This work was supported by a UNCF-Merck Graduate Science Research Dissertation Fellowship (J.L.M.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute grants RO1-HL-62228 (J.S.J.) and RO1-HL-073990 (J.S.J.).

1. Preparation of Hanks' Balance Salt Solution (HBSS)
<ol>
 <li>Autoclave 1 L glass beaker, 1000 mL graduated cylinder, and stir bar.</li>
 <li>Reconstitute the HBSS powder solution in the autoclaved 1 L glass beaker to the 900 mL mark with double distilled water.</li>
 <li>Mix HBSS solution with 3.4 g of Hepes Na+ salt and adjust the pH to a value between 7.35-7.41 using either concentrated HCL or NaOH.</li>
 <li>Once the desired pH has been attained and remains stable, add 5 g of bovine serum albumin to the solution at room temperature until the albumin is completely dissolved.</li>
 <li>Add 10 mL of the antibiotic, antimyotic, to the solution and double distilled water until the total volume is at 1000 mL mark.</li>
 <li>Stir the solution thoroughly.</li>
 <li>Filter the HBSS solution and separate it into 50 mL Falcon tubes for later use. Additional tubes can be frozen and used at a later date.</li>
</ol>
2. Animal Preparation - Insertion of Tracheal Tube
<ol>
 <li>Prepare a tray with required instruments and material for insertion of a tracheal tube (i.e. forceps, scissors, tracheal tube, 3-0 black braided suture, small animal ventilator, etc.).</li>
 <li>Once the rat is completely anesthetized with a ketamine/xylazine cocktail in the ratio of 2 ketamine to 1 xylazine, shave the abdomen, chest, and throat of the rat. To ensure that a deep anesthetic state has been achieved, pinch the rat's toe and check for pedal withdrawal of limb. Make sure the rat is deeply anesthetized before making all incisions.</li>
 <li>Place the rat with its head raised on a cutting board that is inclined at a 30&deg; angle</li>
 <li>Make a skin incision from the mid-abdomen to below the lower jaw. Dissect away the muscles of the anterior triangle of the neck to expose the trachea.</li>
 <li>Place a 3-0 black braided suture under the trachea.</li>
 <li>Make an incision in the trachea between the cartilaginous rings and insert the tracheal tube. Tie the suture tightly to secure the tracheal tube to the trachea.</li>
 <li>Connect the tracheal tube to a small animal ventilator.</li>
</ol>
3. Instrument Preparation for Immune Cell Isolation
<ol>
 <li>Prepare a tray with the instruments for the immune cell isolation procedure (i.e. forceps, scissors, HBSS, trimmed soft Teflon 24 gauge Baxter intravascular over the needle quick-cath)</li>
 <li>Prepare two 10cc syringes, fill one syringe with HBSS for introducing the buffer into the pericardial sac and reserve the other one for aspirating the HBSS containing cells. 3.2.1. Reduce the Teflon tip of the 24 gauge Baxter intravascular over the needle quick-cath (1.6 cm) by 1/2 to 3/4 of its original length for the isolation procedure.</li>
 <li>Place all syringes, buffers, and an empty 15 mL Falcon Tube (to hold the extracted fluid once procedure is finished) on ice.</li>
</ol>
4. Immune Cell Isolation
<ol>
 <li>Make a midline incision in the abdominal wall (along the linea alba) until you reach the xiphoid process.</li>
 <li>Starting slightly laterally to the xiphoid process, make bilateral incisions through the rib cage continuing at an angle toward the axilla. Be careful not to perforate the lungs, heart, or pericardium.</li>
 <li>Once the incisions on both sides of the sternum are complete, dissect away the diaphragm from the lower ribs, cutting lateral to medial. Note: Be ever aware of where the pericardium connects to the diaphragm and sternum to avoid damage. Use the falciform ligament as a landmark to note where the pericardium is attached on the opposite side of the diaphragm. Also, if the pericardium is cut, the ability to isolate cells is lost.</li>
