Name: quantification of endogenous auxin and cytokinin during internode culture of ipecac
Uploaded: 2018-03-15T14:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 7 min 57 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Quantification of Endogenous Auxin and Cytokinin During Internode Culture of Ipecac at JoVE.com

Onların teknik destek için uygulanan Biosciences, Toyo Üniversitesi ve Bay Koudai Taniguchi Gunma tarım teknoloji merkezinin Anabilim Dalı için Bay Akira Murakami minnettarız. Ayrıca onların önerilerini Profesör Shosaku Kashiwada ve Dr Uma Maheswari Rajagopalan, Toyo üniversite için sana şükrediyoruz. Bu çalışmada kısmen Araştırma Merkezi tarafından desteklenmiştir yaşam ve Çevre Bilimleri, Toyo üniversite için.

Not: Bu, endojen etki analizi kolaylaştırır çünkü ipeka (C. ipecacuanha) Bu çalışmada kullanılmıştır.
1. büyüme koşulları adventif Ipecac Shoots ikna etmek için
<ol><li>Phytohormone-Alerjik B5 orta pH 5,710' a ayarlanmış hazırlamak ve % 0.2 gellan sakız ekleyin. Tarafından ısıyla sterilize.</li>
	<li>Autoclaved Orta 25 mL steril Petri kabına (90 mm × 20 mm) dökün.</li>
	<li>Ipecac Bitkicik steril bir akrilik plaka üzerinde bir bıçak No. 22 ile cerrahi neşter kullanarak 8 mm internodal parçalarını keser ve orta (şekil 1) yerleştirir.</li>
	<li>Kültür phytohormone ücretsiz B5 orta 24 ° c 15 µmol m−2 s– 1 14-h ışık/10-h karanlık döngüsü 5 hafta için ışığın altında.</li>
	<li>Bölgeleri tanımlamak (apikal) IV (her segmentte (şekil 1B) Bazal) ben. Adventif sürgünler > 0.3 mm uzunluğu bir mikroskop altında her bölgedeki haftada bir kez saymak.</li>
</ol>2. çıkarma ve arıtma etki
<ol><li>5 mm Zirkon boncuk her dört 2 mL örnek tüplerinin koymak.</li>
	<li>Segmentleri bölgelere kesmek ben cerrahi neşter steril akrilik tabağa kullanarak IV (her 2 mm içinde süre).</li>
	<li>Sekiz ayrı örnek tüpler (10-30 mg taze ağırlık) her bölgede parçalarını toplamak.</li>
	<li>Tartmak ve sıvı azot örnekleri dondurma.</li>
	<li>Donmuş numuneler boncuk tabanlı homogenizer kullanarak ezmek.</li>
	<li>Auxin iç her standart 500 pg ve CKs (d5-IAA, d5- tZ, d5- tZR, d6- IP, d6- IPR) içeren 1 mL Asetonitril içinde ezilmiş örnekleri askıya bir girdap Mikser kullanarak.</li>
	<li>1s için 4 ° C'de basılı tutun, sonra 3500 × g oda sıcaklığında 5 min için de santrifüj kapasitesi.</li>
	<li>Pelet %80 (v/v) Asetonitril (v/v) % 1 Asetik asit içeren yıkayın. Santrifüj tekrar 3500 × g de oda sıcaklığında 5 min için. (Kimden adım 2.7 ve 2.8) supernatants tek kullanımlık cam tüp içinde birleştirir.</li>
	<li>600 eklemek µL içeren %1 (v/v) Asetik asit her kombine süpernatant için su ve vakum yoğunlaştırıcı kullanarak Asetonitril buharlaşır.</li>
