Name: protocol for the evaluation of mri artifacts caused by metal implants to assess the suitability of implants and the vulnerability of pulse sequences
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Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Protocol for the Evaluation of MRI Artifacts Caused by Metal Implants to Assess the Suitability of Implants and the Vulnerability of Pulse Sequences at JoVE.c

The authors like to thank Stefanie Sauer, pharmacist at the Department of Pharmacy Heidelberg University Hospital, for her contributions to the MRI phantom. In addition, we would like to thank NORAS MRI products GmbH (H&#246;chberg, Germany) and especially Daniel Gareis for providing a prototype of the 16-channel multipurpose coil. Furthermore, we are grateful for the kind cooperation with SIEMENS Healthcare GmbH (Erlangen, Germany) and especially Mathias Nittka for their assistance in the sequence setup.

1. Phantom Preparation
<ol>
	<li>Determine the implant volume (e.g., by using the water displacement method). 
	NOTE: The volume of the CCT-T sample and the Z-T sample measured 0.65 mL and 0.73 mL, respectively.</li>
	<li>Fix the implant position in the middle of a non-ferromagnetic, plastic, waterproof box by using a thin thread. Use a box that is larger than the expected MRI artifacts. 
	NOTE: If no rough estimates of the artifact volumes of the implant and/or pulse sequence of interest are available, perform a test scan by placing the phantom in a box, approximately 10x larger than the phantom, filled with water. The artifact volumes in this study ranged from 7.3 mL (for the CCT-T sample) and 0.09 mL (for the Z-T sample).</li>
	<li>Carefully melt a mixture of semisynthetic fat (58.8%), water (40%), and macrogol-8-stearate (1.2%), using a water bath at 50 &#176;C. 
	NOTE: For the samples in this study, we used a 500 mL mixture for the embedding of each sample.
	<ol>
		<li>When the mixture becomes fluid, stop heating and start with slow stirring, and stop heating. Ensure that there is no separation of the fat and water phases.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>As soon as clotting begins, slowly start embedding the implant with the mixture. For this, pour the embedding mixture slowly into the phantom box with the implant. 
	NOTE: Pouring must be performed slowly to avoid air inclusion.</li>
	<li>Place the phantom box with the embedded implant into the refrigerator at 4 &#176;C overnight for desiccation. The next day, remove any residual fluid parts by decantation.</li>
</ol>
2. MRI Examination
<ol>
	<li>Place the phantom (box with the embedded implant) in the MRI in the same orientation as in the in vivo situation. Position the middle of the phantom in the isocenter of the MRI.</li>
	<li>For measurements, use a coil which allows for a homogeneous signal distribution within the imaging volume without severe and obvious signal drops (e.g., a head coil).</li>
	<li>When planning the MRI scans at the MRI console, ensure that the phantom box, including some air at the edges of the box, is within the imaging volume.</li>
	<li>Next, perform the MRI examination.</li>
</ol>
3. Image Analysis and Post-processing
<ol>
	<li>Export the images without any loss of quality (e.g., by compression) from the MRI console (e.g., using the DICOM format). Import the images in an MRI post-processing software which allows for placing the region of interests (ROI), evaluating ROI signal intensities, a threshold-based segmentation, and a quantification of the segmentation volumes (see Table of Materials).</li>
	<li>To define the threshold for pile-up artifacts and check for a homogeneous signal distribution within the imaging volume, place lines perpendicular to each other and adjacent to the outer border of the visible artifact on the slice with the maximum artifact size (Figure 1a). 
	NOTE: Pile-up artifacts are displacement artifacts, presenting with areas with artificially high signal intensities. They occur in the slice direction and the readout direction.
	<ol>
		<li>Place a background ROI (ROIBackground) with 10 mm in diameter outside each of the four intersection points (Figure 1a). Place the lines and the background regions of interests using the segmentation editor.</li>
		<li>Measure the mean signal intensity and standard deviation (SD) of all voxels within these 4 ROIBackground values and for each ROIBackground separately. Use the tool Material Statistics in the project view.</li>
		<li>Ensure that the mean signal intensity of each ROI&#173;Background is within the range of &#177; 1.5 SD of the mean signal of each of the other 3 counterparts to guarantee a homogeneous signal distribution.</li>
		<li>Calculate the threshold for pile-up artifacts by adding 3 SD of ROIBackground to the mean signal intensity of all voxels of these 4 ROIBackground values. Perform a semiautomatic threshold-based segmentation of pile-up artifacts by selecting all voxels with the signal intensities larger than the threshold adjacent to the signal loss artifact in every slice. Use the masking tool of the segmentation editor to visualize the predefined signal intensity range and restrict the segmentation to it.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>To define the threshold for signal loss artifacts, place 4 regions of interests (ROIs) in air-containing regions (ROIAir; each 10 mm in diameter) at the corners of the phantom box and measure the mean signal intensity and SD of all voxels within these 4 ROIAir as described in step 3.2, using the segmentation editor and &#34;Material Statistics&#34;, respectively. 
