This research was supported by the Gottfried Wilhelm-Leibniz Grant from the German Research Foundation (DFG) awarded to Thomas Mussweiler.

下面的方法都在科隆大学的实验室里，在人类（学生）自愿参加测试。在由美国心理学协会和机构审查委员会的伦理问题的一般规则公布的道德指导方针，所有的参与者都提前告知有关研究的性质（ 即 ，知情同意书）。该知情同意书阐述了研究项目和所有潜在的风险和收益，以参与人的性质。此外，它清楚地传达了从研究中获得的数据是匿名的，保密的参与是自愿的，并且可以随时停止。实验结束后，参加者总是完全，广泛听取。随着参与者进行的非侵入性的序列，在单独的工作区无害任务引发匿名选择，的研究重新没有潜在的关键伦理问题sults预期。 1.（UN）确定性感应注:这是一个体验式启动方法，其中参与者被要求阅读一些描述（UN）某些事件的段落，然后被要求写如何（UN）的确定性塑造自己的生活。 <ol><li>邀请参与者进入实验室。请他们坐下来在一张桌子后面的小隔间，然后将它们介绍给纸和铅笔问卷调查。 </li><li>告诉他们将参加两个（或更多）不相关的任务（这实际上是彼此相关的）的参与者。这是很重要的，因此参与者都一无所知第一（吸）任务实际影响的第二个任务的性能（选择， 评价等）的事实。具体说明他们已经完成了它的任务，这任务将启动下一个。 </li><li>告诉与会者，第一个任务中，他们将了解一般的生活事件的段落，然后他们将要求写出个人的经验。 </li><li>给一半的参与者"不确定性"问卷调查，一半的参与者了"确定性"问卷调查。 </li><li>打印或者含有不确定事件或含有问卷的第一页上某些事件的段落的段落。 </li><li>让参与者阅读"不确定性"的条件下段:"我们的生活的特点是高度的不确定性。这似乎坚持各级政府都是如此，在社会，经济，以及个人。在社会层面，有行业正在进行搬迁，我们目前经历的政治气候巨大变化。我们的流动性已提高到这样的，我们不知道我们今天生活将在两年的时间依然是我们家的程度。我们也面临着极高的不确定性，在经济层面:金融市场非常不稳定，日Ë最可靠的经济体 - 美国经济 - 已经失去了信誉的债务危机后，雷曼兄弟的倒闭使我们不确定我们自己的钱和养老金是否保存​​在我们的银行。在个人层面上，我们的立场是更加不确定超过了以往任何时候都如此前:长远规划变得越来越困难，因为长期的工作职位是稀缺的，婚姻并不一定，因为人们经过很多不同的关系，我们今天面对这么多的好选择选项（做什么，去哪里，买什么），我们都在不断不确定我们是否做出最好的决定。" </li><li>让参与者阅读"应然"状态的以下段落:"我们的生活的特点是高确定性。这似乎坚持各级政府都是如此，在社会，经济，以及个人。在社会层面上，我们经历确定性很大层次上:我们可以永远信赖可靠医疗保健当我们生病了，我们肯定知道，教育的标准会很高，从很年轻的时候，我们确信，该保险将覆盖我们的车在事故后的修复。这也是真实的经济水平:拥有德国，即使是在当前严峻的经济时期，被证明是稳定的。它显示了生产效率和最小的通货膨胀率不断提高，银行有很高的信誉度，而德国是欧洲最稳定的经济体。在个人层面上，有更多的确定性与其他国家相比:举例来说，如果我们要学习，我们总是有这样做的可能性。此外，我们相信政府将在财政上支持我们，当我们遇到问题或遭受经济困难。由于替代目前的通信系统中，我们可以肯定，我们能够始终保持与我们的朋友和家人保持联系，即使我们分开。" </li><li>让与会者然后读取introduc写作任务和灰:"现在想想如何的不确定性塑造自己的生活。请想想一个例子，写上所提供的情况，你的感受， 等下方的线条。请提供尽可能多的细节可能。" </li><li>使学员写最大的一页。最多10分钟后，要求他们停止，继续下一个任务。确保参与者编写足够。被要求写入没有最低量，但它很可能是更写作加剧的操作。