HOG grup Arizona State Üniversitesi'nde bu hidrotermal deneyler ilk metodolojisi geliştirmek için teşekkür ederiz, ve özellikle, biz ı. Gould, E. şok, L. Williams, C. Glein, H. Hartnett, K. Fecteau, K. Robinson ve C. Bockisch, için teşekkür ederim onların rehberlik ve yararlı yardım. Z. Yang ve X. Fu Z. Yang Oakland Üniversitesi'nden başlangıç fonlar tarafından finanse edilmiştir.

1. örnek hidrotermal deneme için hazırlayın
<ol><li>Kuvars veya silis cam tüpler, Örneğin, 2 mm iç çap (ID) x 6 mm dış çapı (OD) veya 6 mm mm ID x 12 OD, boyutu seçmek ve organik bileşikler ve mineraller kullanmak için miktarlarını belirlemek. Bu çalışmada, nitrobenzene ve (Örneğin, 2 mm ID x 6 mm OD) silis tüpe için manyetit (Fe3O4) tutarların 3.0 µL ve 13.9 mg, sırasıyla vardır. Not: Geniş çaplı tüpler malzemelerin daha kolay yükleme izin ancak tüp sızdırmazlık daha fazla çaba gerektirir.</li>
	<li>Temiz silis cam boru ~ 30 cm ile küçük parçalara uzunluğu bir tüp kesici kullanılarak kesilmiş. Mühür bir uygun alev kafa ile bir oksihidrojen gazı meşale kullanarak kapalı tüp bir ucunu. Uyarı: oksihidrojen gazı meşale kullanarak için güvenlik prosedürleri izleyin.</li>
	<li>Bir 0,1 mg-ölçek (Eğer katı) denge ve tartı kağıt kullanarak silika cam tüp içine aktarmak önceden belirlenmiş başlangıç organik bileşik miktarına tartın. Bileşik ise sıvı (Örneğin, nitrobenzene bu durumda), küçük silis tüp içine aktarmak için bir microliter şırınga (Örneğin, 10 µL) kullanın. Pasteur pipet silis tüpten içine asılı mineraller ekleyin ve sonra deoxygenated ve deiyonize su (Örneğin, 0.3 mL) ekleyin. 18.2 MΩ·cm deiyonize su kullanımı ve sonication tarafından deoxygenate.</li>
	<li>Silis tüp kapalı bir vana ile vakum hattı (~ 1 cm ID) takın. ~ 3 min için sıvı azot organik ve su tamamen donmuş kadar dolu bir Dewar şişesi tüp sokmak. Uyarı: aktarılması ve sıvı nitrojen kullanarak güvenlik prosedürleri izleyin.</li>
	<li>Tüp sıvı azot içinde dalmış kaldığında, vakum vanası açmak ve hava tüp headspace kaldırın. Not: Bu işlem basınç basınç ölçüm vakum pompası üzerinde 100 mtorr altına düşünceye kadar sürmelidir.</li>
	<li>Kapak kapatmak geçiş, sıvı azot tüpü çıkarması ve oda sıcaklığına kadar sıcak tüp izin. Headspace için kalan hava kabarcıkları çözümden serbest bırakmak için tüp alt hafifçe dokunun.</li>
	<li>Yukarıdaki donma-pompa-çözülme döngüsü iki kez daha tekrarlayın ve tüp sıvı azot tüpü diğer ucunu sızdırmazlık önce tutmak. Vakum hattı kapatmak ve oksihidrojen gazı alev kapalı tüm tüp yapmak için kullanın. Not: tüp hidrotermal deneyler geçer zaman, sıvı su genişleme nedeniyle tüp headspace hacmi azalır. Örneğin, su yoğunluğu yaklaşık % 30 oda sıcaklığından 300 ° C'ye azaltır Hesaplamak ve tüp sızdırmazlık zaman yeterli headspace hacim bırakmak.</li>
