فإن الكتاب أن نعترف الدكتور بيرجيت فيرنر لمساعدتها على انتاج هذه المادة مع الفيديو. وقد تم تمويل هذا البحث من قبل على جائزة التوظيف جبهة الخلاص الوطني.

<ol>
	<li>Barlow, R. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Circadian+rhythms+in+the+Limulus+visual+system.">Circadian rhythms in the Limulus visual system.</a> J. Neurosci. 3, 856-870 (1983).</li><li>Passaglia, C. L., Dodge, F. A., Barlow, R. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+based+model+of+the+Limulus+lateral+eye.">Cell based model of the Limulus lateral eye.</a> J. Neurophysiol. 80, 1800-1815 (1998).</li><li>Snodderly, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Processing+of+visual+inputs+by+the+brain+of+Limulus.">Processing of visual inputs by the brain of Limulus.</a> J. Neurophysiol. 34, 588-611 (1971).</li><li>Passaglia, C., Dodge, F., Herzog, E., Jackson, S., Barlow, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deciphering+a+neural+code+for+vision.">Deciphering a neural code for vision.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 94, 12649-12654 (1997).</li><li>Barlow, R. B., Kaplan, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Limulus+lateral+eye:+properties+of+receptor+units+in+the+unexcised+eye.">Limulus lateral eye: properties of receptor units in the unexcised eye.</a> Science. 174, 1027-1029 (1971).</li><li>Bolbecker, A. R., Lewis, A. R., Swan, A. A., Carlson, K., Fleet, J. R., Beck, K. E., Wasserman, G. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stable+Bellows+Cup+Electrode+Demonstrates+Low-frequency+Properties+of+Long-term+Electroretinographic+Recordings+in+the+Limulus+Lateral+Eye.">Stable Bellows Cup Electrode Demonstrates Low-frequency Properties of Long-term Electroretinographic Recordings in the Limulus Lateral Eye.</a> J. Neurosci. Meth. 159, 252-260 (2007).</li></ol>

وقد بينت لنا كيفية تنفيذ تسجيلات أرج والتسجيلات العصب البصري ، وتسجيلات intraretinal على شكل حدوة حصان السرطانات في الجسم الحي. تقنيات تسجيل كل تقدم رؤى مختلفة في الأساس العصبي للرؤية ، ويمكن أن تستخدم كل ما لدراسة وظيفة في شبكية العين بفضل الحيوانات الحية لعيون السلطعون ?...

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<td>A-M Systems, Inc</td>
<td>573000</td>
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<td>Amplifier</td>
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<td>Bits++</td>
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<td>Cambridge Research Systems Inc</td>
<td>Bits++</td>
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<td>Micropositioner</td>
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using the horseshoe crab, limulus polyphemus, in vision research

سلطعون الأمريكية حدوة حصان ، الليمول Polyphemus هو واحد من أقدم المخلوقات على وجه الأرض ، والحيوانات لا تزال تلعب دورا لا غنى عنه في مجال البحوث الطبية الحيوية. ليس فقط لا تحتوي على خلايا الدم الخاصة التي تستخدم للكشف العلماء bacteriotoxins في الأدوية لدينا ، ولكن عيونهم تحتوي أيضا على شبكة العصبية التي قدمت نظرة الكثير عن العمليات الفسيولوجية التي تعمل في نظامنا البصرية ، مثل التكيف مع الضوء وتثبيط الجانبية. سلطعون حدوة حصان لا تزال نموذجا جذابا للبحوث الرؤية لأن الحيوان الكبيرة وهاردي لاللافقارية ، الخلايا العصبية في الشبكية هي كبيرة ويمكن الوصول إليها بسهولة ، ونظامها البصرية المدمجة ودرس على نطاق واسع ، ويعرف جيدا سلوكها البصرية. وعلاوة على ذلك ، فإن هيكل وظيفة من وظائف العيون منظم على أساس يومي من الساعة اليومية في دماغ الحيوان ق. وباختصار ، فإن النظام البصري للسرطان حدوة بسيطة بما يكفي لتكون مفهومة حتى الآن معقدة بما يكفي لتكون مثيرة للاهتمام. في هذا الفيديو نقدم ثلاثة نماذج الكهربية عن التحقيق في الأساس العصبي للرؤية التي يمكن القيام بها في الجسم الحي مع الليمول. انهم تسجيل مخطط كهربية الشبكية ، العصب البصري تسجيل ، وتسجيل intraretinal. مخطط كهربية الشبكية (أرج) تسجيلات قياس مع سطح القطب لخص الاستجابة الكهربائية لجميع الخلايا في العين إلى ومضة من الضوء. يمكن استخدامها لرصد حساسية الشاملة للعين لإطالة فترات من الزمن. تسجيلات العصب البصري قياس النشاط المتصاعد من الألياف العصبية واحد مع إلكترود microsuction خارج الخلية. يمكن استخدامها لدراسة نقل الرسائل البصرية من العين إلى الدماغ وكذلك الإيقاعية على مدار الساعة رسائل يتم تغذيته من الدماغ إلى العين. Intraretinal تسجيلات قياس مع microelectrode الخلايا تقلبات الجهد الناجم عن ضوء في الخلايا الفردية من العين. يمكن استخدامها لتوضيح الآليات الخلوية معالجة الشبكية.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Using the Horseshoe Crab, Limulus Polyphemus, in Vision Research at JoVE.com

