Yazarların onayları yok.

Bu protokol Seul Ulusal Üniversitesi Bundang Hastanesi Kurumsal Hayvan Bakımı ve Kullanım Komitesi tarafından onaylandı. Hayvan bakımı ve deneyleri, Birleşik Devletler Laboratuar Hayvanlarının Bakımı ve Kullanımı için Ulusal Sağlık Rehberine göre yürütülmüştür. 1. Cerrahi Hazırlık <ol><li> Ameliyat öncesi açıklığın sağlanması için kateteri steril tuzlu su ile yıkayın. </li><li> Ameliyat masasına bir ısıtma battaniyesi koyun ve masayı steril bir örtüyle örtün. </li><li> Erkek Sprague-Dawley sıçanını (270-330 g)% 3.0 oksijen içerisinde% 3.0 -% 4.0 izofluran içeren bir akrilik kutuya yerleştirin. </li><li> Sıçanın gözlerine yağ uygulayın. </li><li> Fareyi sırtüstü pozisyonda ameliyathaneye yerleştirin ve inhale izofluran sürekli olarak uygulandığında yüz maskesi kullanarak anestezi uygulayın (% 1.0 -2.5 hacim%). </li><li> Vücut sıcaklığını 37.0-38.0 ° C arasında izlemek ve muhafaza etmek için bir rektal prob yerleştirin. </li&gt; </ol> 2. Femoral Arter Kateterizasyonu <ol><li> Betadine ve% 70 etanol kullanarak sağdaki inguinal alanı yavaşça ovun. </li><li> Sağ inguinal bölgede makas kullanarak 2 cm&#39;lik yatay cilt insizyonu yapın. </li><li> Retraktör kullanarak cerrahi alanı ortaya çıkarın. </li><li> Çevreleyen damardan ve sinirden femoral arteri ayırın. Kavisli forseps ve köreltilmiş forseps kullanarak arterin 1 cm&#39;lik bölümünü ayırın. </li><li> 4.0 siyah ipek dikiş kullanarak, pozlamayı en üst düzeye çıkarmak için arterin hem proksimal hem de distal uçlarına gevşek bir kravat yerleştirin. </li><li> Mikro makas kullanarak femoral arter üzerinde bir kesi yapın. </li><li> 2-Fr ekleyin. Mikro-forseps kullanarak femoral artere balon uçlu kateter yerleştirildi. Kateterin, proksimal ligatür ile kateter başından yaklaşık 1 cm&#39;lik bir kapta sabitlenmesi ve sonra da distal ligatöre bağlanması. </li></ol> 3. Karotid Arter Kateterizasyonu <ol><li> Betad kullanarak sağ ön boynunu ovunIne ve% 70 etanol ile yıkayın ve daha sonra bir cilt insizyonu yapın. </li><li> Retraktör kullanarak cerrahi alanı ortaya çıkarın. Arterin 1 cm&#39;lik bölümünü ayırın ve pozlamayı en üst düzeye çıkarmak için arterin hem proksimal hem de distal uçlarında bir ipek dikiş kullanarak gevşekçe bağlayın. </li><li> Karotid arteri 24 G intravenöz kateteri kullanarak delinir ve kateterin proksimal 1 cm&#39;ini kalbe doğru ilerletir. </li><li> Kateteri proksimal ligat ile sabitleyin ve sonra distal ligatöre bağlayın. </li><li> 3 yönlü bir tıkaç kullanarak, kateterin distal ucunu salin dolu mikro boruya ve dış rezervuara bağlayın. </li></ol> 4. Tail Artery Kateterizasyonu <ol><li> Betadin ve% 70 etanol kullanarak kuyruğun ventral bölgesini ovun ve 2 cm&#39;lik bir cilt insizyonu yapın. </li><li> Kuyruk damarını çevredeki yapılardan ayırın ve kemerli forseps ve köreltilmiş forseps kullanarak arterin 1 cm&#39;lik bölümünü ayırın. </li><li> 4.0 siyah ipek dikiş