The authors thank the members of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Cancer Biology for their helpful discussions and technical assistance. This study was supported by a Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (15K15604; to H. Kajiyama).

The treatment protocol follows the guidelines for animal experimentation adopted by Nagoya University.
1. Preparation of Cell Suspensions
<ol>
	<li>Human ovarian clear cell carcinoma cell line.
	<ol>
		<li>Maintain ES-2 cells12 in RPMI-1640 medium with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and penicillin/streptomycin (penicillin: 100 units/ml, streptomycin: 0.1 mg/ml). Culture cells at 37 &#176;C in a 5% CO2 humidified incubator.</li>
		<li>Collect cells in the logarithmic growth phase in 0.05% trypsin/0.02% EDTA solution (trypsin/EDTA).
		<ol>
			<li>First, remove the old media from the cell culture vessel, then wash the cells once with PBS (PBS without Ca2+/Mg2+, 3 - 4 ml per 25 cm2).</li>
			<li>Next, add 1 ml per 25 cm2 of trypsin/EDTA. Rotate the cell culture vessel to cover the cell monolayer with trypsin/EDTA. After removing and discarding trypsin/EDTA, return the cell culture vessel to the incubator for 3 - 5 min or until cells are detached.</li>
			<li>Examine the cells under a microscope to ensure the cells are detached from the surface of the cell culture vessel and floating.</li>
			<li>Add fresh serum containing growth medium to inactivate the trypsin (5 ml per 25 cm2), and re-suspend the cells. Transfer re-suspended cells to a 15 ml conical tube.</li>
			<li>Centrifuge at 300 x g for 5 min. Perform centrifugation either at 4 &#176;C or room temperature. Carefully remove supernatant and re-suspend cells with growth medium (5 ml per 25 cm2).</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
		<li>Count cells (e.g., by trypan-blue exclusion) then re-suspend in growth medium at a density of 2 x 108 cell/ml. Put the suspended cells on ice.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Thaw frozen extracellular matrix (ECM)-based hydrogel aliquots in an ice bath.</li>
	<li>Add the cell suspension to ECM-based hydrogel aliquots at a ratio of 1:1 (final cell concentration: 1 x 105 cells/&#181;l of medium-ECM-based hydrogel) and mix thoroughly. Place the prepared cell suspensions in an ice bath until use.</li>
</ol>
2. Orthotopic Inoculation with Cell Suspensions
NOTE: Surgery does not require a dedicated suite. Surgery can be performed on a laboratory benchtop in an area of the room that is separate and has minimal activity. A laminar hood also may be used. Sterile surgical instruments must be used and scissors should not be used to make skin incisions.
<ol>
	<li>Use female nude mice (BALB/c nu/nu) at 8 weeks of age for this orthotopic inoculation model.</li>
	<li>First, anesthetize the mouse using inhalation with isoflurane (2 - 4%). Check anesthetic depth by verifying lack of withdrawal upon firm toe pinch. After the mouse is anesthetized, apply a bland sterile ophthalmic ointment to the eyes to prevent drying as necessary.</li>
	<li>Place the anesthetized mouse on an operating stage belly-side down. Disinfect the surgical area several times with both alcohol and an iodine-based or chlorhexidine-based scrub.</li>
	<li>Make a ~ 2-cm incision vertically near the spine between the right costal arch and femur. Use a sterile surgical drape around the incision site. Fix the incised skin surfaces with clamps to maintain the opening. 
	Note: Retractors can be used instead of clamps.</li>
	<li>Next, make a second incision (approximately 1 cm) at the parietal peritoneum under the first incision to open the abdominal cavity. Clamp the incised abdominal surfaces. Clip the fat tissue that surrounds the ipsilateral ovary and fallopian tube with a clamp to remove the ovary from the abdominal cavity. Carefully place the ovary and fallopian tube on gauze. Then, place the mouse belly-side down under the dissecting microscope.</li>
	<li>Place the cell suspension in an insulin syringe (1/2 cc, 29 G) just before injection. Carefully inject the prepared cell suspension (1 - 2 &#181;l) into the ovary. For several sec, retain the needle within the ovary to ensure gelation of the ECM-based hydrogel. After gelation, the injected tumor cells remain inside the ovary.</li>
	<li>Carefully return the ovary into the body. Suture the second incision with sterile medical silk, and then seal the skin with wound clips.</li>
	<li>After surgery, the mice will be administered an analgesia (e.g., meloxicam, intramuscular (i.m.) or subcutaneous (s.c.), 0.2 mg/kg) for initial 24 hr&#160;period.</li>
</ol>
3. Post-surgical Treatment
<ol>
	<li>Place each mouse in a separate cage on clean paper with a hot pack to keep the mouse warm until it has regained sufficient consciousness to maintain sternal recumbency. Then, return the animals to their cages for rearing and monitoring. Monitor the mice daily for 3 - 7 days following surgical treatment.</li>
	<li>Monitoring of postoperative mice
	<ol>
		<li>In case of signs of pain, administer analgesics daily (e.g., meloxicam, i.m. or s.c., 0.2 mg/kg).</li>
		<li>If mice have signs of infection (e.g., redness, swelling, discharge), administer daily injection with an anti-infective reagent (e.g., penicillin, i.m., 100,000 IU/kg).</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Remove skin closure materials 10 - 14 days after post-surgical treatment.</li>
</ol>
4. Analysis of Tumors and Metastases
NOTE: The tumor will be formed at the injected ovary 2 - 3 weeks after inoculation.
<ol>
	<li>Sacrifice the mice by carbon dioxide, and then collect the samples (e.g., tumors, metastases, organs)13-15 for further analysis14,16-20. 
	NOTE: If an in vivo imaging system is available, cells bearing enzymes that produce bioluminescence (e.g., luciferase) or fluorescent protein (e.g., GFP) can be used in this protocol. This modified protocol will provide useful information for the dynamics of the spread of cancer cells from the primary tumor.</li>
</ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Animal models are essential to analyze the mechanisms of tumor development, progression, metastasis, and drug efficacy against cancer cells. Mice bearing human ovarian cancer cells also have been used as an animal model. Here, we describe a less invasive procedure for the administration of ovarian tumor cells at an orthotopic site. Using this procedure, inoculation into the ovary through a retroperitoneal approach from the dorsal flank offers significant advantages over other commonly used techniques. Firstly, orthotopic...

