此外，我们感谢在海德堡大学的心脏外科医生提供人类心房组织和克劳迪亚Liebetrau卡特琳Kupser和雷蒙娜格尔其过硬的技术支持。还要特别感谢安迪·老特拉福德的有益的建议和意见期间建立的Ca 2 +瞬时测量。作者希望表达他们最深切的谢意德累斯顿科技大学的药理学和毒理学系（头:乌苏拉乌鸦）的成员，他们为我们提供了学习的基本方法和技巧，在细胞电生理和心肌隔离的机会。 作者的研究支持德国研究基金会（Do769/1-1-3），德国联邦教育和研究部通过的心房颤动能力网络（01Gi0204）和德国心血管研究中心，欧盟通过在欧盟ropean转化研究心房颤动（EUTRAF网络，FP7-HEALTH-2010年，大型集成项目的议案"，第261057号）和美国欧洲北房颤研究联盟（ENAFRA）授予的基金会Leducq（07CVD03）。 在视频文件中所示的原理概述使用施维雅医疗艺术。

实验协议需要由当地伦理委员会批准，所有患者需要给予书面知情同意书。我们的研究是曼海姆医学院伦理委员会的海德堡大学（2011-216N-MA）的批准，并符合所有人类福利机构，国家和国际准则进行。所有患者的书面知情同意书。 0。获取人类心房组织在开放式心脏手术体外循环移植的患者在常规插管过程中，右心耳的尖端通常去除，可用于隔离心房心肌细胞。切除后的组织样本被立即转移到50毫升猎鹰管，用无菌的Ca 2 +免费运输解决方案，含有2,3 -丁二酮肟（ 见表一 ; BDM，收缩抑制剂，防止心肌Çontracture）。在30和45分钟之间的运输时间，我们并没有认识到孤立的心房心肌数量和质量方面具有明显的优势，冷却或充氧。在一般运输到实验室应尽可能的快。然而，如果不能避免更长的运输时间，运输在4°C的含氧解决方案可能是有利的。 1。 Prearrangements <ol><li>开关，它控制的的夹套烧杯中（ 表II）的温度上的thermocirculator。确保烧杯内的温度等于37℃玻璃盖盖住烧杯内的烧杯中，在整个隔离的过程中，以保持恒定的温度。 </li><li>称重胶原酶I和蛋白酶XXIV分为三个玻璃烧杯中，并在室温下存储。只是在使用前，将稀释的酶。 </li><li>专区20毫升的Ca 2 +在培养皿中的溶液在4℃下</li><li>存储250毫升Ca 2 +的溶液在37℃的水浴中</li></ol> 2。组织的清洁<ol><li>组织样品转移到陪替氏培养皿（直径约10厘米）的传输解决方案，连同大致用剪刀去除脂肪组织。 </li><li>称取组织样本。 200和600毫克之间，用于细胞分离。其它组织可以在液氮中冷冻后用生化分析。 </li><li>组织样本转移到培养皿中含有20毫升的Ca 2 +免费的解决方案，在4°C（见步骤1.3），切碎成约1毫米大小的小块组织样本。 </li><li>在37℃下连续脱气100％O 2，应执行以下步骤。枪头可以放置到氧气管，避免强烈的冒泡并产生持续的空气流。 </li><li>一起的Ca 2 +的溶液中转移的组织块夹套的烧杯中，小心搅拌约3分钟，使用磁性搅拌棒。 </li><li>停止搅拌，使组织块安顿下来了几秒钟。小心地应变的上清液，通过尼龙筛（200微米， 表II）。回到的内敛组织块从网格到烧杯中，使用产钳。 </li><li>笔芯烧杯与Ca 2 +免费的解决方案，重复洗涤步骤2.4和2.5的两倍。 </li></ol> 3。第一酶消化<ol><li>重新挂起的组织块用20毫升酶液含有胶原酶和蛋白酶E1（ 表一），并仔细搅拌10分钟。 </li><li>加入40μl的10mM 的 CaCl 2溶液，以获得最终浓度为20μM的Ca 2 +。 </li><li> 35分钟后仔细应变的上清液通过尼龙筛（200微米， 表Ⅱ）的方式，大部分组织块保持在烧杯中。回到休息下雨组织从网格块放入烧杯中。 </li></ol> 4。第二酶消化<ol><li>再次重悬的组织块，20毫升酶溶液E2含胶原酶我只（ 表一）。立即加入40μl的10mM 的 CaCl 2溶液，以获得最终浓度为20μM 的 Ca 2 +。 </li><li>在第二消化利用剪刀进一步砍组织的血块偶尔。 </li><li> 5分钟后，用巴斯德吸管的样品，以检查细胞的离解。重复此每隔2-3分钟，直到出现杆状，横纹肌心肌。 </li><li>停止搅拌，并允许组织块约20-30秒安顿下来。 </li><li>仔细应变上清到50毫升猎鹰管（管）的尼龙筛（200微米， 表二 ）。回到的内敛组织块从网格到烧杯中。 </li><li>重新暂停在烧杯中的组织块用20毫升斯道戈溶液中（ 表I）10，并进一步解离的细胞轻轻机械磨碎，用20毫升血清吸管与分配器。尽量避免形成泡沫，因为泡沫是不利于细胞的存活和质量。 </li><li>仔细应变上清到50毫升猎鹰管（B管）的尼龙筛（200微米， 表二 ）。 </li></ol> 5。最后准备和调整最终的Ca 2 +浓度<ol><li> 95 XG 10分钟，同时离心猎鹰管A和B（见步骤4.5和4.7）。 </li><li>从两个管仔细取出上清液愿望。确保不打扰颗粒。弃上清。 </li><li>将重新挂起既颗粒在1.5毫升的存储解决方案（ 表一），（室温）。 </li><li>加入7.5微升10毫米氯化钙溶液各猎鹰两次，仔细搅拌。孵育10分钟后，每一个步骤。 </li><li>加入15微升的10mM 的 CaCl 2溶液，以获得最终的Ca 2 +浓度为0.2 mM。 </li></ol> 6。肌细胞与荧光的Ca 2 + -指示器氟-3 AM（ 图1）中<ol><li> 1.5 ml的细胞悬液（管A和/或B管）转移到2 ml离心管（Eppendorf管）。 </li><li>正在考虑的光灵敏度的荧光的Ca 2 +指标氟3，应执行以下步骤。 </li><li>将50微克膜可渗透的乙酰氧基甲基酯衍生物氟-3（氟上午03点， 表III）溶解在44微升的Pluronic F-127（ 表III）储备溶液（20％w / v的在无水DMSO）得到1 mM的氟-3 AM原液，它可以储存在-20℃下，在1星期。 </li><li>加入15微升的萤光-3 AM原液含1.5 ml的细胞悬液（见6.1）和搅拌离心管仔细。 </li><li>孵育的细胞悬浮液，在不透光的框中，然后在10分钟。 </li><li>短暂离心在6000转左右。 </li><li>弃上清，重新悬浮颗粒在1.5毫升沐浴液（ 表四 ）。 </li><li>留下的细胞悬浮液约30分钟脱酯化，然后开始实验。 </li></ol> 7。同时膜片钳和外荧光的Ca 2 +测量由于膜片钳测量是这次审查的主要议题，是指有兴趣的读者提供更深入的描述，这种技术的其他出版物。11-14为了完整性，我们提供了一个简要的协议来衡量动作电位或L型Ca 2 +的电流，同时Ca 2 +的瞬态录音。 在实验过程中，心肌灌流在37°C洗澡的解决方案（ 表四 ）利用快速灌注系统（Octaflow IITM科学仪器，ALA，NY）。对于电压钳实验中，K +电流被阻塞，加入4 -氨基吡啶（5毫摩尔/升）和2（0.1 mmol / L的）氯化钡槽液。高硼硅玻璃微电极的使用和应该小费2-5MΩ电阻时充满吸管解决方案（ 表五 ）。除了 ​​氟-3 AM加载肌细胞（见步骤6），氟-3还包括电极内液（ 表V）。在488 nm处荧光激发和发射光（&lt;520纳米）转换的[Ca 2 +] i的假设<img alt="公式1" fo:content-width="1.540in" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/50235/50235eq1highres.jpg" src="/files/ftp_upload/50235/50235eq1.jpg" /> 其中，K D =解离常数萤光-3（864 NM），F =氟3荧光，F 最大 =的Ca 2 +-饱和每个实验结束时获得的荧光12这两个电信号和落射荧光的Ca 2 +信号被同时记录。动作电位刺激在1毫秒1.2倍阈强度的电流脉冲电流钳模式下使用的0.5赫兹。 L-型Ca 2 +的电流测量在电压钳模式下使用，保持电位为-80 mV快速失活的 Na +电流，其次是100毫秒100毫秒的斜坡脉冲到-40 mV在0.5 Hz至+10 mV的测试脉冲。