 <li>Gently lift one side of the ribcage to expose the thoracic cavity and the heart (still encapsulated by the pericardium).</li>
 <li>Take the HBSS filled syringe and find a point in the pericardial sac approximately half way between the sternum and the heart (preferably more rostral than caudal) and insert the Teflon tip of the shortened quick-cath through both layers of the pericardium.</li>
 <li>Once the catheter is in place, proceed gently fill the pericardial space with 2 to 3 ml of HBBS buffer. You will know immediately if the catheter is properly placed when you notice the pericardial space expanding. If no filling is witnessed, withdraw and reposition the quick-cath.</li>
 <li>When the pericardial sac is filled, take the other 10 cc syringe and place the tip back in the pericardium and begin aspirating the buffer. The same entry hole can be used or another can be created. Make sure the tip does not come too close to the walls of the pericardial sac while providing suction, especially on the underside of the heart. This could lead to puncturing the pericardial sac and loss of cell-containing cells.</li>
 <li>While aspirating the buffer, the catheter tip can be moved around inside the pericardial sac in order to collect as much buffer as possible.</li>
</ol>
Note: If in doing so you slightly tear the pericardium and make the hole at the top of the heart larger than the original hole, don't panic. As long as the pericardium still surrounds enough of the heart you can still perform another wash over the heart albeit with a lesser amount of buffer. For collection of an optimal amount of cells, three to four additional washes are needed.
<ol start="9">
 <li>Place the extracted buffer into the Falcon tubes that were placed on ice.</li>
 <li>Remove heart, lungs, and/or any other tissue if needed for further studies. After the collection of immune cells and other tissues, the rat must be rapidly and humanely euthanized.</li>
 <li>Centrifuge the collected immune cell samples for 10 min at 200g at 4&deg;C. Always keep the tubes on ice when not in use.</li>
 <li>Remove the supernatant and reconstitute the pellet in 1 mL of Hyclone Buffer or HBSS.</li>
</ol>
Note: It is important to count the number of immune cells obtained from each heart after the immune cell isolation procedure.
5. Representative Results:
An example of isolated cardiac mast cells obtained with this technique and stained with toluidine blue and safranin O/ alcian blue are presented in figures 2A and 2B, respectively. As can be seen in Figure 3, The cardiac mast, maintained their ability to release histamine after treatment with known activators such as compound 48/80 and substance P as described in Morgan et al.9Representative scatter plots from flow cytometry of CD4+ cells and CD8+ cells are presented in figures 4 and 5, respectively. T-lymphocytes are further identified and phenotyped as a cell population from this technique.
<img alt="Figure 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/3020/3020fig1.jpg" /> 
Figure 1. Flow chart of the cardiac immune cell isolation procedure.
<img alt="Figure 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/3020/3020fig2.jpg" /> 
Figure 2. Histological representative images of cardiac mast cells are stained as follows: (A) with toluidine blue and (B) are safranin O/alcian blue.
<img alt="Figure 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/3020/3020fig3.jpg" /> 
Figure 3. Functional study of cardiac mast cells isolated from the epicardial myocardial region and stimulated with compound 48/80 (10&mu;g/mL) and substance P (10&mu;M).
<img alt="Figure 4" src="/files/ftp_upload/3020/3020fig4.jpg" /> 
Figure 4. Representative flow cytometry scatter plots of isolated CD4+ cells labeled with Substance P (1:100 dilution).
<img alt="Figure 5" src="/files/ftp_upload/3020/3020fig5.jpg" /> 
Figure 5. Representative flow cytometry of isolated CD8+ cells labeled with Substance P (1:100 dilution).

