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Method Article
我们提出了一种大鼠直接迷走神经注射的方案,能够将药物直接输送到神经中,而不会出现注射后并发症。该方法适用于涉及自主神经系统作的临床前神经学研究。它可用于大鼠和其他物种的其他神经的直接神经注射,并进行必要的修改。
有相对丰富的策略和方法可以促进药物输送到中枢神经系统。然而,药物直接递送到周围神经系统不太常见,可用于帮助研究人员的详细方法出版物较少。在这里,我们描述了一种用于周围神经系统药物输送的直接神经注射方法,使用迷走神经作为模型神经。该方法可通过靶向左迷走神经用于治疗自主神经系统疾病,尽管这种一般的注射方法可以外推到注射其他神经,只需稍作修改。该方法解释了在解剖显微镜下对麻醉成年大鼠进行显微外科手术所涉及的程序中涉及的所有关键步骤。描述了示踪染料的使用,以促进实时监测注射保真度。提供了成功和失败的进样图。如果作得当,可以直接迷走神经注射以安全的方式进行,大鼠耐受性良好,没有产后并发症。例如,一旦外科医生接受了这种方法的培训,六只大鼠中有六只成功注射,没有任何并发症。这种用于临床前大鼠研究的直接神经注射方法能够将药物(包括但不限于基因治疗)输送到周围神经。
应用正确的给药方法是获得成功治疗效果的关键因素之一。尽管有大量将治疗剂递送至中枢神经系统 (CNS) 的方法,但只有少数方法报道通过直接神经注射进行周围神经系统 (PNS) 递送。直接神经注射,例如注射到大鼠的背根神经节 (DRG) 中,已在临床前研究中尝试,以更好地了解疼痛机制、药物毒性、基因转移 1,2,3 和一般方法开发 1,4。关于直接神经注射的其他报告包括大鼠5 和小鼠6 的脊神经注射4 、坐骨神经注射1 和迷走神经注射。最近提出了一种软骨上注射方法,以更好地将治疗剂分配到兔子的视神经头中 7。
由于 DRG2 中细胞体的感觉功能,DRG 被认为是直接注射转基因负载载体(如腺相关病毒 (AAV))的理想位置。已经描述了 DRG 注射的手术和非手术方法 1,8。然而,关于 DRG 注射非手术方法的结果一致性,已经发现了有争议的结论1。涉及部分椎板切除术的手术方法被认为对大鼠 DRG 注射 100% 成功,而行为结果没有任何改变3,以及涉及小鼠部分截骨的方法9。几项研究报道了药物递送的 DRG 注射方法,该方法已用于大鼠和小鼠的临床前基因治疗研究 1,2,10。涉及局部注射的基于载体的基因治疗研究可能包括以下益处:减少脱靶表达,降低全身毒性,降低病毒载量和注射量,降低免疫原性并发症的风险11,12。
已经尝试了直接注射到坐骨神经(身体最长的神经)的方法,方法是将右坐骨神经暴露在大鼠的大腿中部水平。该方法使用配备微处理器控制进样系统的拉式玻璃移液器以 1.2 μL/min 的流速1 注射总体积为 10 μL 的染料。该实验表明,在 DRG 水平上缺乏染料分布,并且分布主要局限于注射部位周围。同样,已经尝试了其他直接神经注射方法,例如脊神经注射,以评估大鼠的适当注射量和染料分布模式。2 μL 建议最适合脊神经注射,而 DRG 注射的 3 μL 染料显示大鼠背侧和腹侧根神经节的分布1。据报道,根据菌株和体型,小鼠 DRG 注射量在 1.0 μL 至 1.5 μL 之间最佳 2,9。
大鼠5 和小鼠6 采用直接迷走神经注射法,评价神经损伤或细胞完整性在转移人 α-突触核蛋白中的作用。这两项研究由同一组研究人员进行,描述了一种将 AAV 载体直接注射到颈部左侧迷走神经的简要方法。在大鼠中,该方法涉及使用尖端直径为 60 μm 的玻璃毛细管,用 5 μL Hamilton 注射器以 0.5 μL/min 的流速注入 2 μL 载体。在小鼠中,使用安装在 10 μL NanoFil 注射器上的 36 G 钝钢针头,以 160 nL/min 的流速注射总体积为 750 nL 的载体溶液6。这些实验表明,转基因在大鼠和小鼠的脑桥和中脑的轴突中递送和表达。同样,左侧迷走神经的背侧运动核显示与转基因的阳性免疫反应。这些证据表明,直接迷走神经注射方法可能是基因治疗中的一种可靠方法,其中细胞转导延伸到大脑的多个位置,这些位置通过迷走神经投射轴突。但是,这些方法没有提到使用任何染料来跟踪注射保真度。
在这里,描述了一种使用无毒示踪染料直接注射到左迷走神经的方法,该方法主要适用于临床前研究中的研究人员。讨论了可能导致药物输送困难的潜在陷阱以及克服它们的方法。这些情况用图片说明,以说明导致交付不成功的原因以及使交付成功的方法。
以下协议是根据机构伦理指南和机构动物护理和使用委员会 (IACUC) 的批准进行的。
1. 房屋准备
注意:该方案适用于至少 2 个月大的成年大鼠。较小的动物(包括小鼠和年轻的大鼠)是可能的,但不推荐这样做,而且会困难得多。
2. 准备手术物品和空间
3. 制备候选药物和示踪染料的混合物
4. 将候选药物和染料混合物装入管路中
5. 注射针的灌注
6. 大鼠手术准备
7. 进行大鼠手术,将候选药物直接注射到左侧迷走神经中(图 2、图 3 和 图 4)
注意:这部分方法需要第二个人来协助外科医生。
8. 大鼠的术后护理
本研究使用了 6 只成年大鼠 (3 只雄性和 3 只雌性)。在六只大鼠中,一只大鼠被多次注射以证明注射失败的情况,显示染料在注射部位周围扩散图 5A。所有其他大鼠均表现出平滑的注射和神经染色,如图 4B 和 图 5B 所示。
直接注射到大鼠左侧迷走神经的方法可以安全进行,并且没有术后并发症。药物输送到迷走神经可用于靶向自主神经系统 (ANS)。这涉及某些需要练习和中度至高度手术技能的关键步骤。
这种外科手术需要对大鼠进行平衡全身麻醉。外科医生的目标是在较短的时间内完成手术,以限制麻醉剂的暴露以实现更好的恢复,尤其是在老年大鼠中。该方法?...
作者 NR 和 XC 没有利益冲突。RMB 和 SJG 是与通过迷走神经注射将基因转移到 ANS 相关的知识产权发明者(美国专利 #11,753,655)。SJG 和 RMB 获得了 Taysha Gene Therapies 的特许权使用费收入,SJG 获得了 Taysha Gene Therapies 的咨询收入。
我们要感谢 UT 西南动物资源中心设施安排大鼠手术空间。这项工作的资金由以下来源提供给 SJG:NIH/NINDS R01 NS087175、Hannah's Hope Fund 和 Taysha Gene Therapies。
Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
1 mL BD Tuberculin Syringe with Detachable 25 G x 5/8". Needle | Becton, Dickinson and Company | SKU:309626 | Used to connect with curved needle to pull the vagus nerve and hold it at the time of injection. |
0.5% Bupivacaine Hydrochloride Injection | Hospira | NDC 0409-1162-19 | Local anesthetics used to anesthetize local tissue. |
100 mL 0.9% Sodium Chloride Irrigation USP | Stericare Solutions | Item #6240 | Normal saline, used to rehydrate rat and tissue. |