Epithelial ovarian carcinoma (EOC) accounts for the highest rate of cancer-related mortality among gynecological malignancies1. EOC is associated with a poor prognosis, primarily due to its late symptomatology, and is often associated with multiple intraperitoneal disseminations and distant metastases2-4. Peritoneal dissemination is a multi-step process. Firstly, tumor cells detach from the primary lesions, and migrate into the abdominal cavity. When the tumor cells attach to the peritoneal mesothelium, they start to invade tissues through the mesothelium5,6. In order to better understand the tumor biology (e.g., cancer progression and therapeutic response), mouse models provide a wealth of information. A xenograft with human cancer cells is widely used for mouse models in which human cancer cells are inoculated subcutaneously, intraperitoneally, intravenously, and orthotopically. An animal model with an orthotopically grafted tumor can more efficiently and accurately generate results that reflect the tumor environment in humans in comparison with an animal model with a heterotopically grafted tumor. Therefore, for many human tumors, orthotopic transplantation models have been established7-11.
Here, we describe the orthotopic inoculation of human EOC cells through a retroperitoneal approach from the dorsal flank, which has limited invasiveness compared to ventral inoculation. This technique can provide a variety of useful information on EOC, especially the mechanism of intraperitoneal dissemination.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Matrigel matrix&amp;nbsp;</td><td>BD</td><td>354234</td><td>ECM-based hydrogel</td></tr><tr><td>Insulin syringe</td><td>TERUMO</td><td>SS-05M2913</td><td>1/2 cc, 29 G x 1/2&quot;</td></tr><tr><td>Suturing needle with suture</td><td></td><td></td><td>11 mm, 3/8, Nylon6-0</td></tr><tr><td>Reflex 7 mm Wound Clip Applier</td><td>CellPoint Scientific</td><td>204-1000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&amp;nbsp;Reflex 7 mm wound clips</td><td>CellPoint Scientific</td><td>203-1000</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

murine experimental model of original tumor development and peritoneal metastasis via orthotopic inoculation with ovarian carcinoma cells

