These studies were supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health, National Institute for Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse to M.G. (P20AA017828, R01AA020634, P50 AA022537). The authors thank Jill Bettinger for helpful discussions and Jacqueline DeLoyht for technical assistance.

1天前分析<ol><li>在简短（1-5分钟） 二氧化碳收集苍蝇进入生鲜食品小瓶中的11（单一性别）组。 </li><li>允许蝇以回收的O / N的食品小瓶在环境受控的空间（通常为25℃，相对湿度60％，12小时光照/黑暗周期）。 </li><li>制备乙醇溶液（S）稀释在纯化（≥18MΩ）水纯（100％）乙醇至最终浓度（多个）适当的计划实验。允许溶液（S）返回RT O / N。 注意:乙醇稀释是放热的。 </li></ol>第2天的测定<ol><li>对于要测试的苍蝇的每个小瓶中，制备（ⅰ）一个干净的空的食品小瓶;即，测试小瓶中，（ii）一种新的醋酸纤维素插塞，（ⅲ）一个硅胶塞及（iv）将1ml乙醇溶液（ 见表3）。 </li><li>通过调节温度至20-25℃，相对湿度55-65％准备测试室。 </li><li>有另一名工人分配一个唯一的代码给每个组小瓶并记录代码购买。将编码小瓶苍蝇在试验室，以适应少数分钟。 </li><li>标签的空瓶子测试从2.3匹配飞瓶代码。 </li><li>通过以类似于表1中的电子表格输入码成列（1列/小瓶）构造一个硬拷贝测试日志。 </li><li>使用测试日志为指导，安排编码食品小瓶苍蝇和空测试小瓶入考场匹配阵列。 注:小瓶测试的合理的最大数量为24（ 即 6组，每组4瓶）。 </li><li>转让航班从食品到小瓶匹配/标记空测试小瓶，立即将醋酸纤维素插头插入测试小瓶，直到醋酸纤维素插头2厘米以下的小瓶顶部。 </li><li>此后，处理好四个小瓶每排为一组，在交错1分钟的间隔。 </li><li>对于时间0评估，单独瓦特掌握每个小瓶第i个拇指和食指，轻轻拍打桌子上三次敲苍蝇瓶的底部，等待30秒再算上苍蝇是不动/死亡人数。记录静止/死苍蝇为每小瓶的数量在时间0分钟的硬拷贝测试日志。 </li><li>启动定时器持续计数在时刻0，并立即开始加入1毫升乙醇到乙酸纤维素塞小瓶用于第一行/组4的小瓶。加入1毫升乙醇的醋酸纤维素插塞在小瓶以5秒的间隔在它们将被测试的顺序。加乙醇到乙酸纤维素塞的圆周运动，使乙醇在整个醋酸纤维素插塞均匀吸收。当乙醇已被添加到在该组的所有4测试小瓶，插入一个硅胶塞在每个小瓶密封。 </li><li>在时间1，2，3，4，5分钟，加入1毫升乙醇到第二，第三，第四，第五和第六组的4小瓶，分别。继续后插入硅胶瓶塞加入乙醇至每组4小瓶中。 </li><li>在时间6分钟，通过抓住每个小瓶用拇指和食指，轻轻拍打在桌子上三次敲苍蝇到小瓶的底部，等待30秒，然后计数并记录的总数测试所述第一组的4小瓶被麻醉苍蝇。得分苍蝇作为镇静剂，如果他们（我）站在瓶的地板，但不走或（ii）趴在自己的背上有或无拍打自己的翅膀。 </li><li>处理使用进度表2中的组在5秒的时间间隔内的每个小瓶中。 </li><li>在时间7，8，9，10和11分钟，测试所述第二，第三，第四，第五和第六组小瓶，分别作为完成对于第一组。 </li><li>在时间12分钟，再次测试所述第一组的4小瓶如在2.12中描述，并继续在13，14，15，16和17分钟，测试所述第二，第三，第四，第五和第六组的小瓶，分别。 </li><li>在2.12描述，直到所有的苍蝇有s继续进行测试飞行edated。 </li><li>在硬拷贝测试记录每个小瓶进入蝇的总数。从蝇的总数审查动/死苍蝇在时间0。 </li><li>计算在每个评估时间点的％活性苍蝇和情节数据作为​​％活性蝇（y轴）对时间（x轴）。通过从三阶多项式或S形曲线拟合内插镇静时间50的值（ST50，时间70％的镇静）或曲线下面积的计算定量乙醇的镇静。 </li><li>汇编从解码小瓶数据并执行统计分析（ 例如，单向ANOVA与Bonferroni多重比较检验）以适合的实验设计。 </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

