SR acknowledges the support of the Israel science foundation, grant no. 280/12.

1. Preparing Carbon Samples
<ol>
	<li>Grind the carbon samples to the desired fraction size (here, coal samples were ground to a fraction size of between 74-250 mm).</li>
	<li>During the grinding process the grinder should be held in a regulated environment (AC cooled to 20 &#176;C). Additionally, purging the grinder chamber with a flow of nitrogen gas prior to grinding minimizes oxidation at this stage.</li>
	<li>Transfer the carbon samples to sealable canisters and replace the air atmosphere with nitrogen. Keep the samples in a temperature regulated room (AC cooled to 20 &#176;C).&#160;</li>
	<li>Prepare the carbon samples for EPR measurements by heating the carbon samples under an inert environment in the vacuum oven. (In order to remove the adsorbed water in the system.)</li>
	<li>Place each of the samples in an open glass vial inside the vacuum oven (Figure 1A).</li>
	<li>Close the vacuum oven door and replace atmosphere in the chamber with nitrogen or argon, then heat to 60 &#186;C.</li>
	<li>Hold these conditions for 24 hr.</li>
	<li>Turn off the oven and allow the temperature to reach room temperature. Then, open the oven and remove the sample vials.</li>
	<li>Stopper the sample vials with rubber septa and an aluminum cap (Figure 1B).</li>
	<li>Use a vacuum system (Figure 1C) to remove all traces of oxygen.</li>
	<li>Connect the vial to the system and seal valves 1-5.</li>
	<li>Turn on the vacuum pump and pressure gauges.</li>
	<li>Open valve 1 and wait till the monitors show a vacuum of ~0.1 mbar.</li>
	<li>Make sure leakage is minimal by closing valve 1 and counting to 30. If the increase in pressure is not more than 3 mbar than the seal of the system is sufficient.</li>
	<li>Open valve 2 and remove the atmosphere in the vial &#8211; wait till the pressure returns to the initial pressure value determined in step 1.14 and again test for leakage.</li>
	<li>If multiple vials are being done at the same time (valves 2-4) then repeat step 1.15 for each valve.</li>
	<li>After achieving a vacuum and effectively purging the vials of the remaining atmosphere, replace the atmosphere with a desired gas.</li>
	<li>Close valve 1 and immediately open valve 5 and allow the pressure to reach 0.5 atm.</li>
	<li>Close valve 5 and open valve 1 to remove the gas, and wait until return to the starting vacuum valve (purge 1).</li>
	<li>Close valve 1 and immediately open valve 5 and allow the pressure to reach 0.5 atm.</li>
	<li>Close valve 5, open valve 1 to remove the gas and wait until return to the starting vacuum valve (purge 2).</li>
	<li>Close valve 1 and immediately open valve 5, and allow the pressure to reach 1.0 atm, then close valve 5.</li>
	<li>Close valve 2 and remove the vial by gently pulling downward and removing the needle.</li>
	<li>After removing the vial open valve 1 and purge the gas from the vacuum system.</li>
	<li>Before turning off the vacuum pump open valve 2 to allow air into the system and simultaneously turn off the pump (this prevents a backflow of the oil).</li>
</ol>
2. Loading EPR 3 mm Quartz Tubes
<ol>
	<li>Rinse the EPR tube with ethanol and dry with N2.</li>
	<li>Remove the aluminum seal from the desired coal sample.</li>
	<li>Gently turn the open end of the EPR tube into the vial filled with the carbon sample.</li>
	<li>Depress and turn the EPR tube, then gently tap until the sample has evenly dispersed at the bottom.</li>
	<li>Fill the tube in this manner up to a length of at least 1.5 cm.</li>
	<li>Seal the tip of the tube with rubber Teflon putty of about 0.5-1.0 cm length of putty (Figure 2A).</li>
</ol>
3. Setting Up the Flow System
<ol>