Epithelial ovarian carcinoma (EOC) is associated with a poor prognosis because it shows peritoneal dissemination. To improve the prognosis, it is important to control peritoneal dissemination. However, it is still unclear how tumor cells detach from primary lesions and attach to the mesothelium. The establishment of an appropriate animal model is needed to gain an understanding of the mechanism of peritoneal dissemination in vivo. In the current study, we introduce the process from the local injection of EOC cells into the murine ovarian surface to the development of metastasis, including the peritoneum and distant organs. Female nude mice (BALB/c nu/nu) at 8 weeks of age were used. Under a microscopic field of view, EOC cells (1 x 105 cells/&#181;l of medium-extracellular matrix (ECM)-based hydrogel/unilateral ovary/mouse) were injected into murine ovaries through a retroperitoneal approach from the dorsal flank. This proposed method is a less invasive procedure for the mouse and minimizes damage to the ovary. Here, we describe the methodological steps in the development of the original and metastatic tumor formation of EOC.

Six nude mice had their ovaries inoculated with the human clear cell carcinoma cell line ES-2, as described in this protocol. As shown in Figure 1A, after 2 weeks, 5 of the 6 mice had a tumor in the ovary inoculated with ES-2 cells, but there was no tumor in the contralateral ovary without inoculation (used as a control). Moreover, 2 of the 5 mice showed multiple peritoneal disseminations with ascites. Cells metastasize to the liver (Figure 1B). The ovari...

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Murine Experimental Model of Original Tumor Development and Peritoneal Metastasis via Orthotopic Inoculation with Ovarian Carcinoma Cells

To clarify the multistep process of peritoneal dissemination of ovarian carcinoma, the current study presents a murine experimental model of original tumor development and peritoneal metastasis via orthotopic inoculation with these tumor cells.

Murine Experimental Model of Original Tumor Development and Peritoneal Metastasis via Orthotopic Inoculation with Ovarian Carcinoma Cells

Epithelial ovarian carcinoma (EOC) is associated with a poor prognosis because it shows peritoneal dissemination. To improve the prognosis, it is ...

murine-experimental-model-original-tumor-development-peritoneal

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Cancer Research

10.4K Views.  Bell Research Center for Reproductive Health and Cancer. To clarify the multistep process of peritoneal dissemination of ovarian carcinoma, the current study presents a murine experimental model of original tumor development and peritoneal metastasis via orthotopic inoculation with these tumor cells. 

Video: Murine Experimental Model of Original Tumor Development and Peritoneal Metastasis via Orthotopic Inoculation with Ovarian Carcinoma Cells

An Orthotopic Model of Serous Ovarian Cancer in Immunocompetent Mice for in vivo Tumor Imaging and Monitoring of Tumor Immune Responses