简单的实验是重复定量有意义的表型是对行为的分析具有重要价值。这里所描述的工作涉及测量乙醇镇静敏感和快速耐受果蝇的实验的几个实际问题。虽然这项工作不是一个焦点，行为分析是通过维持对环境和遗传背景常数为测试对象的研究中变得容易。此外，比较通常应苍蝇饲养和测试并排侧的组之间进行比较。为此，从个人实验之内的所有的苍蝇在这项工作中有相同的遗传背景和均匀?...

酒精使用障碍（AUD）是一个巨大的健康问题的全球（1回顾）。虽然驱动澳元的发展机制是复杂的，这些疾病有重要的遗传成分（ 例如，2）。元和保守的行为反应的大遗传跨越许多物种（在3,4审查）已经产生在利用遗传模式生物，调查在乙醇相关的行为的特定基因的朝向更好地理解的分子基础的介入的强烈兴趣乙醇澳元。果蝇， 果蝇 ，已成为一个主要模式生物研究乙醇相关行为的分子遗传机制（3,4审查）。研究苍蝇突出角色的几个信号通路的行为反应，以乙醇（5审查）。有趣的是，某些基因和通路的影响行为respons下载到乙醇中蝇也被牵连在啮齿类乙醇相关的行为和/或人AUD（ 例如，6-14）。机制的保护驾驶乙醇相关的行为跨物种，加上在果蝇模型系统中可用的遗传工具套件，强调果蝇模型的效用调查的行为反应的遗传乙醇。 灵敏度15,16和公差（在17中综述）在人中乙醇被链接到元的发展。这两种行为反应的乙醇可在果蝇经由各种实验室测定法（在3,4综述）进行建模。所有已知的作者飞测定法是基于从乙醇镇静要么依赖于时间的乙醇诱导镇静/共济失调或依赖于时间的恢复。 从我们组对乙醇的灵敏度和r的遗传学以前的文章在果蝇 APID宽容的基础上，苍蝇乙醇蒸气引起镇静一个行为实验检测18。试验在该试验中被转印活成人发起蝇无需麻醉清空食品小瓶，诱捕苍蝇与醋酸纤维素插塞的小瓶中，加入乙醇到乙酸纤维素插塞的顶部（ 即，非飞边），并且密封含有苍蝇，醋酸纤维素插塞和乙醇用硅酮塞子的小瓶（参见示意图图S3中 ，参考18）。代表不同组的苍蝇的多个小瓶评估平行，提高吞吐量该测定的。小瓶给一个匿名代码和实验者被蒙蔽治疗组，以防止意外的偏见镇静的评估。在标准实验中，苍蝇在小瓶轻轻敲打以6分钟的间隔，并在30秒后恢复，镇静剂苍蝇在每个小瓶中的数目进行计数并转换器具d可％活性苍蝇。苍蝇吸收从醋酸纤维素插塞乙醇蒸汽以时间依赖的方式，导致逐步增加内部乙醇18和镇静（比照参考18和图1A和1B在本报告中）。镇静在此测定法操作上定义为果蝇（ⅰ）站立在没有步行或（ii）具有或不具有拍打翅膀躺在背上的。这里，这乙醇镇静测定进行详细说明，有关使用它进一步操作优化设置，并测定​​用于寻址的食物补充剂的选项上飞镇静灵敏度的贡献。

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an inexpensive, scalable behavioral assay for measuring ethanol sedation sensitivity and rapid tolerance in drosophila