<ol>
	<li>Brower, G. L., Chancey, A. L., Thanigaraj, S., Matsubara, B. B., Janicki, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cause+and+effect+relationship+between+myocardial+mast+cell+number+and+matrix+metalloproteinase+activity.">Cause and effect relationship between myocardial mast cell number and matrix metalloproteinase activity.</a> Am. J. Physiol. Heart. Circ. Physiol. 283, H518-H525 (2002).</li><li>Brower, G. L., Janicki, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pharmacologic+inhibition+of+mast+cell+degranulation+prevents+left+ventricular+remodeling+induced+by+chronic+volume+overload+in+rats.">Pharmacologic inhibition of mast cell degranulation prevents left ventricular remodeling induced by chronic volume overload in rats.</a> Journal of Cardiac Failure. 11, 548-556 (2005).</li><li>Chancey, A. L., Brower, G. L., Janicki, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cardiac+mast+cell-mediated+activation+of+gelatinase+and+alteration+of+ventricular+diastolic+function.">Cardiac mast cell-mediated activation of gelatinase and alteration of ventricular diastolic function.</a> Am. J. Physiol. Heart. Circ. Physiol. 282, H2152-H2158 (2002).</li><li>Levick, S. P., Gardner, J. D., Holland, M., Hauer-Jensen, M., Janicki, J. S., Brower, G. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protection+from+adverse+myocardial+remodeling+secondary+to+chronic+volume+overload+in+mast+cell+deficient+rats.">Protection from adverse myocardial remodeling secondary to chronic volume overload in mast cell deficient rats.</a> Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology. 43, 56-61 (2008).</li><li>Levick, S. P., McLarty, J. L., Murray, D. B., Freeman, R. M., Carver, W. E., Brower, G. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cardiac+Mast+Cells+Mediate+Left+Ventricular+Fibrosis+in+the+Hypertensive+Rat.">Cardiac Mast Cells Mediate Left Ventricular Fibrosis in the Hypertensive Rat.</a> Hypertension. 53, 1041-1047 (2009).</li><li>Batista, M. L., Santos, R. V., Cunha, L. M., Mattos, K., Oliveira, E. M., Seelander, M. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Changes+in+the+pro-inflammatory+cytokine+production+and+peritoneal+macrophage+function+in+rats+with+chronic+heart+failure.">Changes in the pro-inflammatory cytokine production and peritoneal macrophage function in rats with chronic heart failure.</a> Cytokine. 34, 284-290 (2006).</li><li>Galli, S. J., Tsai, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mast+Cells:+Versatile+regulator+of+inflammation,+tissue+remodeling,+host+defense+and+homeostasis.">Mast Cells: Versatile regulator of inflammation, tissue remodeling, host defense and homeostasis.</a> Journal of Dermatological Science. 49, 7-19 (2008).</li><li>Yndestad, A., Holm, A. M., Muller, F., Simonsen, S., Froland, S. S., Gullested, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enhanced+expression+of+inflammatory+cytokines+and+activation+markers+in+T-cells+from+patients+with+chronic+heart+failure.">Enhanced expression of inflammatory cytokines and activation markers in T-cells from patients with chronic heart failure.</a> Cardiovasc. Res. 60, 141-146 (2003).</li><li>Bozkurt, B., Kribbs, S. B., Clubb, F. J., Michael, L. H., Didenko, V. V., Hornsby, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pathophysiologically+Relevant+Concentrations+of+Tumor+Necrosis+Factor-&#x0251;+Promote+Progressive+Left+Ventricular+Dysfunction+and+Remodeling+in+Rats.">Pathophysiologically Relevant Concentrations of Tumor Necrosis Factor-&#x0251; Promote Progressive Left Ventricular Dysfunction and Remodeling in Rats.</a> Circulation. 97, 1382-1391 (1998).</li><li>Frangogiannis, N. G., Lindsey, M. L., Michael, L. H., Youker, K. A., Bressler, R. B., Mendoza, L. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Resident+Cardiac+Mast+Cells+Degranulate+and+Release+Preformed+TNF-&#x0251;,+Initiating+the+Cytokine+Cascade+in+Experimental+Canine+Myocardial+Ischemia/Reperfusion.">Resident Cardiac Mast Cells Degranulate and Release Preformed TNF-&#x0251;, Initiating the Cytokine Cascade in Experimental Canine Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion.</a> Circulation. 98, 699-710 (1998).</li><li>Jobe, L. J., Melendez, G. C., Levick, S. P., Du, Y., Brower, G. L., Janicki, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=TNF-&#945;+inhibition+attenuates+adverse+myocardial+remodeling+in+a+rat+model+of+volume+overload.">TNF-&#945; inhibition attenuates adverse myocardial remodeling in a rat model of volume overload.</a> Am. J. Physiol. Heart. Circ. Physiol. 297, H1462-H1468 (2009).</li><li>Forman, M. F., Brower, G. L., Janicki, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spontaneous+histamine+secretion+during+isolation+of+rat+cardiac+mast+cells.">Spontaneous histamine secretion during isolation of rat cardiac mast cells.</a> Inflammation Research. 53, 453-457 (2004).</li><li>Levick, S. P., Murray, D. B., Janicki, J. S., Brower, G. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sympathetic+nervous+system+modulation+of+inflammation+and+remodeling+in+the+hypertensive+heart.">Sympathetic nervous system modulation of inflammation and remodeling in the hypertensive heart.</a> Hypertension. 55, 270-276 (2010).</li><li>Morgan, L., Levick, S., Voloshenyuk, T., Murray, D., Forman, M., Brower, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+technique+for+isolating+functional+mast+cells+from+the+heart.">A novel technique for isolating functional mast cells from the heart.</a> Inflammation Research. 57, 241-246 (2008).</li></ol>