Background: Ovarian cancer is generally diagnosed at an advanced stage where the case/fatality ratio is high and thus remains the most lethal of all gynecologic malignancies among US women 1,2,3. Serous tumors are the most widespread forms of ovarian cancer and 4,5 the Tg-MISIIR-TAg transgenic represents the only mouse model that spontaneously develops this type of tumors. Tg-MISIIR-TAg mice express SV40 transforming region under control of the Mullerian Inhibitory Substance type II Receptor (MISIIR) gene promoter 6. Additional transgenic lines have been identified that express the SV40 TAg transgene, but do not develop ovarian tumors. Non-tumor prone mice exhibit typical lifespan for C57Bl/6 mice and are fertile. These mice can be used as syngeneic allograft recipients for tumor cells isolated from Tg-MISIIR-TAg-DR26 mice.
Objective: Although tumor imaging is possible 7, early detection of deep tumors is challenging in small living animals. To enable preclinical studies in an immunologically intact animal model for serous ovarian cancer, we describe a syngeneic mouse model for this type of ovarian cancer that permits in vivo imaging, studies of the tumor microenvironment and tumor immune responses.
Methods: We first derived a TAg+ mouse cancer cell line (MOV1) from a spontaneous ovarian tumor harvested in a 26 week-old DR26 Tg-MISIIR-TAg female. Then, we stably transduced MOV1 cells with TurboFP635 Lentivirus mammalian vector that encodes Katushka, a far-red mutant of the red fluorescent protein from sea anemone Entacmaea quadricolor with excitation/emission maxima at 588/635 nm 8,9,10. We orthotopically implanted MOV1Kat in the ovary 11,12,13,14 of non-tumor prone Tg-MISIIR-TAg female mice. Tumor progression was followed by in vivo optical imaging and tumor microenvironment was analyzed by immunohistochemistry.
Results: Orthotopically implanted MOV1Kat cells developed serous ovarian tumors. MOV1Kat tumors could be visualized by in vivo imaging up to three weeks after implantation (fig. 1) and were infiltrated with leukocytes, as observed in human ovarian cancers 15 (fig. 2).
Conclusions: We describe an orthotopic model of ovarian cancer suitable for in vivo imaging of early tumors due to the high pH-stability and photostability of Katushka in deep tissues. We propose the use of this novel syngeneic model of serous ovarian cancer for in vivo imaging studies and monitoring of tumor immune responses and immunotherapies.

An Orthotopic Model of Serous Ovarian Cancer in Immunocompetent Mice for in vivo Tumor Imaging and Monitoring of Tumor Immune Responses

To study in vivo tumor growth and tumor microenvironment, we used a syngeneic and orthotopic mouse model of ovarian cancer in immunocompetent animals. We transduced a mouse tumor cell line (MOV1) with Katushka fluorescent protein (MOV1KAT) and here we show its orthotopic implantation in ovary and in vivo imaging.

Background: Ovarian cancer is generally diagnosed at an advanced stage where the case/fatality ratio is high and thus remains the most lethal of all ...

Immunology and Infection

An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Ovarian Cancer using Human Stroma to Promote Metastasis

Ovarian cancer is characterized by early, diffuse metastasis with 70% of women having metastatic disease at the time of diagnosis. While elegant transgenic mouse models of ovarian cancer exist, these mice are expensive and take a long time to develop tumors. Intraperitoneal injection xenograft models lack human stroma and do not accurately model ovarian cancer metastasis. Even patient derived xenografts (PDX) do not fully recapitulate the human stromal microenvironment as serial PDX passages demonstrate significant loss of human stroma. The ability to easily model human ovarian cancer within a physiologically relevant stromal microenvironment is an unmet need. Here, the protocol presents an orthotopic ovarian cancer mouse model using human ovarian cancer cells combined with patient-derived carcinoma-associated mesenchymal stem cells (CA-MSCs). CA-MSCs are stromal progenitor cells, which drive the formation of the stromal microenvironment and support ovarian cancer growth and metastasis. This model develops early and diffuses metastasis mimicking clinical presentation. In this model, luciferase expressing ovarian cancer cells are mixed in a 1:1 ratio with CA-MSCs and injected into the ovarian bursa of NSG mice. Tumor growth and metastasis are followed serially over time using bioluminescence imaging. The resulting tumors grow aggressively and form abdominal metastases by 14 days post injection. Mice experienced significant decreases in body weight as a marker of systemic illness and increased disease burden. By day 30 post injection, mice met endpoint criteria of &gt;10% body weight loss and necropsy confirmed intra-abdominal metastasis in 100% of mice and 60%-80% lung and parenchymal liver metastasis. Collectively, orthotopic engraftment of ovarian cancer cells and stroma cells generates tumors that closely mimic the early and diffuse metastatic behavior of human ovarian cancer. Furthermore, this model provides a tool to study the role of ovarian cancer cell: stroma cell interactions in metastatic progression.

Orthotopic engraftment of ovarian cancer cells mixed with human stromal cells provides a mouse model that exhibits rapid, diffuse metastatic behavior that is characteristic of human ovarian cancer. This model also allows for the study of tumor cell and stromal cell interactions, as well as their role in tumor progression and metastasis.