酒精使用障碍（AUD）是一个严重的健康挑战。尽管大量的遗传成分澳元，一些基因已被明确地牵连的病因。果蝇， 果蝇 ，是一个功能强大的模式探索潜在的酒精有关的行为的分子遗传机制，因此保持着识别和理解基因影响澳元的作用巨大潜力。利用果蝇模型对这些类型的研究依赖于测定中，能可靠地测量的行为反应，以乙醇的可用性。这份报告介绍了适用于评估乙醇的灵敏度和快速耐受在果蝇的实验。在该测定中测得的乙醇灵敏度由体积和乙醇浓度使用，各种先前报道遗传操作，并且时间还长的影响苍蝇收容没有食物之前立即测试。与此相反，乙醇sensitivity在此测定法测量不受苍蝇处理，苍蝇的性别，并补充以抗生素或活酵母生长培养基的活力。三种不同的方法来定量乙醇灵敏度描述，所有领先的基本上没有区别乙醇的敏感性结果。该测定的可伸缩的性质，结合其总体简单性设置和相对低的费用，使其适合于乙醇的灵敏度和快速耐受在果蝇的小和大规模基因分析。

从该乙醇的镇静测定的原始数据是蝇被镇静剂如乙醇蒸汽暴露时间的函数的数字。原始数据转换为％的活性苍蝇作为时间的函数（主要数据， 图1A，B，D - F）。灵敏度对乙醇的镇静从主数据可从曲线拟合来定量为镇静时间50（ST50），成为曲线（AUC）下的镇静剂或AEA所需苍蝇的50％的时间，通过内插。先前报道18三阶多项式曲线拟合的主数据以及预期的（平均，R <sup...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Inexpensive, Scalable Behavioral Assay for Measuring Ethanol Sedation Sensitivity and Rapid Tolerance in Drosophila at JoVE.com

An Inexpensive, Scalable Behavioral Assay for Measuring Ethanol Sedation Sensitivity and Rapid Tolerance in Drosophila

Straightforward assays for measuring ethanol sensitivity and rapid tolerance in Drosophila facilitate the use of this model organism for investigating these important ethanol-related behaviors. Here, a relatively simple, scalable assay for measuring ethanol sensitivity and rapid tolerance in flies is described.

一种廉价的，可扩展的行为分析测量乙醇镇静灵敏度和快速耐受<em&gt;果蝇</em

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a serious health challenge. Despite a large hereditary component to AUD, few genes have been unambiguously implicated in ...

an-inexpensive-scalable-behavioral-assay-for-measuring-ethanol

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

An Inexpensive, Scalable Behavioral Assay for Measuring Ethanol Sedation Sensitivity and Rapid Tolerance in Drosophila

10.2K 次观看.  Virginia Commonwealth University. Straightforward assays for measuring ethanol sensitivity and rapid tolerance in Drosophila facilitate the use of this model organism for investigating these important ethanol-related behaviors. Here, a relatively simple, scalable assay for measuring ethanol sensitivity and rapid tolerance in flies is described.

视频: An Inexpensive, Scalable Behavioral Assay for Measuring Ethanol Sedation Sensitivity and Rapid Tolerance in Drosophila

Combining Behavioral Endocrinology and Experimental Economics: Testosterone and Social Decision Making