Using the Horseshoe Crab, Limulus Polyphemus, in Vision Research

في هذا الفيديو نقوم تسجيل مخطط كهربية الشبكية ، العصب البصري تسجيل ، وتسجيل intraretinal مع السلطعون على شكل حدوة حصان الأميركية ،<em&gt; الليمول Polyphemus</em&gt;. ويمكن استخدام هذه النماذج الكهربية عن التحقيق في الأساس العصبي للرؤية في مختبر البحوث أو التدريس.

باستخدام كراب حدوة الحصان ، الليمول Polyphemus ، في أبحاث الرؤية

The American horseshoe crab, Limulus Polyphemus is one of the oldest creatures on earth, and the animal continues to play an indispensable role in ...

using-the-horseshoe-crab-limulus-polyphemus-in-vision-research

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Using the Horseshoe Crab, Limulus Polyphemus, in Vision Research

14.2K Views.  Boston University. في هذا الفيديو نقوم تسجيل مخطط كهربية الشبكية ، العصب البصري تسجيل ، وتسجيل intraretinal مع السلطعون على شكل حدوة حصان الأميركية ، الليمول Polyphemus. ويمكن استخدام هذه النماذج الكهربية عن التحقيق في الأساس العصبي للرؤية في مختبر البحوث أو التدريس.

Video: Using the Horseshoe Crab, Limulus Polyphemus, in Vision Research

Blood Collection from the American Horseshoe Crab, Limulus Polyphemus

The horseshoe crab has the best-characterized immune system of any long-lived invertebrate. The study of immunity in horseshoe crabs has been facilitated by the ease in collecting large volumes of blood and from the simplicity of the blood. Horseshoe crabs show only a single cell type in the general circulation, the granular amebocyte. The plasma has the salt content of sea water and only three abundant proteins, hemocyanin, the respiratory protein, the C-reactive proteins, which function in the cytolytic destruction of foreign cells, including bacterial cells, and &alpha;2-macroglobulin, which inhibits the proteases of invading pathogens. Blood is collected by direct cardiac puncture under conditions that minimize contamination by lipopolysaccharide (a.k.a., endotoxin, LPS), a product of the Gram-negative bacteria. A large animal can yield 200 - 400 mL of blood. For the study of the plasma, blood cells are immediately removed from the plasma by centrifugation and the plasma can then be fractionated into its constituent proteins. The blood cells are conveniently studied microscopically by collecting small volumes of blood into LPS-free isotonic saline (0.5 M NaCl) under conditions that permit direct microscopic examination by placing one of more LPS-free coverglasses on the culture dish surface, then mounting those coverglasses in simple observation chambers following cell attachment. A second preparation for direct observation is to collect 3 - 5 mL of blood in a LPS-free embryo dish and then explanting fragments of aggregated amebocytes to a chamber that sandwiches the tissue between a slide and a coverglass. In this preparation, the motile amebocytes migrate onto the coverglass surface, where they can readily be observed. The blood clotting system involves aggregation of amebocytes and the formation of an extracellular clot of a protein, coagulin, which is released from the secretory granules of the blood cells. Biochemical analysis of washed blood cells requires that aggregation and degranulation does not occur, which can be accomplished by collecting blood into 0.1 volumes of 2% Tween-20, 0.5 M LPS-free NaCl, followed by centrifugation of the cells and washing with 0.5 M NaCl.