Ovarian cancer is characterized by early, diffuse metastasis with 70% of women having metastatic disease at the time of diagnosis. While elegant ...

Intratibial Osteosarcoma Cell Injection to Generate Orthotopic Osteosarcoma and Lung Metastasis Mouse Models

Osteosarcoma is the most common primary bone cancer in children and adolescents, with lungs as the most common metastatic site. The five-year survival rate of osteosarcoma patients with pulmonary metastasis is less than 30%.Therefore, the utilization of mouse models mimicking the osteosarcoma development in humans is of great significance for understanding the fundamental mechanism of osteosarcoma carcinogenesis and pulmonary metastasis to develop novel therapeutics. Here, detailed procedures are reported to generate the primary osteosarcoma and pulmonary metastasis mouse models via&#160;intratibia injection of osteosarcoma cells. Combined with the bioluminescence or X-ray live imaging system, these living mouse models are utilized to monitor and quantify osteosarcoma growth and metastasis. To establish this model, a basement membrane matrix containing osteosarcoma cells was loaded in a micro-volume syringe and injected into one tibia of each athymic mouse after being anesthetized. The mice were sacrificed when the primary osteosarcoma reached the size limitation in the IACUC-approved protocol. The legs bearing osteosarcoma and the lungs with metastasis lesions were separated. These models are characterized by a short incubation period, rapid growth, severe lesions, and sensitivity in monitoring the development of primary and pulmonary metastatic lesions. Therefore, these are ideal models for exploring the functions and mechanisms of specific factors in osteosarcoma carcinogenesis and pulmonary metastasis, the tumor microenvironment, and evaluating the therapeutic efficacy in vivo.

The present protocol describes intratibia osteosarcoma cell injection to generate mouse models bearing orthotopic osteosarcoma and pulmonary metastasis lesions.

Osteosarcoma is the most common primary bone cancer in children and adolescents, with lungs as the most common metastatic site. The five-year survival ...

Murine Model for Non-invasive Imaging to Detect and Monitor Ovarian Cancer Recurrence

Epithelial ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecologic malignancy in the United States. Although patients initially respond to the current standard of care consisting of surgical debulking and combination chemotherapy consisting of platinum and taxane compounds, almost 90% of patients recur within a few years. In these patients the development of chemoresistant disease limits the efficacy of currently available chemotherapy agents and therefore contributes to the high mortality. To discover novel therapy options that can target recurrent disease, appropriate animal models that closely mimic the clinical profile of patients with recurrent ovarian cancer are required. The challenge in monitoring intra-peritoneal (i.p.) disease limits the use of i.p. models and thus most xenografts are established subcutaneously. We have developed a sensitive optical imaging platform that allows the detection and anatomical location of i.p. tumor mass. The platform includes the use of optical reporters that extend from the visible light range to near infrared, which in combination with 2-dimensional X-ray co-registration can provide anatomical location of molecular signals. Detection is significantly improved by the use of a rotation system that drives the animal to multiple angular positions for 360 degree imaging, allowing the identification of tumors that are not visible in single orientation. This platform provides a unique model to non-invasively monitor tumor growth and evaluate the efficacy of new therapies for the prevention or treatment of recurrent ovarian cancer.

We describe a non-invasive animal imaging platform that allows the detection, quantification, and monitoring of ovarian cancer growth and recurrence. This intra-peritoneal xenograft model mimics the clinical profile of patients with ovarian cancer.

Epithelial ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecologic malignancy in the United States. Although patients initially respond to the current standard of ...

Medicine

Establishing a 3D Ex Vivo Model for Ovarian Cancer-Omentum Interaction

An Ex Vivo Model of Ovarian Cancer Peritoneal Metastasis Using Human Omentum

Ovarian cancer is the deadliest gynecologic malignancy. The omentum plays a key role in providing a supportive microenvironment to metastatic ovarian cancer cells as well as immune modulatory signals that allow tumor tolerance. However, we have limited models that closely mimic the interaction between ovarian cancer cells and adipose-rich tissues. To further understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which the omentum provides a pro-tumoral microenvironment, we developed a unique 3D ex vivo model of cancer cell-omentum interaction. Using human omentum, we are able to grow ovarian cancer cells within this adipose-rich microenvironment and monitor the factors responsible for tumor growth and immune regulation. In addition to providing a platform for the study of this adipose-rich tumor microenvironment, the model provides an excellent platform for the development and evaluation of novel therapeutic approaches to target metastatic cancer cells in this niche. The proposed model is easy to generate, inexpensive, and applicable to translational investigations.