使用一个软件程序， 例如 ，媒体实验室或市场研究调查软件， 例如 ，Qualtrics，当由于笔被用作相关措施，并与笔没有意外其他联系纸和铅笔的任务是不恰当（例如应发生）。 <ol><li>立即与操纵检查如下:1（ 非常不确定 ）"你感觉怎么样现在？"到9（ 非常确定 ）。 </li></ol></li><li&gt;测量参与者的情绪无论是与一项"你此刻的心情"，从1（ 非常消极的 ）到9（ 非常正面的 ），或者使用正负影响附表（PANAS）13。 <ol><li>给操纵检查（不确定性和情绪层面）或者之后的操作或因变量后直接。如果因变量测量后，要求学员回忆个人的经验，他们的第一个任务写下。 </li></ol></li><li>要测试操作是否成功，分析操作检查"的不确定性"和"意境"与t检验。当情绪测量与帕纳斯分析与多元方差分析。阅读体验，参与者写下，以获得进一步的洞察描述的特定情况下的参与者。 </li><li>使用男性和女性参与者的人数相等。排除非母语，作为启动方法不太短跑运动员略去当参与者不流利的，其中吸款的书面语言。也排除了在社会心理学显著的背景下，为启动往往是无效的，当参与者是知识渊博的启动方法的参与者。 </li></ol> 2.因变量<ol><li>柔软求:偏好和选择的产品具有柔软的特性 注意:这些任务，是要证明，当人们感到更加不明朗，他们更喜欢的产品与较软的特性相比，产品具有较硬的属性。当某些感觉，参与者不显示这样的倾向。 <ol><li>选择两个产品都是平等的吸引力，但不同的柔软性（例如，壹枝笔用硬抓地力与一支笔，用软握或软糖（棉花糖）与硬糖（糖果），预测试此问一独立（在-科目）的样品多么诱人，如何软的软握钢笔（软糖）或硬压感笔（硬糖）是一个9个等级，从1（无吸引力可言/非常柔软 ）到9（ 非常具有吸引力/非常困难 ）。对象的所有其它特征应该是尽可能相等（质量，颜色，价格，口味）。 </li><li>让实验者看不清假设运行整个实验，因为关键的依赖的措施是有选择的措施，这对实验者必须手动注册。在实验开始时，确保了产品（例如，笔）是不可见的。 </li><li>使参与者经历的对象的柔软性不引人注意以一个不相关的填料的任务。例如，让参与者同时使用钢笔（并因此感到柔软与笔的硬特性）在一个单独的任务，要求他们作出任何两个对象，一个是每支笔。确保两个笔同样出色的工作，以避免挫折感或用笔一个低质量的体验。 注意:如果使用的食品用软与硬，propertiES或预期的经验似乎是足够的，使得该软与硬糖不需要被触摸（和毡）中，可以选择前。平衡笔使用的以抵消对后续的选择顺序的影响。 </li><li>告诉与会者，在实验结束后，他们可以出来柜体。告诉他们，他们可以选择的产品 （如笔/甜）以感谢他们在参与研究的标记之一。以目前的产品有序，放软产品（如软握钢笔）在一个托盘，而在另一个托盘上的硬盘产品。实验者的办公桌上同时存在托盘。 <ol><li>改变托盘每天（或半天）的位置（左或右），以控制对右旋偏好。填写托盘起来，使他们从来不看空。 </li></ol></li><li>让他们选择的产品之一。让实验者注册该两款产品被选为（软或硬盘）。询问参与者这些产品，他们将采取如果他们表明，他们不希望有任何事情。 </li><li>为探讨这一假设并排除与会者谁猜的假设。 </li><li>分析其与任何统计程序使用卡方检验（供选择）数据和t检验（用于操作检查）（例如，SPSS，SAS，R）。 </li></ol></li><li>减少不确定性:在一个模棱两可的任务，并随着时间的推移确定性评级 注:此任务用于测试的不确定性通过启动任务诱发的水平是否降低拿着软的东西，不是拿着东西硬后经过。当确定性底漆，笔的使用不应该影响不确定性的水平上更高的任务。 <ol><li>搜索一个模棱两可的任务，拿着东西软之后测试的不确定性参与者的水平。使用比如雪图片任务（SPT）11，这是一个任务，它由一组图片，其中OBjects嵌入在视觉雪。 </li><li>选择原SPT七个相对容易的项目。选择容易项目（标准:至少65％的参与者都表示一个预测试中，人们被要求写下他们认为，看后面的视觉雪图像的正确答案）。这样做是因为该任务应该不引起过多的觉醒。使用例如引导，帐篷椅子，马，鱼，手/手套，和橄榄球原SPT任务的球，并排除更困难的项目（火炬/手电筒，鸭，飞，刀，飞碟）。 </li><li>引入任务作为预测试新材料的视觉感知任务。 </li><li>打印每个图象（大小为8.5厘米（宽）×6厘米（h））进行在一个页面上。在图片下面的线，要求学员写下哪个对象，他们认为背后却隐藏着雪。让参与者表示在李克特量表，从1（非常不确定的 ）到9（ 非常肯定 ），他们一定是如何感觉自己的答案。 </li&gt; <li>请一半的参与者持有软的东西，而做任务，另一半保持坚硬的东西（例如，要求学员做了SPT任务或者用柔软的握或硬压感笔）。确保使用笔时，由于操作柔软和检查笔是否工作良好的参与者给他们，为了避免挫折感或用笔一个低质量的体验之前，参与者不要用自己的笔。 </li><li>请参与者表示SPT任务后不确定性的一般水平，采用了同样的问题作为操作检查（你感觉怎么样现在？）。这项措施是在用时间来检验不确定性水平（时间1 =操作检查后，立即素（见1.12）和时间2 =后，与会者认为软的东西（ 例如 ，在SPT任务后））。 </li><li>分析的暧昧SPT任务的不确定性与2路ANOVA水平与黄金和笔作为被试间变量。有3方式重复测量ANOVA以时间为重复测量（个体内）变量，黄金和笔作为被试间变量（使用SPSS，SAS或R）分析的不确定性水平随着时间的推移。 </li><li>评估人口统计数据，探测的假设和汇报。 </li></ol></li></ol> 3.反向链接:柔软度影响的不确定性在日常生活公差注:此任务是用来证明的不确定性，柔软的链接是双向的:这是检查更高水平的不确定性是否不仅让参与者寻求触感柔软的经验，但无论是触感柔软（的经验，例如 ，拿着软VS硬布）也使参与者容忍更高的水平在日常生活中的不确定性。 <ol><li>选择两个而不同的质地，并且尽可能在质量，颜色和大小可能相等不同的布料。在目前的实验中使用软布（麂皮）和粗糙的布（织物，家具或窗帘）。因为一个主体间的设计的情况下，两片布之间的微小差异是可以接受的。 </li><li>预测试的柔软度的布料。请参与者的一个单独的样品（主体之间），以保持织物片在他们手中，并回答了问题:"请问这个布料从1（ 非常柔和 ）觉得9（ 很粗糙 ）。 </li><li>程序中的实验软件（步骤1.9），并写在与会者将首先做一个产品的检测任务（作为封面故事），然后将填写一份个性问卷的说明。让他们读计算机屏幕上的所有指示小心。 </li><li>随机分配一半的参与者保持柔软的面料1分钟，另一半举行的硬物。告诉他们，他们必须布在移动他们的手指之间，以感受面料很好，因为他们将被要求事后评估织物。 </li><li>让参与者评价织物的质量有三个问题"有多大的吸引力，你认为面料是？"从（无吸引力可言）至（非常有吸引力），"如何软你认为面料是？"从（ 很粗糙）来9（ 非常柔软），和"你如何评 ​​价从1（ 非常消极的）织物到9（ 非常正面的）备份的封面故事。 </li><li>让参与者填写的不确定性不容忍行为量表采用9个等级，从两个子集"非常不同意"到"强烈同意"12。 注:规模是杜加斯，戈塞尔林开发原有规模的德语翻译，和Ladouceur（2001）14。使用两个分量表（"包袱由于不确定性的不容忍"和"警惕由于不确定性不耐受"）的不确定性不容忍行为量表。这些分量集中在无法预测未来（例如，＆＃8220;我总是想知道什么样的未来在商店为我"和"一个小的，无法预料的事件可以破坏一切，即使有最好的规划"），因此感兴趣的测试当前假设。 </li><li>分析数据，平均两个不确定性不容忍分量表变成一项措施，用t检验之后。 </li><li>使用男性和女性参与者的人数相等。探头的假设和汇报。 </li></ol>