	<li>Insert the quartz tube into the EPR resonator, make sure that the section of the EPR tube filled with the coal is filling the entire resonator cavity.</li>
	<li>The EPR measurements reported here were conducted at room temperature 292-297 K.</li>
	<li>Set up a tank with the desired flow gas (N2, CO2, He) make sure there are 2 operation valves in order to control the flow (Figure 2B).</li>
	<li>Connect a rubber tubing to the tank. Ensure that the length reaches the tip of the EPR quartz tube with enough pull so as not to put strain on the quartz tube.</li>
	<li>Connect a flow controller to the rubber tubing to monitor gas flow.</li>
	<li>Insert the tube through the rubber Teflon putty by using a small gauge needle.</li>
	<li>Insert the needle until it is in close proximity (about 3-4 cm above the coal surface) to the sample but far enough away from the sample so as not to affect the magnetic field (Figure 2C).</li>
	<li>Leave flow off&#160; (turn on flow ONLY after tuning).</li>
	<li>Poke a hole in the rubber putty to release the outflow gas.</li>
</ol>
4. EPR Measurement
<ol>
	<li>Turn on the EPR spectrometer.</li>
	<li>Tune with no gas flow. Open the microwave tuning panel, locate the dip at 33.0 dB power, and use auto tune for obtaining the best tuning conditions..</li>
	<li>Set the microwave power to 2.0 mW, at this power there is no saturation.</li>
	<li>Open 2D experiment, as a function of magnetic field and time.</li>
	<li>Set the parameters of the experiment as follows: 
	Microwave power = 2.0 mW 
	Modulation amplitude = 1.0 G 
	Time constant = 60 msec 
	Sweep width = 100 G 
	Delay = 120 sec 
	No. of points for a field sweep scan = 1024 
	No. of points as a function of time = 50</li>
	<li>Start measurement cycle.</li>
	<li>Turn on gas flow.</li>
	<li>After the sample has reached equilibrium and there is no further change in the EPR line shape, at these parameters after about 25 CW-EPR spectra that were measured with 120 sec delay between them, stop the gas flow. Expose the sample to an air atmosphere and continue with the measurements until 50 spectra are obtained, or until equilibrium is reached. There is no need to tune again after stopping the gas flow. The measurement is continuing automatically, with 120 sec delay between each CW-EPR spectrum.</li>
	<li>If equilibrium is reached at a slower rate, increase the number&#160;of points as a function of time.</li>
	<li>If equilibrium is reached at much faster rate, decrease the delay time between each scan.</li>
</ol>
5. Data Analysis
<ol>
	<li>Simulate each EPR field sweep spectrum using the easyspin toolbox implemented on MATLAB23. Take two species into account, where for each species the g-value, the line width, and the extent of contribution to the EPR spectrum is fitted by writing the program file as follows: 
	clear, clf, clc 
	% Load experimental file 
	expdata= load(&#39;t0s.txt&#39;); 
	%Define spin system of species one 
	SysC.g = 2.004; 
	SysC.lwpp =0.62; 
	%Define experiment parameters for species one 
	Exp.mwFreq = 9.85764;&#160;&#160; %in GHz 
	Exp.Range=[347 357];&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; %in mT 
	Exp.Harmonic=1; 
	%calculate CW EPR spectrum for species one 
	[Bx,specX] = pepper(SysC,Exp); 
	%Define spin system of species two 
	SysC2.g = 2.0028; 
	SysC2.lwpp =0.145; 
	%Define experimental parameters for species two 
	Exp2.mwFreq = 9.85764; 
	Exp2.Range=[347 357]; 
	Exp2.Harmonic=1; 
	%calculate CW EPR spectrum for species two 
	[Bx2,specX2] = pepper(SysC2,Exp2); 
	x=0:0.1:1; 
	% combine the spectrum of the two species. 
	spectot=1.0*specX+0.0*specX2; 
	%plotting the experimental and simulated spectra. 
	Bx*10,spectot,expdata(:,1),expdata(:,2));</li>
</ol>