	NOTE: Signal loss artifacts present with voxels having artificial low signal intensities. They are caused by dephasing and displacement artifacts.
	<ol>
		<li>Place an ROI in the core of the signal loss artifact (ROICore) defined by the largest connected area of low signal intensities (Figure 1a). Manually increase the size of the ROICore until the largest possible size within the signal loss artifact whose mean signal intensity is lower than the mean ROIAir + 3x of the respective SD is found. Finally, measure the mean signal intensity and SD of the ROICore.</li>
		<li>Calculate the signal intensity threshold for signal loss artifacts by adding 3 SD of the ROICore to the mean of the ROICore. Perform a semiautomatic threshold-based segmentation of signal loss artifacts by selecting all voxels connected to the ROICore with signal intensities below the threshold.</li>
		<li>Use the masking tool of the segmentation editor to visualize the predefined signal intensity range and restrict the segmentation to it. If possible, use the &#34;Fill&#34; function in the tap &#34;Selection&#34; of the segmentation editor to include all voxels within the segmentation that are not yet selected. If applicable, manually add the additional unequivocal signal loss artifacts to the segmentation.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Subtract the physical implant volume from the calculated artifact volume to obtain the true artifact volume. Repeat the analysis at least 3x. A time interval of at least two weeks should separate the multiple reads to exclude a learning bias.</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Matsumoto, M., Koike, S., Kashima, S., Awai, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Geographic+distribution+of+CT,+MRI+and+PET+devices+in+Japan:+a+longitudinal+analysis+based+on+national+census+data.">Geographic distribution of CT, MRI and PET devices in Japan: a longitudinal analysis based on national census data.</a> PLoS ONE. 10 (5), (2015).</li><li>Cram, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Total+knee+arthroplasty+volume,+utilization,+and+outcomes+among+medicare+beneficiaries.">Total knee arthroplasty volume, utilization, and outcomes among medicare beneficiaries.</a> JAMA. 308 (12), 1227-1236 (1991).</li><li>Jordan, R. A., Micheelis, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> F&#252;nfte Deutsche Mundgesundheitsstudie (DMS V). , (2016).</li><li>Steiner, C., Andrews, R., Barrett, M., Weiss, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> HCUP projections mobility/orthopedic procedures 2003 to 2012. , (2012).</li><li>Kremers, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prevalence+of+total+hip+and+knee+replacement+in+the+United+States.">Prevalence of total hip and knee replacement in the United States.</a> The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. 97 (17), 1386-1397 (2015).</li><li>Schenck, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+magnetic+susceptibility+in+magnetic+resonance+imaging:+MRI+magnetic+compatibility+of+the+first+and+second+kinds.">The role of magnetic susceptibility in magnetic resonance imaging: MRI magnetic compatibility of the first and second kinds.</a> Medical Physics. 23 (6), 815-850 (1996).</li><li>Filli, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Material-dependent+implant+artifact+reduction+using+SEMAC-VAT+and+MAVRIC:+a+prospective+MRI+phantom+study.">Material-dependent implant artifact reduction using SEMAC-VAT and MAVRIC: a prospective MRI phantom study.</a> Investigative Radiology. 52 (6), 381 (2017).</li><li>Klinke, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Artifacts+in+magnetic+resonance+imaging+and+computed+tomography+caused+by+dental+materials.">Artifacts in magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography caused by dental materials.</a> PloS ONE. 7 (2), (2012).</li><li>Lee, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Usefulness+of+IDEAL+T2-weighted+FSE+and+SPGR+imaging+in+reducing+metallic+artifacts+in+the+postoperative+ankles+with+metallic+hardware.">Usefulness of IDEAL T2-weighted FSE and SPGR imaging in reducing metallic artifacts in the postoperative ankles with metallic hardware.</a> Skeletal Radiology. 42 (2), 239-247 (2013).</li><li>Zho, S. -. 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Tim Hilgenfeld, Franz S. Schwindling, and Alexander Juerchott received funding from a postdoctoral fellowship of the Medical Faculty of the University of Heidelberg. The study was supported in part by the Dietmar-Hopp-Stiftung (project no. 23011228). The authors have stated explicitly that there are no conflicts of interest in connection with this article.