The American horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus, is arguably the most convenient source for large quantities of blood of any invertebrate. The blood is simple in composition, with only one cell-type in the general circulation, the granular amebocyte, and only three abundant proteins in the plasma, hemocyanin, the C-reactive proteins, and &alpha;2-macroglobulin. Blood is collected from the heart and the blood cells and plasma are separated by centrifugation.

كوكتيل من الدم والسرطان حدوة الحصان الأميركي ، الليمول Polyphemus

The horseshoe crab has the best-characterized immune system of any long-lived invertebrate.  The study of immunity in horseshoe crabs has been facilitated ...

Brain Banking: Making the Most of your Research Specimens

Unbiased stereology is a method for accurately and efficiently estimating the total neuron number (or other cell type) in a given area of interest1. To achieve this goal 6-10 systematic sections should be probed covering the entire structure. Typically this involves processing 1/5 sections which leaves a significant amount of material unprocessed. In order to maximize the material, we propose an inexpensive method for preserving fixed tissue as part of a long-term storage research plan. As tissue is sliced and processed for the desired stain or antibody, alternate sections should be systematically placed in antigen preserve at -20&deg;C for future processing. Using 24-well plates, sections can be placed in order for future retrieval. Using this method, tissue can be stored and processed for immunohistochemistry over the course of years.

Brain banking and systematic sampling of biological material provides the basis for unbiased stereology and maximizes the potential data obtained from each specimen.

الخدمات المصرفية للدماغ : جعل معظم العينات بحوث الخاص

Unbiased stereology is a method for accurately and efficiently estimating the total neuron number (or other cell type) in a given area of interest1.  To ...

Do-It-Yourself Device for Recovery of Cryopreserved Samples Accidentally Dropped into Cryogenic Storage Tanks

Liquid nitrogen is colorless, odorless, extremely cold (-196 &deg;C) liquid kept under pressure. It is commonly used as a cryogenic fluid for long term storage of biological materials such as blood, cells and tissues 1,2. The cryogenic nature of liquid nitrogen, while ideal for sample preservation, can cause rapid freezing of live tissues on contact - known as 'cryogenic burn'2, which may lead to severe frostbite in persons closely involved in storage and retrieval of samples from Dewars. Additionally, as liquid nitrogen evaporates it reduces the oxygen concentration in the air and might cause asphyxia, especially in confined spaces2.
In laboratories, biological samples are often stored in cryovials or cryoboxes stacked in stainless steel racks within the Dewar tanks1. These storage racks are provided with a long shaft to prevent boxes from slipping out from the racks and into the bottom of Dewars during routine handling. All too often, however, boxes or vials with precious samples slip out and sink to the bottom of liquid nitrogen filled tank. In such cases, samples could be tediously retrieved after transferring the liquid nitrogen into a spare container or discarding it. The boxes and vials can then be relatively safely recovered from emptied Dewar. However, the cryogenic nature of liquid nitrogen and its expansion rate makes sunken sample retrieval hazardous. It is commonly recommended by Safety Offices that sample retrieval be never carried out by a single person. Another alternative is to use commercially available cool grabbers or tongs to pull out the vials3. However, limited visibility within the dark liquid filled Dewars poses a major limitation in their use.
In this article, we describe the construction of a Cryotolerant DIY retrieval device, which makes sample retrieval from Dewar containing cryogenic fluids both safe and easy.

Here we present a low cost, durable cryotolerant device for sample retrieval from Dewar tanks filled with liquid nitrogen. The ease of construction and modular design of the device makes the process of sample retrieval from cryogenic tanks safe and easy.