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P., Weary, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immediate+and+delayed+effects+of+causal+uncertainty+inductions+on+uncertainty+accessibility.">Immediate and delayed effects of causal uncertainty inductions on uncertainty accessibility.</a> J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 44 (4), 1106-1113 (2008).</li><li>Loewenstein, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Out+of+control:+Visceral+influences+on+behavior.">Out of control: Visceral influences on behavior.</a> Organ. Behav. Hum. Dec. 65 (3), 272-292 (1996).</li><li>Keng, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Huggy+Pajama:+A+mobile+parent+and+child+hugging+communication.">Huggy Pajama: A mobile parent and child hugging communication.</a> Proceedings of the 7th international conference on interaction design and children. , 250-257 (2008).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

本文介绍了如何的人可以应付，并且可以通过体验，而不是一种认知途径减少不确定性一系列措施。此外，它展示了一种方法来激活实验环境的不确定性使研究人员能够研究如何这种类型的不确定性，除了选择的不确定性，影响决策和选择。第三，讨论了测量柔软寻求是否可以减少不确定性三种不同的方法（直接和间接）。 该协议详细描述了一种新的实验引发的方法来情境?...

不确定性，它的前因和后果，是经济学，心理学和营销高度探讨的话题。可以理解的，因为在现代社会中人们不断地面临着不确定性:在日常的购物决策，他们的事业，他们的家庭动态。因此，学会谈判和应对不确定性已经成为现代生活的要求。 不确定性通常被定义为知识的缺乏。到目前为止，大多数的研究在市场营销和决策都集中在不确定性，由于选择的替代品。由于信息不完整的，让人感到不确定可用的替代品以及这些替代品1,2的效用。为了减少这种不确定性，人们往往试图增加他们的知识基础，并寻求更多的信息，2-4。 不过，除了感觉不确定的，因为数据丢失，人们也承受这对因不可预测和不可控制的外部事件的不确定性的影响，很难判断一个人的未来生活5,6。这种环境的不确定性出现时，一个不知道如何对环境可能会发生变化，因此不能分配的概率未来事件的可能性。这种不确定性的例子有，例如经济波动，恐怖袭击威胁及政治观点的变化。在这种不确定性唤起的情况下，简单地搜索信息将无法对抗不确定性。尤其是因为环境的不确定性是有史以来在现代社会中更加普遍，而且很少有知道的不确定性等如何影响决策和选择，这是非常重要的，开​​发一个新的实验方法，情境启动环境的不确定性。本协议迎合了这些需求。 此外，传统上关注的焦点一直在cognit面对不确定性香港专业教育学院战略的人使用。研究如证明-除了寻求更多的信息-人们变得更加密切的头脑对他们的态度7，强调公平和公正的程序8，当面对不确定性9察觉的随机激励虚幻的图案。然而，人们并不总是能够认知应对不确定性，例如，当他们没有时间或当他们有限的认知能力这样做。在这种情况下，它们可以使用备用，经验途径，并寻求软触觉感知来有效应对和减少不确定性。 人的判断可以通过由与外部世界（即，视觉，听觉或触觉）的感觉系统制作接触传播身体的经验的影响。这些情绪会影响我们的判断没有感觉输入10的语义，认知解释。 Touc兴软的东西可能是这样的身体经验的人寻找有处理不确定性的时候了。在童年，不舒服的感觉往往是通过物理接触缓解，如持有或通过照顾者轻拍或感觉柔软可爱的玩具。通过这样的早期经验带触摸，柔软性变得强烈的舒适性和安全性相关的，因此可以是战斗的不确定性的有效工具。但是，什么类型的柔软触觉感知将在处理不确定性帮助吗？任何类型的？并应柔软性经历或是否足够时，对象的软特性仅仅看到电脑屏幕上？此协议解决了这些问题。 除了人们用它来应对不确定性的策略，这是很重要的知道一个特定的策略是否工作。柔软度寻求可以例如的功能可以由之前建立的不确定性的一个人的水平并保持如此后主观测量mething软（不确定性水平随着时间的推移）。另一种方式来更间接评估减少不确定性是通过使用一个模糊的任务，诸如雪山图片任务（SPT）11。这个任务包括一组图片，其中对象嵌入在视觉雪的。参加者须说明他们认为背后却隐藏着雪和他们关于他们的回答不确定哪个对象。最后，个性问卷（不确定的不容忍量表12）可以被用来测量柔软度是否也能提高对日常生活中的不确定性的人的一般的公差。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Medialab</td><td>Empirisoft</td><td></td><td>Program to create and run experiments&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Qualtrics</td><td>Qualtrics.com</td><td></td><td>Online survey program</td></tr><tr><td>SPSS Version 21</td><td>IBM</td><td></td><td>Statistical program</td></tr></tbody></table>

experimental research examining how people can cope with uncertainty through soft haptic sensations

人类是由不确定性和变化不断包围。问题在于人们如何应对这种不确定性。到目前为止，大部分研究都集中在认知策略的人采取应对不确定性。然而，特别是当不确定性是由于不可预知的社会事件（例如，经济危机，政治革命，恐怖主义的威胁），其中之一是无法判断一个人的未来生活，认知策略（如寻求更多的信息）的影响很可能会失败打击的不确定性。相反，目前探讨的方法表明人们可能对付不确定性的经验上，通过柔软的触觉感知。更具体地讲，因为触摸软的东西创造的舒适和安全的感觉，人们更喜欢用较软的对象为不确定的感觉相比，更难的属性。寻求柔软是一种高效而有效的工具来应对不确定性欧ř手可在任何时间。本协议描述了一组方法证明1）如何环保（UN）的确定性可以被情境与体验式启动程序启动，2）的柔软体验质量（什么柔软的类型以及它是如何有经验的）问题，并3）如何不确定性可使用不同的方法来减少。

这些研究被用来研究1）人们是否在面对不确定性; 2）是否搜索柔软性在面对不确定性的功能， 也就是说 ，无论是降低不确定性更喜欢用柔软的属性的对象。一个起动过程（如上所述）被用于实验操作环境（UN）的确定性。在三个研究中的操作检查确认（UN）确定新开发的经验引发的有效性（P = 0.06; P = 0.04; P = 0.01）。 图1和图2的数据显示，当面对不?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Experimental Research Examining How People Can Cope with Uncertainty Through Soft Haptic Sensations at JoVE.com

Experimental Research Examining How People Can Cope with Uncertainty Through Soft Haptic Sensations

To date research has focused on cognitive strategies people adopt to cope with uncertainty. This research examines instead an experiential way of dealing with uncertainty and introduces a set of experimental methods showing how the experience of haptic softness can serve as a tool to deal with uncertainty.