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No conflicts of interest declared.

Surface oxidation of carbon materials is of significant industrial and academic interest. The effects of carbon substrate oxidation have been characterized with a wide range of analytical techniques including EPR. When investigating the interaction of molecular oxygen with carbon substrate such as coal which has a propensity to undergo oxidation (hence its main utilization as an energy resource) sample preparation and storage is extremely important.
Our samples are coal substrates that have be...

Substrates of varying (wt%) ratios of C/H/O atoms present different types and concentrations of stable radicals that are detectable via Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR)8. These radicals depend on the structure of the macromolecules and are highly influenced by their aromatic nature. The EPR spectrum of coal radicals is characterized by a single broad resonance. In such cases, only the g-value, the line width and the spin concentration can be obtained. The g-values of EPR spectra can be used to determine whether a radical is carbon-centered or oxygen-centered. The basic equation for the electron Zeeman interaction <img alt="Equation 1" fo:content-width="0.8in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51548/51548eq1.jpg" /> defines the g-value, where h is the Planck constant, v is the constant mw frequency applied in the experiment, B0 is the resonance magnetic field and &#946;e is the Bohr magneton. For free electrons the g-value is 2.00232. Variations in the g-value from the 2.00232 are related to magnetic interactions involving the orbital angular momentum of the unpaired electron and its chemical environment. Organic radicals usually have g-values close to the free electron g, which depends on the location of the free radical in the organic matrix3,8-10. Carbon-centered radicals have g-values that are close to the free electron g-value 2.0023. Carbon-centered radicals with an adjacent oxygen atom have higher g-values in the range of 2.003-2.004, while oxygen centered radicals have g-values that are &#62;2.004. The g-value of 2.0034-2.0039 is characteristic for carbon-centered radicals in a nearby oxygen heteroatom that results in increased g-values over that of purely carbon-centered radicals11-15. Line-width is governed by the spin-lattice relaxation process. Therefore, an interaction between adjacent radicals or between a radical and paramagnetic oxygen results in a decrease in the spin lattice relaxation time, and hence, an increase in the line-width4-6.
Stopped flow experiments with EPR detection allow the observation of time-dependent changes in the amplitude of an EPR signal at a distinct field value during the interaction of two phases by time sweep acquisition (kinetic display). The result of such a measurement is a rate constant for the formation, decay or conversion of a paramagnetic species. The procedure is analogous to the well-established case of stopped flow operation with optical detection in which a time-dependence of the optical absorption at a distinct wavelength is observed. Typically stopped flow experiments are conducted in a liquid state as radicals that are not EPR detected in liquid state due to short relaxation time T1, as e.g.&#160;hydroxyl (OH&#215;) or superoxide (O2-) cannot be studied directly by EPR-stopped flow techniques. It is, however, possible to study the spin-adducts of these radicals with nitrones, yielding nitroxide-type radicals (spin-traps), as they are EPR-active and their kinetics can be monitored also by stopped flow EPR16-18.
The method of measurement of rates of chemical reactions using fast-flow gaseous techniques with EPR detection has also previously been established19-22. In essence, the method depends on the measurement, by EPR, of the concentration of a reactant as a function of distance (and thus at a constant velocity, the time) over which the reactant has been in contact with a reactive gas in the flow tube. Conditions whereby the concentration of the reactive gas is approximately constant are usually employed so that the measured decay is pseudo first order.
In the current work, a simple gas flow setup was implemented and a constant flow of gas was introduced to the surface of the solid carbon substrate.
With the method detailed in the current work we succeeded in achieving interesting results where this interaction of molecular oxygen with a certain part of the existing stable radical structure can be reversibly affected simply by flowing a diamagnetic gas through the carbon samples at STP. As a result of this method the removal of the interacting paramagnetic gas uncovers a new radical surface with a g value, which is closer to that of a free electron.

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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">CO2&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; 99.99%</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">N2&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; 99.999%</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Air</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Maxima</td>
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</table>

exploring the radical nature of a carbon surface by electron paramagnetic resonance and a calibrated gas flow

While the first Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) studies regarding the effects of oxidation on the structure and stability of carbon radicals date back to the early 1980s the focus of these early papers primarily characterized the changes to the structures under extremely harsh conditions (pH or temperature)1-3. It is also known that paramagnetic molecular oxygen undergoes a Heisenberg spin exchange interaction with stable radicals that extremely broadens the EPR signal4-6. Recently, we reported interesting results where this interaction of molecular oxygen with a certain part of the existing stable radical structure can be reversibly affected simply by flowing a diamagnetic gas through the carbon samples at STP7. As flows of He, CO2, and N2 had a similar effect these interactions occur at the surface area of the macropore system.
This manuscript highlights the experimental techniques, work-up, and analysis towards affecting the existing stable radical nature in the carbon structures. It is hoped that it will help towards further development and understanding of these interactions in the community at large.