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N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Different+compartments+of+sarcoplasmic+reticulum+participate+in+the+excitation-contraction+coupling+process+in+human+atrial+myocytes.">Different compartments of sarcoplasmic reticulum participate in the excitation-contraction coupling process in human atrial myocytes.</a> Circ. Res. 80, 345-353 (1997).</li><li>Heidbuchel, H., Vereecke, J., Carmeliet, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three+different+potassium+channels+in+human+atrium.+Contribution+to+the+basal+potassium+conductance.">Three different potassium channels in human atrium. Contribution to the basal potassium conductance.</a> Circ. Res. 66, 1277-1286 (1990).</li><li>Hove-Madsen, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Atrial+fibrillation+is+associated+with+increased+spontaneous+calcium+release+from+the+sarcoplasmic+reticulum+in+human+atrial+myocytes.">Atrial fibrillation is associated with increased spontaneous calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum in human atrial myocytes.</a> Circulation. 110, 1358-1363 (2004).</li><li>Molina, C. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cyclic+adenosine+monophosphate+phosphodiesterase+type+4+protects+against+atrial+arrhythmias.">Cyclic adenosine monophosphate phosphodiesterase type 4 protects against atrial arrhythmias.</a> J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 59, 2182-2190 (2012).</li></ol>

沃辛顿生化公司支持本出版物覆盖生产成本的视频文件。资助者没有参与研究设计，数据收集和分析，决定发表或准备手稿。

在这里，我们描述一个人的心房肌细胞从心脏直视手术的患者获得右心耳隔离方法。为了使用这些测量肌细胞胞浆钙2 +省略EGTA的存储解决方案，我们改编了前面描述的方法4-11。 早在1970年，它被观察到，虽然心肌细胞中存在的Ca 2 +在消化过程中分解，所有这些都是在挛缩和非可行。16,17因此，进行细胞分离，在Ca 2 +的解决方案。然而，重新引入生理浓度的Ca 2 +导致快速的Ca 2 +内流和细胞死亡。这已被描述为对Ca 2 +的悖论现象，它最初是灌注心脏中观察到的由Zimmerman和Hulsman 18修改的隔离介质的pH值下降到7.0，&lt;线上已经提出了防止Ca 2 +的悖论17&gt; 19此外，牛磺酸20或少量的Ca 2 +的（见步骤3.2和4.1），21，以及存储包含存储溶液22的离体心肌细胞中EGTA然而，这是众所周知的，Ca 2 +的缓冲通过EGTA降低的幅度的L-型Ca 2 +电流诱导的Ca 2 +的Ca 2 +瞬变的双相衰减的瞬时幅值和结果。23因此，我们省略EGTA在整个隔离为了获得具有典型属性和单相衰减的Ca 2 +瞬变过程。为了保护细胞的Ca 2 +的悖论我们最后的Ca 2 +浓度的存储解决方案以逐步的方式增加，直到为0.2mM。 胶原酶的选择可能是最关键的步骤，用于成功的细胞隔离。常规科尔agenases从溶组织梭菌得到的粗制剂和含有胶原酶除了一些其他的蛋白酶，polysaccharidases和脂酶。基于其一般组成胶原酶被分为不同的类型。24沃辛顿胶原酶类型I和II已经成功地用于人的心房肌细胞的隔离。4-10,15,25-30在我们目前所描述的协议，我们建议使用胶原酶I型，虽然我们还能够获得可接受的金额，使用胶原酶II型活菌。然而，即使在一个单一的胶原酶类型有一个显着的批次与批之间的变化有关的酶的活性。这些变化需要仔细的各种批次的批次选择和测试优化分离过程。网上可用的批次选择工具从Worthington生化股份有限公司（ <a href="http://www.worthington-biochem.com/cls/match.php" target="_blank">http://www.worthington-bio</a>chem.com / CLS / match.php的）可用于查找可用批次的组合物，已被证明是适合于人类心房肌细胞的隔离。目前，我们使用I型胶原酶250 U /毫克胶原酶活性，345ü/毫克caseinase的活动，2.16 U /毫克梭菌的活性和0.48 U /毫克胰蛋白酶活性（批号＃49H11338）。 膜片钳研究，暂态Ca 2 +测量和另外两个15位的组合，也可以使用在8小时之内的使用本稿件所述的方法获得的细胞，这些细胞的允许响应电场刺激的细胞收缩的测量或电刺激用膜片钳移液器（未发表意见）。