kullanarak, gevşek bir yerPozlamayı en üst düzeye çıkarmak için arterin hem proksimal hem de distal uçlarında bağlayın. </li><li> Kuyruk damarını 24 G intravenöz kateteri kullanarak delin ve kateteri artere ilerletin. </li><li> Kateterin proksimal ligatür ile damara sabitleştirilmesi (kateter kafasından yaklaşık 1 cm) ve distal ligatöre bağlanması. </li><li> Kateterin distal parçasını arteryal basınç izleme cihazına bağlayın. </li></ol> 5. Spinal Kord İskemisinin İndüksiyonu <ol><li> Kateterizasyon tamamlandıktan sonra, 2 Fr. Balon uçlu kateteri inen torakal aorta sokarak kateter ucunun sol subklavian artere ulaşmasını sağlayın. </li><li> Yerleştirme yerinden 10 cm derinliğe yerleştirin. </li><li> Karotid kateter içine 150 ünite heparin 100 ünite / mL konsantrasyonda enjekte edin. </li><li> Kateter balonunu 0.05 mL tuzlu su ile şişirin. </li><li> Eşzamanlı olarak, kandan dış kan konteynırına kanı boşaltınProksimal arter basıncını 80 mmHg&#39;ye ayarlamak için arotid arter. </li><li> Arteryal basınç izleme sistemini 3 yönlü durdurma musluğunun kalan lümenine bağlayın ve arteryal basıncı izleyerek kan drenajının miktarını kontrol edin. </li><li> Aortik oklüzyonun başarısını, distal arter basıncının ani bir düşüşü ve sürekli kaybıyla onaylayın. </li><li> 9, 10 veya 11 dakika aortik oklüzyonu takiben, Fogarty kateter balonunu deflate edin ve boşaltılan kanını tekrar inhinleyin. </li></ol> 6. Cerrahi sonrası bakım ve nörolojik değerlendirme <ol><li> Arteryel basıncı kuyruk arteri aracılığıyla izlerken kateterleri femoral ve karotid arterden çıkarın ve ipleri ipek dikişlerle kapatın. </li><li> Arteryal basıncın normal aralığa geldiğini teyit ettikten sonra kateter kuyruk arterinden alınır ve yarayı kapatın. </li><li> Anesteziden kurtulduktan sonra sıçanı kafese geri getirin. </li><li> Merak et merhabaMotor eksiklik indeksi kullanılarak ameliyattan 24 saat sonra ekstremite motor fonksiyonu ( Tablo 1 ). Motor açık indeksi ambulasyon skoru ile yerleştirme / basamak refleks skoru toplamı olarak tanımlanır. Motor eksikliği endeksi 6, maksimum açığı belirtir. </li></ol> 7. Histopatolojik Değerlendirme <ol><li> Nörolojik değerlendirme yapıldıktan sonra, sıçanları maske ile beslenen isofluran ile anestezi altına alınız, bunları anesteziden 100 mL heparinize salin ile transkardiyal perfüzyon ile kurutunuz ve omuriliği çıkartınız. 8 </li><li> Kordon bölümlerini paralel olarak 3-5 bel omur seviyesinden gömün. </li><li> Hematoksilin ve eozin ile lekelen enine kesitleri (H &amp; E). </li><li> Mikroskop altında motor nöron hasarına dikkat edin. 9 </li></ol> 8. İstatistiksel Analiz <ol><li> Sosyal Bilimler sürüm 20 için İstatistiksel Paket kullanarak istatistiksel analiz yapın. Motor defBu üç grubun buzlanma indeksi Kruskal-Wallis testi ve ardından Mann-Whitney U testi ile karşılaştırıldı. P değeri 0.05&#39;in altında ise istatistiksel olarak anlamlı kabul edildi. </li></ol>