	<li>Hidrofilik lipofilik-dengeli (HLB) sütun kartuşları Asetonitril, metanol ve su (v/v) % 1 Asetik asit içeren her 1 mL uygulayarak equilibrate.</li>
	<li>Dengelenmiş HLB kartuş başına bir örnek çözümü uygulayın.</li>
	<li>Kartuşları (v/v) % 1 Asetik asit içeren 1 mL su ile yıkayın.</li>
	<li>2 mL % 80'i (v/v) Asetonitril (v/v) % 1 Asetik asit bir cam tüp içeren ile tüm hormon elute.</li>
	<li>Asetonitril özü (v/v) % 1 Asetik asit vakum yoğunlaştırıcı kullanarak içeren su elde etmek için eluate içinde buharlaşır. Not: Bu tamamen kuru değil.</li>
	<li>Karma mod, güçlü katyon değişim (MCX) sütun kartuşları 1 mL Asetonitril, 1 mL metanol, 0.5 mL uygulayarak equilibrate 0.1 M HCl ve 1 mL su %1 (v/v) Asetik asit içeren.</li>
	<li>Dengelenmiş MCX kartuş başına bir örnek çözümü uygulayın.</li>
	<li>Kartuşları (v/v) % 1 Asetik asit içeren 1 mL su ile yıkayın.</li>
	<li>IAA 2 mL % 30 (v/v) Asetonitril (v/v) % 1 Asetik asit bir cam tüp içeren ile elute.</li>
	<li>Kartuşları (v/v) % 1 Asetik asit içeren 2 mL % 80'i (v/v) Asetonitril ile yıkayın.</li>
	<li>Kartuşları 2 mL su ve %5 sulu amonyak içeren 1 mL su ile yıkayın.</li>
	<li>Bir cam tüp %5 sulu amonyak içeren 2 mL % 60'ı (v/v) Asetonitril ile CKs elute.</li>
	<li>Vakum yoğunlaştırıcı kullanarak her hormon kesir solvent buharlaşır ve −30 ° C LC-MS/MS analizi kadar saklayın.</li>
</ol>3. IAA ve CKs LC-MS/MS analizi
<ol><li>Her hormon hulâsa bir tüp ile 600 µL metanol içinde dağıtılması ve çözüm için bir vida boyun toplam kurtarma şişe aktarmak. Vakum yoğunlaştırıcı kullanarak solvent buharlaşır.</li>
	<li>20 µL % 30 (v/v) Asetonitril IAA kesir ve CK kesirler vida boyun toplam kurtarma şişeleri %1 (v/v) Asetik asit içeren 20 µL suda çözülür.</li>
	<li>Pozitif iyon modunda bir HPLC sistemi ile donatılmış bir triple quadrupole MS sistemde örnekleri analiz. Not: Tablo 1' de listelenen gibi HPLC koşulları ayarlayın.<ol>
<li>IAA elüsyon %5 - %50 çözelti B üzerinde 7 dk, ikili bir degrade kullanmak sonra % 98 çözücü B tarafından artırmak ve 1 dk. için tutun ve sonra % 5 çözücü B, 2 min için yuva iğne ile equilibrate.</li>
		<li>CK elüsyon için % 2-% 40 çözücü B üzerinde 5 dk, % 40-% 70 çözücü B 7 min, ikili bir degrade kullanmak sonra % 95 çözücü B tarafından artırmak ve 1 dk. için tutun ve sonra 2 dk az %2 çözücü B tarafından için equilibrate enjeksiyon iç içe.</li>
		<li>Electrospray iyonlaşma (ESI) ayarla-MS parametreleri Tablo 2' de listelenen İyon kaynağı.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>(MRM) geçiş Tablo 3' te listelenen her analit miktar için izleme birden çok tepki kullanın.</li>
	<li>Döteryum etiketli standartlarına etiketlenmemiş oranı standart bir eğri karşı endojen IAA ve CK seviyeleri ölçmek.</li>
</ol>