心脏离子通道膜片钳技术和探索细胞内Ca 2 +处理异常需要隔离心肌的电生理特性研究。这些通常是在体外暴露心脏组织样品的消化酶（胶原酶，透明质酸酶，肽等）后得到的。大量的协议以来的首份报告于1955年2可行的心肌细胞的隔离已经开发以收获单心房和心室的心肌细胞，包括小鼠，大鼠，兔，狗，豚鼠和人类的不同物种。在这次审查中，我们侧重于人的心房肌细胞的隔离。关于隔离来自其他物种的心肌细胞，我们称之为"沃辛顿组织分解指南"沃辛顿生化公司，美国（ <a href="http://www.tissuedissociation.com" target="_blank">www.tissuedissociation.com</a> ）提供程序。 等3所描述的方法，在这里，我们提供了一个一步一步的描述，这是改编自先前公布的方法，以一种技术获得心房肌细胞不仅适用于膜片钳实验，但也同时细胞内Ca 2 +的测量。4-11

<table><tbody><tr><td> </td><td></td><td></td><td>&lt;em&gt;Transport solution&lt;/em&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>Albumin</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>A3059</td><td>&lt;em&gt;Storage solution&lt;/em&gt;: 1%</td></tr><tr><td>BDM</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>31550</td><td>&lt;em&gt;Transport solution&lt;/em&gt;: 30</td></tr><tr><td>DL-b-Hydroxy-butyric acid</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>H6501</td><td>&lt;em&gt;Storage solution&lt;/em&gt;: 10</td></tr><tr><td>Glucose</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>G8270</td><td>&lt;em&gt;Transport solution&lt;/em&gt;: 20&lt;br/&gt; &lt;em&gt;Ca2+-free solution&lt;/em&gt;: 20&lt;br/&gt; &lt;em&gt;Enzyme solution E1 and E2&lt;/em&gt;: 20&lt;br/&gt; &lt;em&gt;Storage solution&lt;/em&gt;: 10</td></tr><tr><td>L-Glutamic acid</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>G1251</td><td>&lt;em&gt;Storage solution&lt;/em&gt;: 70</td></tr><tr><td>KCl</td><td>Merck</td><td>1049360250</td><td>&lt;em&gt;Transport solution&lt;/em&gt;: 10&lt;br/&gt; &lt;em&gt;Ca2+-free solution&lt;/em&gt;: 10&lt;br/&gt; &lt;em&gt;Enzyme solution E1 and E2&lt;/em&gt;: 10&lt;br/&gt; &lt;em&gt;Storage solution&lt;/em&gt;: 20</td></tr><tr><td>KH2PO4</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>P5655</td><td>&lt;em&gt;Transport solution&lt;/em&gt;: 1.2&lt;br/&gt; &lt;em&gt;Ca2+-free solution&lt;/em&gt;: 1.2&lt;br/&gt; &lt;em&gt;Enzyme solution E1 and E2&lt;/em&gt;: 1.2&lt;br/&gt; &lt;em&gt;Storage solution&lt;/em&gt;: 10</td></tr><tr><td>MgSO4</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>M9397</td><td>&lt;em&gt;Transport solution&lt;/em&gt;: 5&lt;br/&gt; &lt;em&gt;Ca2+-free solution&lt;/em&gt;: 5&lt;br/&gt; &lt;em&gt;Enzyme solution E1 and E2&lt;/em&gt;: 5</td></tr><tr><td>MOPS</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>M1254</td><td>&lt;em&gt;Transport solution&lt;/em&gt;: 5&lt;br/&gt; &lt;em&gt;Ca2+-free solution&lt;/em&gt;: 5&lt;br/&gt; &lt;em&gt;Enzyme solution E1 and E2&lt;/em&gt;: 5</td></tr><tr><td>NaCl</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>S3014</td><td>&lt;em&gt;Transport solution&lt;/em&gt;: 100&lt;br/&gt; &lt;em&gt;Ca2+-free solution&lt;/em&gt;: 100&lt;br/&gt; &lt;em&gt;Enzyme solution E1 and E2&lt;/em&gt;: 100</td></tr><tr><td>Taurin</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>86330</td><td>&lt;em&gt;Transport solution&lt;/em&gt;: 50&lt;br/&gt; &lt;em&gt;Ca2+-free solution&lt;/em&gt;: 50&lt;br/&gt; &lt;em&gt;Enzyme solution E1 and E2&lt;/em&gt;: 50&lt;br/&gt; &lt;em&gt;Storage solution&lt;/em&gt;: 10</td></tr><tr><td>Collagenase I</td><td><a href="http://www.worthington-biochem.com/" target="_blank"><img src="/img/new_window.png" /> Worthington</a></td><td>4196</td><td>&lt;em&gt;Enzyme solution E1 and E2&lt;/em&gt;: 286 U/ml</td></tr><tr><td>Protease XXIV</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>P8038</td><td>&lt;em&gt;Enzyme solution E1 and E2&lt;/em&gt;: 5 U/ml*</td></tr><tr><td>pH</td><td></td><td></td><td>&lt;em&gt;Transport solution&lt;/em&gt;: 7.00&lt;br/&gt; &lt;em&gt;Ca2+-free solution&lt;/em&gt;: 7.00&lt;br/&gt; &lt;em&gt;Enzyme solution E1 and E2&lt;/em&gt;: 7.00&lt;br/&gt; &lt;em&gt;Storage solution&lt;/em&gt;: 7.40</td></tr><tr><td>adjusted with</td><td></td><td></td><td>&lt;em&gt;Transport solution&lt;/em&gt;: 1 M NaOH&lt;br/&gt; &lt;em&gt;Ca2+-free solution&lt;/em&gt;: 1 M NaOH&lt;br/&gt; &lt;em&gt;Enzyme solution E1 and E2&lt;/em&gt;: 1 M NaOH&lt;br/&gt; &lt;em&gt;Storage solution&lt;/em&gt;: 1 M KOH</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">Concentrations in mM unless otherwise stated. BDM, 2,3-Butanedione monoxime. *Protease XXIV is included in Enzyme solution E1 only.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;Table I. Solutions.