When preforming the EPR experiments on various coal samples, as a function of the exposure time to a diamagnetic gas flow it was noted that during the gas flow, a second species at g~2.0028 appeared. This g-value is close to the value of a free electron and consistent with unsubstituted aliphatic carbon centered radicals. However, the total spin concentration for each sample remained constant within our experimental error (&#177;10%). Figure 3A presents two scans: 0 sec and 1,900 sec after the coal sampl...

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Exploring the Radical Nature of a Carbon Surface by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance and a Calibrated Gas Flow

Stable radicals that are present in carbon substrates interact with paramagnetic oxygen through a Heisenberg spin exchange. This interaction can be significantly reduced under STP conditions by flowing a diamagnetic gas over the carbon system. This manuscript describes a simple method to characterize the nature of those radicals.

While the first Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) studies regarding the effects of oxidation on the structure and stability of carbon radicals date ...

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10.7K Views.  The Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Stable radicals that are present in carbon substrates interact with paramagnetic oxygen through a Heisenberg spin exchange. This interaction can be significantly reduced under STP conditions by flowing a diamagnetic gas over the carbon system. This manuscript describes a simple method to characterize the nature of those radicals.

Video: Exploring the Radical Nature of a Carbon Surface by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance and a Calibrated Gas Flow

Quantitative Detection of Trace Explosive Vapors by Programmed Temperature Desorption Gas Chromatography-Electron Capture Detector

The direct liquid deposition of solution standards onto sorbent-filled thermal desorption tubes is used for the quantitative analysis of trace explosive vapor samples. The direct liquid deposition method yields a higher fidelity between the analysis of vapor samples and the analysis of solution standards than using separate injection methods for vapors and solutions, i.e., samples collected on vapor collection tubes and standards prepared in solution vials. Additionally, the method can account for instrumentation losses, which makes it ideal for minimizing variability and quantitative trace chemical detection. Gas chromatography with an electron capture detector is an instrumentation configuration sensitive to nitro-energetics, such as TNT and RDX, due to their relatively high electron affinity. However, vapor quantitation of these compounds is difficult without viable vapor standards. Thus, we eliminate the requirement for vapor standards by combining the sensitivity of the instrumentation with a direct liquid deposition protocol to analyze trace explosive vapor samples.

Trace explosive vapors of TNT and RDX collected on sorbent-filled thermal desorption tubes were analyzed using a programmed temperature desorption system coupled to GC with an electron capture detector. The instrumental analysis is combined with direct liquid deposition method to reduce sample variability and account for instrumentation drift and losses.

The direct liquid deposition of solution standards onto sorbent-filled thermal desorption tubes is used for the quantitative analysis of trace explosive ...

Real-time Monitoring of Reactions Performed Using Continuous-flow Processing: The Preparation of 3-Acetylcoumarin as an Example

By using inline monitoring, it is possible to optimize reactions performed using continuous-flow processing in a simple and rapid way. It is also possible to ensure consistent product quality over time using this technique. We here show how to interface a commercially available flow unit with a Raman spectrometer. The Raman flow cell is placed after the back-pressure regulator, meaning that it can be operated at atmospheric pressure. In addition, the fact that the product stream passes through a length of tubing before entering the flow cell means that the material is at RT. It is important that the spectra are acquired under isothermal conditions since Raman signal intensity is temperature dependent. Having assembled the apparatus, we then show how to monitor a chemical reaction, the piperidine-catalyzed synthesis of 3-acetylcoumarin from salicylaldehyde and ethyl acetoacetate being used as an example. The reaction can be performed over a range of flow rates and temperatures, the in-situ monitoring tool being used to optimize conditions simply and easily.

Real-time monitoring allows for fast optimization of reactions performed using continuous-flow processing. Here the preparation of 3-acetylcoumarin is used as an example. The apparatus for performing in-situ Raman monitoring is described, as are the steps required to optimize the reaction.

By using inline monitoring, it is possible to optimize reactions performed using continuous-flow processing in a simple and rapid way. It is also possible ...