</ol>2. hidrotermal deneme oluşturmak ayarla
<ol><li>Mühürleme adımlardan sonra silis tüp içine küçük bir çelik boru (~ 30 cm uzunluğunda ve 1.5 cm çapında) gevşek vidalı kapakları ile herhangi bir basınç bina veya boru içinde tüp başarısızlık zarar önlemek için koymak.</li>
	<li>Bir de ısı kontrollü fırın veya fırın boru yerleştirin ve istenilen sıcaklık (Örneğin, Bu eser 150 ° C'de) kadar ısı. Bir ısıl fırın içinde hidrotermal tepki ile sıcaklık izlemek için kullanın.</li>
	<li>En kısa zamanda reaksiyon süresi (Örneğin, Bu çalışmada 2 h) ulaşıldığında, silis tüp boru hızlı bir şekilde bir buz su banyosu koyarak gidermek. Not: Su verme işlemi potansiyel retrograd reaksiyonlar önler oda sıcaklığına kadar soğumasını az 1 dk sürer.</li>
</ol>3. deneyden sonra örneğini analiz
<ol><li>Bir tüp kesici kullanarak silika tüp açın ve hızlı bir şekilde tüm ürünleri (Örneğin, küçük silis tüp ~0.3 mL) Pasteur pipet kullanarak bir 10 mL Cam şişe aktarın.</li>
	<li>Gaz Kromatografi (GC) bir iç standart olarak 8.8 mM dodecane içeren 3 mL diklorometan (DCM) çözüm ile organik ürünler ayıklayın. Şişe ve o ile 2 dk ve girdap için o için 1 dk el sallamak kap. Not: Bu organik ürünler organik fazına çıkarma kolaylaştırmak için yardımcı olur. Ayrıca, silis tüp ürünler malın güvenliğini garantiye almak için DCM ile transfer damlalıklı ve iç duvarlarında durulayın. Yüksek mineral içeriği ile örnekleri için onları daha iyi ekstraksiyon DCM çözüm solüsyon içeren temizleyicide.</li>
	<li>(Yani, dodecane ile DCM) çıkarma çözümde yerleşmek için mineral parçacıklar dikkatle ~ 1 mL örnek (Yani, alt tabaka) DCM katmanından bir GC şişe aktarmak bir Pasteur pipet 5 dk. kullanım için izin verir.</li>
	<li>Poli-kılcal sütun (Örneğin, % 5 diphenyl/95% dimethylsiloxane) ve bir alev iyonizasyon detektörü ile GC kullanarak organik ürün dağıtım analiz. GC fırın 50 ° C'de başlatmak ve 8 dk. tutun, 10 ° C/dk ila 220 ° C artırmak ve 10 dakikadır tutun, 20 ° C/min 300 ° c artırmak ve 5 dk. Set enjektör sıcaklık 300 ° C'ye tutun bir programla ayarlama Not: GC programın değiştirilmesi için gerekli organik bileşikleri analiz ediliyor, türüne göre.</li>
	<li>GC kalibrasyon eğrileri analit için iç standart analit konsantrasyon ve pik alanı oranını komplo kurmak.</li>
	<li>Önce ve sonra reaksiyon, yani, dönüşüm % başlangıç organik materyali konsantrasyonları dayalı tepki dönüştürmeyi hesaplamak = ([-[final] ilk]) ⁄ [ilk] × %100. Dönüştürmeleri mineral kolaylaştırır veya hidrotermal organik dönüşümleri yavaşlatır belirlemek için kullanın.</li>
</ol>