&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Nylon mesh (200 &amp;#956;m)</td><td>VWR-Germany</td><td>510-9527</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Jacketed reaction beaker</td><td>VWR</td><td>KT317000-0050</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;Table II. Specific equipment.&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dimethyl-sulphoxide</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>D2650</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fluo-3 AM (special packaging)</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>F-1242</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pluronic F-127</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>P6867</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;Table III. Substances for loading of myocytes with Fluo-3 AM.&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>4-aminopyridine*</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>A78403</td><td>&lt;em&gt;Bath solution&lt;/em&gt;: 5</td></tr><tr><td>BaCl2*</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>342920</td><td>&lt;em&gt;Bath solution&lt;/em&gt;: 0.1</td></tr><tr><td>CaCl2 &amp;#215; 2H2O</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>C5080</td><td>&lt;em&gt;Bath solution&lt;/em&gt;: 2</td></tr><tr><td>Glucose</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>G8270</td><td>&lt;em&gt;Bath solution&lt;/em&gt;: 10</td></tr><tr><td>HEPES</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>H9136</td><td>&lt;em&gt;Bath solution&lt;/em&gt;: 10</td></tr><tr><td>KCl</td><td>Merck</td><td>1049360250</td><td>&lt;em&gt;Bath solution&lt;/em&gt;: 4</td></tr><tr><td>MgCl &amp;#215; 6H2O</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>M0250</td><td>&lt;em&gt;Bath solution&lt;/em&gt;: 1</td></tr><tr><td>NaCl</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>S3014</td><td>&lt;em&gt;Bath solution&lt;/em&gt;: 140</td></tr><tr><td>Probenecid</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>P8761</td><td>&lt;em&gt;Bath solution&lt;/em&gt;: 2</td></tr><tr><td>pH</td><td></td><td></td><td>&lt;em&gt;Bath solution&lt;/em&gt;: 7.35</td></tr><tr><td>adjusted with</td><td></td><td></td><td>&lt;em&gt;Bath solution&lt;/em&gt;: 1 M HCl</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;Table IV. Bath solution for patch-clamp.&lt;/strong&gt; *4-aminopyridine and BaCl were included for voltage-clamp experiments only.</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DL-aspartat K+-salt</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>A2025</td><td>&lt;em&gt;Pipette solution&lt;/em&gt;: 92</td></tr><tr><td>EGTA</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>E4378</td><td>&lt;em&gt;Pipette solution&lt;/em&gt;: 0.02</td></tr><tr><td>GTP-Tris</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>G9002</td><td>&lt;em&gt;Pipette solution&lt;/em&gt;: 0.1</td></tr><tr><td>HEPES</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>H9136</td><td>&lt;em&gt;Pipette solution&lt;/em&gt;: 10</td></tr><tr><td>KCl</td><td>Merck</td><td>1049360250</td><td>&lt;em&gt;Pipette solution&lt;/em&gt;: 48</td></tr><tr><td>MgATP</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>A9187</td><td>&lt;em&gt;Pipette solution&lt;/em&gt;: 1</td></tr><tr><td>Na2ATP</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>A2383</td><td>&lt;em&gt;Pipette solution&lt;/em&gt;: 4</td></tr><tr><td>Fluo-3**</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>F3715</td><td>&lt;em&gt;Pipette solution&lt;/em&gt;: 0.1</td></tr><tr><td>pH</td><td></td><td></td><td>7.20</td></tr><tr><td>adjusted with</td><td></td><td></td><td>1 M KOH</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;Table V. Pipette solution for patch-clamp*. &lt;/strong&gt;*On experimental days pipette solution is stored on ice until use. **Fluo-3 is added from a 1 mM stock solution on experimental days.</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

isolation of human atrial myocytes for simultaneous measurements of ca2+ transients and membrane currents

研究心脏离子通道的电生理特性与膜片钳技术的探索心肌细胞内Ca 2 +处理异常需要隔离的心肌细胞。此外，调查使用这些技术从患者的心肌细胞，是一种宝贵的要求阐明的分子基础心脏疾病如房颤（AF）的可能性。1在这里，我们描述了一个隔离的人的心房肌细胞的方法既适合膜片钳研究和细胞内Ca 2 +浓度的同时测量。首先，从心脏直视手术的患者获得右心耳切成小组织块（块法"），并在Ca 2 +免费溶液洗涤。然后在含有20μM的Ca 2 +的解决方案与胶原酶和蛋白酶消化组织块。此后，将离体心肌细胞收割机受激发射损耗的组织悬浮液的过滤和离心。最后，Ca 2 +浓度在单元格中的存储解决方案的逐步调整，以0.2mM的。我们简要的Ca 2 +和Ca 2 +缓冲隔离过程中，还提供有代表性的录音，动作电位，膜电流，两者一起同时暂态Ca 2 +的测量，进行离体心肌细胞在这些讨论的意义。