Behavioral endocrinological research in humans as well as in animals suggests that testosterone plays a key role in social interactions. Studies in rodents have shown a direct link between testosterone and aggressive behavior1 and folk wisdom adapts these findings to humans, suggesting that testosterone induces antisocial, egoistic or even aggressive behavior2. However, many researchers doubt a direct testosterone-aggression link in humans, arguing instead that testosterone is primarily involved in status-related behavior3,4. As a high status can also be achieved by aggressive and antisocial means it can be difficult to distinguish between anti-social and status seeking behavior.
We therefore set up an experimental environment, in which status can only be achieved by prosocial means. In a double-blind and placebo-controlled experiment, we administered a single sublingual dose of 0.5 mg of testosterone (with a hydroxypropyl-&beta;-cyclodextrin carrier) to 121 women and investigated their social interaction behavior in an economic bargaining paradigm. Real monetary incentives are at stake in this paradigm; every player A receives a certain amount of money and has to make an offer to another player B on how to share the money. If B accepts, she gets what was offered and player A keeps the rest. If B refuses the offer, nobody gets anything. A status seeking player A is expected to avoid being rejected by behaving in a prosocial way, i.e. by making higher offers.
The results show that if expectations about the hormone are controlled for, testosterone administration leads to a significant increase in fair bargaining offers compared to placebo. The role of expectations is reflected in the fact that subjects who report that they believe to have received testosterone make lower offers than those who say they believe that they were treated with a placebo. These findings suggest that the experimental economics approach is sensitive for detecting neurobiological effects as subtle as those achieved by administration of hormones. Moreover, the findings point towards the importance of both psychosocial as well as neuroendocrine factors in determining the influence of testosterone on human social behavior.

The procedure described in this protocol shows that testosterone administration and folk beliefs about testosterone may be associated with directly opposed social behaviors.

睾酮和社会决策，结合行为内分泌和实验经济学：

Behavioral endocrinological research in humans as well as in animals suggests that testosterone plays a key role in social interactions. Studies in ...

科研

神经科学

A Simple Way to Measure Ethanol Sensitivity in Flies

Low doses of ethanol cause flies to become hyperactive, while high doses are sedating. The sensitivity to ethanol-induced sedation of a given fly strain is correlated with that strain s ethanol preference, and therefore sedation is a highly relevant measure to study the genetics of alcohol responses and drinking. We demonstrate a simple way to expose flies to ethanol and measure its intoxicating effects. The assay we describe can determine acute sensitivity, as well as ethanol tolerance induced by repeat exposure. It does not require a technically involved setup, and can therefore be applied in any laboratory with basic fly culture tools.

A simple assay to measure the sedating effects of ethanol on Drosophila flies, based on the loss of righting reflex, is described.

一个简单的方法来衡量在果蝇的乙醇灵敏度

Low doses of ethanol cause flies to become hyperactive, while high doses are sedating. The sensitivity to ethanol-induced sedation of a given fly strain ...

A General Method for Evaluating Incubation of Sucrose Craving in Rats

For someone on a food-restricted diet, food craving in response to food-paired cues may serve as a key behavioral transition point between abstinence and relapse to food taking 1. Food craving conceptualized in this way is akin to drug craving in response to drug-paired cues. A rich literature has been developed around understanding the behavioral and neurobiological determinants of drug craving; we and others have been focusing recently on translating techniques from basic addiction research to better understand addiction-like behaviors related to food 2-4.
As done in previous studies of drug craving, we examine sucrose craving behavior by utilizing a rat model of relapse. In this model, rats self-administer either drug or food in sessions over several days. In a session, lever responding delivers the reward along with a tone+light stimulus. Craving behavior is then operationally defined as responding in a subsequent session where the reward is not available. Rats will reliably respond for the tone+light stimulus, likely due to its acquired conditioned reinforcing properties 5. This behavior is sometimes referred to as sucrose seeking or cue reactivity. In the present discussion we will use the term "sucrose craving" to subsume both of these constructs.
In the past decade, we have focused on how the length of time following reward self-administration influences reward craving. Interestingly, rats increase responding for the reward-paired cue over the course of several weeks of a period of forced-abstinence. This "incubation of craving" is observed in rats that have self-administered either food or drugs of abuse 4,6. This time-dependent increase in craving we have identified in the animal model may have great potential relevance to human drug and food addiction behaviors.
Here we present a protocol for assessing incubation of sucrose craving in rats. Variants of the procedure will be indicated where craving is assessed as responding for a discrete sucrose-paired cue following extinction of lever pressing within the sucrose self-administration context (Extinction without cues) or as responding for sucrose-paired cues in a general extinction context (Extinction with cues).

Responding for food or drug-paired cues increases over the course of a period of abstinence and this may relate to an increased susceptibility to relapse behaviors. Here we detail a procedure for evaluating this "incubation of craving" in rats that have self-administered sucrose.