20 Blunt, Retractor Tips, 7.5 mm | Kent Scientific Corporation | Surgi 5018 | Used to pull apart and hold tissues at the time of surgery. |
3 mL BD-Luer-Lok Syringe, Sterile, Single Use | Becton, Dickinson and Company | SKU # 309657 | Used to inject saline in rat and fill the saline into the Polythene tubing. |
AK-Fluor10% | Akorn | NDC 17478-253-10 | Fluorescein dye visible within the nerve. Used to track injection fidelity. |
Animal Weighing Scale | Kent Scientific Corporation | SCL 4000 | Used to measure body weight of rat. |
Ansell ENCORE Perry Style 42 PF Surgical Gloves | Ansell | ASTM D3577 | Sterilie glove, it is used at the time of surgery by a surgeon. |
Artificial Tears Ointment 3.5g | Pivetal | NDC 46066-753-55 | Used in eyses to prevent excessive dryness of eyes. |
Baby-Myxter Hemostat | Fine Science Tools | 13013-14 | Used to stop bleeding in case of emergency. Also used to bend the 25 G x 5/8" in needle. |
BD Intramedic PE Tubing | Becton, Dickinson and Company | 14-170-12A | Used in the injection set up system to connect with Hamilton needle and NanoFil Needles. It also holds the injection mixture. |
BD Precison Glide Needle, 25 G x 5/8" | Becton, Dickinson and Company | REF#305122 | Used to inject saline in rat, and to make a curved needle. |
BD Precison Glide Needle, 27 G x ½" | Becton, Dickinson and Company | REF#301629 | Used to fill sterile saline into the BD Intradermic tubing. |
Benchmark Accuris ”NextPette” Variable Volume Pipette Micro Starter Setincludes 4 pipettes: 10/20/200/1000 μL, plus stand | MilliporeSigma | BMSP7700S1 | Used to pippette sterile solution. |
Betadine, Povidine Iodine 10% | Honestmed | 67618015017 | Used to disinfect the surgical area. |
Carprofen Injectable solution 50 mg/mL | Supplied by Covtrus (6451506845) | SKU 591149 | In our case, we used diluted carprofen at the dose rate of 5 mg/kg provided by the Animal Resource Center of University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center. |
Curved needle (custom made) | Becton, Dickinson and Company | REF#305122 | BD PrecisionGlide 25 G x 5/8" in needle is curved to 90 degrees with the help of a hemostat. The tip of the needle is made blunt. It needs to be sterilized before use. It is used to hook the vagus nerve and hold it at the time of separation and injection. |
Dissecting microscope | Motic | SMZ-171-BLED (Binocular with Lights) | Used to magnify the crifical anatomical area at the time of vagus nerve separation, injeciton, and to check injection leakage. |
Drape sheet | Dynarex | Reorder#8122 | Used as drape after sterilization. |
Dukal Cotton Tip Applicators, Non-Sterile | Dukal | Item 9003 | Used to blunt separation of tissue, needs to sterilize before use. |
Dumont #7 - Fine Forceps | Fine Science Tools | 11274-20 | Used to separate the left vagus nerve from common carotid artery. It is curved so easy to use. |
Ethicon PDS II Undyed Monofilament Suture - SUTURE, 4/0 18 PDS II CLR MONO PS | Ethicon | VA - Z682G | Used in suturing the wound. |
Ethilon Nylon Suture Black Monofilament | Ethicon | 1856G | Used in suturing the wound if non-absorbale suture is used. Also used to hook the rat tooth to fix nose inside the nose cone. |