We have nothing to disclose.

This method of isolating cardiac immune cells enables the analysis of their function, phenotype, and maturity without the unwanted activation that typically occurs during a traditional enzymatic digestion isolation technique. The average total number of cells obtained with this technique is around 400,000 per rat heart, and differential staining and flow cytometry analysis of these cells indicates mixed population of T-lymphocytes (~70%), macrophages (~12%) and mast cells with the use of this technique.(~12 %).13, 1...

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Name of Reagent and Equipment</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalogue Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hanks' Balanced Salt</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>H4891</td>
			<td>One bottle makes 1 L of Hanks' Balance Salt 
			Solution. Reconstitute Hanks' Balance Salt 
			Solution as a part of the procedure.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Antibiotic- Antimyotic</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15240-062</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>H3784</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine Serum Albumin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A3912</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>250 mL Nalogene Filter Bottle</td>
			<td>Thermoscientific</td>
			<td>157-0020</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>12 N HCL</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>CAS 7647-01-0</td>
			<td>For 6 N, add equal volumes of HCL to deionized water.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10 N NaOH</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>SC267</td>
			<td>For 5 N, add equal volumes of NaOH to deionized water.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Double Distilled Water</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>
Table of Specific Equipment:
<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Name of Reagent and Equipment</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalogue Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3-O Suture Silk Braided</td>
			<td>Ethicon Products</td>
			<td>SA64H</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Small Animal Ventilator</td>
			<td>CWE Incorporated</td>
			<td>SAR-830</td>
			<td>Set breathing rate to 40.5 breaths per min.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bevel 18 gauge needle</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>305199</td>
			<td>Trim needle by 1/2 to 3/4 of its original length for use as a tracheal tube.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Teflon Tip (with needle removed) of 24-gauge Baxter quick-cath catheter</td>
			<td>Baxter</td>
			<td>2N111</td>
			<td>Reduce the Teflon Tip length by 1/2 to 3/4.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10 cc syringe</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>14-823-16B</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15 mL Falcon Tubes</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>352097</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sorvall RT6000B Refrigerated Centrifuge</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>75-004-377</td>
			<td>Remember to pre-cool and keep at 4&deg;C.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hyclone</td>
			<td>Thermoscientific</td>
			<td>S300030.02</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hemocytometer</td>
			<td>Hausser Scientific</td>
			<td>HS-LB-1483</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

isolation of functional cardiac immune cells

Cardiac immune cells are gaining interest for the roles they play in the pathological remodeling in many cardiac diseases.1-5 These immune cells, which include mast cells, T-cells and macrophages; store and release a variety of biologically active mediators including cytokines and proteases such as tryptase.6-8 These mediators have been shown to be key players in extracellular matrix metabolism by activating matrix metalloproteinases or causing collagen accumulation by modulating the cardiac fibroblasts' function.9-11 However, available techniques for isolating cardiac immune cells have been problematic because they use bacterial collagenase to digest the myocardial tissue. This technique causes activation of the immune cells and thus a loss of function. For example, cardiac mast cells become significantly less responsive to compounds that cause degranulation.12 Therefore, we developed a technique that allows for the isolation of functional cardiac immune cells which would lead to a better understanding of the role of these cells in cardiac disease.13, 14
This method requires a familiarity with the anatomical location of the rat's xiphoid process, axilla and falciform ligament, and pericardium of the heart. These landmarks are important to increase success of the procedure and to ensure a higher yield of cardiac immune cells. These isolated cardiac immune cells can then be used for characterization of functionality, phenotype, maturity, and co-culture experiments with other cardiac cells to gain a better understanding of their interactions.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation of Functional Cardiac Immune Cells at JoVE.com

Isolation of Functional Cardiac Immune Cells

This method for isolating functional immune cells from the heart provides an alternative to the conventional methods of collagenase digestion, which causes unwanted immune cell activation, resulting in a decreased responsiveness of these cells. Our method of isolation yields functional cardiac immune cells by avoiding problems associated with enzymatic digestion.

Cardiac immune cells are gaining interest for the roles they play in the pathological remodeling in many cardiac diseases.1-5  These immune cells, which ...

isolation-of-functional-cardiac-immune-cells

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

15.0K Views.  University of South Carolina- School of Medicine. This method for isolating functional immune cells from the heart provides an alternative to the conventional methods of collagenase digestion, which causes unwanted immune cell activation, resulting in a decreased responsiveness of these cells. Our method of isolation yields functional cardiac immune cells by avoiding problems associated with enzymatic digestion.