评估大鼠蔗糖渴求育成的一个通用方法

For someone on a food-restricted diet, food craving in response to food-paired cues may serve as a key behavioral transition point between abstinence and ...

Recording and Analysis of Circadian Rhythms in Running-wheel Activity in Rodents

When rodents have free access to a running wheel in their home cage, voluntary use of this wheel will depend on the time of day1-5. Nocturnal rodents, including rats, hamsters, and mice, are active during the night and relatively inactive during the day. Many other behavioral and physiological measures also exhibit daily rhythms, but in rodents, running-wheel activity serves as a particularly reliable and convenient measure of the output of the master circadian clock, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus. In general, through a process called entrainment, the daily pattern of running-wheel activity will naturally align with the environmental light-dark cycle (LD cycle; e.g. 12 hr-light:12 hr-dark). However circadian rhythms are endogenously generated patterns in behavior that exhibit a ~24 hr period, and persist in constant darkness. Thus, in the absence of an LD cycle, the recording and analysis of running-wheel activity can be used to determine the subjective time-of-day. Because these rhythms are directed by the circadian clock the subjective time-of-day is referred to as the circadian time (CT). In contrast, when an LD cycle is present, the time-of-day that is determined by the environmental LD cycle is called the zeitgeber time (ZT).
Although circadian rhythms in running-wheel activity are typically linked to the SCN clock6-8, circadian oscillators in many other regions of the brain and body9-14 could also be involved in the regulation of daily activity rhythms. For instance, daily rhythms in food-anticipatory activity do not require the SCN15,16 and instead, are correlated with changes in the activity of extra-SCN oscillators17-20. Thus, running-wheel activity recordings can provide important behavioral information not only about the output of the master SCN clock, but also on the activity of extra-SCN oscillators. Below we describe the equipment and methods used to record, analyze and display circadian locomotor activity rhythms in laboratory rodents.

Circadian rhythms in voluntary wheel-running activity in mammals are tightly coupled to the molecular oscillations of a master clock in the brain. As such, these daily rhythms in behavior can be used to study the influence of genetic, pharmacological, and environmental factors on the functioning of this circadian clock.

运行轮活动在啮齿类动物的昼夜节律的记录和分析

When rodents have free access to a running wheel in their home cage, voluntary use of this wheel will depend on the time of day1-5. Nocturnal rodents, ...

The FlyBar: Administering Alcohol to Flies

Fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) are an established model for both alcohol research and circadian biology. Recently, we showed that the circadian clock modulates alcohol sensitivity, but not the formation of tolerance. Here, we describe our protocol in detail. Alcohol is administered to the flies using the FlyBar. In this setup, saturated alcohol vapor is mixed with humidified air in set proportions, and administered to the flies in four tubes simultaneously. Flies are reared under standardized conditions in order to minimize variation between the replicates. Three-day old flies of different genotypes or treatments are used for the experiments, preferably by matching flies of two different time points (e.g., CT 5 and CT 17) making direct comparisons possible. During the experiment, flies are exposed for 1 hr&#160;to the pre-determined percentage of alcohol vapor and the number of flies that exhibit the Loss of Righting reflex (LoRR) or sedation are counted every 5 min. The data can be analyzed using three different statistical approaches. The first is to determine the time at which 50% of the flies have lost their righting reflex and use an Analysis of the Variance (ANOVA) to determine whether significant differences exist between time points. The second is to determine the percentage flies that show LoRR after a specified number of minutes, followed by an ANOVA analysis. The last method is to analyze the whole times series using multivariate statistics. The protocol can also be used for non-circadian experiments or comparisons between genotypes.

Drosophila has emerged as a significant model system for dissecting the cellular and molecular underpinnings of behavioral responses to alcohol. Here we present a protocol for the collection of alcohol sensitivity data in a circadian context that can be easily applied to other experiments and is well-suited for undergraduate research.

该平衡翼：管理对酒精苍蝇

Fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) are an established model for both alcohol research and circadian biology. Recently, we showed that the circadian ...