Fine Forceps - Mirror Finish | Fine Science Tools | 11412-11 | Used at the time of vagus nerve separation from the common carotid artery. This is straight. |
Fine Scissors - Sharp | Fine Science Tools | 14060-09 | Ued to cut tissue. |
Hamilton cleaning solution | Hamilton | HT18311 | Used to clean the Hamilton after use. |
Hamilton Needle, 27G, Small Hub RN Needle, 2”, PT3, 6/PK | Hamilton | 7762-01 | Used to connect BD Intramedic™ PE Tubing. |
Hamilton Syringe , 710RN | Hamilton | 7638-01 | Used to hold drug at the time of vagus nerve injection. |
Insulin Syringe | EXEL INT, Comfort point | REF 26027 | Used to inject carprofen and local anesthetics. |
Lidocaine 2% Injection | Covetrus | Reorder#002468 | Used to mix with Bupivacaine and inject at the site of incision. |
Luxol Fast Blue MBSN | Acros Organics | 212170250 | Dye visible within the nerve, used to mix with drug so that injection mixture is visible. |
Micro Bead Sterilizer with Glass Beads | Fine Science Tools | Item No. 18090-46 | Used to sterilize surgical tools in between the rat surgery. |
NanoFil Needles-NF35BV-2 | World Precision Instrument | NC9708956 | Used to inject drug - dye mixture inside the vagus nerve. |
Olsen-Hegar Needle Holders with Suture Cutters | Fine Science Tools | 12002-12 | Used in wound suturing. |
Parafilm M Laboratory Wrapping Film, 4 Inches x 125 Feet, 1 Roll per Box, 12 Count | Honestmed | PM#996 | Used to hold the aliquoted 5 uL of drug-dye mixture so that loading of drug-dye mixture into the BDTM intradermic tubing is accurate. |
PDI Alcohol Prep Pads | Honestmed | NDC 10819-3914-2 | Used to disinfect the surgical area. |
Premium Care Sterile Type VII Gauze Sponges, 8-Ply, 2" x 2" | Dukal | Item C5119 | Used as cushon under the neck of rat at the time of surgery. |
Press’n Seal Cling Film | Glad | Used to cover a rat at the time of surgery like a drape. | |
Rat Retractor Set | Kent Scientific Corporation | Surgi 5002 | Used to keep the incision open so that it is easy to separate the vagus nerve from the carotid artery. |
RightTemp Jr. | Kent Scientific Corporation | 20.3 cm W x 25.4 cm L (8 in W x 10 in L), used to keep rat warm. | |
S&T Forceps - SuperGrip Tips | Fine Science Tools | 00632-11 | Used at the time of suturing to hold tissue without damage. |
S&T Suture Tying Forceps | Fine Science Tools | 00272-13 | Used to tight the suture. |
Scalpel blade #15 | Fine Science Tools | 10015-00 | Used to make an incision in the skin at the ventral side of neck. |
Scalpel Handle-#7 | Fine Science Tools | 10007-12 | Used to hold the scalpel blade. |
Syringe Pump | KD Scientific | 78-81-8052GL | Serial #D107034, Model#LEGATO-180, is a programmable pump that can pump small volume of mixture under a program. |
TipOne Filter Tip Refill Starter Systems | USA Scientific | Item #1120-3510 | Used to pipette the drug and dye mixture. |
Vaporizer for Isoflurane, Funnel Filled | Kent Scientific Corporation | Vetflow 1231 | Used to anesthetize rats. |
Vetbond Tissue Adhesives | 3M Science Applied to Life | ID B00016067 | Used to seal tissue at the site of cut wound if suturing is not perfect. |
Wahl BravMini+ Professional Cordless Clipper Kit | Kent Scientific Corporation | CL7300-Kit | Used to cut hair of rat. |
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