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Catalysis by mineral surfaces.</a> Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 58 (19), 4155-4177 (1994).</li><li>Yang, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hydrothermal+Photochemistry+as+a+Mechanistic+Tool+in+Organic+Geochemistry:+The+Chemistry+of+Dibenzyl+Ketone.">Hydrothermal Photochemistry as a Mechanistic Tool in Organic Geochemistry: The Chemistry of Dibenzyl Ketone.</a> The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 79 (17), 7861-7871 (2014).</li><li>Yang, Z., Hartnett, H. E., Shock, E. L., Gould, I. 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Yazarlar ifşa gerek yok.

Bu çalışmada, biz nitrobenzene ile mineral manyetit örnek olarak hidrotermal organik reaksiyonlar üzerinde mineral etkileri değerlendirmek nasıl göstermek için kullanılmıştır. Küçük silis cam tüplerde deneyler yapılmaktadır rağmen son derece tekrarlanabilir sonuçlar manyetit deneylerde, Yani, 30,3 ± % 1.4 etkinliğini ve bu güvenilirliğini öneriyor nitrobenzene dönüşüm gözlenir hidrotermal protokolü. Hayır-mineral deneylerde nitrobenzene dönüşüm 5.2 ± % 2.1, hangi mineral den...

Hidrotermal ortamlar (yani, yüksek sıcaklık ve basınç, sulu medya) yeryüzünde her yerde vardır. Organik bileşiklerin hidrotermal kimya organik tortul havzaları, petrol rezervuar ve derin biyosfer1,2,3gibi jeokimyasal ayarları geniş bir alanda önemli bir rol oynar. Organik Karbon dönüşümleri hidrotermal sistemlerinde değil sadece, aynı zamanda dünya bol mineraller gibi çizgili veya düz çizgili çözünmüş inorganik maddeler ile saf sulu ortam meydana gelir. Önemli ölçüde ve seçime bağlı olarak çeşitli organik bileşiklerin hidrotermal reaktivite etkilemek için mineraller bulundu1,4,5 ama nasıl karmaşık hidrotermal sistemlerinde mineral etkileri tanımlamak için hala bir meydan okuma olarak kalır. Bu çalışmanın amacı hidrotermal organik reaksiyonlar üzerinde mineral etkileri eğitimi için nispeten basit bir deneysel protokol sağlamaktır.
Laboratuar çalışmaları hidrotermal reaksiyonların geleneksel olarak altın, titanyum veya paslanmaz çelik6,7,8,9yapılmış sağlam reaktörler kullanın. Örneğin, altın çanta veya kapsül olumlu, altın esnektir ve buharı faz örnek içinde üreten önler harici, su basınçlandırma tarafından kontrol edilebilir için örnek baskı sağlar çünkü kullanılmaktadır. Ancak, bu reaktörler pahalıdır ve potansiyel metal katalitik etkileri10ile ilişkili olabilir. Bu nedenle, hidrotermal bu deneyler için düşük maliyetli ancak yüksek güvenilirlik ile alternatif bir yöntem bulmak için zorunludur.
Son yıllarda, reaksiyon tüpler kuvars veya erimiş silis camdan daha sık hidrotermal deneyler11,12,13için uygulanmış. Değerli altın veya titanyum ile karşılaştırıldığında, kuvars veya silis cam Ayrıca güçlü malzeme çok ucuz. Daha da önemlisi, kuvars tüpler küçük katalitik etkisi göstermiştir ve kadar etkisiz olabilir hidrotermal reaksiyonlar11,14altın gibi. Bu protokol için küçük ölçekli hidrotermal Organik mineral kalın duvarlı silis tüpler deneyler genel yöntemler açıklanmaktadır. Biz göstermek için de mineral etkisini göstermek için (Yani, manyetit) bir 150 ° C hidrotermal çözümde bir demir-oksit maden varlığı/yokluğu bir modeli bileşik (Örneğin, nitrobenzene) kullanarak bir örnek deney mevcut Bu yöntemin etkinliği.

<table><tbody><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Chemicals:&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dichloromethane</td><td>VWR</td><td>BDH23373.400</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dodecane</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>297879</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Nitrobenzene</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>252379</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fe&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>310050</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fe&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>637106</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Supplies:&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Silica tube</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Vacuum pump</td><td>WELCH</td><td>2546B-01</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Vacuum line</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Oven</td><td>Hewlett Packard</td><td>5890</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Thermocouple</td><td>BENETECH</td><td>GM1312</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Gas chromatography</td><td>Agilent</td><td>7820A</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

an experimental protocol for studying mineral effects on organic hydrothermal transformations

Organik mineral etkileşimleri geysers toprak ve hidrotermal derin okyanusta gibi kaplıcalar, hidrotermal ortamlarda yaygın olarak görülür. Birçok hidrotermal organik jeokimyasal süreçlerinde önemli mineraller rolleri vardır. Altın, titanyum, platin veya paslanmaz çelik yapılmış reaktörler kullanarak içerir, geleneksel hidrotermal metodoloji genellikle yüksek maliyet veya istenmeyen metal katalitik etkisi ile ilişkilidir. Son zamanlarda, maliyet-etkin ve inert kuvars veya erimiş silis Cam tüplerin hidrotermal deneylerde kullanmak için büyüyen bir eğilim vardır. Burada, biz Organik mineral hidrotermal deneyleri silis tüpler içinde taşımak için bir protokol sağlar ve numune hazırlama, deneysel Kur, ürün ayırma ve kantitatif analiz temel adımları açıklar. Biz de bir deney üzerinde belirli bir hidrotermal koşulda onun bozulma bir demir içeren maden, manyetit, etkisini göstermek için bir model organik bileşik, nitrobenzene, kullanarak göstermek. Bu teknik karmaşık Organik mineral hidrotermal etkileşimler nispeten basit Laboratuvar sisteminde eğitim için uygulanabilir.