Author Spotlight: Advanced Ex Vivo Model for Investigating Cancer-Adipose Microenvironment Interaction 

This protocol describes the establishment of a three-dimensional (3D) ex vivo model of cancer cell-omentum interaction. The model provides a platform for elucidating pro-tumor mechanisms within the adipose niche and for testing novel therapies.

Ovarian cancer is the deadliest gynecologic malignancy. The omentum plays a key role in providing a supportive microenvironment to metastatic ovarian ...

In vivo Imaging and Therapeutic Treatments in an Orthotopic Mouse Model of Ovarian Cancer

Human cancer and response to therapy is better represented in orthotopic animal models. This paper describes the development of an orthotopic mouse model of ovarian cancer, treatment of cancer via oral delivery of drugs, and monitoring of tumor cell behavior in response to drug treatment in real time using in vivo imaging system. In this orthotopic model, ovarian tumor cells expressing luciferase are applied topically by injecting them directly into the mouse bursa where each ovary is enclosed. Upon injection of D-luciferin, a substrate of firefly luciferase, luciferase-expressing cells generate bioluminescence signals. This signal is detected by the in vivo imaging system and allows for a non-invasive means of monitoring tumor growth, distribution, and regression in individual animals. Drug administration via oral gavage allows for a maximum dosing volume of 10 mL/kg body weight to be delivered directly to the stomach and closely resembles delivery of drugs in clinical treatments. Therefore, techniques described here, development of an orthotopic mouse model of ovarian cancer, oral delivery of drugs, and in vivo imaging, are useful for better understanding of human ovarian cancer and treatment and will improve targeting this disease.

In vivo Imaging and Therapeutic Treatments in an Orthotopic Mouse Model of Ovarian Cancer

Orthotopic animal models of ovarian cancer replicate better human disease and therefore enhance our understanding of cancer progression and tumor response to therapy. A mouse model receives an intrabursal injection of luciferase-expressing ovarian tumor cells. Treatment is administered via oral gavage. Tumor growth is monitored by in vivo imaging system.

Human cancer and response to therapy is better represented in orthotopic animal models.  This paper describes the development of an orthotopic mouse model ...

Biology

Quantitation of Intra-peritoneal Ovarian Cancer Metastasis

Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the leading cause of death from gynecologic malignancy in the United States. Mortality is due to diagnosis of 75% of women with late stage disease, when metastasis is already present. EOC is characterized by diffuse and widely disseminated intra-peritoneal metastasis. Cells shed from the primary tumor anchor in the mesothelium that lines the peritoneal cavity as well as in the omentum, resulting in multi-focal metastasis, often in the presence of peritoneal ascites. Efforts in our laboratory are directed at a more detailed understanding of factors that regulate EOC metastatic success. However, quantifying metastatic tumor burden represents a significant technical challenge due to the large number, small size and broad distribution of lesions throughout the peritoneum. Herein we describe a method for analysis of EOC metastasis using cells labeled with red fluorescent protein (RFP) coupled with in vivo multispectral imaging. Following intra-peritoneal injection of RFP-labelled tumor cells, mice are imaged weekly until time of sacrifice. At this time, the peritoneal cavity is surgically exposed and organs are imaged in situ. Dissected organs are then placed on a labeled transparent template and imaged ex vivo. Removal of tissue auto-fluorescence during image processing using multispectral unmixing enables accurate quantitation of relative tumor burden. This method has utility in a variety of applications including therapeutic studies to evaluate compounds that may inhibit metastasis and thereby improve overall survival.

Ovarian cancer metastasis is characterized by numerous diffuse intra-peritoneal lesions, such that accurate visual quantitation of tumor burden is challenging. Herein we describe a method for in situ and ex vivo quantitation of metastatic tumor burden using red fluorescent protein (RFP)-labeled tumor cells and optical imaging.

Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the leading cause of death from gynecologic malignancy in the United States.  Mortality is due to diagnosis of 75% of ...

Intraperitoneal Injection of Cells: A Method of Delivering Cancer Cells into the Peritoneal Adipose Tissue of Murine Model

Source: Krishnan, V. et al. <a href="https://jove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/t/52721">Approaches to Study Ovarian Cancer Metastatic Colonization of Milky Spot Structures in Peritoneal Adipose.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2015)
In this video, we perform an intraperitoneal injection of ovarian cancer cell suspension in a mouse model to study the colonization of ovarian cancer cells in peritoneal adipose tissues and their subsequent metastasis.&#160;

Source: Krishnan, V. et al. Approaches to Study Ovarian Cancer Metastatic Colonization of Milky Spot Structures in Peritoneal Adipose. J. Vis. Exp. 
...

JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments

Gynecologic Cancer

Animal model studies

Orthotopic Inoculation of Ovarian Cancer Cells into Murine Ovary: A Procedure to Establish an Ovarian Cancer Mouse Model to Study Peritoneal Dissemination of Cells

Source: Koya, Y. et al. <a href="https://jove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/t/54353">Murine Experimental Model of Original Tumor Development and Peritoneal Metastasis via Orthotopic Inoculation with Ovarian Carcinoma Cells.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2016)
This video describes the protocol for creating a murine experimental model to study tumor development and peritoneal metastasis. This ovarian cancer model is generated by the orthotopic inoculation of human epithelial ovarian cancer cells into the ovaries of a female mouse.

Source: Koya, Y. et al. Murine Experimental Model of Original Tumor Development and Peritoneal Metastasis via Orthotopic Inoculation with Ovarian ...

Intra-uterine Cancer Cell Injection: A Technique to Deliver Cancer Cells for Establishing Intra-peritoneal Ovarian Cancer Mouse Model

Source: Sumi, N. J. et al. <a href="https://jove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/t/51815">Murine Model for Non-invasive Imaging to Detect and Monitor Ovarian Cancer Recurrence.</a>&#160;J. Vis. Exp. (2014)
In this video, we demonstrate intra-uterine injection of ovarian cancer cells in a mouse model. This orthotopic murine model helps us to non-invasively monitor tumor growth and evaluate the efficacy of new therapies for the prevention and treatment of recurrent ovarian cancer.

Source: Sumi, N. J. et al. Murine Model for Non-invasive Imaging to Detect and Monitor Ovarian Cancer Recurrence.&#160;J. Vis. Exp. (2014)
In this video, ...

Murine Experimental Model of Original Tumor Development and Peritoneal Metastasis via Orthotopic Inoculation with Ovarian Carcinoma Cells

Summary

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Chapters in this video

An Orthotopic Model of Serous Ovarian Cancer in Immunocompetent Mice for in vivo Tumor Imaging and Monitoring of Tumor Immune Responses

An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Ovarian Cancer using Human Stroma to Promote Metastasis

Intratibial Osteosarcoma Cell Injection to Generate Orthotopic Osteosarcoma and Lung Metastasis Mouse Models

Murine Model for Non-invasive Imaging to Detect and Monitor Ovarian Cancer Recurrence

An Ex Vivo Model of Ovarian Cancer Peritoneal Metastasis Using Human Omentum

In vivo Imaging and Therapeutic Treatments in an Orthotopic Mouse Model of Ovarian Cancer

Quantitation of Intra-peritoneal Ovarian Cancer Metastasis

Intraperitoneal Injection of Cells: A Method of Delivering Cancer Cells into the Peritoneal Adipose Tissue of Murine Model

Orthotopic Inoculation of Ovarian Cancer Cells into Murine Ovary: A Procedure to Establish an Ovarian Cancer Mouse Model to Study Peritoneal Dissemination of Cells

Intra-uterine Cancer Cell Injection: A Technique to Deliver Cancer Cells for Establishing Intra-peritoneal Ovarian Cancer Mouse Model