实验研究研究如何人能不确定性通过软触觉感知应对

Human beings are constantly surrounded by uncertainty and change. The question arises how people cope with such uncertainty. To date, most research has ...

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Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

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Social Psychology

Behavior

Foundations of Social Psychology

Social Judgement and Decision-Making

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

8.9K 次观看.  VU University. To date research has focused on cognitive strategies people adopt to cope with uncertainty. This research examines instead an experiential way of dealing with uncertainty and introduces a set of experimental methods showing how the experience of haptic softness can serve as a tool to deal with uncertainty.

视频: Experimental Research Examining How People Can Cope with Uncertainty Through Soft Haptic Sensations

The Crossmodal Congruency Task as a Means to Obtain an Objective Behavioral Measure in the Rubber Hand Illusion Paradigm

The rubber hand illusion (RHI) is a popular experimental paradigm. Participants view touch on an artificial rubber hand while the participants' own hidden hand is touched. If the viewed and felt touches are given at the same time then this is sufficient to induce the compelling experience that the rubber hand is one's own hand. The RHI can be used to investigate exactly how the brain constructs distinct body representations for one's own body. Such representations are crucial for successful interactions with the external world. To obtain a subjective measure of the RHI, researchers typically ask participants to rate statements such as "I felt as if the rubber hand were my hand". Here we demonstrate how the crossmodal congruency task can be used to obtain an objective behavioral measure within this paradigm.
The variant of the crossmodal congruency task we employ involves the presentation of tactile targets and visual distractors. Targets and distractors are spatially congruent (i.e. same finger) on some trials and incongruent (i.e. different finger) on others. The difference in performance between incongruent and congruent trials - the crossmodal congruency effect (CCE) - indexes multisensory interactions. Importantly, the CCE is modulated both by viewing a hand as well as the synchrony of viewed and felt touch which are both crucial factors for the RHI.
The use of the crossmodal congruency task within the RHI paradigm has several advantages. It is a simple behavioral measure which can be repeated many times and which can be obtained during the illusion while participants view the artificial hand. Furthermore, this measure is not susceptible to observer and experimenter biases. The combination of the RHI paradigm with the crossmodal congruency task allows in particular for the investigation of multisensory processes which are critical for modulations of body representations as in the RHI.

We demonstrate how an objective measure can be employed in the widely employed rubber hand illusion paradigm. This measure is obtained by modifying the well-established crossmodal congruency task. This task allows the investigation of multisensory processes which are critical for modulations of body representations as in the rubber hand illusion.

一致性的任务作为一种手段来获取目标行为的措施中的橡胶手错觉范式Crossmodal

The rubber hand illusion (RHI) is a popular experimental paradigm. Participants view touch on an artificial rubber hand while the participants' own hidden ...

科研

行为学

Testing Tactile Masking between the Forearms

Masking, in which one stimulus affects the detection of another, is a classic technique that has been used in visual, auditory, and tactile research, usually using stimuli that are close together to reveal local interactions. Masking effects have also been demonstrated in which a tactile stimulus alters the perception of a touch at a distant location. Such effects can provide insight into how components of the body's representations in the brain may be linked. Occasional reports have indicated that touches on one hand or forearm can affect tactile sensitivity at corresponding contralateral locations. To explore the matching of corresponding points across the body, we can measure the spatial tuning and effect of posture on contralateral masking. Careful controls are required to rule out direct effects of the remote stimulus, for example by mechanical transmission, and also attention effects in which thresholds may be altered by the participant's attention being drawn away from the stimulus of interest. The use of this technique is beneficial as a behavioural measure for exploring which parts of the body are functionally connected and whether the two sides of the body interact in a somatotopic representation. This manuscript describes a behavioural protocol that can be used for studying contralateral tactile masking.

Here we explore contralateral tactile masking between the forearms in which tactile detection thresholds are modulated by vibration applied to a remote site. The details of which remote sites have an effect can tell us about how the body is represented in the brain.

前臂之间的测试触觉掩蔽

Masking, in which one stimulus affects the detection of another, is a classic technique that has been used in visual, auditory, and tactile research, ...