Transport of Surface-modified Carbon Nanotubes through a Soil Column

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are widely manufactured nanoparticles, which are being utilized in a number of consumer products, such as sporting goods, electronics and biomedical applications. Due to their accelerating production and use, CNTs constitute a potential environmental risk if they are released to soil and groundwater systems. It is therefore essential to improve the current understanding of environmental fate and transport of CNTs. The transport and retention of CNTs in both natural and artificial media have been reported in literature, but the findings widely vary and are thus not conclusive. There are a number of physical and chemical parameters responsible for variation in retention and transport. In this study, a complete procedure of selected multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) is presented starting from their surface modification to a complete set of laboratory column experiments at critical physical and chemical scenarios. Results indicate that the stability of the commercially available MWCNTs are critical with their attached surface functional group which can also influence the transport and retention of MWCNT through the surrounding medium.

Surface properties of a nanoparticle are important for their interaction with the surrounding medium. Therefore the surface modification of carbon nanotubes can be critical for their transport and retention through porous media. Here, lab scale column experiments are used to understand the possible transport and retention of these nanoparticles.

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are widely manufactured nanoparticles, which are being utilized in a number of consumer products, such as sporting goods, ...

A Method to Manipulate Surface Tension of a Liquid Metal via Surface Oxidation and Reduction

Controlling interfacial tension is an effective method for manipulating the shape, position, and flow of fluids at sub-millimeter length scales, where interfacial tension is a dominant force. A variety of methods exist for controlling the interfacial tension of aqueous and organic liquids on this scale; however, these techniques have limited utility for liquid metals due to their large interfacial tension.
Liquid metals can form soft, stretchable, and shape-reconfigurable components in electronic and electromagnetic devices. Although it is possible to manipulate these fluids via mechanical methods (e.g., pumping), electrical methods are easier to miniaturize, control, and implement. However, most electrical techniques have their own constraints: electrowetting-on-dielectric requires large (kV) potentials for modest actuation, electrocapillarity can affect relatively small changes in the interfacial tension, and continuous electrowetting is limited to plugs of the liquid metal in capillaries.
Here, we present a method for actuating gallium and gallium-based liquid metal alloys via an electrochemical surface reaction. Controlling the electrochemical potential on the surface of the liquid metal in electrolyte rapidly and reversibly changes the interfacial tension by over two orders of magnitude ( &#820;500 mN/m to near zero). Furthermore, this method requires only a very modest potential (&#60; 1 V) applied relative to a counter electrode. The resulting change in tension is due primarily to the electrochemical deposition of a surface oxide layer, which acts as a surfactant; removal of the oxide increases the interfacial tension, and vice versa. This technique can be applied in a wide variety of electrolytes and is independent of the substrate on which it rests.

We present a method to control the interfacial energy of a liquid metal in an electrolyte via electrochemical deposition (or removal) of a surface oxide layer. This simple method can control the capillary behavior of gallium-based liquid metals by tuning the interfacial energy rapidly, significantly, and reversibly using modest voltages.

Controlling interfacial tension is an effective method for manipulating the shape, position, and flow of fluids at sub-millimeter length scales, where ...

Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Functionalized Vinyl Monomers Using Perylene as a Visible Light Photocatalyst

A standardized technique for atom transfer radical polymerization of vinyl monomers using perylene as a visible-light photocatalyst is presented. The procedure is performed under an inert atmosphere using air- and water-exclusion techniques. The outcome of the polymerization is affected by the ratios of monomer, initiator, and catalyst used as well as the reaction concentration, solvent, and nature of the light source. Temporal control over the polymerization can be exercised by turning the visible light source off and on. Low dispersities of the resultant polymers as well as the ability to chain-extend to form block copolymers suggest control over the polymerization, while chain end-group analysis provides evidence supporting an atom-transfer radical polymerization mechanism.

A method for the atom transfer radical polymerization of functionalized vinyl monomers using perylene as a visible-light photocatalyst is described.

A standardized technique for atom transfer radical polymerization of vinyl monomers using perylene as a visible-light photocatalyst is presented. The ...