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Yazarların rekabette finansal çıkarları yoktur. Bu çalışma, Kore Hükümeti Ulusal Araştırma Vakfı tarafından 2012R1A1A3014010 hibe tarafından desteklenmiştir.

Bu çalışmada, aort oklüzyon süresine bağlı olarak arka bacak motor açık değişken derecelerde indükleyen Taira ve Marsala yöntemine 5 göre omurilik iskemisi bir fare modeli göstermiştir. Aortik tıkanıklığın uzunluğu motor yetersizlik derecesini etkileyebilir. Aort kapanma süresi daha uzun olursa, motor açık daha şiddetli hale gelir. Böylece, araştırmacılar, bu modelde aort kapanma süresini kontrol ederek belli düzeyde motor yetmezlik sa?...

Parapleji torakoabdominal aort anevrizmasının cerrahi tedavisinde ölümcül bir komplikasyondur. Aortun çapraz sıkıştırılması ve açılması sırasında ortaya çıkan spinal kord iskemi-reperfüzyon hasarından kaynaklanır. Sistemik hipotermi ve beyin-omurilik drenaj dahil 1 Çeşitli stratejiler 2, 3, 4 omuriliği korumak için getirilmiştir ancak birçok hastada yaralanma etkilenir kalır. Patogenezini araştırmak ve yaralanmaya karşı koruyucu stratejiler tasarlamak için birçok hayvan spinal kord iskemi modeli kullanılmıştır. Bu çalışmada, Taira ve Marsala yöntemine dayanan omurilik iskemisinin sıçan modelini özetledik. 5 Sıçanlardaki omurilik sirkülasyon sistemi, insanlardaki omurilik vasküler ve kollateral sistemine çok benzer, ancak boyutta bazı farklılıklar vardır veyer. 6 , 7 Dolayısıyla sıçan, spinal kord iskemisinin patogenezini, komplikasyonlarını ve tedavisini araştıran deneysel bir model için kullanılacak anatomik olarak uygun bir hayvandır. Dahası, bu omurilik iskemi modeli, torasik aortanın intravasküler balon oklüzyonunu kullanarak minimal müdahale ile güvenilir aortik oklüzyon üretir. Bu çalışmada, omurilik iskemisinin bu sıçan modelinin aort kapanma zamanına bağlı olarak şiddeti değişen arka ekstremitede tekrarlanabilir motor defisitleri indüklediğini göstermiştik.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1009">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">Fogarty Arterial Embolectomy catheter</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Edward Life Sciences</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">120602F</td>
			<td style="width:413px;">a balloon-tipped catheter inserted into the femoral artery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:269px;">BD Insyte-N Autoguard Shielded IV catheter&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">BD&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">381411</td>
			<td>24-gauge intravenous catheter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">50mL syringe</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">KOREA VACCINE&#160;</td>
			<td>KOVAX-SYRINGE 50mL</td>
			<td>Facial mask</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">1mL syringe</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">KOREA VACCINE</td>
			<td>KOVAX-SYRINGE 1ml</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">Recal probe</td>
			<td>HARVARD APPARATUS</td>
			<td>50-7221F</td>
			<td>Rectal probe for temperature monitoring</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Micro dissecting spring scissor</td>
			<td>Jeung do bio &#38; Plant co.LTD.</td>
			<td>JD-S-10</td>
			<td>Micro-scissor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">SCISSOR (SHARP-SHARP)</td>
			<td>Jeung do bio &#38; Plant co.LTD.</td>
			<td>S-51-12-S</td>
			<td>Scissors</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Retractor</td>
			<td>Jeung do bio &#38; Plant co.LTD.</td>
			<td>JD-S-74A</td>
			<td>Retractor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Micro forcep&#160;</td>
			<td>Jeung do bio &#38; Plant co.LTD.</td>
			<td>JD-S-29</td>
			<td>Micro-forceps</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">MOSQUITO FORCEP (Curved)</td>
			<td>Jeung do bio &#38; Plant co.LTD.</td>
			<td>S-44-CPK</td>
			<td>Curved forceps</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">DRESSING FORCEP&#160;</td>
			<td>Jeung do bio &#38; Plant co.LTD.</td>
			<td>S-37-16S</td>
			<td>Blunted forceps</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">4/0 black silk&#160;</td>
			<td>Woori Medical</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">S431</td>
			<td>4.0 black silk suture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">3-WAY STOCK</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Seonwon Medcal</td>
			<td>D-98-01</td>
			<td>3-way stopcock</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Patient monitor</td>
			<td>PHILIPS</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">MP20</td>
			<td>The arterial pressure monitoring device.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Heating blanket</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Self production</td>
			<td style="width:147px;"></td>
			<td>Heating blanket</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Microtube and external reservoir</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Self production</td>
			<td style="width:147px;"></td>
			<td>Microtube and external reservoir</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Heparin</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">JW Pharmaceutical</td>
			<td style="width:147px;"></td>
			<td>Heparin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">0.9% NS 1000ml</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">JW Pharmaceutical</td>
			<td style="width:147px;"></td>
			<td>Normal saline</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Isoflurane</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Hana Med</td>
			<td style="width:147px;"></td>
			<td>Isoflurane</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

reproducible motor deficit following aortic occlusion in a rat model of spinal cord ischemia