Creating Virtual-hand and Virtual-face Illusions to Investigate Self-representation

Studies investigating how people represent themselves and their own body often use variants of &#34;ownership illusions&#34;, such as the traditional rubber-hand illusion or the more recently discovered enfacement illusion. However, these examples require rather artificial experimental setups, in which the artificial effector needs to be stroked in synchrony with the participants&#39; real hand or face&#8212;a situation in which participants have no control over the stroking or the movements of their real or artificial effector. Here, we describe a technique to establish ownership illusions in a setup that is more realistic, more intuitive, and of presumably higher ecological validity. It allows creating the virtual-hand illusion by having participants control the movements of a virtual hand presented on a screen or in virtual space in front of them. If the virtual hand moves in synchrony with the participants&#39; own real hand, they tend to perceive the virtual hand as part of their own body. The technique also creates the virtual-face illusion by having participants control the movements of a virtual face in front of them, again with the effect that they tend to perceive the face as their own if it moves in synchrony with their real face. Studying the circumstances that illusions of this sort can be created, increased, or reduced provides important information about how people create and maintain representations of themselves.

Here, we describe virtual-hand and virtual-face illusion paradigms that can be used to study body-related self-perception/-representation. They have already been used in various studies to demonstrate that, under specific conditions, a virtual hand or face can be incorporated into one&#39;s body representation, suggesting that body representations are rather flexible.

创建虚拟手和虚拟面对面幻想调查自我表现

Studies investigating how people represent themselves and their own body often use variants of &#34;ownership illusions&#34;, such as the traditional ...

Characterization of the Sense of Agency over the Actions of Neural-machine Interface-operated Prostheses

This work describes a methodological framework that can be used to explicitly and implicitly characterize the sense of agency developed over the neural-machine interface (NMI) control of sensate virtual or robotic prosthetic hands. The formation of agency is fundamental in distinguishing the actions that we perform with our limbs as being our own. By striving to incorporate advanced upper-limb prostheses into these same perceptual mechanisms, we can begin to integrate an artificial limb more closely into the user&#39;s existing cognitive framework for limb control. This has important implications in promoting user acceptance, use, and effective control of advanced upper-limb prostheses. In this protocol, participants control a virtual prosthetic hand and receive kinesthetic sensory feedback through their preexisting NMIs. A series of virtual grasping tasks are performed and perturbations are systematically introduced to the kinesthetic feedback and virtual hand movements. Two separate measures of agency are employed: established psychophysical questionnaires (to capture the explicit experience of agency) and a time interval estimate task to capture the implicit sense of agency (intentional binding). Results of this protocol (questionnaire scores and time interval estimates) can be analyzed to quantify the extent of agency formation.

Here we present a protocol which characterizes the sense of agency developed over the control of sensate virtual or robotic prosthetic hands. Psychophysical questionnaires are employed to capture the explicit experience of agency, and time interval estimates (intentional binding) are employed to implicitly measure the sense of agency.

神经机台面假体作用的代理感特征

This work describes a methodological framework that can be used to explicitly and implicitly characterize the sense of agency developed over the ...

Observing the Transformation of Bodily Self-consciousness in the Squeeze-machine Experiment

How is our bodily self-consciousness acquired, and how does it affect cognition? To investigate this, we conducted an experiment using the squeeze machine, a device that provides pressure along the length of the user&#8217;s whole body. The squeeze machine is used to help autistic people relax. The inventor of the machine, Dr. Temple Grandin says that the squeeze machine, beyond bringing her relaxation, enables her to feel empathy for others. This claim is of considerable interest and raises the following two points; first, the problem of empathy in autism is an important issue and Squeeze Machine could be effective. Second, it suggests that the physical action of Squeeze Machine could provide an insight of mind-body problem to us. Here, we hypothesize that the squeeze machine focuses conscious to direct the bodily self, transforming bodily self-consciousness itself. Such intentionality could bring empathy to others. In this study, we tested whether bodily self-consciousness would be transformed through the squeeze-machine experience. In the first part of the protocol, we simplified the original design of Grandin&#8217;s squeeze machine but ensured that it retained its relaxing effect. In the second part of the protocol, we adopted a preestablished method of peri-personal space (PPS) measurement to estimate changes in extended bodily space. The results showed that the boundaries of PPS that appeared in the control experiment disappeared during the use of the squeeze machine. Indeed, collected subjective reports suggest that bodily self-consciousness continually drifted between the point of action of the external force (squeeze-machine pressure) and of an internal force (balance among body parts that are usually not consciously controlled), leading to the abandonment of the immobilization of individual PPS.

The squeeze machine, a V-shaped device that provides pressure along the whole body is used in therapy especially for people with autism. Here, we focus on its possible use in experiments to capture the typical transformations of bodily self-consciousness with peri-personal space measurement.

在挤压机实验中观察身体自我意识的转变

How is our bodily self-consciousness acquired, and how does it affect cognition? To investigate this, we conducted an experiment using the squeeze ...