图2A显示了三个有代表性的例子，从孤立的人右心房肌细胞。为了量化我们移取10微升的细胞悬液（5.5）上CellFinder显微镜幻灯片（ <a href="http://www.antenna.nl/microlab/index-uk.html" target="_blank">http://www.antenna.nl/microlab/index-uk.html</a> ）的细胞产量。平均细胞产量图2B清楚地表明，有一种倾向，以降低细胞产量在慢性房颤（CAF）患者样本（管答:16.5±3.1 cells/10微升组（n = 29）与5.1±2.3 cells/10微升组（n = 10）在SR和咖啡馆，分别为，P &lt;0.05;管B:17.9±3.9 cells/10微升组（n = 29）与5.9±2.0 cells/10微升SR和CAF组（n = 9）， ，P = 0.107）。 动作电位的测量和同时录音的胞浆内的Ca 2 +瞬变的代表性的例子在图3中给出。在约90％的所研究的细胞，吨他动作电位触发的Ca 2 +释放引起明确和正常细胞收缩。如先前报道，静息膜电位，细胞的完整性，这是一个公认的指标，平均约-73.9±2.7 mV的（N = 23/10肌/例）和-77.7±1.8 mV的（N = 19/8肌/病人15）SR和CAF（P&gt; 0.05）。 图4显示了电压门控L-型Ca 2 +电流和胞浆内Ca 2 +的瞬变代表同时录音。非选择性β-肾上腺素能受体激动剂异丙肾上腺素（1μM）中的应用两个I 钙，L和胞浆中的Ca 2 +瞬变的幅度增加，提示完整的β-肾上腺素能的信号转导级联反应。 <img alt="图1" fo:content-width="4in" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/50235/50235fig1highres.jpg" src="/files/ftp_upload/50235/50235fig1.jpg" /> FIGURE 1。流程图的心肌细胞萤光-3 AM加载协议（见步骤6.1-6.5）。 M / V，质量/体积。 <img alt="图2" fo:content-width="4in" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/50235/50235fig2highres.jpg" src="/files/ftp_upload/50235/50235fig2.jpg" /> 图2。 A，隔离人类右心房肌细胞存储解决方案，一小时后，B，平均值±标准差在10微升的存储解决方案中的细胞计数细胞产量（见第5.5步）。 n指的数量各组内的准备。 * P &lt;0.05。 <img alt="图3" fo:content-width="4in" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/50235/50235fig3highres.jpg" src="/files/ftp_upload/50235/50235fig3.jpg" /> 图3。动作电位触发的Ca 2 +瞬变（CAT）从窦性心律心房肌细胞和字符代表录音ONIC房颤病人。顶:注入膜电流（I M）用于刺激（0.5赫兹）。如下:同时记录膜电位（V M），并引发猫（下）。 （重绘许可从福格特等人。2012）15 <img alt="图4" fo:content-width="4in" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/50235/50235fig4highres.jpg" src="/files/ftp_upload/50235/50235fig4.jpg" /> 图4。代表录音的异丙肾上腺素（1μM）的效果，在L-型Ca 2 +电流触发的Ca 2 +瞬变（CAT）从窦性节律和慢性心房颤动患者的心房肌细胞。顶:电压钳位协议（0.5赫兹）。如下:同时记录总净膜电流（I M），主要反映了L-型Ca 2 +电流（中）和触发猫（下）。 （重绘许可福格特，等，2012）15 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/50235/50235table1.jpg" alt="表1" fo:content-width="4in" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/50235/50235table1highres.jpg" /> 表一解决方案。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/50235/50235table2.jpg" alt="表2" fo:content-width="2in" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/50235/50235table2highres.jpg"/> 表II中。具体设备。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/50235/50235table3.jpg" alt="表3" fo:content-width="2in" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/50235/50235table3highres.jpg"/> 表III。物质加载萤光-3肌AM。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/50235/50235table4.jpg" alt="表4" fo:conteNT宽度="2.5英寸"FO:SRC ="/ files/ftp_upload/50235/50235table4highres.jpg"/&gt; 表四。膜片钳的沐浴解决方案。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/50235/50235table5.jpg" alt="表5" fo:content-width="2.5in" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/50235/50235table5highres.jpg"/> 表五液膜片钳*。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation of Human Atrial Myocytes for Simultaneous Measurements of Ca2+ Transients and Membrane Currents at JoVE.com

Isolation of Human Atrial Myocytes for Simultaneous Measurements of Ca2+ Transients and Membrane Currents

我们描述了人类心房肌细胞可用于细胞内Ca隔离<sup&gt; +</sup&gt;组合测量膜片钳电生理研究。

CA同时测量人的心房肌细胞分离<sup&gt; +</sup&gt;瞬变和膜电流

The study of  electrophysiological properties of cardiac ion channels with the patch-clamp  technique and the exploration of cardiac cellular Ca2+ ...

isolation-human-atrial-myocytes-for-simultaneous-measurements-ca2

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Isolation of Human Atrial Myocytes for Simultaneous Measurements of Ca2+ Transients and Membrane Currents

20.3K 次观看.  University of Duisburg-Essen. 我们描述了人类心房肌细胞可用于细胞内Ca隔离 +组合测量膜片钳电生理研究。

视频: Isolation of Human Atrial Myocytes for Simultaneous Measurements of Ca2+ Transients and Membrane Currents

Isolation and Functional Characterization of Human Ventricular Cardiomyocytes from Fresh Surgical Samples

Cardiomyocytes from diseased hearts are subjected to complex remodeling processes involving changes in cell structure, excitation contraction coupling and membrane ion currents. Those changes are likely&#160;to be responsible for the increased arrhythmogenic risk and the contractile alterations leading to systolic and diastolic dysfunction in cardiac patients. However, most information on the alterations of myocyte function in cardiac diseases has come from animal models.
Here we describe and validate a protocol to isolate viable myocytes from small surgical samples of ventricular myocardium from patients undergoing cardiac surgery operations. The protocol is described in detail. Electrophysiological and intracellular calcium measurements are reported to demonstrate the feasibility of a number of single cell measurements in human ventricular cardiomyocytes obtained with this method.
The protocol reported here can be useful for future investigations of the cellular and molecular basis of functional alterations of the human heart in the presence of different cardiac diseases. Further, this method can be used to identify novel therapeutic targets at cellular level and to test the effectiveness of new compounds on human cardiomyocytes, with direct translational value.