Bu yaklaşım hidrotermal Organik mineral etkileşimleri, bileşik bir modeli kullanarak basit bir deney çalışmak için nasıl kullanılacağını göstermek için nitrobenzene, gerçekleştirilmiştir ve 150 ° C ve 5 hidrotermal bir koşulu, mineral manyetit (Fe3O4) ile 2 h için Bar. Mineral etkisini göstermek için bir deney nitrobenzene maden olmadan da aynı hidrotermal koşul altında gerçekleştirildi. Şekil 1a' de gösteri...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Experimental Protocol for Studying Mineral Effects on Organic Hydrothermal Transformations at JoVE.com

An Experimental Protocol for Studying Mineral Effects on Organic Hydrothermal Transformations

Dünya bol mineraller doğal hidrotermal sistemlerinde önemli rol oynarlar. Burada, hidrotermal koşullar altında Organik mineral etkileşimleri deneysel incelenmesi için güvenilir ve düşük maliyetli bir yöntem açıklanmaktadır.

Organik hidrotermal dönüşümler üzerinde Mineral etkileri eğitimi için deneysel bir protokol

Organic-mineral interactions are widely occurring in hydrothermal environments, such as hot springs, geysers on land, and the hydrothermal vents in the ...

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5.6K Görüntüleme.  Oakland University. Dünya bol mineraller doğal hidrotermal sistemlerinde önemli rol oynarlar. Burada, hidrotermal koşullar altında Organik mineral etkileşimleri deneysel incelenmesi için güvenilir ve düşük maliyetli bir yöntem açıklanmaktadır.

Video: An Experimental Protocol for Studying Mineral Effects on Organic Hydrothermal Transformations

Experimental Protocol for Manipulating Plant-induced Soil Heterogeneity

Coexistence theory has often treated environmental heterogeneity as being independent of the community composition; however biotic feedbacks such as plant-soil feedbacks (PSF) have large effects on plant performance, and create environmental heterogeneity that depends on the community composition. Understanding the importance of PSF for plant community assembly necessitates understanding of the role of heterogeneity in PSF, in addition to mean PSF effects. Here, we describe a protocol for manipulating plant-induced soil heterogeneity. Two example experiments are presented: (1) a field experiment with a 6-patch grid of soils to measure plant population responses and (2) a greenhouse experiment with 2-patch soils to measure individual plant responses. Soils can be collected from the zone of root influence (soils from the rhizosphere and directly adjacent to the rhizosphere) of plants in the field from conspecific and heterospecific plant species. Replicate collections are used to avoid pseudoreplicating soil samples. These soils are then placed into separate patches for heterogeneous treatments or mixed for a homogenized treatment. Care should be taken to ensure that heterogeneous and homogenized treatments experience the same degree of soil disturbance. Plants can then be placed in these soil treatments to determine the effect of plant-induced soil heterogeneity on plant performance. We demonstrate that plant-induced heterogeneity results in different outcomes than predicted by traditional coexistence models, perhaps because of the dynamic nature of these feedbacks. Theory that incorporates environmental heterogeneity influenced by the assembling community and additional empirical work is needed to determine when heterogeneity intrinsic to the assembling community will result in different assembly outcomes compared with heterogeneity extrinsic to the community composition.

Understanding the role of environmental heterogeneity in species coexistence has typically focused on types of heterogeneity that are extrinsic to the community&#8217;s species composition. We provide novel detailed methods for creating soil heterogeneity treatments using soils subject to plant-soil feedback conditioning, or heterogeneity intrinsic to the community composition.

Kurgulama Bitki kaynaklı Toprak Heterojen Deneysel Protokol

Coexistence theory has often treated environmental heterogeneity as being independent of the community composition; however biotic feedbacks such as ...