Applying Incongruent Visual-Tactile Stimuli during Object Transfer with Vibro-Tactile Feedback

The application of incongruent sensory signals that involves disrupted tactile feedback is rarely explored, specifically with the presence of vibrotactile feedback (VTF). This protocol aims to test the effect of VTF on the response to incongruent visual-tactile stimuli. The tactile feedback is acquired by grasping a block and moving it across a partition. The visual feedback is a real-time virtual presentation of the moving block, acquired using a motion capture system. The congruent feedback is the reliable presentation of the movement of the block, so that the subject feels that the block is grasped and see it move along with the path of the hand. The incongruent feedback appears as the movement of the block diverts from the actual movement path, so that it seems to drop from the hand when it is actually still held by the subject, thereby contradicting the tactile feedback. Twenty subjects (age 30.2 &#177; 16.3) repeated 16 block transfers, while their hand was hidden. These were repeated with VTF and without VTF (total of 32 block transfers). Incongruent stimuli were presented randomly twice within the 16 repetitions in each condition (with and without VTF). Each subject was asked to rate the difficulty level of performing the task with and without the VTF. There were no statistically significant differences in the length of the hand paths and durations between transfers recorded with congruent and incongruent visual-tactile signals &#8211; with and without the VTF. The perceived difficulty level of performing the task with the VTF significantly correlated with the normalized path length of the block with VTF (r = 0.675, p = 0.002). This setup is used to quantify the additive or reductive value of VTF during motor function that involves incongruent visual-tactile stimuli. Possible applications are prosthetics design, smart sport-wear, or any other garments that incorporate VTF.

We present a protocol to apply incongruent visual-tactile stimuli during an object transfer task. Specifically, during block transfers, performed while the hand is hidden, a virtual presentation of the block shows random occurrences of false block drops. The protocol also describes adding vibrotactile feedback while performing the motor task.

在振动触觉反馈的对象传递过程中应用不一致的视觉触觉刺激

The application of incongruent sensory signals that involves disrupted tactile feedback is rarely explored, specifically with the presence of vibrotactile ...

Tactile Semiautomatic Passive-Finger Angle Stimulator (TSPAS)

Passive tactile perception is the ability to passively and statically perceive stimulus information coming from the skin; for example, the ability to sense spatial information is the strongest in the skin on the hands. This ability is termed tactile spatial acuity, and is measured by the tactile threshold or discrimination threshold. At present, the two-point threshold is extensively used as a measure of tactile spatial acuity, although many studies have indicated that critical deficits exist in two-point discrimination. Therefore, a computer-controlled tactile stimulus system was developed, the tactile semiautomated passive-finger angle stimulator (TSPAS), using the tactile angle discrimination threshold as a new measure for tactile spatial acuity. The TSPAS is a simple, easily operated system that applies raised angle stimuli to a subject&#39;s passive fingerpad, while controlling movement speed, distance, and contact duration. The components of the TSPAS are described in detail as well as the procedure to calculate the tactile angle discrimination threshold.

Tactile Semiautomatic Passive-Finger Angle Stimulator TSPAS

Presented is the tactile semiautomated passive-finger angle stimulator TSPAS, a new way to assess tactile spatial acuity and tactile angle discrimination using a computer-controlled tactile stimulus system that applies raised angle stimuli to a subject&#39;s passive fingerpad, while controlling for movement speed, distance, and contact duration.

触觉半自动被动手指角刺激器 （TSPAS）

Passive tactile perception is the ability to passively and statically perceive stimulus information coming from the skin; for example, the ability to ...

Investigating Pain-Related Avoidance Behavior using a Robotic Arm-Reaching Paradigm

Avoidance behavior is a key contributor to the transition from acute pain to chronic pain disability. Yet, there has been a lack of ecologically valid paradigms to experimentally investigate pain-related avoidance. To fill this gap, we developed a paradigm (the robotic arm-reaching paradigm) to investigate the mechanisms underlying the development of pain-related avoidance behavior. Existing avoidance paradigms (mostly in the context of anxiety research) have often operationalized avoidance as an experimenter-instructed, low-cost response, superimposed on stimuli associated with threat during a Pavlovian fear conditioning procedure. In contrast, the current method offers increased ecological validity in terms of instrumental learning (acquisition) of avoidance, and by adding a cost to the avoidance response. In the paradigm, participants perform arm-reaching movements from a starting point to a target using a robotic arm, and freely choose between three different movement trajectories to do so. The movement trajectories differ in probability of being paired with a painful electrocutaneous stimulus, and in required effort in terms of deviation and resistance. Specifically, the painful stimulus can be (partly) avoided at the cost of performing movements requiring increased effort. Avoidance behavior is operationalized as the maximal deviation from the shortest trajectory on each trial. In addition to explaining how the new paradigm can help understand the acquisition of avoidance, we describe adaptations of the robotic arm-reaching paradigm for (1) examining the spread of avoidance to other stimuli (generalization), (2) modeling clinical treatment in the lab (extinction of avoidance using response prevention), as well as (3) modeling relapse, and return of avoidance following extinction (spontaneous recovery). Given the increased ecological validity, and numerous possibilities for extensions and/or adaptations, the robotic arm-reaching paradigm offers a promising tool to facilitate the investigation of avoidance behavior and to further our understanding of its underlying processes.