Current knowledge on the cellular basis of cardiac diseases mostly relies on studies on animal models. Here we describe and validate a novel method to obtain single viable cardiomyocytes from small surgical samples of human ventricular myocardium. Human ventricular myocytes can be used for electrophysiological studies and drug testing.

隔离与人类心室肌细胞的功能研究从新鲜手术样品

Cardiomyocytes from diseased hearts are subjected to complex remodeling processes involving changes in cell structure, excitation contraction coupling and ...

科研

医学

Isolation and Kv Channel Recordings in Murine Atrial and Ventricular Cardiomyocytes

KCNE genes encode for a small family of Kv channel ancillary subunits that form heteromeric complexes with Kv channel alpha subunits to modify their functional properties. Mutations in KCNE genes have been found in patients with cardiac arrhythmias such as the long QT syndrome and/or atrial fibrillation. However, the precise molecular pathophysiology that leads to these diseases remains elusive. In previous studies the electrophysiological properties of the disease causing mutations in these genes have mostly been studied in heterologous expression systems and we cannot be sure if the reported effects can directly be translated into native cardiomyocytes. In our laboratory we therefore use a different approach. We directly study the effects of KCNE gene deletion in isolated cardiomyocytes from knockout mice by cellular electrophysiology - a unique technique that we describe in this issue of the Journal of Visualized Experiments. The hearts from genetically engineered KCNE mice are rapidly excised and mounted onto a Langendorff apparatus by aortic cannulation. Free Ca2+ in the myocardium is bound by EGTA, and dissociation of cardiac myocytes is then achieved by retrograde perfusion of the coronary arteries with a specialized low Ca2+ buffer containing collagenase. Atria, free right ventricular wall and the left ventricle can then be separated by microsurgical techniques. Calcium is then slowly added back to isolated cardiomyocytes in a multiple step comprising washing procedure. Atrial and ventricular cardiomyocytes of healthy appearance with no spontaneous contractions are then immediately subjected to electrophysiological analyses by patch clamp technique or other biochemical analyses within the first 6 hours following isolation.

Kv channel dysfunction is associated with cardiac arrhythmias. In order to study the molecular mechanisms that lead to such arrhythmias we utilize a systematic protocol for isolation of atrial and ventricular cardiomyocytes from Kv channel ancillary subunit knockout mice. Isolated cardiomyocytes can then immediately be used for cellular electrophysiological studies, biochemical or immunofluorescence (IF) assays.

在小鼠的心房和心室肌细胞的分离及钾离子通道的录音

KCNE genes encode for a small family of Kv channel ancillary subunits that form heteromeric complexes with Kv channel alpha subunits to modify their ...

生物学

Isolation, Culture, and Functional Characterization of Adult Mouse Cardiomyoctyes

The use of primary cardiomyocytes (CMs) in culture has provided a powerful complement to murine models of heart disease in advancing our understanding of heart disease. In particular, the ability to study ion homeostasis, ion channel function, cellular excitability and excitation-contraction coupling and their alterations in diseased conditions and by disease-causing mutations have led to significant insights into cardiac diseases. Furthermore, the lack of an adequate immortalized cell line to mimic adult CMs, and the limitations of neonatal CMs (which lack many of the structural and functional biomechanics characteristic of adult CMs) in culture have hampered our understanding of the complex interplay between signaling pathways, ion channels and contractile properties in the adult heart strengthening the importance of studying adult isolated cardiomyocytes. Here, we present methods for the isolation, culture, manipulation of gene expression by adenoviral-expressed proteins, and subsequent functional analysis of cardiomyocytes from the adult mouse. The use of these techniques will help to develop mechanistic insight into signaling pathways that regulate cellular excitability, Ca2+ dynamics and contractility and provide a much more physiologically relevant characterization of cardiovascular disease.

Here we describe the isolation of adult mouse cardiomyoctyes using a Langendorff perfusion system. The resulting cells are Ca2+-tolerant, electrically quiescent and can be cultured and transfected with adeno- or lentiviruses to manipulate gene expression. Their functionality can also be analyzed using the MMSYS system and patch clamp techniques.

分离，培养和成年小鼠Cardiomyoctyes的功能分析

The use of primary cardiomyocytes (CMs) in culture has provided a powerful complement to murine models of heart disease in advancing our understanding of ...

Isolation of Atrial Cardiomyocytes from a Rat Model of Metabolic Syndrome-related Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction

In this article, we describe an optimized, Langendorff-based procedure for the isolation of single-cell atrial cardiomyocytes (ACMs) from a rat model of metabolic syndrome (MetS)-related heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). The prevalence of MetS-related HFpEF is rising, and atrial cardiomyopathies associated with atrial remodeling and atrial fibrillation are clinically highly relevant as atrial remodeling is an independent predictor of mortality. Studies with isolated single-cell cardiomyocytes are frequently used to corroborate and complement in vivo findings. Circulatory vessel rarefication and interstitial tissue fibrosis pose a potentially limiting factor for the successful single-cell isolation of ACMs from animal models of this disease.
We have addressed this issue by employing a device capable of manually regulating the intraluminal pressure of cardiac cavities during the isolation procedure, substantially increasing the yield of morphologically and functionally intact ACMs. The acquired cells can be used in a variety of different experiments, such as cell culture and functional Calcium imaging (i.e., excitation-contraction-coupling).
We provide the researcher with a step-by-step protocol, a list of optimized solutions, thorough instructions to prepare the necessary equipment, and a comprehensive troubleshooting guide. While the initial implementation of the procedure might be rather difficult, a successful adaptation will allow the reader to perform state-of-the-art ACM isolations in a rat model of MetS-related HFpEF for a broad spectrum of experiments.