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Yazarlar onlar hiçbir çıkar çatışması var bildirin.

Etki dağıtım tanımlamak için fiş boşaltmaya karışan organogenesis, bu ne zaman etki exogenously explants inducing için uygulanan organogenesis phytohormone ücretsiz ortamda, gözlenen bitki malzemeler kullanmak önemlidir sürgünler veya kökleri, onlar hücre farklılaşma ve organogenesis fabrikaları doğasında plastisite değerlendirmek üzere bütün explant etkiler. Kültür medyada phytohormone ücretsiz Dianthus caryophyllus L.11, Aegle marmelos (L.) Corrêa<...

Gottlieb Haberlandt (1854-1945) kavramı, "totipotency" hangi bitki tarafından hücreleri bölmek, ayırmak ve düz-den sonra onların önceki farklılaşma belirli hücre tipleri olgun bitkiler1içine tüm bitkiler yeniden, evlenme teklif etti. Doku kültürü içinde olup bitki rejenerasyonu veya değil bağlı olmak kombinasyonu ve exogenously uygulanan etki büyüme orta yoğunlukta tarafından belirlenir. Skoog ve Miller adventif kökleri bir düşük oran2içeren ortamda indüklenen Oysa adventif sürgünler tütün Kallus kültürü CKs yüksek bir oranı için auxins, içeren ortamda gelen indüklenen bulundu. Bu bulgu beri doku kültürü yaygın transgenik bitkiler3yenilenme ve ekonomik açıdan önemli bitkileri yayılması için kullanılmıştır. Adventif çekimleri dışında yapraklar, kökler ve internodes gibi sürgün apikal meristem doku üzerinden bağlı olmak. Phytohormone tedavi indüksiyon adventif sürgünlerin birçok bitki türü için gereklidir. Ancak, optimum konsantrasyonları ve kombinasyonları türler tarafından ve explants kullanılan dokular arasında farklı. Böylece, çok çaba optimum konsantrasyonları ve deneyler için etki kombinasyonları belirlenmesinde gider.
Carapichea ipecacuanha (Brot.) L. Andersson (Ipecac) emetine ve cephaeline, başta olmak üzere4kökleri gibi alkaloidler içeren tıbbi bir bitkidir. Kök özleri bir balgam söktürücü, kusturucu ve bir amoebicide5kullanılır. Ipecac doğal olarak Brezilya tropikal yağmur ormanları içinde büyür rağmen tohum kültüründe ayarlamak isteksiz ve Japonya, onun soğuk iklim6ile tohum depolama sırasında çimlenme oranı azalır. Bunun yerine, doku kültürü tarafından yayılır, hangi adventif ateş internodes oluşumu en verimli yöntem7,8. İlginçtir, adventif çekimleri bu tür phytohormone tedavi8olmadan bağlı olmak.
Epidermis callusing olmadan internodal ventrikül apikal bölgede, ancak Bazal Bölge9üzerinde adventif sürgünler oluşur. Bu fark, muhtemelen phytohormonal yönetmelik altında doku polarite internodal segmentleri, ın gösterir. Ipecac kültür sistemi değişiklikleri endojen phytohormone düzeylerinde adventif ateş oluşumu sırasında analiz etmek eşsiz bir fırsat sağlar. Burada bizim yöntem ve endojen düzeyde bir auxin (indol-3-Asetik asit (IAA)) ve dört CKs analizi için tanıtmak (isopentenyl adenin (IP), isopentenyl adenin riboside (IPR), trans-zeatin (tZ) ve trans-zeatin riboside (tZR)) LC-MS/MS kullanımı ile internodal segmentlerinde.

<table><tbody><tr><td>[2H5]indole-3-acetic acid</td><td>Olchemlm Ltd</td><td>031 1531</td><td>Internal standard for LC-MS/MS</td></tr><tr><td>[2H5]trans-zeatin</td><td>Olchemlm Ltd</td><td>030 0301</td><td>Internal standard for LC-MS/MS</td></tr><tr><td>[2H5]trans-zeatin riboside</td><td>Olchemlm Ltd</td><td>030 0311</td><td>Internal standard for LC-MS/MS</td></tr><tr><td>[2H6]N6-isopentenyl adenine</td><td>Olchemlm Ltd</td><td>030 0161</td><td>Internal standard for LC-MS/MS</td></tr><tr><td>[2H6]N6-isopentenyl adenosine</td><td>Olchemlm Ltd</td><td>030 0171</td><td>Internal standard for LC-MS/MS</td></tr><tr><td>indole-3-acetic acid</td><td>Wako</td><td>098 00181</td><td>standard for LC-MS/MS</td></tr><tr><td>trans-zeatin</td><td>SIGMA-ALDRICH</td><td>Z0876 5MG</td><td>standard for LC-MS/MS</td></tr><tr><td>trans-zeatin riboside</td><td>Wako</td><td>262 01081</td><td>standard for LC-MS/MS</td></tr><tr><td>N6-isopentenyl adenine</td><td>SIGMA-ALDRICH</td><td>D7674 1G</td><td>standard for LC-MS/MS</td></tr><tr><td>N6-isopentenyl adenosine</td><td>ACROS ORGANICS</td><td>22648 1000</td><td>standard for LC-MS/MS</td></tr><tr><td>acetonitrile hypergrade for LC-MS LiChrosolv</td><td>MERCK</td><td>1.00029.1000</td><td>solvent for LC-MS/MS</td></tr><tr><td>Water for chromatography LiChrosolv</td><td>MERCK</td><td>1.15333.1000</td><td>solvent for LC-MS/MS</td></tr><tr><td>HPLC</td><td>SHIMADZU</td><td>Prominence</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MS</td><td>Sciex</td><td>3200QTRAP</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Oasis HLB 30 mg/1 cc</td><td>Waters</td><td>WAT094225</td><td>cartridge column</td></tr><tr><td>Oasis MCX 30 mg/1 cc</td><td>Waters</td><td>186000252</td><td>cartridge column</td></tr><tr><td>screw neck total recovery vial</td><td>Waters</td><td>186002805</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>blue, 12 x 32mm screw neck cap and PTFE/silicone septum</td><td>Waters</td><td>186000274</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Acquity UPLC BEH C18, 2.1x100 mm</td><td>Waters</td><td>186002350</td><td>UPLC column</td></tr><tr><td>Proshell 120 EC-C18, 2.1x50 mm</td><td>Agilent</td><td>699775-902</td><td>UPLC column</td></tr><tr><td>Digital microscope</td><td>Leica</td><td>DHS1000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>TissueLyser II</td><td>QIAGEN</td><td>85300</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Surgical blade</td><td>Feather</td><td>No. 22</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Scalpel handle</td><td>Feather</td><td>No. 4</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Savant SpeedVac/Refregerated vapor trap</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>SPD111/RVT4104</td><td>vacuum concentrartor</td></tr><tr><td>Disposable glass tobe (13x100 mm)</td><td>IWAKI</td><td>9832-1310</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sterile petri dish</td><td>INA OPTICA</td><td>I-90-20</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