The number of patients with metallic implants and the number of MRI examinations is currently increasing1,2,3. In the past, MRI examinations were avoided after joint replacements. Today, however, MRI is not only requested for imaging such patients but should also allow for the evaluation of complications directly adjacent to joint arthroplasty. Thus, the MRI safety and MRI suitability of implants, as well as the robust pulse seq...

MRI has become an indispensable diagnostic tool. As a result, the number of MRI systems used in routine diagnostics is further increasing1. At the same time, the number of patients with implants is increasing as well2,3. In 2012, for instance, more than 1 million knee and joint replacements have been performed in the USA alone4. The prevalence of such implants was about 7 million in 2010, which corresponds to more than 10% of females in the age group 80-89 years5. As a result, the image quality and the diagnostic significance of MRI examinations are often impaired by artifacts due to metallic implants, resulting in a decreased diagnostic accuracy. Therefore, the MRI suitability of implants and the artifact vulnerability of pulse sequences are becoming increasingly important. Numerous approaches have been published to evaluate these characteristics. Due to strong discrepancies in the used evaluation methods, however, the respective results are hard to compare.
An evaluation of the MRI suitability of materials can be performed by calculating their magnetic susceptibility6. However, the vulnerability of different pulse sequences to artifacts cannot be compared with that approach for a given implant. Vice versa, the artifact volumes for a given pulse sequence can only be roughly estimated for different implants. In addition, the analysis is often performed with artificially shaped implants7,8. As the material volume and shape have an influence on the artifact size6, these features should be taken into account as well. As an alternative to magnetic susceptibility, the artifact size can be evaluated. Frequently, studies only rely on the qualitative evaluation of the artifact size9 or focus on the two-dimensional artifact size only covering one slice of the implant artifact10,11. Moreover, manual segmentation approaches are often used, which is not only time-consuming but also prone to intra- and inter-reader differences11. Finally, protocols often do not allow to test for non-fat-saturated and fat-saturated sequences at the same time12. This, however, would be desirable, since the applied fat suppression technique profoundly affects the artifact size.
Here, we present a protocol which allows for the reliable, semiautomatic, threshold-based, three-dimensional quantification of signal loss and pile-up artifacts of the entire implant, or all slices containing visible implant artifacts. Furthermore, it allows for testing T1- and T2-weighted images with or without fat-saturation. The protocol can be used to evaluate the MRI suitability of different implants or the vulnerability of different pulse sequences to metallic artifacts for a given implant.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Aqua B. Braun Ecotainer</td><td>B. Braun Melsungen AG, Melsungen, Germany</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Semisynthetic fat: Witepsol W25</td><td>Caelo Caesar &amp;amp; Loretz GmbH, Hilder, Germany</td><td>4051</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Macrogol-8-stearate</td><td>Caelo Caesar &amp;amp; Loretz GmbH, Hilder, Germany</td><td>3023</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Plastic box: not specified</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Implants: Nobel Replace</td><td>Nobel Biocare, Z&amp;uuml;rich, Switzerland</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Water bath Haake S5P</td><td>Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Measuring cylinder Blaubrand Eterna, Class A, Boro 3.3</td><td>BRAND GmbH + Co Kg, Wertheim, Germany</td><td>32708</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Coil: Variety</td><td>Noras MRI products GmbH, H&amp;ouml;chberg, Germany</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MRI: Magnetom Trio</td><td>Siemens Healthcare GmbH, Erlangen, Germany</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Postprocesing software: Amira 6.4</td><td>Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA</td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