افعل ذلك بنفسك جهاز لاستخراج العينات Cryopreserved سقطت سهوا في صهاريج التخزين المبردة

Liquid nitrogen is colorless, odorless, extremely cold (-196 &deg;C) liquid kept under pressure. It is commonly used as a cryogenic fluid for long term ...

Live Imaging of Apoptotic Cell Clearance during Drosophila Embryogenesis

The proper elimination of unwanted or aberrant cells through apoptosis and subsequent phagocytosis (apoptotic cell clearance) is crucial for normal development in all metazoan organisms. Apoptotic cell clearance is a highly dynamic process intimately associated with cell death; unengulfed apoptotic cells are barely seen in vivo under normal conditions. In order to understand the different steps of apoptotic cell clearance and to compare 'professional' phagocytes - macrophages and dendritic cells to 'non-professional' - tissue-resident neighboring cells, in vivo live imaging of the process is extremely valuable. Here we describe a protocol for studying apoptotic cell clearance in live Drosophila embryos. To follow the dynamics of different steps in phagocytosis we use specific markers for apoptotic cells and phagocytes. In addition, we can monitor two phagocyte systems in parallel: 'professional' macrophages and 'semi-professional' glia in the developing central nervous system (CNS). The method described here employs the Drosophila embryo as an excellent model for real time studies of apoptotic cell clearance.

Live Imaging of Apoptotic Cell Clearance during Drosophila Embryogenesis

Here we describe an effective method for studying dynamics of apoptotic cell clearance in vivo. This method employs live Drosophila embryos as a powerful model for monitoring phagocytosis of apoptotic cells using specific labeling of apoptotic cells and phagocytes.

يعيش التصوير من تخليص الخلية أفكارك أثناء<em&gt; ذبابة الفاكهة</em&gt; مرحلة التطور الجنيني

The  proper elimination of unwanted or aberrant cells through apoptosis and  subsequent phagocytosis (apoptotic cell clearance) is crucial for normal  ...

Using Caenorhabditis elegans as a Model System to Study Protein Homeostasis in a Multicellular Organism

The folding and assembly of proteins is essential for protein function, the long-term health of the cell, and longevity of the organism. Historically, the function and regulation of protein folding was studied in vitro, in isolated tissue culture cells and in unicellular organisms. Recent studies have uncovered links between protein homeostasis (proteostasis), metabolism, development, aging, and temperature-sensing. These findings have led to the development of new tools for monitoring protein folding in the model metazoan organism Caenorhabditis elegans. In our laboratory, we combine behavioral assays, imaging and biochemical approaches using temperature-sensitive or naturally occurring metastable proteins as sensors of the folding environment to monitor protein misfolding. Behavioral assays that are associated with the misfolding of a specific protein provide a simple and powerful readout for protein folding, allowing for the fast screening of genes and conditions that modulate folding. Likewise, such misfolding can be associated with protein mislocalization in the cell. Monitoring protein localization can, therefore, highlight changes in cellular folding capacity occurring in different tissues, at various stages of development and in the face of changing conditions. Finally, using biochemical tools ex vivo, we can directly monitor protein stability and conformation. Thus, by combining behavioral assays, imaging and biochemical techniques, we are able to monitor protein misfolding at the resolution of the organism, the cell, and the protein, respectively.

Using Caenorhabditis elegans as a Model System to Study Protein Homeostasis in a Multicellular Organism

To study the relationship between protein homeostasis, stress and aging, we monitored changes in protein folding by following protein dysfunction, protein localization in the cell and protein stability at the organismal, cellular and protein levels, using the genetically tractable metazoan Caenorhabditis elegans as a model system.

The folding and assembly of proteins is essential for protein function, the long-term health of the cell, and longevity of the organism. Historically, the ...