quantification of endogenous auxin and cytokinin during internode culture of ipecac

Adventif ateş oluşumu, transgenik bitkiler yenilenme ve ekonomik açıdan önemli bitkileri yayılması için önemli bir tekniktir. Phytohormone tedavi çoğu türler adventif sürgünler indüksiyon için gereklidir. Olup olmadığı sürgünler adventif bağlı olmak auxin ve cytokinin (CK) arasındaki dengeyi belirlenir düzeyleri. Çok çaba optimum konsantrasyonları ve etki explants kullanılan her doku ve her bitki türü birleşimlerini belirlenmesinde gider. Ipecac içinde ancak, adventif sürgünler kültür orta phytohormone tedavi olmadan internodal kesimlerindeki indüklenen. Bu Ipecac değerlendirilmek üzere hücre farklılaşması için doğal plastisite sağlar. Ipecac adventif sürgünler ikna etmek için phytohormone ücretsiz B5 Orta % 0,2 gellan sakız ile 5 hafta boyunca katılaşmış bir 14-h ışık/10-h karanlık döngüsü 15 µmol m−2 s– 1 ışık altında 24 ° C'de internodal kesimleri kültürlü. Phytohormone dynamics adventif ateş oluşumu sırasında araştırmak için endojen indol-3-Asetik asit ve CKs segmentlerinde sıvı Kromatografi-tandem kütle spektrometresi tarafından LC-MS/MS şiddetindeydi. Bu yöntem basit bir şekilde analiz endojen indol-3-Asetik asit ve CKs düzeyleri sağlar. Organogenesis diğer bitki türleri içinde sırasında endojen auxin ve CK dinamiklerini araştırmak için uygulanabilir.

1st hafta hiçbir adventif sürgünler oluşmuş. 2nd hafta küçük sürgünler ortaya çıktı. 3rd ve 4th hafta, sayısı çoğunlukla apikal bölgede (ı ve II) artan vurur (Şekil 2A). 5inci hafta, sayı sürgünler yapıldı yaklaşık 7 içinde bölge ı ve II (Şekil 2B) bölgesinde 5. Buna ek olarak, sadece birkaç sürgünler bölge...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Quantification of Endogenous Auxin and Cytokinin During Internode Culture of Ipecac at JoVE.com

Quantification of Endogenous Auxin and Cytokinin During Internode Culture of Ipecac

Ipecac düğümler arası kültür sırasında endojen Auxin ve Cytokinin miktar

Adventif sürgünler Ipecac phytohormone tedavi olmadan internodal kesimlerindeki bağlı olmak. Phytohormone dynamics adventif ateş oluşumu sırasında değerlendirmek için endojen auxin ve cytokinin LC-MS/MS tarafından internodal kesimleri içinde ölçülür.

Adventitious shoot formation is an important technique for the propagation of economically important crops and for the regeneration of transgenic plants. ...

quantification-endogenous-auxin-cytokinin-during-internode-culture

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

9.0K Görüntüleme.  Toyo University. Adventif sürgünler Ipecac phytohormone tedavi olmadan internodal kesimlerindeki bağlı olmak. Phytohormone dynamics adventif ateş oluşumu sırasında değerlendirmek için endojen auxin ve cytokinin LC-MS/MS tarafından internodal kesimleri içinde ölçülür.

Video: Quantification of Endogenous Auxin and Cytokinin During Internode Culture of Ipecac

Utilizing the Ethylene-releasing Compound, 2-Chloroethylphosphonic Acid, as a Tool to Study Ethylene Response in Bacteria