Çevre

Laboratory Simulation of an Iron(II)-rich Precambrian Marine Upwelling System to Explore the Growth of Photosynthetic Bacteria

A conventional concept for the deposition of some Precambrian Banded Iron Formations (BIF) proceeds on the assumption that ferrous iron [Fe(II)] upwelling from hydrothermal sources in the Precambrian ocean was oxidized by molecular oxygen [O2] produced by cyanobacteria. The oldest BIFs, deposited prior to the Great Oxidation Event (GOE) at about 2.4 billion years (Gy) ago, could have formed by direct oxidation of Fe(II) by anoxygenic photoferrotrophs under anoxic conditions. As a method for testing the geochemical and mineralogical patterns that develop under different biological scenarios, we designed a 40 cm long vertical flow-through column to simulate an anoxic Fe(II)-rich marine upwelling system representative of an ancient ocean on a lab scale. The cylinder was packed with a porous glass bead matrix to stabilize the geochemical gradients, and liquid samples for iron quantification could be taken throughout the water column. Dissolved oxygen was detected non-invasively via optodes from the outside. Results from biotic experiments that involved upwelling fluxes of Fe(II) from the bottom, a distinct light gradient from top, and cyanobacteria present in the water column, show clear evidence for the formation of Fe(III) mineral precipitates and development of a chemocline between Fe(II) and O2. This column allows us to test hypotheses for the formation of the BIFs by culturing cyanobacteria (and in the future photoferrotrophs) under simulated marine Precambrian conditions. Furthermore we hypothesize that our column concept allows for the simulation of various chemical and physical environments &#8212; including shallow marine or lacustrine sediments.

Laboratory Simulation of an IronII-rich Precambrian Marine Upwelling System to Explore the Growth of Photosynthetic Bacteria

We simulated a Precambrian ferruginous marine upwelling system in a lab-scale vertical flow-through column. The goal was to understand how geochemical profiles of O2 and Fe(II) evolve as cyanobacteria produce O2. The results show the establishment of a chemocline due to Fe(II) oxidation by photosynthetically produced O2.

Prekambriyen Deniz upwelling Sistemi Fotosentetik Bakteri Büyüme Keşfet bakımından zengin bir Demir (II) Laboratuar Simülasyonu

A conventional concept for the deposition of some Precambrian Banded Iron Formations (BIF) proceeds on the assumption that ferrous iron [Fe(II)] upwelling ...

Soil Lysimeter Excavation for Coupled Hydrological, Geochemical, and Microbiological Investigations

Studying co-evolution of hydrological and biogeochemical processes in the subsurface of natural landscapes can enhance the understanding of coupled Earth-system processes. Such knowledge is imperative in improving predictions of hydro-biogeochemical cycles, especially under climate change scenarios. We present an experimental method, designed to capture sub-surface heterogeneity of an initially homogeneous soil system. This method is based on destructive sampling of a soil lysimeter designed to simulate a small-scale hillslope. A weighing lysimeter of one cubic meter capacity was divided into sections (voxels) and was excavated layer-by-layer, with sub samples being collected from each voxel. The excavation procedure was aimed at detecting the incipient heterogeneity of the system by focusing on the spatial assessment of hydrological, geochemical, and microbiological properties of the soil. Representative results of a few physicochemical variables tested show the development of heterogeneity. Additional work to test interactions between hydrological, geochemical, and microbiological signatures is planned to interpret the observed patterns. Our study also demonstrates the possibility of carrying out similar excavations in order to observe and quantify different aspects of soil-development under varying environmental conditions and scale.

This study presents an excavation method for investigating subsurface hydrological, geochemical, and microbiological heterogeneity of a soil lysimeter. The lysimeter simulates an artificial hillslope which was initially under homogeneous condition and had been subjected to approximately 5,000 mm of water over eight cycles of irrigation in an 18-month period.

Coupled Hidrolojik, jeokimyasal ve Mikrobiyolojik Araştırmalar Toprak Lizimetre Kazı

Studying co-evolution of hydrological and biogeochemical processes in the subsurface of natural landscapes can enhance the understanding of coupled ...

Chemical Gardens as Flow-through Reactors Simulating Natural Hydrothermal Systems

Here we report experimental simulations of hydrothermal chimney growth using injection chemical garden methods. The versatility of this type of experiment allows for testing of various proposed ocean / hydrothermal fluid chemistries that could have driven reactions toward the origin of life in environments on the early Earth, early Mars, or even other worlds such as the icy moons of the outer planets. We show experiments that include growth of chemical garden structures under anoxic conditions simulating the early Earth, inclusion of trace components of phosphates / organics in the injection solution to incorporate them into the structure, a switch of the injection solution to introduce a secondary precipitating anion, and the measurement of membrane potentials generated by chemical gardens. Using this method, self-assembling chemical garden structures were formed that mimic the natural chimneys precipitated at submarine hydrothermal springs, and these precipitates can be used successfully as flow-through reactors by feeding through multiple successive &#8220;hydrothermal&#8221; injections.