protocol for the evaluation of mri artifacts caused by metal implants to assess the suitability of implants and the vulnerability of pulse sequences

As the number of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanners and patients with medical implants is constantly growing, radiologists increasingly encounter metallic implant-related artifacts in MRI, resulting in reduced image quality. Therefore, the MRI suitability of implants in terms of artifact volume, as well as the development of pulse sequences to reduce image artifacts, are becoming more and more important. Here, we present a comprehensive protocol which allows for a standardized evaluation of the artifact volume of implants on MRI. Furthermore, this protocol can be used to analyze the vulnerability of different pulse sequences to artifacts. The proposed protocol can be applied to T1- and T2-weighted images with or without fat-suppression and all passive implants. Furthermore, the procedure enables the separate and three-dimensional identification of signal loss and pile-up artifacts. As previous investigations differed greatly in evaluation methods, the comparability of their results was limited. Thus, standardized measurements of MRI artifact volumes are necessary to provide better comparability. This may improve the development of the MRI suitability of implants and better pulse sequences to finally improve patient care.

With the above-mentioned protocol, we evaluated the artifact volume of 2 different dental implants made of Titanium (T; see the Table of Materials) supporting different crowns [porcelain-fused-to-metal non-precious alloy (CCT-T) and monolithic zirconia (Z-T); Figure 1b and 1c]. The CCT-T sample represents a highly paramagnetic material composition predicting large artifacts (Cobalt 61%, Chrome 21%, and Tungsten 11%; CCT). The...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Protocol for the Evaluation of MRI Artifacts Caused by Metal Implants to Assess the Suitability of Implants and the Vulnerability of Pulse Sequences at JoVE.c

Protocol for the Evaluation of MRI Artifacts Caused by Metal Implants to Assess the Suitability of Implants and the Vulnerability of Pulse Sequences

We describe a standardized method to evaluate magnetic resonance imaging artifacts caused by implants to estimate the suitability of the implants for magnetic resonance imaging and/or the vulnerability of different pulse sequences to metallic artifacts simultaneously.

As the number of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanners and patients with medical implants is constantly growing, radiologists increasingly encounter ...

protocol-for-evaluation-mri-artifacts-caused-metal-implants-to-assess

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

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9.8K Views.  Heidelberg University Hospital. We describe a standardized method to evaluate magnetic resonance imaging artifacts caused by implants to estimate the suitability of the implants for magnetic resonance imaging and/or the vulnerability of different pulse sequences to metallic artifacts simultaneously.