Ethylene (C2H4) is a gaseous phytohormone that is involved in numerous aspects of plant development, playing a dominant role in senescence and fruit ripening. Exogenous ethylene applied during early plant development triggers the triple response phenotype; a shorter and thicker hypocotyl with an exaggerated apical hook. Despite the intimate relationship between plants and bacteria, the effect of exogenous ethylene on bacteria has been greatly overlooked. This is partly due to the difficulty of controlling gaseous ethylene within the laboratory without specialized equipment. 2-Chloroethylphosphonic acid (CEPA) is a compound that decomposes into ethylene, chlorine, and phosphate in a 1:1:1:1 molar ratio when dissolved in an aqueous medium of pH 3.5 or greater. Here we describe the use of CEPA to produce in situ ethylene for the investigation of ethylene response in bacteria using the fruit-associated, cellulose-producing bacterium Komagataeibacter xylinus as a model organism. The protocols described herein include both the verification of ethylene production from CEPA via the Arabidopsis thaliana triple response assay and the effects of exogenous ethylene on K. xylinus cellulose production, pellicle properties and colonial morphology. These protocols can be adapted to examine the effect of ethylene on other microbes using appropriate growth media and phenotype analyses. The use of CEPA provides researchers with a simple and efficient alternative to pure ethylene gas for the routine determination of bacterial ethylene response.

The protocols outlined herein facilitate the convenient investigation of bacterial ethylene responses by utilizing 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (CEPA). Ethylene is produced in situ through the decomposition of CEPA in an aqueous bacterial growth medium, circumventing the requirement for pure ethylene gas.

Aracı Olarak Etilen serbest Bileşik, 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid, kullanan Bakterilerin Etilen Yanıtı Eğitim için

Ethylene (C2H4) is a gaseous phytohormone that is involved in numerous aspects of plant development, playing a dominant role in senescence and fruit ...

Biyokimya

CcCIPK14 Gene Function Analysis to Illuminate the Efficient Root Transgenic System

An efficient and stable transformation system is fundamental for gene function study and molecular breeding of plants. Here, we describe the use of an Agrobacterium rhizogenes mediated transformation system on pigeon pea. The stem is infected with A. rhizogenes carrying a binary vector, which induced callus after 7 days and adventitious roots 14 days later. The generated transgenic hairy root was identified by morphological analysis and a GFP reporter gene.To further illustrate the application range of this system, CcCIPK14 (Calcineurin B-like protein-interacting protein kinases) was transformed into pigeon pea using this transformation method. The transgenic plants were treated with jasmonic acid (JA) and abscisic acid (ABA), respectively, for the purpose of testing whether CcCIPK14 responds to those hormones. The results demonstrated that (1) exogenous hormones could significantly upregulate the expression levelof CcCIPK14, especially in CcCIPK14 over-expression (OE) plants; (2) the content of Genistein in CcCIPK14-OE lines was significantly higher than the control; (3) the expression level of two downstream key flavonoid synthase genes, CcHIDH1 and CcHIDH2, were up-regulated in the CcCIPK14-OE lines; and (4) the hairy root transgenic system can be used to study metabolically functional genes in non-model plants.

CcCIPK14 Gene Function Analysis to Illuminate the Efficient Root Transgenic System

Here we present an efficient and stable transformation system for the functional analysis of the CcCIPK14 gene as an example, providing a technical basis for studying the metabolism of non-model plants.

An efficient and stable transformation system is fundamental for gene function study and molecular breeding of plants. Here, we describe the use of an ...

Genetik

Extraction and Quantification of Soluble, Radiolabeled Inositol Polyphosphates from Different Plant Species using SAX-HPLC

The phosphate esters of myo-inositol, also termed inositol phosphates (InsPs), are a class of cellular regulators playing important roles in plant physiology. Due to their negative charge, low abundance and susceptibility to hydrolytic activities, the detection and quantification of these molecules is challenging. This is particularly the case for highly phosphorylated forms containing &#8216;high-energy&#8217; diphospho bonds, also termed inositol pyrophosphates (PP-InsPs). Due to its high sensitivity, strong anion exchange high-performance liquid chromatography (SAX-HPLC) of plants labeled with [3H]-myo-inositol is currently the method of choice to analyze these molecules. By using [3H]-myo-inositol to radiolabel plant seedlings, various InsP species including several non-enantiomeric isomers can be detected and discriminated with high sensitivity. Here, the setup of a suitable SAX-HPLC system is described, as well as the complete workflow from plant cultivation, radiolabeling and InsP extraction to the SAX-HPLC run and subsequent data analysis. The protocol presented here allows the discrimination and quantification of various InsP species, including several non-enantiomeric isomers and of the PP-InsPs, InsP7 and InsP8, and can be easily adapted to other plant species. As examples, SAX-HPLC analyses of Arabidopsis thaliana and Lotus japonicus seedlings are performed and complete InsP profiles are presented and discussed. The method described here represents a promising tool to better understand the biological roles of InsPs in plants.

Here we describe strong anion exchange high-performance liquid chromatography of [3H]-myo-inositol-labeled seedlings which is a highly sensitive method to detect and quantify inositol polyphosphates in plants.