High-Throughput Method for Measuring Alcohol Sedation Time of Individual Drosophila melanogaster

Drosophila melanogaster provides an excellent model to study the genetic underpinnings of alcohol sensitivity. In contrast to studies in human populations, the Drosophila model allows strict control over genetic background, and virtually unlimited numbers of individuals of the same genotype can be reared rapidly under well-controlled environmental conditions without regulatory restrictions and at relatively low cost. Flies exposed to ethanol undergo physiological and behavioral changes that resemble human alcohol intoxication, including loss of postural control, sedation, and development of tolerance. Here, we describe a simple, low-cost, high-throughput assay for assessing alcohol sedation sensitivity in large numbers of single flies. The assay is based on video recording of single flies introduced without anesthesia in 24-well cell culture plates in a set-up that enables synchronous initiation of alcohol exposure. The system enables a single person to collect individual ethanol sedation data on as many as 2,000 flies within an 8 h work period. The assay can, in principle, be extended to assess the effects of exposure to any volatile substance and applied to measure effects of acute toxicity of volatiles on other insects, including other fly species.

High-Throughput Method for Measuring Alcohol Sedation Time of Individual Drosophila melanogaster

Current methods to measure alcohol sensitivity in Drosophila are designed to test groups of flies. We present a simple, low-cost, high-throughput assay for assessing alcohol sedation sensitivity in large numbers of single flies. The method does not require specialized tools and can be performed in any laboratory using common materials.

测量个体果蝇黑色素气器酒精镇分时间的高通量方法

Drosophila melanogaster provides an excellent model to study the genetic underpinnings of alcohol sensitivity. In contrast to studies in human ...

行为学

Flypub To Study Ethanol Induced Behavioral Disinhibition and Sensitization

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) remains a serious problem in our society. To develop effective interventions for addiction, it is important to understand the underlying neurobiological mechanisms, for which diverse experimental approaches and model systems are needed. The main ingredient of alcoholic beverages is ethanol, which causes adaptive changes in the central nervous system and behavior upon chronic intake. Behavioral sensitization (i.e., escalated responses) in particular represents a key adaptive change underlying addiction. Most ethanol-induced behavioral sensitization studies in animal models have been conducted on the locomotor activating effect of ethanol. A prominent effect of ethanol is behavioral disinhibition. Behavioral sensitization to the disinhibition effect of ethanol, however, is underrepresented. To address this issue, we developed the Flypub assay that allows measuring the escalated increase in disinhibited courtship activities upon recurring ethanol exposure in Drosophila melanogaster.&#160;Here, we report the step-by-step Flypub assay including assembly of ethanol exposure chambers, setup of the assay station, criteria for fly care and collection, ethanol delivery, quantification of disinhibited courtship activities, data processing and statistical analysis. Also provided are how to troubleshoot critical steps, overcome limitations and expand its utility to assess additional ethanol-induced behaviors. The Flypub assay in combination with powerful genetic tools in Drosophila melanogaster will facilitate the task of discovering the mechanism underlying ethanol-induced behavioral sensitization.

The Flypub assay measures the behaviors that the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster displays under the influence of ethanol. The assay can be readily mastered by experimenters at all levels and applied to various vaporized stimuli, facilitating substance abuse and addiction studies.

飞行酒吧研究乙醇诱导的行为抑制和敏感性

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) remains a serious problem in our society. To develop effective interventions for addiction, it is important to understand the ...

Straightforward Assay for Quantification of Social Avoidance in Drosophila melanogaster

Drosophila melanogaster is an emerging model to study different aspects of social interactions. For example, flies avoid areas previously occupied by stressed conspecifics due to an odorant released during stress known as the Drosophila stress odorant (dSO). Through the use of the T-maze apparatus, one can quantify the avoidance of the dSO by responder flies in a very affordable and robust assay. Conditions necessary to obtain a strong performance are presented here. A stressful experience is necessary for the flies to emit dSO, as well as enough emitter flies to cause a robust avoidance response to the presence of dSO. Genetic background, but not their group size, strongly altered the avoidance of the dSO by the responder flies. Canton-S and Elwood display a higher performance in avoiding the dSO than Oregon and Samarkand strains. This behavioral assay will allow identification of mechanisms underlying this social behavior, and the assessment of the influence of genes and environmental conditions on both emission and avoidance of the dSO. Such an assay can be included in batteries of simple diagnostic tests used to identify social deficiencies of mutants or environmental conditions of interest.