Video: Isolation of Functional Cardiac Immune Cells

Measuring Calpain Activity in Fixed and Living Cells by Flow Cytometry

Calpains are ubiquitous intracellular, calcium-sensitive, neutral cysteine proteases 1. Calpains play crucial roles in many physiological processes, including signaling, cytoskeletal remodeling, regulation of gene expression, apoptosis and cell cycle progression 1. Calpains have been implicated in many pathologies including muscular dystrophies, cancer, diabetes, Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis 1. Calpain regulation is complex and incompletely understood. mRNA and protein levels correlate poorly with activity, limiting the use of gene or protein expression techniques to measure calpain activity. This video protocol details a flow cytometric assay developed in our laboratory for measuring calpain activity in fixed and living cells. This method uses the fluorescent substrate BOC-LM-CMAC, which is cleaved specifically by calpain, to measure calpain activity. 2 In this video, calpain activity in fixed and living murine 32Dkit leukemia cells, alone or as part of a splenocyte population is measured using an LSRII (BD Bioscience). 32Dkit cells are shown to have elevated activity compared to normal splenocytes.

This article will detail the protocol for measuring calpain activity in fixed and living cells using flow cytometry.

Calpains are ubiquitous intracellular, calcium-sensitive, neutral cysteine proteases 1. Calpains play crucial roles in many physiological processes, ...

Seven Steps to Stellate Cells

Hepatic stellate cells are liver-resident cells of star-like morphology and are located in the space of Disse between liver sinusoidal endothelial cells and hepatocytes1,2. Stellate cells are derived from bone marrow precursors and store up to 80% of the total body vitamin A1, 2. Upon activation, stellate cells differentiate into myofibroblasts to produce extracellular matrix, thus contributing to liver fibrosis3. Based on their ability to contract, myofibroblastic stellate cells can regulate the vascular tone associated with portal hypertension4. Recently, we demonstrated that hepatic stellate cells are potent antigen presenting cells and can activate NKT cells as well as conventional T lymphocytes5. 

 Here we present a method for the efficient preparation of hepatic stellate cells from mouse liver. Due to their perisinusoidal localization, the isolation of hepatic stellate cells is a multi-step process. In order to render stellate cells accessible to isolation from the space of Disse, mouse livers are perfused in situ with the digestive enzymes Pronase E and Collagenase P. Following perfusion, the liver tissue is subjected to additional enzymatic treatment with Pronase E and Collagenase P in vitro. Subsequently, the method takes advantage of the massive amount of vitamin A-storing lipid droplets in hepatic stellate cells. This feature allows the separation of stellate cells from other hepatic cell types by centrifugation on an 8% Nycodenz gradient. The protocol described here yields a highly pure and homogenous population of stellate cells. Purity of preparations can be assessed by staining for the marker molecule glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), prior to analysis by fluorescence microscopy or flow cytometry. Further, light microscopy reveals the unique appearance of star-shaped hepatic stellate cells that harbor high amounts of lipid droplets. 


 Taken together, we present a detailed protocol for the efficient isolation of hepatic stellate cells, including representative images of their morphological appearance and GFAP expression that help to define the stellate cell entity.

Here we describe a method for the isolation of hepatic stellate cells from mouse liver. For stellate cell purification, mouse livers are digested in situ and in vitro by pronase-collagenase treatment prior to density gradient centrifugation. This technique yields highly pure hepatic stellate cells.

Hepatic stellate cells are liver-resident  cells of star-like morphology and are located in the space of Disse between  liver sinusoidal endothelial cells ...

Differentiating Functional Roles of Gene Expression from Immune and Non-immune Cells in Mouse Colitis by Bone Marrow Transplantation