SAX-HPLC kullanılarak Farklı Bitki Türlerinden Çözünür, Radiolabeled Inositol Polifosfatların Ekstraksiyonu ve Niceliği

The phosphate esters of myo-inositol, also termed inositol phosphates (InsPs), are a class of cellular regulators playing important roles in plant ...

Tuning Degradation to Achieve Specific and Efficient Protein Depletion

The plant auxin binding receptor, TIR1, recognizes proteins containing a specific auxin-inducible degron (AID) motif in the presence of auxin, targeting them for degradation. This system is exploited in many non-plant eukaryotes, such that a target protein, tagged with the AID motif, is degraded upon auxin addition. The level of TIR1 expression is critical; excessive expression leads to degradation of the AID-tagged protein even in the absence of auxin, whereas low expression leads to slow depletion. A &#946;-estradiol-inducible AID system was created, with expression of TIR1 under the control of a &#946;-estradiol inducible promoter. The level of TIR1 is tunable by changing the time of incubation with &#946;-estradiol before auxin addition. This protocol describes how to rapidly deplete a target protein using the AID system. The appropriate &#946;-estradiol incubation time depends on the abundance of the target protein. Therefore, efficient depletion depends on optimal timing that also minimizes auxin-independent depletion.

Here, we present a protocol to effectively and specifically deplete a protein of interest in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae using the &#946;-est AID system.

Belirli ve verimli protein tükenmesi elde etmek için bozulma ayarlama

The plant auxin binding receptor, TIR1, recognizes proteins containing a specific auxin-inducible degron (AID) motif in the presence of auxin, targeting ...

İmmünoloji ve Enfeksiyon

Lateral Root Inducible System in Arabidopsis and Maize

Lateral root development contributes significantly to the root system, and hence is crucial for plant growth. The study of lateral root initiation is however tedious, because it occurs only in a few cells inside the root and in an unpredictable manner. To circumvent this problem, a Lateral Root Inducible System (LRIS) has been developed. By treating seedlings consecutively with an auxin transport inhibitor and a synthetic auxin, highly controlled lateral root initiation occurs synchronously in the primary root, allowing abundant sampling of a desired developmental stage. The LRIS has first been developed for Arabidopsis thaliana, but can be applied to other plants as well. Accordingly, it has been adapted for use in maize (Zea mays). A detailed overview of the different steps of the LRIS in both plants is given. The combination of this system with comparative transcriptomics made it possible to identify functional homologs of Arabidopsis lateral root initiation genes in other species as illustrated here for the CYCLIN B1;1 (CYCB1;1) cell cycle gene in maize. Finally, the principles that need to be taken into account when an LRIS is developed for other plant species are discussed.

Lateral Root Inducible System in Arabidopsis and Maize

The Lateral Root Inducible System (LRIS) allows for synchronous induction of lateral roots and is presented for Arabidopsis thaliana and maize.

Lateral Kök İndüklenebilir Sistemi<em&gt; Arabidopsis</em&gt; Ve Mısır

Lateral root development contributes significantly to the root system, and hence is crucial for plant growth. The study of lateral root initiation is ...

Biyoloji

A Strategy to Validate the Role of Callose-mediated Plasmodesmal Gating in the Tropic Response

The plant hormone auxin plays an important role in many growth and developmental processes, including tropic responses to light and gravity. The establishment of an auxin gradient is a key event leading to phototropism and gravitropism. Previously, polar auxin transport (PAT) was shown to establish an auxin gradient in different cellular domains of plants. However, Han et al. recently demonstrated that for proper auxin gradient formation, plasmodesmal callose-mediated symplasmic connectivity between the adjacent cells is also a critical factor. In this manuscript, the strategy to elucidate the role of particular genes, which can affect phototropism and gravitropism by altering the symplasmic connectivity through modulating plasmodesmal callose synthesis, is discussed. The first step is to screen aberrant tropic responses from 3-day-old etiolated seedlings of mutants or over-expression lines of a gene along with the wild type. This preliminary screening can lead to the identification of a range of genes functioning in PAT or controlling symplasmic connectivity. The second screening involves the sorting of candidates that show altered tropic responses by affecting symplasmic connectivity. To address such candidates, the movement of a symplasmic tracer and the deposition of plasmodesmal callose were examined. This strategy would be useful to explore new candidate genes that can regulate symplasmic connectivity directly or indirectly during tropic responses and other developmental processes.

This article describes the methods for screening the genes controlling plasmodesmal permeability and hence auxin gradient during tropic response. This includes the measurement of the degree of tropic response in hypocotyl of Arabidopsis thaliana and checking plasmodesmal permeability by 8-hydroxypyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid (HPTS) loading and finally callose level assessment.