Measurement of Smooth Muscle Function in the Isolated Tissue Bath-applications to Pharmacology Research

Isolated tissue bath assays are a classical pharmacological tool for evaluating concentration-response relationships in a myriad of contractile tissues. While this technique has been implemented for over 100 years, the versatility, simplicity and reproducibility of this assay helps it to remain an indispensable tool for pharmacologists and physiologists alike. Tissue bath systems are available in a wide array of shapes and sizes, allowing a scientist to evaluate samples as small as murine mesenteric arteries and as large as porcine ileum &#8211; if not larger. Central to the isolated tissue bath assay is the ability to measure concentration-dependent changes to isometric contraction, and how the efficacy and potency of contractile agonists can be manipulated by increasing concentrations of antagonists or inhibitors. Even though the general principles remain relatively similar, recent technological advances allow even more versatility to the tissue bath assay by incorporating computer-based data recording and analysis software. This video will demonstrate the function of the isolated tissue bath to measure the isometric contraction of an isolated smooth muscle (in this case rat thoracic aorta rings), and share the types of knowledge that can be created with this technique. Included are detailed descriptions of aortic tissue dissection and preparation, placement of aortic rings in the tissue bath and proper tissue equilibration prior to experimentation, tests of tissue viability, experimental design and implementation, and data quantitation. Aorta will be connected to isometric force transducers, the data from which will be captured using a commercially available analog-to-digital converter and bridge amplifier specifically designed for use in these experiments. The accompanying software to this system will be used to visualize the experiment and analyze captured data.

This protocol describes the measurement of isometric contraction in an isolated smooth muscle preparation, using an isolated tissue bath system and computer-based data acquisition.

قياس السلس وظيفة العضلات في الأنسجة المعزولة حمام تطبيقات لأبحاث الصيدلة

Isolated tissue bath assays are a classical pharmacological tool for evaluating concentration-response relationships in a myriad of contractile tissues.  ...

The Mouse Isolated Perfused Kidney Technique

The mouse isolated perfused kidney (MIPK) is a technique for keeping a mouse kidney under ex vivo conditions perfused and functional for 1 hr. This is a prerequisite for studying the physiology of the isolated organ and for many innovative applications that may be possible in the future, including perfusion decellularization for kidney bioengineering or the administration of anti-rejection or genome-editing drugs in high doses to prime the kidney for transplantation. During the time of the perfusion, the kidney can be manipulated, renal function can be assessed, and various pharmaceuticals administered. After the procedure, the kidney can be transplanted or processed for molecular biology, biochemical analysis, or microscopy.
This paper describes the perfusate and the surgical technique needed for the ex vivo perfusion of mouse kidneys. Details of the perfusion apparatus are given and data are presented showing the viability of the kidney&#39;s preparation: renal blood flow, vascular resistance, and urine data as functional, transmission electron micrographs of different nephron segments as morphological readouts, and western blots of transport proteins of different nephron segments as molecular readout.

The mouse isolated perfused kidney (MIPK) is a technique for keeping a mouse kidney under ex vivo conditions perfused and functional for 1 hr. The buffers and surgical technique are described in detail.

الماوس معزولة تقنية الكلى Perfused

The mouse isolated perfused kidney (MIPK) is a technique for keeping a mouse kidney under ex vivo conditions perfused and functional for 1 hr. This is a ...

A Protocol for Using Gene Set Enrichment Analysis to Identify the Appropriate Animal Model for Translational Research

Recent studies that compared transcriptomic datasets of human diseases with datasets from mouse models using traditional gene-to-gene comparison techniques resulted in contradictory conclusions regarding the relevance of animal models for translational research. A major reason for the discrepancies between different gene expression analyses is the arbitrary filtering of differentially expressed genes. Furthermore, the comparison of single genes between different species and platforms often is limited by technical variance, leading to misinterpretation of the con/discordance between data from human and animal models. Thus, standardized approaches for systematic data analysis are needed. To overcome subjective gene filtering and ineffective gene-to-gene comparisons, we recently demonstrated that gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) has the potential to avoid these problems. Therefore, we developed a standardized protocol for the use of GSEA to distinguish between appropriate and inappropriate animal models for translational research. This protocol is not suitable to predict how to design new model systems a-priori, as it requires existing experimental omics data. However, the protocol describes how to interpret existing data in a standardized manner in order to select the most suitable animal model, thus avoiding unnecessary animal experiments and misleading translational studies.

