landing height provided a measure of flight performance by assessing how far flies will fall before producing enough thrust to make contact with the wall of the cylinder. Here we describe an updated version of the flight tester with four major improvements. First, we added a &#34;drop tube&#34; to ensure that all flies enter the flight cylinder at a similar velocity between trials, eliminating variability between users. Second, we replaced the oil coating with removable plastic sheets coated in Tangle-Trap, an adhesive designed to capture live insects. Third, we use a longer cylinder to enable more accurate discrimination of flight ability. Fourth we use a digital camera and imaging software to automate the scoring of flight performance. These improvements allow for the rapid, quantitative assessment of flight behavior, useful for large datasets and large-scale genetic screens.

An Improved Method for Accurate and Rapid Measurement of Flight Performance in Drosophila

Here we describe a method for rapid and accurate measurement of flight performance in Drosophila, enabling high-throughput screening.

在对飞行性能的准确，快速测定方法的改进<em&gt;果蝇</em

Drosophila has proven to be a useful model system for analysis of behavior, including flight. The initial flight tester involved dropping flies into an ...

一个简单的飞行磨的系留飞行的昆虫研究

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