To understand the role of a gene in the development of colitis, we compared the responses of wild-type mice and gene-of-interest deficient knockout mice to colitis. If the gene-of-interest is expressed in both bone marrow derived cells and non-bone marrow derived cells of the host; however, it is possible to differentiate the role of a gene of interest in bone marrow derived cells and non- bone marrow derived cells by bone marrow transplantation technique. To change the bone marrow derived cell genotype of mice, the original bone marrow of recipient mice were destroyed by irradiation and then replaced by new donor bone marrow of different genotype. When wild-type mice donor bone marrow was transplanted to knockout mice, we could generate knockout mice with wild-type gene expression in bone marrow derived cells. Alternatively, when knockout mice donor bone marrow was transplanted to wild-type recipient mice, wild-type mice without gene-of-interest expressing from bone marrow derived cells were produced. However, bone marrow transplantation may not be 100% complete. Therefore, we utilized cluster of differentiation (CD) molecules (CD45.1 and CD45.2) as markers of donor and recipient cells to track the proportion of donor bone marrow derived cells in recipient mice and success of bone marrow transplantation. Wild-type mice with CD45.1 genotype and knockout mice with CD45.2 genotype were used. After irradiation of recipient mice, the donor bone marrow cells of different genotypes were infused into the recipient mice. When the new bone marrow regenerated to take over its immunity, the mice were challenged by chemical agent (dextran sodium sulfate, DSS 5%) to induce colitis. Here we also showed the method to induce colitis in mice and evaluate the role of the gene of interest expressed from bone-marrow derived cells. If the gene-of-interest from the bone derived cells plays an important role in the development of the disease (such as colitis), the phenotype of the recipient mice with bone marrow transplantation can be significantly altered. At the end of colitis experiments, the bone marrow derived cells in blood and bone marrow were labeled with antibodies against CD45.1 and CD45.2 and their quantitative ratio of existence could be used to evaluate the success of bone marrow transplantation by flow cytometry. Successful bone marrow transplantation should show a vast majority of donor genotype (in term of CD molecule marker) over recipient genotype in both the bone marrow and blood of recipient mice.

Bone marrow transplantation provides a way to change the genotype of the bone marrow derived cells. If the gene of interest is expressed in both bone marrow derived cells and non-bone marrow derived cells, bone marrow transplantation can change the bone marrow derived cells to a different genotype without changing the non-bone marrow derived cell genotype.

To understand the role of a gene in the development of colitis, we compared the responses of wild-type mice and gene-of-interest deficient knockout mice ...

Flow Cytometric Isolation of Primary Murine Type II Alveolar Epithelial Cells for Functional and Molecular Studies

Throughout the last years, the contribution of alveolar type II epithelial cells (AECII) to various aspects of immune regulation in the lung has been increasingly recognized. AECII have been shown to participate in cytokine production in inflamed airways and to even act as antigen-presenting cells in both infection and T-cell mediated autoimmunity 1-8. Therefore, they are especially interesting also in clinical contexts such as airway hyper-reactivity to foreign and self-antigens as well as infections that directly or indirectly target AECII. However, our understanding of the detailed immunologic functions served by alveolar type II epithelial cells in the healthy lung as well as in inflammation remains fragmentary. Many studies regarding AECII function are performed using mouse or human alveolar epithelial cell lines 9-12. Working with cell lines certainly offers a range of benefits, such as the availability of large numbers of cells for extensive analyses. However, we believe the use of primary murine AECII allows a better understanding of the role of this cell type in complex processes like infection or autoimmune inflammation. Primary murine AECII can be isolated directly from animals suffering from such respiratory conditions, meaning they have been subject to all additional extrinsic factors playing a role in the analyzed setting. As an example, viable AECII can be isolated from mice intranasally infected with influenza A virus, which primarily targets these cells for replication 13. Importantly, through ex vivo infection of AECII isolated from healthy mice, studies of the cellular responses mounted upon infection can be further extended.
Our protocol for the isolation of primary murine AECII is based on enzymatic digestion of the mouse lung followed by labeling of the resulting cell suspension with antibodies specific for CD11c, CD11b, F4/80, CD19, CD45 and CD16/CD32. Granular AECII are then identified as the unlabeled and sideward scatter high (SSChigh) cell population and are separated by fluorescence activated cell sorting 3.
In comparison to alternative methods of isolating primary epithelial cells from mouse lungs, our protocol for flow cytometric isolation of AECII by negative selection yields untouched, highly viable and pure AECII in relatively short time. Additionally, and in contrast to conventional methods of isolation by panning and depletion of lymphocytes via binding of antibody-coupled magnetic beads 14, 15, flow cytometric cell-sorting allows discrimination by means of cell size and granularity. Given that instrumentation for flow cytometric cell sorting is available, the described procedure can be applied at relatively low costs. Next to standard antibodies and enzymes for lung disintegration, no additional reagents such as magnetic beads are required. The isolated cells are suitable for a wide range of functional and molecular studies, which include in vitro culture and T-cell stimulation assays as well as transcriptome, proteome or secretome analyses 3, 4.

We describe the rapid isolation of primary murine type II alveolar epithelial cells (AECII) by flow cytometric negative selection. These AECII show high viability and purity and are suitable for a wide range of functional and molecular studies regarding their role in respiratory conditions such as autoimmune or infectious diseases.