We describe chemical garden formation via injection experiments that allow for laboratory simulations of natural chemical garden systems that form at submarine hydrothermal vents.

Kimyasal Bahçeleri olarak Reaktörler Taklit Doğal Hidrotermal Sistemler Akış

Here we report experimental simulations of hydrothermal chimney growth using injection chemical garden methods. The versatility of this type of experiment ...

Kimya

Experimental Column Setup for Studying Anaerobic Biogeochemical Interactions Between Iron (Oxy)Hydroxides, Trace Elements, and Bacteria

Fate and speciation of trace elements (TEs), such as arsenic (As) and mercury (Hg), in aquifers are closely related to physio-chemical conditions, such as redox potential (Eh) and pH, but also to microbial activities that can play a direct or indirect role on speciation and/or mobility. Indeed, some bacteria can directly oxidize As(III) to As(V) or reduce As(V) to As(III). Likewise, bacteria are strongly involved in Hg cycling, either through its methylation, forming the neurotoxin monomethyl mercury, or through its reduction to elemental Hg&#176;. The fates of both As and Hg are also strongly linked to soil or aquifer composition; indeed, As and Hg can bind to organic compounds or (oxy)hydroxides, which will influence their mobility. In turn, bacterial activities such as iron (oxy)hydroxide reduction or organic matter mineralization can indirectly influence As and Hg sequestration. The presence of sulfate/sulfide can also strongly impact these particular elements through the formation of complexes such as thio-arsenates with As or metacinnabar with Hg.
Consequently, many important questions have been raised on the fate and speciation of As and Hg in the environment and how to limit their toxicity. However, due to their reactivity towards aquifer components, it is difficult to clearly dissociate the biogeochemical processes that occur and their different impacts on the fate of these TE.
To do so, we developed an original, experimental, column setup that mimics an aquifer with As- or Hg-iron-oxide rich areas versus iron depleted areas, enabling a better understanding of TE biogeochemistry in anoxic conditions. The following protocol gives step by step instructions for the column set-up either for As or Hg, as well as an example with As under iron and sulfate reducing conditions.

Experimental Column Setup for Studying Anaerobic Biogeochemical Interactions Between Iron OxyHydroxides, Trace Elements, and Bacteria

Fate and speciation of arsenic and mercury in aquifers are closely related to physio-chemical conditions and microbial activity. Here, we present an original experimental column setup that mimics an aquifer and enables a better understanding of trace element biogeochemistry in anoxic conditions. Two examples are presented, combining geochemical and microbiological approaches.

Demir (oksi) hidroksit, eser elementler ve bakteri anaerobik biyojeokimyasal Hofstede çalışmak için deneysel sütun Kur

Fate and speciation of trace elements (TEs), such as arsenic (As) and mercury (Hg), in aquifers are closely related to physio-chemical conditions, such as ...

Simulation of Early Earth Hydrothermal Chimneys in a Thermal Gradient Environment

Deep sea hydrothermal vents are self-organizing precipitates generated from geochemical disequilibria and have been proposed as a possible setting for the emergence of life. The growth of hydrothermal chimneys in a thermal gradient environment within an early Earth vent system was successfully simulated by using different hydrothermal simulants, such as sodium sulfide, which were injected into an early Earth ocean simulant containing dissolved ferrous iron. Moreover, an apparatus was developed to sufficiently cool the ocean simulant to near 0 &#176;C in a condenser vessel immersed in a cold water bath while injecting a sulfide solution at hot to room temperatures, effectively creating an artificial chimney structure in a temperature gradient environment over a period of a few hours. Such experiments with different chemistries and variable temperature&#160;gradients resulted in a variety of morphologies in the chimney structure. The use of ocean and hydrothermal fluid simulants at room temperature resulted in vertical chimneys, whereas the combination of a hot hydrothermal fluid and cold ocean simulant inhibited the formation of robust chimney structures. The customizable 3D printed condenser created for this study acts as a jacketed reaction vessel that can be easily modified and used by different researchers. It will allow the careful control of injection rate and chemical composition of vent and ocean simulants, which should help accurately simulate prebiotic reactions in chimney systems with thermal gradients similar to those of natural systems.