Here, we describe an optimized, Langendorff-based procedure for the isolation of single-cell atrial cardiomyocytes from a rat model of metabolic syndrome-related heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. A manual regulation of intraluminal pressure of cardiac cavities is implemented to yield functionally intact myocytes suitable for excitation-contraction-coupling studies.

代谢综合征心力衰竭模型大鼠心房心肌细胞的分离与保留射血分数的关系

In this article, we describe an optimized, Langendorff-based procedure for the isolation of single-cell atrial cardiomyocytes (ACMs) from a rat model of ...

Isolation of Atrial Myocytes from Adult Mice

The electrophysiological properties of atrial myocytes importantly affect overall cardiac function. Alterations in the underlying ionic currents responsible for the action potential can cause pro-arrhythmic substrates that underlie arrhythmias, such as atrial fibrillation, which are highly prevalent in many conditions and disease states. Isolating adult mouse atrial cardiomyocytes for use in patch-clamp experiments has greatly advanced our knowledge and understanding of the cellular electrophysiology in the healthy atrial myocardium and in the setting of atrial pathophysiology. In addition, studies using genetic mouse models have elucidated the role of a vast array of proteins in regulating atrial electrophysiology. Here we provide a detailed protocol for the isolation of cardiomyocytes from the atrial appendages of adult mice using a combination of enzymatic digestion and mechanical dissociation of these tissues. This approach consistently and reliably yields isolated atrial cardiomyocytes that can then be used to characterize cellular electrophysiology by measuring action potentials and ionic currents in patch-clamp experiments under a number of experimental conditions.

This protocol is used to isolate single atrial cardiomyocytes from the adult mouse heart using a chunk digestion approach. This approach is used to isolate right or left atrial myocytes that can be used to characterize atrial myocyte electrophysiology in patch-clamp studies.

从成年小鼠分离心膜肌细胞

The electrophysiological properties of atrial myocytes importantly affect overall cardiac function. Alterations in the underlying ionic currents ...

Voltage and Calcium Dual Channel Optical Mapping of Cultured HL-1 Atrial Myocyte Monolayer

Optical mapping has proven to be a valuable technique to detect cardiac electrical activity on both intact ex vivo hearts and in cultured myocyte monolayers. HL-1 cells have been widely used as a 2-Dimensional cellular model for studying diverse aspects of cardiac physiology. However, it has been a great challenge to optically map calcium (Ca) transients and action potentials simultaneously from the same field of view in a cultured HL-1 atrial cell monolayer. This is because special handling and care is required to prepare healthy cells that can be electrically captured and optically mapped. Therefore, we have developed an optimal working protocol for dual channel optical mapping. In this manuscript, we have described in detail how to perform the dual channel optical mapping experiment. This protocol is a useful tool to enhance the understanding of action potential propagation and Ca kinetics in arrhythmia development.

This article describes the technique used to perform dual channel optical mapping in cultured HL-1 atrial cell monolayers. This unique protocol allows the simultaneous visualization of both calcium (Ca) and voltage (Vm) activity in the same area for the detailed detection and analysis of electrophysiological properties of culture monolayers.

培养HL-1心房肌细胞单层的电压和钙双通道光映射

Optical mapping has proven to be a valuable technique to detect cardiac electrical activity on both intact ex vivo hearts and in cultured myocyte ...

Modifications of the Langendorff Method for Simultaneous Isolation of Atrial and Ventricular Myocytes from Adult Mice

A single cardiomyocyte is a vital tool in the cellular and subcellular level studies of cardiac biology and diseases as a fundamental unit of contraction and electrical activity. Hence, isolating viable, high-quality cardiomyocytes from the heart is the initial and most crucial experimental step. Comparing the various protocols for isolating the cardiomyocytes of adult mice, the Langendorff retrograde perfusion is the most successful and reproducible method reported in the literature, especially for isolating ventricular myocytes. However, isolating quality atrial myocytes from the perfused heart remains challenging, and few successful isolation reports are available. Solving this complicated problem is extremely important because apart from ventricular disease, atrial disease accounts for a large part of heart diseases. Therefore, further investigations on the cellular level to reveal the mechanisms are warranted. In this paper, a protocol based on the Langendorff retrograde perfusion method is introduced and some modifications in the depth of aorta cannulation and the steps that may affect the digestion process to isolate atrial and ventricular myocytes were simultaneously made. Moreover, the isolated cardiomyocytes are confirmed to be amenable to patch clamp investigation.

This protocol describes modifications of the Langendorff method including the depth of aorta cannulation for simultaneous Isolation of atrial and ventricular myocytes from adult mice.

朗根多夫方法的修改，用于从成年小鼠中同时分离心房和心室肌细胞

A single cardiomyocyte is a vital tool in the cellular and subcellular level studies of cardiac biology and diseases as a fundamental unit of contraction ...