Throughout  the last years, the contribution of alveolar type II epithelial cells (AECII)  to various aspects of immune regulation in the lung has been ...

Isolation of Adipose Tissue Immune Cells

The discovery of increased macrophage infiltration in the adipose tissue (AT) of obese rodents and humans has led to an intensification of interest in immune cell contribution to local and systemic insulin resistance. Isolation and quantification of different immune cell populations in lean and obese AT is now a commonly utilized technique in immunometabolism laboratories; yet extreme care must be taken both in stromal vascular cell isolation and in the flow cytometry analysis so that the data obtained is reliable and interpretable. In this video we demonstrate how to mince, digest, and isolate the immune cell-enriched stromal vascular fraction. Subsequently, we show how to antibody label macrophages and T lymphocytes and how to properly gate on them in flow cytometry experiments. Representative flow cytometry plots from low fat-fed lean and high fat-fed obese mice are provided. A critical element of this analysis is the use of antibodies that do not fluoresce in channels where AT macrophages are naturally autofluorescent, as well as the use of proper compensation controls.

Adipose tissue (AT) is a site of intense immune cell activation and interaction. Almost all cells of the immune system are present in AT and their ratios are altered by obesity. Proper isolation, quantification, and characterization of AT immune cell populations are critical for understanding their role in immunometabolic disease.

The discovery of increased macrophage infiltration in  the adipose tissue (AT) of obese rodents and humans has led to an  intensification of interest in ...

Detecting Glycogen in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells with Periodic Acid Schiff Staining

Periodic acid Schiff (PAS) staining is an immunohistochemical technique used on muscle biopsies and as a diagnostic tool for blood samples. Polysaccharides such as glycogen, glycoproteins, and glycolipids stain bright magenta making it easy to enumerate positive and negative cells within the tissue. In muscle cells PAS staining is used to determine the glycogen content in different types of muscle cells, while in blood cell samples PAS staining has been explored as a diagnostic tool for a variety of conditions. Blood contains a proportion of white blood cells that belong to the immune system. The notion that cells of the immune system possess glycogen and use it as an energy source has not been widely explored. Here, we describe an adapted version of the PAS staining protocol that can be applied on peripheral blood mononuclear immune cells from human venous blood. Small cells with PAS-positive granules and larger cells with diffuse PAS staining were observed. Treatment of samples with amylase abrogates these patterns confirming the specificity of the stain. An alternate technique based on enzymatic digestion confirmed the presence and amount of glycogen in the samples. This protocol is useful for hematologists or immunologists studying polysaccharide content in blood-derived lymphocytes.

Periodic acid Schiff staining is a technique that visualizes the polysaccharide content of tissues. This article demonstrates periodic acid Schiff staining protocol adapted for use on peripheral blood mononuclear cells purified from human venous blood. Such samples are enriched for lymphocytes and other white blood cells of the immune system.

Periodic acid Schiff (PAS) staining is an immunohistochemical technique used on muscle biopsies and as a diagnostic tool for blood samples. ...

Isolation and Flow Cytometric Analysis of Immune Cells from the Ischemic Mouse Brain

Ischemic stroke initiates a robust inflammatory response that starts in the intravascular compartment and involves rapid activation of brain resident cells. A key mechanism of this inflammatory response is the migration of circulating immune cells to the ischemic brain facilitated by chemokine release and increased endothelial adhesion molecule expression. Brain-invading leukocytes are well-known contributing to early-stage secondary ischemic injury, but their significance for the termination of inflammation and later brain repair has only recently been noticed.
Here, a simple protocol for the efficient isolation of immune cells from the ischemic mouse brain is provided. After transcardial perfusion, brain hemispheres are dissected and mechanically dissociated. Enzymatic digestion with Liberase&#160;is followed by density gradient (such as Percoll) centrifugation to remove myelin and cell debris. One major advantage of this protocol is the single-layer density gradient procedure which does not require time-consuming preparation of gradients and can be reliably performed. The approach yields highly reproducible cell counts per brain hemisphere and allows for measuring several flow cytometry panels in one biological replicate. Phenotypic characterization and quantification of brain-invading leukocytes after experimental stroke may contribute to a better understanding of their multifaceted roles in ischemic injury and repair.

Inflammation plays a central role in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke. Increasing evidence suggests that it acts as a double-edged sword which exacerbates early brain injury, but also contributes to later repair. This protocol describes the isolation of immune cells from the ischemic brain and their subsequent flow cytometric phenotyping.