Video: Protocol for the Evaluation of MRI Artifacts Caused by Metal Implants to Assess the Suitability of Implants and the Vulnerability of Pulse Sequences

Tracking the Mammary Architectural Features and Detecting Breast Cancer with Magnetic Resonance Diffusion Tensor Imaging

Breast cancer is the most common cause of cancer among women worldwide. Early detection of breast cancer has a critical role in improving the quality of life and survival of breast cancer patients. In this paper a new approach for the detection of breast cancer is described, based on tracking the mammary architectural elements using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). 
The paper focuses on the scanning protocols and image processing algorithms and software that were designed to fit the diffusion properties of the mammary fibroglandular tissue and its changes during malignant transformation. The final output yields pixel by pixel vector maps that track the architecture of the entire mammary ductal glandular trees and parametric maps of the diffusion tensor coefficients and anisotropy indices. 
The efficiency of the method to detect breast cancer was tested by scanning women volunteers including 68 patients with breast cancer confirmed by histopathology findings. Regions with cancer cells exhibited a marked reduction in the diffusion coefficients and in the maximal anisotropy index as compared to the normal breast tissue, providing an intrinsic contrast for delineating the boundaries of malignant growth. Overall, the sensitivity of the DTI parameters to detect breast cancer was found to be high, particularly in dense breasts, and comparable to the current standard breast MRI method that requires injection of a contrast agent. Thus, this method offers a completely non-invasive, safe and sensitive tool for breast cancer detection.

We describe how to obtain parametric and vector maps of the diffusion tensor of the breast using magnetic resonance imaging. The protocol and final output following imaging processing are tailored for tracking breast architectural features and detecting breast malignancy.

Breast cancer is the most common cause of cancer among women worldwide. Early detection of breast cancer has a critical role in improving the quality of ...

Medicine

Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Skeletal Muscle Disease

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Neuromuscular diseases often exhibit a temporally varying, spatially heterogeneous, and multi-faceted pathology. The goal of this protocol is to characterize this pathology using non-invasive magnetic resonance imaging methods.

Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (qMRI) describes the development and use of MRI to quantify physical, chemical, and/or biological properties of ...

A Multicenter MRI Protocol for the Evaluation and Quantification of Deep Vein Thrombosis

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We evaluated a magnetic resonance venography (MRV) approach with gadofosveset to quantify total thrombus volume changes as the principal criterion for ...

Optogenetic Functional MRI

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This protocol describes the steps and data analysis required to successfully perform optogenetic functional magnetic resonance imaging (ofMRI). ofMRI is a novel technique that combines high-field fMRI readout with optogenetic stimulation, allowing for cell type-specific mapping of functional neural circuits and their dynamics across the whole living brain.

The investigation of the functional connectivity of precise neural circuits across the entire intact brain can be achieved through optogenetic functional ...

Neuroscience

Equipment Setup and Artifact Removal for Simultaneous Electroencephalogram and Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Clinical Review in Epilepsy

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This article details simultaneous electroencephalogram and functional magnetic resonance imaging (EEG-fMRI) recording procedures that can be used in both clinical and research settings. EEG processing procedures to remove imaging artifacts for clinical review are also included. This study focuses on the example of epilepsy during the interictal period.

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Bioengineering

Cardiac Magnetic Resonance for the Evaluation of Suspected Cardiac Thrombus: Conventional and Emerging Techniques

We present the conventional cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) protocol for evaluating a suspected thrombus and highlight emerging techniques.&#160;The appearance of a mass on certain magnetic resonance (MR) sequences can help differentiate a thrombus from competing diagnoses such as a tumor. T1 and T2 signal characteristics of a thrombus are related to the evolution of hemoglobin properties. A thrombus typically does not enhance following contrast administration, which also helps differentiation from a tumor. We also highlight the emerging role of T1 mapping in the evaluation of a thrombus, which can add another level of support in diagnosis. Prior to any CMR exam, patient screening and interviews are critical to ensure safety and to optimize patient comfort. Effective communication during the exam between the technologist and the patient promotes proper breath holding technique and higher quality images. Volumetric post processing and structured reporting are helpful to ensure that the radiologist answers the ordering services&#39; question and communicates these results effectively. Optimal pre-MR safety evaluation, CMR exam execution, and post exam processing and reporting allow for delivery of high quality radiological service in the evaluation of a suspected cardiac thrombus.

The goal of this article is to describe how cardiac magnetic resonance can be used for the evaluation and diagnosis of a suspected cardiac thrombus. The method presented will describe data acquisition as well as the pre-procedure and post-procedure protocol.