Bir Strateji Tropic Tepkisi kaloz aracılı Plasmodesmal Gating Rolü doğrulamak için

The plant hormone auxin plays an important role in many growth and developmental processes, including tropic responses to light and gravity. The ...

A Hydroponic Co-cultivation System for Simultaneous and Systematic Analysis of Plant/Microbe Molecular Interactions and Signaling

An experimental design mimicking natural plant-microbe interactions is very important to delineate the complex plant-microbe signaling processes. Arabidopsis thaliana-Agrobacterium tumefaciens provides an excellent model system to study bacterial pathogenesis and plant interactions. Previous studies of plant-Agrobacterium interactions have largely relied on plant cell suspension cultures, the artificial wounding of plants, or the artificial induction of microbial virulence factors or plant defenses by synthetic chemicals. However, these methods are distinct from the natural signaling in planta, where plants and microbes recognize and respond in spatial and temporal manners. This work presents a hydroponic cocultivation system where intact plants are supported by metal mesh screens and cocultivated with Agrobacterium. In this cocultivation system, no synthetic phytohormone or chemical that induces microbial virulence or plant defense is supplemented. The hydroponic cocultivation system closely resembles natural plant-microbe interactions and signaling homeostasis in planta. Plant roots can be separated from the medium containing Agrobacterium, and the signaling and responses of both the plant hosts and the interacting microbes can be investigated simultaneously and systematically. At any given timepoint/interval, plant tissues or bacteria can be harvested separately for various &#34;omics&#34; analyses, demonstrating the power and efficacy of this system. The hydroponic cocultivation system can be easily adapted to study: 1) the reciprocal signaling of diverse plant-microbe systems, 2) signaling between a plant host and multiple microbial species (i.e.&#160;microbial consortia or microbiomes), 3) how nutrients and chemicals are implicated in plant-microbe signaling, and 4) how microbes interact with plant hosts and contribute to plant tolerance to biotic or abiotic stresses.

The described hydroponic cocultivation system supports intact plants with metal mesh screens and cocultivates them with bacteria. Plant tissue, bacteria, and secreted molecules can then be separately harvested for downstream analyses, simultaneously allowing for the molecular responses of both plant hosts and interacting microbes or microbiomes to be investigated.

Bitki / Mikrop Moleküler Etkileşimlerinin ve Sinyalizasyonunun Eşzamanlı ve Sistematik Analizi için Hidroponik Birlikte Yetiştirme Sistemi

An experimental design mimicking natural plant-microbe interactions is very important to delineate the complex plant-microbe signaling processes. ...

Measuring Endoreduplication by Flow Cytometry of Isolated Tuber Protoplasts

Endoreduplication, the replication of a cell's nuclear genome without subsequent cytokinesis, yields cells with increased DNA content and is associated with specialization, development and increase in cellular size. In plants, endoreduplication seems to facilitate the growth and expansion of certain tissues and organs. Among them is the tuber of potato (Solanum tuberosum), which undergoes considerable cellular expansion in fulfilling its function of carbohydrate storage. Thus, endoreduplication may play an important role in how tubers are able to accommodate this abundance of carbon. However, the cellular debris resulting from crude nuclear isolation methods of tubers, methods that can be used effectively with leaves, precludes the estimation of the tuber endoreduplication index (EI). This article presents a technique for assessing tuber endoreduplication through the isolation of protoplasts while demonstrating representative results obtained from different genotypes and compartmentalized tuber tissues. The major limitations of the protocol are the time and reagent costs required for sample preparation as well as relatively short lifespan of samples after lysis of protoplasts. While the protocol is sensitive to technical variation, it represents an improvement over traditional methods of nuclear isolation from these large specialized cells. Possibilities for improvements to the protocol such as recycling enzyme, the use of fixatives, and other alterations are proposed.

The protocol described herein is a method for measuring endoreduplication within tubers of potato (Solanum tuberosum). It includes plasmolysis and protoplast extraction steps to decrease the noise and debris in downstream flow cytometric analysis.

Endoreduplication izole yumru önceki Akış Sitometresi tarafından ölçme

Endoreduplication, the replication of a cell's nuclear genome without subsequent cytokinesis, yields cells with increased DNA content and is associated ...