Avoidance is central to chronic pain disability, yet adequate paradigms for examining pain-related avoidance are lacking. Therefore, we developed a paradigm that allows investigating how pain-related avoidance behavior is learned (acquisition), spreads to other stimuli (generalization), can be mitigated (extinction), and how it may subsequently re-emerge (spontaneous recovery).

使用机械臂接触范式调查疼痛相关避免行为

Avoidance behavior is a key contributor to the transition from acute pain to chronic pain disability. Yet, there has been a lack of ecologically valid ...

Measuring Changes in Tactile Sensitivity in the Hind Paw of Mice Using an Electronic von Frey Apparatus

Measuring inflammation-induced changes in thresholds of hind paw withdrawal from mechanical pressure is a useful technique to assess changes in pain perception in rodents. Withdrawal thresholds can be measured first at baseline and then following drug, venom, injury, allergen,&#160;or otherwise evoked inflammation by applying an accurate force on very specific areas of the skin. An electronic von Frey apparatus allows precise assessment of mouse hind paw withdrawal thresholds that are not limited by the available filament sizes in contrast to classical von Frey measurements. The ease and rapidity of measurements allow for incorporation of assessment of tactile sensitivity outcomes in diverse models of rapid-onset inflammatory and neuropathic pain as multiple measurements can be taken within a short time period. Experimental measurements for individual rodent subjects can be internally controlled against individual baseline responses and exclusion criteria easily established to standardize baseline responses within and across experimental groups. Thus, measurements using an electronic von Frey apparatus represent a useful modification of the well-established classical von Frey filament-based assays for rodent mechanical allodynia that may also be applied to other nonhuman mammalian models.

Electronic von Frey measurements are an effective and improved alternative to classical von Frey filaments, as they allow rapid and precise measurement of changes in rodent mechanical withdrawal thresholds to continuously applied pressure stimuli before and after an inflammatory event.

Measuring inflammation-induced changes in thresholds of hind paw withdrawal from mechanical pressure is a useful technique to assess changes in pain ...

神经科学

Design, Fabrication, and Administration of the Hand Active Sensation Test (HASTe)

The concept of personalizing neurologic rehabilitation, based on individual impairments, has experienced a recent surge. In parallel, the number of outcome measures of upper extremity motor performance has grown. However, clinicians and researchers lack practical, quantitative measures of the hand&#8217;s natural role as a receptor of the environment. The Hand Active Sensation Test (HASTe), developed by Williams and colleagues in 2006, is a valid and reliable measure of haptic performance. Though not available commercially, the HASTe can be fabricated from inexpensive materials, and it has been used successfully to identify impairments in haptic touch in individuals with stroke. (Williams, 2006). This paper presents the methods of design and fabrication of the HASTe testing kit, as well as a visual screen to be used during administration, and instructions for the tests administration and scoring.

Design, Fabrication, and Administration of the Hand Active Sensation Test HASTe

The Hand Active Sensation Test (HASTe) is a valid and reliable measure of haptic performance, which has been used successfully to identify impaired haptic touch in individuals with stroke. The purpose of this paper is to describe the design, fabrication and administration of the HASTe.

设计，制造管理的手，和活动感觉测试（急速）

The concept of personalizing neurologic rehabilitation, based on individual impairments, has experienced a recent surge. In parallel, the number of ...

实验研究研究如何人能不确定性通过软触觉感知应对

摘要

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前臂之间的测试触觉掩蔽

创建虚拟手和虚拟面对面幻想调查自我表现

神经机台面假体作用的代理感特征

在挤压机实验中观察身体自我意识的转变

在振动触觉反馈的对象传递过程中应用不一致的视觉触觉刺激

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设计，制造管理的手，和活动感觉测试（急速）

实验研究研究如何人能不确定性通过软触觉感知应对

摘要

探索更多视频

此视频中的章节

一致性的任务作为一种手段来获取目标行为的措施中的橡胶手错觉范式Crossmodal

前臂之间的测试触觉掩蔽

创建虚拟手和虚拟面对面幻想调查自我表现

神经机台面假体作用的代理感特征

在挤压机实验中观察身体自我意识的转变

在振动触觉反馈的对象传递过程中应用不一致的视觉触觉刺激

触觉半自动被动手指角刺激器 （TSPAS）

使用机械臂接触范式调查疼痛相关避免行为

Measuring Changes in Tactile Sensitivity in the Hind Paw of Mice Using an Electronic von Frey Apparatus

设计，制造管理的手，和活动感觉测试（急速）

触觉半自动被动手指角刺激器（TSPAS）