We present the conventional cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) protocol for evaluating a suspected thrombus and highlight emerging techniques.&#160;The ...

Reliable Acquisition of Electroencephalography Data during Simultaneous Electroencephalography and Functional MRI

Simultaneous electroencephalography (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), EEG-fMRI, combines the complementary properties of scalp EEG (good temporal resolution) and fMRI (good spatial resolution) to measure neuronal activity during an electrographic event, through hemodynamic responses known as blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) changes. It is a non-invasive research tool that is utilized in neuroscience research and is highly beneficial to the clinical community, especially for the management of neurological diseases, provided that proper equipment and protocols are administered during data acquisition. Although recording EEG-fMRI is apparently straightforward, the correct preparation, especially in placing and securing the electrodes, is not only important for safety but is also critical in ensuring the reliability and analyzability of the EEG data obtained. This is also the most experience-demanding part of the preparation. To address these issues, a straightforward protocol that ensures data quality was developed. This article provides a step-by-step guide for acquiring reliable EEG data during EEG-fMRI using this protocol that utilizes readily available medical products. The presented protocol can be adapted to different applications of EEG-fMRI in research and clinical settings, and may be beneficial to both inexperienced and expert operators.

This article provides a straightforward protocol for acquiring good quality electroencephalography (EEG) data during simultaneous EEG and functional magnetic resonance imaging by utilizing readily available medical products.

Simultaneous electroencephalography (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), EEG-fMRI, combines the complementary properties of scalp EEG ...

Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Multiple Sclerosis at 7.0 Tesla

The overall goal of this article is to demonstrate a state-of-the-art ultrahigh field (UHF) magnetic resonance (MR) protocol of the brain at 7.0 Tesla in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. MS is a chronic inflammatory, demyelinating, neurodegenerative disease that is characterized by white and gray matter lesions. Detection of spatially and temporally disseminated T2-hyperintense lesions by the use of MRI at 1.5 T and 3 T represents a crucial diagnostic tool in clinical practice to establish accurate diagnosis of MS based on the current version of the 2017 McDonald criteria. However, the differentiation of MS lesions from brain white matter lesions of other origins can sometimes be challenging due to their resembling morphology at lower magnetic field strengths (typically 3 T). Ultrahigh field MR (UHF-MR) benefits from increased signal-to-noise ratio and enhanced spatial resolution, both key to superior imaging for more accurate and definitive diagnoses of subtle lesions. Hence, MRI at 7.0 T has shown encouraging results to overcome the challenges of MS differential diagnosis by providing MS-specific neuroimaging markers (e.g., central vein sign, hypointense rim structures and differentiation of MS grey matter lesions). These markers and others can be identified by other MR contrasts other than T1 and T2 (T2*, phase, diffusion) and substantially improve the differentiation of MS lesions from those occurring in other neuroinflammatory conditions such as neuromyelitis optica and Susac syndrome. In this article, we describe our current technical approach to study cerebral white and grey matter lesions in MS patients at 7.0 T using different MR acquisition methods. The up-to-date protocol includes the preparation of the MR setup including the radio-frequency coils customized for UHF-MR, standardized screening, safety and interview procedures with MS patients, patient positioning in the MR scanner and acquisition of dedicated brain scans tailored for examining MS.

Here, we present a protocol to acquire magnetic resonance (MR) images of multiple sclerosis (MS) patient brains at 7.0 Tesla. The protocol includes preparation of the setup including the radio-frequency coils, standardized interview procedures with MS patients, subject positioning in the MR scanner and MR data acquisition.

The overall goal of this article is to demonstrate a state-of-the-art ultrahigh field (UHF) magnetic resonance (MR) protocol of the brain at 7.0 Tesla in ...