In Situ Monitoring of Diffusion of Guest Molecules in Porous Media Using Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Imaging

A method is demonstrated to monitor macroscopic translational diffusion using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) imaging. A host-guest system with nitroxide spin probe 3-(2-Iodoacetamido)-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-pyrrolidinyloxy (IPSL) as a guest inside the periodic mesoporous organosilica (PMO) aerogel UKON1-GEL as a host and ethanol as a solvent is used as an example to describe the protocol. Data is shown from a previous publication, where the protocol has been applied to both IPSL and Tris(8-carboxy-2,2,6,6-perdeutero-tetramethyl-benzo[1,2-d:4,5-d&#8242;]bis(1,3)dithiole) methyl (Trityl) as guest molecules and UKON1-GEL and SILICA-GEL as host systems. 
A method is shown to prepare aerogel samples that cannot be synthesized directly in the sample tube for measurement due to a size change during synthesis. The aerogel is attached to sample tubes using heat shrink tubing and a pressure cooker to reach the necessary temperature without evaporating the solvent in the process. The method does not assume a clearly defined initial distribution of guest molecules at the start of the measurement. Instead, it requires a reservoir on top of the aerogel and experimentally determines the influx rate during data analysis.
The diffusion is monitored continually over a period of 20 hr by recording the 1d spin density profile within the sample. The spectrometer settings for the imaging experiment are described quantitatively. Data analysis software is provided to take the resonator sensitivity profile into account and to numerically solve the diffusion equation. The software determines the macroscopic translational diffusion coefficient by least square minimization of the difference between the experiment and the numerical solution of the diffusion equation.

In Situ Monitoring of Diffusion of Guest Molecules in Porous Media Using Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Imaging

A protocol for the in situ monitoring of the diffusion of guest molecules in porous media using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) imaging is presented.

A method is demonstrated to monitor macroscopic translational diffusion using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) imaging. A host-guest system with ...

Sediment Core Extrusion Method at Millimeter Resolution Using a Calibrated, Threaded-rod

Aquatic sediment core subsampling is commonly performed at cm or half-cm resolution. Depending on the sedimentation rate and depositional environment, this resolution provides records at the annual to decadal scale, at best. An extrusion method, using a calibrated, threaded-rod is presented here, which allows for millimeter-scale subsampling of aquatic sediment cores of varying diameters. Millimeter scale subsampling allows for sub-annual to monthly analysis of the sedimentary record, an order of magnitude higher than typical sampling schemes. The extruder consists of a 2 m aluminum frame and base, two core tube clamps, a threaded-rod, and a 1 m piston. The sediment core is placed above the piston and clamped to the frame. An acrylic sampling collar is affixed to the upper 5 cm of the core tube and provides a platform from which to extract sub-samples. The piston is rotated around the threaded-rod at calibrated intervals and gently pushes the sediment out the top of the core tube. The sediment is then isolated into the sampling collar and placed into an appropriate sampling vessel (e.g., jar or bag). This method also preserves the unconsolidated samples (i.e., high pore water content) at the surface, providing a consistent sampling volume. This mm scale extrusion method was applied to cores collected in the northern Gulf of Mexico following the Deepwater Horizon submarine oil release. Evidence suggests that it is necessary to sample at the mm scale to fully characterize events that occur on the monthly time-scale for continental slope sediments.

An extrusion method using a calibrated threaded-rod is presented, which allows for mm scale subsampling of aquatic sediment cores. Millimeter-scale sampling is necessary to fully characterize recent event stratigraphy in sediment records.

Aquatic sediment core subsampling is commonly performed at cm or half-cm resolution. Depending on the sedimentation rate and depositional environment, ...

Failure of Cleaning Verification in Pharmaceutical Industry Due to Uncleanliness of Stainless Steel Surface

The aim of this work is to identify the parameters that affect the recovery of pharmaceutical residues from the surface of stainless steel coupons. A series of factors were assessed, including drug product spike levels, spiking procedure, drug-excipient ratios, analyst-to-analyst variability, intraday variability, and cleaning procedure of the coupons. The lack of a well-defined procedure that consistently cleaned the coupon surface was identified as the major contributor to low and variable recoveries. Assessment of cleaning the surface of the coupons with clean-in-place solutions (CIP) gave high recovery (&#62;90%) and reproducible results (Srel&#8804;4%) regardless of the conditions that were assessed previously. The approach was successfully applied for cleaning verification of small molecules (MW &#60;1,000 Da) as well as large biomolecules (MW up to 50,000 Da).

