9.10 : 针对垄断的公共政策：公有制

Governments maintain monopolies through public ownership to protect consumer welfare, promote fair competition, prevent exploitation, and encourage innovation. Here, the government takes control and runs it themselves.

This approach is common in many European countries like Germany and France, particularly in transportation and telecommunications. In the USA, this is evident in postal service operations. The government owns and operates essential services such as telephone, water, and electric utilities in many countries.

Public ownership tries to ensure that essential services are provided to everyone. When the government runs a monopoly, it directly controls pricing and service quality.

It is one way to manage monopolies, but it comes with challenges. If the government bureaucrats who run a monopoly are inefficient, it adversely affects the customers and taxpayers.

On the contrary, private owners are strongly incentivized to minimize costs to enhance profitability. If managers fail to control costs, private owners can replace them. This built-in accountability results in more efficient operations.