Ischemic stroke initiates a robust inflammatory response that starts in the intravascular compartment and involves rapid activation of brain resident ...

Isolation, Characterization and Functional Examination of the Gingival Immune Cell Network

Immune cell networks in tissues play a vital role in mediating local immunity and maintaining tissue homeostasis, yet little is known of the resident immune cell populations in the oral mucosa and gingiva. We have established a technique for the isolation and study of immune cells from murine gingival tissues, an area of constant microbial exposure and a vulnerable site to a common inflammatory disease, periodontitis. Our protocol allows for a detailed phenotypic characterization of the immune cell populations resident in the gingiva, even at steady state. Our procedure also yields sufficient cells with high viability for use in functional studies, such as the assessment of cytokine secretion ex vivo. This combination of phenotypic and functional characterization of the gingival immune cell network should aid towards investigating the mechanisms involved in oral immunity and periodontal homeostasis, but will also advance our understanding of the mechanisms involved in local immunopathology.

We have established a technique for the isolation, phenotypic characterization and functional analysis of immune cells from murine gingiva.

Immune cell networks in tissues play a vital role in mediating local immunity and maintaining tissue homeostasis, yet little is known of the resident ...

Isolation and Characterization of Neutrophil-derived Microparticles for Functional Studies

Polymorphonuclear neutrophil-derived microparticles (PMN)-MPs) are lipid bilayer, spherical microvesicles with sizes ranging from 50&#8211;1,000 nm in diameter. MPs are a newly evolving, important part of cell-to-cell communication and signaling machinery. Because of their size and the nature of their release, until recently MP existence was overlooked. However, with improved technology and analytical methods their function in health and disease is now emerging. The protocols presented here are aimed at isolating and characterizing PMN-MPs by flow cytometry and immunoblotting. Moreover, several implementation examples are given. These protocols for MP isolation are fast, low-cost, and do not require the use of expensive kits. Furthermore, they allow for the labeling of MPs following isolation, as well as pre-labeling of source cells prior to MP release, using a membrane-specific fluorescent dye for visualization and analysis by flow cytometry. These methods, however, have several limitations including purity of PMNs and MPs and the need for sophisticated analytical instrumentation. A high-end flow cytometer is needed to reliably analyze MPs and minimize false positive reads due to noise or auto-fluorescence. The described protocols can be used to isolate and define MP biogenesis, and characterize their markers and variation in composition under different stimulating conditions. Size heterogeneity can be exploited to investigate whether the content of membrane particles versus exosomes is different, and whether they fulfill different roles in tissue homeostasis. Finally, following isolation and characterization of MPs, their function in cellular responses and various disease models (including, PMN-associated inflammatory disorders, such as Inflammatory Bowel Diseases or Acute Lung Injury) can be explored.

New protocols are described here to isolate and characterize microparticles derived from human and mouse neutrophils. These protocols utilize ultracentrifugation, flow cytometry, and immunoblotting techniques to analyze microparticle content, and they can be used to study the role of microparticles derived from various cell types in cellular function.

Polymorphonuclear neutrophil-derived microparticles (PMN)-MPs) are lipid bilayer, spherical microvesicles with sizes ranging from 50&#8211;1,000 nm in ...

Isolation of Dendritic Cells from the Human Female Reproductive Tract for Phenotypical and Functional Studies

The characterization of the human dendritic cells (DCs) resident in mucosal tissues is challenging due to the difficulty in obtaining samples, and the low numbers of DCs present per tissue. Yet, as the phenotype and function of DCs is modified by the tissue environment, it is necessary to analyze tissue resident DC populations, since blood derived DCs incompletely reflect the complexities of DCs in tissues. Here we present a protocol to isolate DCs from the human female reproductive tract (FRT) using hysterectomy specimens that allows both phenotypical and functional analyses. The protocol consists of tissue digestion to generate a single cell mixed cell suspension, followed by positive magnetic bead selection. Our tissue digestion protocol does not cleave surface markers, which allows phenotypical and functional analysis of DCs in the steady state, without overnight incubation or cell activation. This protocol can be adapted for the isolation of other immune cell types or isolation of DCs from other tissues.

We describe here a method to isolate and purify dendritic cells from different anatomical compartments in the human female reproductive tract for the evaluation of their phenotypical and functional characteristics. This method can be adapted to isolate other immune cells or dendritic cells from other mucosal tissues.

The characterization of the human dendritic cells (DCs) resident in mucosal tissues is challenging due to the difficulty in obtaining samples, and the low ...