The goal of this protocol is to form simulated hydrothermal chimneys via chemical garden injection experiments and introduce a thermal gradient across the inorganic precipitate membrane, using a 3D printable condenser that can be reproduced for educational purposes.

Termal Gradyan Ortamında Erken Toprak Hidrotermal Bacalarının Simülasyonu

Deep sea hydrothermal vents are self-organizing precipitates generated from geochemical disequilibria and have been proposed as a possible setting for the ...

Bioprospecting of Extremophilic Microorganisms to Address Environmental Pollution

Geothermal springs are rich in various metal ions due to the interaction between rock and water that takes place in the deep aquifer. Moreover, due to seasonality variation in pH and temperature, fluctuation in element composition is periodically observed within these extreme environments, influencing the environmental microbial communities. Extremophilic microorganisms that thrive in volcanic thermal vents have developed resistance mechanisms to handle several metal ions present in the environment, thus taking part to complex metal biogeochemical cycles. Moreover, extremophiles and their products have found an extensive foothold in the market, and this holds true especially for their enzymes. In this context, their characterization is functional to the development of biosystems and bioprocesses for environmental monitoring and bioremediation. To date, the isolation and cultivation under laboratory conditions of extremophilic microorganisms still represent a bottleneck for fully exploiting their biotechnological potential. This work describes a streamlined protocol for the isolation of thermophilic microorganisms from hot springs as well as their genotypical and phenotypical identification through the following steps: (1) Sampling of microorganisms from geothermal sites ("Pisciarelli", a volcanic area of Campi Flegrei in Naples, Italy); (2) Isolation of heavy metal resistant microorganisms; (3) Identification of microbial isolates; (4) Phenotypical characterization of the isolates. The methodologies described in this work might be generally applied also for the isolation of microorganisms from other extreme environments.

The isolation of heavy metal-resistant microbes from geothermal springs is a hot topic for the development of bioremediation and environmental monitoring biosystems. This study provides a methodological approach for isolating and identifying heavy metal tolerant bacteria from hot springs.

Çevre Kirliliğini Ele Almak için Ekstremofilik Mikroorganizmaların Biyoprospektifi

Geothermal springs are rich in various metal ions due to the interaction between rock and water that takes place in the deep aquifer. Moreover, due to ...

Transformation of Organic Household Leftovers into a Peat Substitute

A two-step procedure is described for the synthesis of a carbon material with a similar composition and properties as peat. The produced hydrochar is made suitable for agricultural applications by removing plant growing inhibitory substances. Wet household waste such as fruit peel, coffee grounds, inedible vegetable parts, or wet lignocellulosic material in general, are treated in presence of water at 215 &#x00B0;C and 21 bar in an autoclave, i.e., by hydrothermal carbonization. All these leftovers have a considerable water content of up to 90 weight % (wt%). Adding water extends the procedure to drier materials such as nutshells or even garden prunings and compostable polymers, i.e., the plastic bag for collection of the leftovers.
Usually, the resulting carbon material, called hydrochar, produces a negative effect on plant growth when added to soil. It is supposed that this effect is caused by adsorbed phytotoxic compounds. A simple post-treatment under inert atmosphere (absence of oxygen) at 275 &#x00B0;C removes these substances. Therefore, the raw hydrochar is placed on a glass frit of a vertical tubular quartz reactor. A nitrogen gas flow is applied in down-flow direction. The tube is heated to the desired temperature by means of a heating mantle for up to one hour.
The success of the thermal treatment is easily quantified by thermogravimetry (TG), carried out in air. A weight loss is determined when the temperature of 275 &#x00B0;C is reached, since volatile content is desorbed. Its amount is reduced in the final material, in comparison to the untreated hydrochar.
The two-step treatment converts household leftovers, including compostable bags employed for their collection, into a carbon material that may serve as plant growth promoter and, at the same time, as a carbon sink for climate change mitigation.

A protocol for hydrothermal carbonization of vegetable food waste in an autoclave is presented, with subsequent dry thermal treatment at 275 &#x00B0;C in a continuous flow reactor desorbing volatile organic substances. The aim is to produce a carbon material suitable as soil amendment product or substrate component.