Clinical Indications for Rapid Sequence MRI in Pediatric Neurosurgical Patients and the Limitations and Barriers to Implementation

Rapid and fast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) protocols have become increasingly popular for pediatric neurosurgical patients as they are a great way to reduce ionizing radiation and sedation. While their popularity has increased, there are hurdles to overcome when transitioning to using them clinically, such as cost, staffing training, and motion artifact. Through this paper, we developed a protocol for clinical applications where rapid MRI can be a substitute or adjuvant in diagnostic workup. Further, we outline the relevant literature for the use of RS-MRI for the spine, TBI, and hydrocephalus pathologies while expanding upon the limitations and logistical barriers when transitioning to their use, a few of which are discussed above. Through this, we conclude that RS-MRI can be used diagnostically for spinal pathologies such as syrinx and hydrocephalus. Further, its lack of sensitivity for TBI findings makes rapid sequence magnetic resonance imaging (RS-MRI) a strong adjuvant with other advanced imaging or computed tomography (CT) for traumatic brain injury (TBI) pathologies.

Here, we present a protocol to increase the use of rapid sequence magnetic resonance imaging (RS-MRI) for pediatric patients for spine, traumatic brain injury (TBI), and hydrocephalus while documenting limitations and barriers to universal implementation.

Rapid and fast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) protocols have become increasingly popular for pediatric neurosurgical patients as they are a great way to ...

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a noninvasive medical imaging technique based on a phenomenon of nuclear physics discovered in the 1930s, in which matter exposed to magnetic fields and radio waves was found to emit radio signals. In 1970, a physician and researcher named Raymond Damadian noticed that malignant (cancerous) tissue gave off different signals than normal body tissue. He applied for a patent for the first MRI scanning device in clinical use by the early 1980s. The early MRI scanners were crude, but advances in digital computing and electronics led to their advancement over any other technique for precise imaging, especially in discovering tumors. Compared to other diagnostic imaging techniques like computed tomography and X-ray, MRI does not expose patients to radiation.
The drawbacks of MRI scans include their much higher cost and patient discomfort with the procedure. The MRI scanner subjects the patient to such powerful electromagnets that the scan room must be shielded. The patient must be enclosed in a metal tube-like device for the duration of the scan, sometimes as long as thirty minutes, which can be uncomfortable and impractical for ill patients. The machine is also so noisy that, even with earplugs, patients can become anxious or fearful. These problems have been overcome somewhat with the development of &#34;open&#34;&#160;MRI scanning, which does not require the patient to be entirely enclosed in a metal tube. Patients with iron-containing metallic implants (internal sutures, some prosthetic devices, pacemakers and so on) cannot undergo MRI scanning because it can dislodge these implants.
Different images are formed depending on the time taken between the sequence of magnetic pulses and the receipt and interpretation of the signal. A T1-weighted image has fatty tissues appearing brighter due to their enhanced signal while suppressing water signals, making it appear darker. In contrast, the T2-weighted image shows an enhanced water signal. Further, using MRI contrast media or dyes, like gadolinium, helps improve the quality of the images. Usually injected into the patient&#39;s vein, the gadolinium contrast dyes contain strongly paramagnetic gadolinium (Gd), which has positive magnetic susceptibility. When placed in a magnetic field, it is not directly seen in the MRI result but helps shorten the T1 values in tissues, where it accumulates, which allows the tissues to appear brighter in T1-weighted images.
Functional MRIs (fMRI), which detect the concentration of blood flow in certain body parts, are increasingly being used to study the activity in parts of the brain during various body activities. This has helped scientists learn more about the locations of different brain functions and more about brain abnormalities and diseases. More recently, 4D flow MRI provides 3D blood flow images and hemodynamics, with the fourth dimension being time, allowing cardiovascular disease assessment through the 3D coverage of the anatomy and velocity.
This content is derived from <a href="https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology/pages/1-7-medical-imaging">Openstax, Anatomy and Physiology, Section 1.7: Medical Imaging</a>

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a noninvasive medical imaging technique based on a phenomenon of nuclear physics discovered in the 1930s, in which ...