Identification of the Genes Involved in Stomatal Development via Epidermal Phenotype Scoring

Stomata are small pores on the surface of land plants that are involved in gas exchange and water vapor release, and their function is critical for plant productivity and survival. As such, understanding the mechanisms by which stomata develop and pattern has tremendous agronomic value. This paper describes two phenotypic methods using Arabidopsis cotyledons that can be used to characterize the genes controlling stomatal development and patterning. Presented first are procedures for analyzing the stomatal phenotypes using toluidine blue O-stained cotyledons. This method is fast and reliable and does not require the use of epidermal peels, which are widely used for phenotypic analyses but require specialized training. Due to the presence of multiple cysteine residues, the identification and generation of bioactive EPF peptides that have a role in stomatal development have been challenging. Thus, presented second is a procedure used to identify stomatal ligands and monitor their biological activity by bioassays. The main advantage of this method is that it produces reproducible data relatively easily while reducing the amount of peptide solution and the time required to characterize the role of the peptides in controlling stomatal patterning and development. Overall, these well-designed protocols enhance the efficiency of studying the potential stomatal regulators, including cysteine-rich secretory peptides, which require highly complex structures for their activity.

Identification of the Genes Involved in Stomatal Development via Epidermal Phenotype Scoring

This paper describes two phenotyping methods without the use of epidermal peels to characterize the genes controlling stomatal development. The first method demonstrates how to analyze a stomatal phenotype using a toluidine blue O-stained plant epidermis. The second method describes how to identify stomatal ligands and monitor their biological activities.

Stomatal Gelişimde Rol Oynayan Genlerin Epidermal Fenotip Skorlaması ile Tanımlanması

Stomata are small pores on the surface of land plants that are involved in gas exchange and water vapor release, and their function is critical for plant ...

Arabidopsis Fidesinde Klorofil Biyosentezinin Yüksek Çözünürlüklü Görüntülenmesi

Non-invasive Assay for Chlorophyll Biosynthesis Kinetics Determination during Early Stages of Arabidopsis De-etiolation

Chlorophyll biosynthesis is a hallmark of de-etiolation, one of the most dramatic stages in the plant life cycle. The tightly controlled and highly dynamic process of chlorophyll biosynthesis is triggered during the shift from the dark to the light in flowering plants. At the moment when etiolated seedlings are exposed to the first traces of sunlight, rapid (in order of seconds) conversion of protochlorophyllide into chlorophyllide is mediated by unique light-accepting protein complexes, leading via subsequent metabolic steps to the production of fully functional chlorophyll. Standard techniques for chlorophyll content analysis include pigment extraction from detached plant tissues, which does not apply to studying such fast processes. To investigate chlorophyll kinetics in vivo with high accuracy and spatiotemporal resolution in the first hours after light-induced de-etiolation, an instrument and protocol were developed. Here, we present a detailed procedure designed for statistically robust quantification of chlorophyll in the early stages of Arabidopsis de-etiolation.

Yazar Spotlight: De-etiolasyon sırasında klorofil sentezinin non-invaziv yüksek çözünürlüklü ölçümü

Here, we describe an advanced tool designed for chlorophyll biosynthesis monitoring during the early stages of Arabidopsis seedling de-etiolation. The novel methodology provides non-invasive real-time chlorophyll fluorescence imaging at high spatial and temporal resolution.

Arabidopsis De-etiolasyonunun Erken Aşamalarında Klorofil Biyosentez Kinetiğinin Belirlenmesi için Non-İnvaziv Test

Chlorophyll biosynthesis is a hallmark of de-etiolation, one of the most dramatic stages in the plant life cycle. The tightly controlled and highly ...

Ipecac düğümler arası kültür sırasında endojen Auxin ve Cytokinin miktar

Özet

Daha Fazla Video Keşfet

Bu videodaki bölümler

Aracı Olarak Etilen serbest Bileşik, 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid, kullanan Bakterilerin Etilen Yanıtı Eğitim için

CcCIPK14 Gene Function Analysis to Illuminate the Efficient Root Transgenic System

SAX-HPLC kullanılarak Farklı Bitki Türlerinden Çözünür, Radiolabeled Inositol Polifosfatların Ekstraksiyonu ve Niceliği

Belirli ve verimli protein tükenmesi elde etmek için bozulma ayarlama

Lateral Kök İndüklenebilir Sistemi

Bir Strateji Tropic Tepkisi kaloz aracılı Plasmodesmal Gating Rolü doğrulamak için

Bitki / Mikrop Moleküler Etkileşimlerinin ve Sinyalizasyonunun Eşzamanlı ve Sistematik Analizi için Hidroponik Birlikte Yetiştirme Sistemi

Endoreduplication izole yumru önceki Akış Sitometresi tarafından ölçme

Stomatal Gelişimde Rol Oynayan Genlerin Epidermal Fenotip Skorlaması ile Tanımlanması

Arabidopsis De-etiolasyonunun Erken Aşamalarında Klorofil Biyosentez Kinetiğinin Belirlenmesi için Non-İnvaziv Test