Organik ev artıkları bir Peat yerine dönüşümü

A two-step procedure is described for the synthesis of a carbon material with a similar composition and properties as peat. The produced hydrochar is made ...

Using Flexible Gold-Titanium Reaction Cells to Simulate Pressure-Dependent Microbial Activity in the Context of Subsurface Biomining

Laboratory studies investigating subsurface microbial processes, such as metal leaching in deep ore deposits (biomining), share common and challenging obstacles, including the special environmental conditions that need to be replicated, e.g., high pressure and in some cases acidic solutions. The former requires an experimental setup suitable for pressurization up to 100 bar, while the latter demands a fluid container with high chemical resistance against corrosion and unwanted chemical reactions with the container wall. To meet these conditions for an application in the field of in situ biomining, a special flexible gold-titanium reaction cell inside a rocking high-pressure reactor was used in this study. The described system allowed simulation of in situ biomining through sulfur-driven microbial iron reduction in an anoxic, pressure-controlled, highly chemically inert experimental environment. The flexible gold-titanium reaction cell can accommodate up to 100 mL of sample solution, which can be sampled at any given time point while the system maintains the desired pressure. Experiments can be performed on timescales ranging from hours to months. Assembling the high-pressure reactor system is fairly time consuming. Nevertheless, when complex and challenging (microbiological) processes occurring in the earth&#39;s deep subsurface in chemically aggressive fluids have to be investigated in the laboratory, the advantages of this system outweigh the disadvantages. The results found that even at high pressure the microbial consortium is active, but at significantly lower metabolic rates.

This protocol describes microbial experiments under elevated pressures to study in situ biomining processes. The experimental approach employs a rocking high-pressure reactor equipped with a gold-titanium reaction cell containing a microbial culture in an acidic, iron-rich medium.

Yüzey Altı Biyomining Bağlamında Basınca Bağımlı Mikrobiyal Aktiviteyi Simüle Etmek Için Esnek Altın-Titanyum Reaksiyon Hücrelerinin Kullanılması

Laboratory studies investigating subsurface microbial processes, such as metal leaching in deep ore deposits (biomining), share common and challenging ...

Mühendislik

Fosfonat Bazlı MOF'ların Sentezi ve Keşfi: Solvotermal Bir Yaklaşım

Discovery and Synthesis Optimization of Isoreticular Al(III) Phosphonate-Based Metal-Organic Framework Compounds Using High-Throughput Methods

High-throughput (HT) methods are an important tool for the fast and efficient screening of synthesis parameters and the discovery of new materials. This manuscript describes the synthesis of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) from solution using an HT reactor system, resulting in the discovery of various phosphonate-based MOFs of the composition [Al2H12-x(PMP)3]Clx&#8729;6H2O (H4PMP = N,N &#39;-piperazine bis(methylenephosphonic acid)) for x = 4, 6, denoted as Al-CAU-60-xHCl, containing trivalent aluminum ions. This was accomplished under solvothermal reaction conditions by systematically screening the impact of the molar ratio of the linker to the metal and the pH of the reaction mixture on the product formation. The protocol for the HT investigation includes six steps: a) synthesis planning (DOE = design of&#160;experiment) within the HT methodology, b) dosing and working with in-house developed HT reactors, c) solvothermal synthesis, d) synthesis workup using in-house developed filtration blocks, e) characterization by HT powder X-ray diffraction, and f) evaluation of the data. The HT methodology was first used to study the influence of acidity on the product formation, leading to the discovery of Al-CAU-60&#8729;xHCl (x = 4 or 6).

Yazar Spotlight: Mikro Gözenekli Malzeme Kimyasında Keşfi Hızlandırma 

The targeted synthesis of new metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) is difficult, and their discovery depends on the knowledge and creativity of the chemist. High-throughput methods allow complex synthetic parameter fields to be explored quickly and efficiently, accelerating the process of finding crystalline compounds and identifying synthetic and structural trends.

İzoretiküler Al(III) Fosfonat Bazlı Metal-Organik Çerçeve Bileşiklerinin Yüksek Verimli Yöntemler Kullanılarak Keşfi ve Sentez Optimizasyonu

High-throughput (HT) methods are an important tool for the fast and efficient screening of synthesis parameters and the discovery of new materials. This ...