We provide a standardized protocol for the use of gene set enrichment analysis of transcriptomic data to identify an ideal mouse model for translational research. 
This protocol can be used with DNA microarray and RNA sequencing data and can further be extended to other omics data if data are available.

تعيين بروتوكول لاستخدام الجينات إثراء التحليل لتحديد نموذج الحيوان المناسب للبحوث متعدية

Recent studies that compared transcriptomic datasets of human diseases with datasets from mouse models using traditional gene-to-gene comparison ...

Study of Protein-protein Interactions in Autophagy Research

Protein-protein interactions are important for understanding cellular signaling cascades and identifying novel pathway components and protein dynamics. The majority of cellular activities require physical interactions between proteins. To analyze and map these interactions, various experimental techniques as well as bioinformatics tools were developed. Autophagy is a cellular recycling mechanism that allows the cells to cope with different stressors, including nutrient deprivation, chemicals, and hypoxia. In order to better understand autophagy-related signaling events and to discover novel factors that regulate protein complexes in autophagy, we performed protein-protein interaction screens. Validation of these screening results requires the use of immunofluorescence and immunoprecipitation techniques. In this system, specific autophagy-related protein-protein interactions that we discovered were tested in Neuro2A (N2A) and HEK293T cell lines. Details of the technical procedures used are explained in this visualized experiment paper.

Presented here are two antibody-based protein-protein interaction research techniques: immunofluorescence and immunoprecipitation. These techniques are suitable for studying physical interactions between proteins for the discovery of novel components of cellular signaling pathways and for understanding protein dynamics.

دراسة لتفاعلات البروتين البروتين في البحوث أوتوفاجي

Protein-protein interactions are important for understanding cellular signaling cascades and identifying novel pathway components and protein dynamics. ...

Sample Preparation for Metabolic Profiling using MALDI Mass Spectrometry Imaging

Metabolomics, the study to identify and quantify small molecules and metabolites present in an experimental sample, has emerged as an important tool to investigate the biological activities during development and diseases. Metabolomics approaches&#160;are widely employed in the study of cancer, nutrition/diet, diabetes, and other physiological and pathological conditions involving metabolic processes. An advantageous tool that aids in metabolomic profiling advocated in this paper is matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI MSI). Its ability to detect metabolites in situ without labeling, structural modifications, or other specialized reagents, such as those used in immunostaining, makes MALDI MSI a unique tool in advancing methodologies relevant in the field of metabolomics. An appropriate sample preparation process is critical to yield optimal results and will be the focus of this paper.

The goal of this protocol is to provide detailed guidance on the sample preparation when planning for experiments using MALDI MSI to maximize metabolic and molecular detection in biological samples.

إعداد عينة للتنميط الأيضي باستخدام التصوير الطيفي الشامل MALDI

Metabolomics, the study to identify and quantify small molecules and metabolites present in an experimental sample, has emerged as an important tool to ...

باستخدام كراب حدوة الحصان ، الليمول Polyphemus ، في أبحاث الرؤية

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كوكتيل من الدم والسرطان حدوة الحصان الأميركي ، الليمول Polyphemus

الخدمات المصرفية للدماغ : جعل معظم العينات بحوث الخاص

افعل ذلك بنفسك جهاز لاستخراج العينات Cryopreserved سقطت سهوا في صهاريج التخزين المبردة

يعيش التصوير من تخليص الخلية أفكارك أثناء

Using Caenorhabditis elegans as a Model System to Study Protein Homeostasis in a Multicellular Organism

قياس السلس وظيفة العضلات في الأنسجة المعزولة حمام تطبيقات لأبحاث الصيدلة

الماوس معزولة تقنية الكلى Perfused

تعيين بروتوكول لاستخدام الجينات إثراء التحليل لتحديد نموذج الحيوان المناسب للبحوث متعدية

دراسة لتفاعلات البروتين البروتين في البحوث أوتوفاجي

إعداد عينة للتنميط الأيضي باستخدام التصوير الطيفي الشامل MALDI