Straightforward Assay for Quantification of Social Avoidance in Drosophila melanogaster

Here, we present a protocol to quantify the avoidance of stressed individuals. This paradigm is powerful yet user-friendly and can be used to assess the influence of genes and environment on one kind of social interaction in Drosophila melanogaster.

简单的检测方法的社交回避的量化<em&gt;果蝇</em

Drosophila melanogaster is an emerging model to study different aspects of social interactions. For example, flies avoid areas previously occupied by ...

An Assay for Measuring the Effects of Ethanol on the Locomotion Speed of Caenorhabditis elegans

Alcohol use disorders are a significant public health concern, for which there are few effective treatment strategies. One difficulty that has delayed the development of more effective treatments is the relative lack of understanding of the molecular underpinnings of the effects of ethanol on behavior. The nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans (C.&#160;elegans), provides a useful model in which to generate and test hypotheses about the molecular effects of ethanol. Here, we describe an assay that has been developed and used to examine the roles of particular genes and environmental factors in behavioral responses to ethanol, in which locomotion is the behavioral output. Ethanol dose-dependently causes an acute depression of crawling on an agar surface. The effects are dynamic; animals exposed to a high concentration demonstrate an initial strong depression of crawling, referred to here as initial sensitivity, and then partially recover locomotion speed despite the continued presence of the drug. This ethanol-induced behavioral plasticity is referred to here as the development of acute functional tolerance. This assay has been used to demonstrate that these two phenotypes are distinct and genetically separable. The straightforward locomotion assay described here is suitable for examining the effects of both genetic and environmental manipulations on these acute behavioral responses to ethanol in C.&#160;elegans.

An Assay for Measuring the Effects of Ethanol on the Locomotion Speed of Caenorhabditis elegans

C. elegans is a useful model for studying the effects of ethanol on behavior. We present a behavioral assay that quantifies the effects of ethanol on the locomotion speed of crawling worms; both initial sensitivity and the development of acute functional tolerance to ethanol can be measured with this assay.

测量乙醇的影响上的步态速度的测定<em&gt;秀丽隐杆线虫</em

Alcohol use disorders are a significant public health concern, for which there are few effective treatment strategies. One difficulty that has delayed the ...

A Simple Way to Measure Alterations in Reward-seeking Behavior Using Drosophila melanogaster

We describe a protocol for measuring ethanol self-administration in fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) as a proxy for changes in reward states. We demonstrate a simple way to tap into the fly reward system, modify experiences related to natural reward, and use voluntary ethanol consumption as a measure for changes in reward states. The approach serves as a relevant tool to study the neurons and genes that play a role in experience-mediated changes of internal state. The protocol is composed of two discrete parts: exposing the flies to rewarding and nonrewarding experiences, and assaying voluntary ethanol consumption as a measure of the motivation to obtain a drug reward. The two parts can be used independently to induce the modulation of experience as an initial step for further downstream assays or as an independent two-choice feeding assay, respectively. The protocol does not require a complicated setup and can therefore be applied in any laboratory with basic fly culture tools.

A Simple Way to Measure Alterations in Reward-seeking Behavior Using Drosophila melanogaster

We describe a protocol for inducing rewarding and nonrewarding experiences in fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) using voluntary ethanol consumption as a measure for changes in reward states.

一个简单的方法来衡量在改建悬赏寻求行为使用<em&gt;果蝇</em

We describe a protocol for measuring ethanol self-administration in fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) as a proxy for changes in reward states. We ...

一种廉价的，可扩展的行为分析测量乙醇镇静灵敏度和快速耐受

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