The lack of a well-defined procedure that consistently cleaned coupon surfaces was identified as the major contributor to low and variable recoveries in cleaning verification. This manuscript describes the correct protocol of cleaning stainless steel coupons.

The aim of this work is to identify the parameters that affect the recovery of pharmaceutical residues from the surface of stainless steel coupons. A ...

Grafting Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes with Polystyrene to Enable Self-Assembly and Anisotropic Patchiness

We demonstrate a straightforward protocol to graft pristine multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with polystyrene (PS) chains at the sidewalls through a free-radical polymerization strategy to enable the modulation of the nanotube surface properties and produce supramolecular self-assembly of the nanostructures. First, a selective hydroxylation of the pristine nanotubes through a biphasic catalytically mediated oxidation reaction creates superficially distributed reactive sites at the sidewalls. The latter reactive sites are subsequently modified with methacrylic moieties using a silylated methacrylic precursor to create polymerizable sites. Those polymerizable groups can address further polymerization of styrene to produce a hybrid nanomaterial containing PS chains grafted to the nanotube sidewalls. The polymer-graft content, amount of silylated methacrylic moieties introduced and hydroxylation modification of the nanotubes are identified and quantified by Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). The presence of reactive functional groups hydroxyl and silylated methacrylate are confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR). Polystyrene-grafted carbon nanotube solutions in tetrahydrofuran (THF) provide wall-to-wall collinearly self-assembled nanotubes when cast samples are analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Those self-assemblies are not obtained when suitable blanks are similarly cast from analogous solutions containing non-grafted counterparts. Therefore, this method enables the modification of the nanotube anisotropic patchiness at the sidewalls which results into spontaneous auto-organization at the nanoscale.

A procedure for the synthesis of polystyrene-grafted multiwalled carbon nanotubes using successive chemical modification steps to selectively introduce the polymer chains to the sidewalls and their self-assembly via anisotropic patchiness is presented.

We demonstrate a straightforward protocol to graft pristine multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with polystyrene (PS) chains at the sidewalls through a ...

Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy as a Tool for Electrochemical Rate Constant Estimation

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was used for advanced characterization of organic electroactive compounds along with cyclic voltammetry (CV). In the case of fast reversible electrochemical processes, current is predominantly affected by the rate of diffusion, which is the slowest and limiting stage. EIS is a powerful technique that allows separate analysis of stages of charge transfer that have different AC frequency response. The capability of the method was used to extract the value of charge transfer resistance, which characterizes the rate of charge exchange on the electrode-solution interface. The application of this technique is broad, from biochemistry up to organic electronics. In this work, we are presenting the method of analysis of organic compounds for optoelectronic applications.

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) of species that undergo reversible oxidation or reduction in solution was used for determination of rate constants of oxidation or reduction.

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was used for advanced characterization of organic electroactive compounds along with cyclic voltammetry (CV). ...

Exploring the Radical Nature of a Carbon Surface by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance and a Calibrated Gas Flow

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Chapters in this video

Quantitative Detection of Trace Explosive Vapors by Programmed Temperature Desorption Gas Chromatography-Electron Capture Detector

Real-time Monitoring of Reactions Performed Using Continuous-flow Processing: The Preparation of 3-Acetylcoumarin as an Example

Transport of Surface-modified Carbon Nanotubes through a Soil Column

A Method to Manipulate Surface Tension of a Liquid Metal via Surface Oxidation and Reduction

Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Functionalized Vinyl Monomers Using Perylene as a Visible Light Photocatalyst

In Situ Monitoring of Diffusion of Guest Molecules in Porous Media Using Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Imaging

Sediment Core Extrusion Method at Millimeter Resolution Using a Calibrated, Threaded-rod

Failure of Cleaning Verification in Pharmaceutical Industry Due to Uncleanliness of Stainless Steel Surface

Grafting Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes with Polystyrene to Enable Self-Assembly and Anisotropic Patchiness

Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy as a Tool for Electrochemical Rate Constant Estimation