Camera-based Measurements of Intracellular [Na+] in Murine Atrial Myocytes

Intracellular sodium concentration ([Na+]i) is an important regulator of intracellular Ca2+. Its study provides insight into the activation of the sarcolemmal Na+/Ca2+ exchanger, the behavior of voltage-gated Na+ channels and the Na+,K+-ATPase. Intracellular Ca2+ signaling is altered in atrial diseases such as atrial fibrillation. While many of the mechanisms underlying altered intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis are characterized, the role of [Na+]i and its dysregulation in atrial pathologies is poorly understood. [Na+]i in atrial myocytes increases in response to increasing stimulation rates. Responsiveness to external field stimulation is therefore crucial for [Na+]i measurements in these cells. In addition, the long preparation (dye-loading) and experiment duration (calibration) require an isolation protocol that yields atrial myocytes of exceptional quality. Due to the small size of mouse atria and the composition of the intercellular matrix, the isolation of high quality adult murine atrial myocytes is difficult. Here, we describe an optimized Langendorff-perfusion based isolation protocol that consistently delivers a high yield of high quality atrial murine myocytes.
Sodium-binding benzofuran isophthalate (SBFI) is the most commonly used fluorescent Na+ indicator. SBFI can be loaded into the cardiac myocyte either in its salt form through a glass pipette or as an acetoxymethyl (AM) ester that can penetrate the myocyte&#8217;s sarcolemmal membrane. Intracellularly, SBFI-AM is de-esterified by cytosolic esterases. Due to variabilities in membrane penetration and cytosolic de-esterification each cell has to be calibrated in situ. Typically, measurements of [Na+]i using SBFI whole-cell epifluorescence are performed using a photomultiplier tube (PMT). This experimental set-up allows for only one cell to be measured at one time. Due to the length of myocyte dye loading and the calibration following each experiment data yield is low. We therefore developed an EMCCD camera-based technique to measure [Na+]i. This approach permits simultaneous [Na+]i measurements in multiple myocytes thus significantly increasing experimental yield.

The intracellular Na+ concentration ([Na+]i) in cardiac myocytes is altered during cardiac diseases. [Na+]i is an important regulator of intracellular Ca2+. We introduce a novel approach to measure [Na+]i in freshly isolated murine atrial myocytes using an electron multiplying charged coupled device (EMCCD) camera and a rapid, controllable illuminator.

Intracellular sodium concentration ([Na+]i) is an important regulator of intracellular Ca2+. Its study provides insight into the activation of the ...

Isolation of Human Ventricular Cardiomyocytes from Vibratome-Cut Myocardial Slices

The isolation of ventricular cardiac myocytes from animal and human hearts is a fundamental method in cardiac research. Animal cardiomyocytes are commonly isolated by coronary perfusion with digestive enzymes. However, isolating human cardiomyocytes is challenging because human myocardial specimens usually do not allow for coronary perfusion, and alternative isolation protocols result in poor yields of viable cells. In addition, human myocardial specimens are rare and only regularly available at institutions with on-site cardiac surgery. This hampers the translation of findings from animal to human cardiomyocytes. Described here is a reliable protocol that enables efficient isolation of ventricular myocytes from human and animal myocardium. To increase the surface-to-volume ratio while minimizing cell damage, myocardial tissue slices 300 &#181;m thick are generated from myocardial specimens with a vibratome. Tissue slices are then digested with protease and collagenase. Rat myocardium was used to establish the protocol and quantify yields of viable, calcium-tolerant myocytes by flow-cytometric cell counting. Comparison with the commonly used tissue-chunk method showed significantly higher yields of rod-shaped cardiomyocytes (41.5 &#177; 11.9 vs. 7.89 &#177; 3.6%, p &#60; 0.05). The protocol was translated to failing and non-failing human myocardium, where yields were similar as in rat myocardium and, again, markedly higher than with the tissue-chunk method (45.0 &#177; 15.0 vs. 6.87 &#177; 5.23 cells/mg, p &#60; 0.05). Notably, with the protocol presented it is possible to isolate reasonable numbers of viable human cardiomyocytes (9&#8211;200 cells/mg) from minimal amounts of tissue (&#60;50 mg). Thus, the method is applicable to healthy and failing myocardium from both human and animal hearts. Furthermore, it is possible to isolate excitable and contractile myocytes from human tissue specimens stored for up to 36 h in cold cardioplegic solution, rendering the method particularly useful for laboratories at institutions without on-site cardiac surgery.

Presented is a protocol for the isolation of human and animal ventricular cardiomyocytes from vibratome-cut myocardial slices. High yields of calcium-tolerant cells (up to 200 cells/mg) can be obtained from small amounts of tissue (&#60;50 mg). The protocol is applicable to myocardium exposed to cold ischemia for up to 36 h.

人体心室心肌细胞与颤音-切切心肌切片分离

The isolation of ventricular cardiac myocytes from animal and human hearts is a fundamental method in cardiac research. Animal cardiomyocytes are commonly ...

Simultaneous Isolation and Culture of Atrial Myocytes, Ventricular Myocytes, and Non-Myocytes from an Adult Mouse Heart

The isolation and culturing of cardiac myocytes from mice has been essential for furthering the understanding of cardiac physiology and pathophysiology. While isolating myocytes from neonatal mouse hearts is relatively straightforward, myocytes from the adult murine heart are preferred. This is because compared to neonatal cells, adult myocytes more accurately recapitulate cell function as it occurs in the adult heart in vivo. However, it is technically difficult to isolate adult mouse cardiac myocytes in the necessary quantities and viability, which contributes to an experimental impasse. Furthermore, published procedures are specific for the isolation of either atrial or ventricular myocytes at the expense of atrial and ventricular non-myocyte cells. Described here is a detailed method for isolating both atrial and ventricular cardiac myocytes, along with atrial and ventricular non-myocytes, simultaneously from a single mouse heart. Also provided are the details for optimal cell-specific culturing methods, which enhance cell viability and function. This protocol aims not only to expedite the process of adult murine cardiac cell isolation, but also to increase the yield and viability of cells for investigations of atrial and ventricular cardiac cells.

A method is described for the simultaneous isolation of myocytes and non-myocytes from both the atria and ventricles of a single adult mouse heart. This protocol results in consistent yields of highly viable cardiac myocytes and non-myocytes and details optimal cell-specific culture conditions for phenotyping and in vitro analysis.

来自成人鼠心脏的心外肌细胞、心室肌细胞和非肌细胞的同步隔离和文化

The isolation and culturing of cardiac myocytes from mice has been essential for furthering the understanding of cardiac physiology and pathophysiology. ...

CA同时测量人的心房肌细胞分离

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