<html> Torakoabdominal aort anevrizması cerrahisini takiben omurilik iskemisi ölümcül bir komplikasyondur. Araştırmacılar, spinal kord iskemisinin deneysel modellerini kullanarak bu komplikasyonu önleme ve tedavi stratejilerini araştırabilir. Burada açıklanan model, sıçan omurilik iskemi modelinde torakal aortik tıkanmayı takiben oklüzyonun uzunluğuyla ilişkili değişik derecelerde paraplejiyi göstermektedir. 2-Fr. Balon uçlu kateter, anestezi altındaki erkek Sprague-Dawley sıçanlarında kateter ucu sol subklavyen artere yerleştirilinceye kadar, femoral arterden inen torasik aorta doğru ilerletildi. Omurilik iskemisi, kateter balonu şişirilerek indüklendi. Belirli bir oklüzyon periyodundan sonra (9, 10 veya 11 dakika), balon deflate edildi. Nörolojik değerlendirme ameliyattan 24 saat sonra motor defisit indeksi kullanılarak yapıldı ve spinal kord histopatolojik muayene için hasat edildi. 9 dk aortik oklüzyon geçiren sıçanlar arka bacakta hafif ve geri dönüşümlü motor bozukluklar gösterdi 10 dk aortik oklüzyona maruz kalan sıçanlar, ılımlı fakat tersinir motor bozukluk ile sunuldu 11 dk aortik oklüzyona maruz kalan sıçanlar tam ve kalıcı olarak sergilendi Felç omurilik bölümlerindeki motor nöronlar, aort kapanması süresine kısa süren sıçanlarda daha fazla korunmuştur. Araştırmacılar, omurilik iskemi modelini kullanarak torasik aortik tıkanmayı takiben tekrarlanabilir bir arka bacak motoru eksikliği elde edebiliyorlar.

Spinal kord iskemi periyodunda 9 dak (n = 3), 10 dakika (n = 3) veya 11 dakika (n = 3) aortik oklüzyon uygulandı. Sıçanlardaki motor eksiklik indeksi Tablo 2&#39;de verilmiştir. 9 dak aortik oklüzyon geçiren sıçanlar, arka bacakte hafif ve geri dönüşümlü bir motor bozukluk gösterdi. Sıçanlar, 10 dakikalık aortik oklüzyona maruz bırakıldı, ancak motor fakir orta derecedeydi, ancak felç tam değildi. Oklüzyon süresinin 11 dakikasını alan sıçanlar, tam ve kalıcı felç sergiledi. <p class=...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Reproducible Motor Deficit Following Aortic Occlusion in a Rat Model Of Spinal Cord Ischemia at JoVE.com

Reproducible Motor Deficit Following Aortic Occlusion in a Rat Model Of Spinal Cord Ischemia

Bu çalışma sıçanlarda spinal kord iskemisinin minimal invaziv ve kolayca tekrarlanabilir bir model haline getirme tekniğini göstermektedir. Arka ekstremite motor defisitinin çeşitli dereceleri, aort kapanma zamanını kontrol ederek üretilebilir.

Spinal Kord İskemisinin Sıçan Modelinde Aortik Oklüzyon Sonrası Tekrarlanabilir Motor Bozukluğu

Spinal cord ischemia is a fatal complication following thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm surgery. Researchers can investigate the strategies for preventing ...

reproducible-motor-deficit-following-aortic-occlusion-rat-model

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

7.1K Görüntüleme.  SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul.  Bu çalışma sıçanlarda spinal kord iskemisinin minimal invaziv ve kolayca tekrarlanabilir bir model haline getirme tekniğini göstermektedir. Arka ekstremite motor defisitinin çeşitli dereceleri, aort kapanma zamanını kontrol ederek üretilebilir. 

Video: Reproducible Motor Deficit Following Aortic Occlusion in a Rat Model Of Spinal Cord Ischemia

Acute and Chronic Tactile Sensory Testing after Spinal Cord Injury in Rats

Spinal cord injury (SCI) impairs sensory systems causing allodynia1-8. To identify cellular and molecular causes of allodynia, sensitive and valid sensory testing in rat SCI models is needed. However, until recently, no single testing approach had been validated for SCI so that standardized methods have not been implemented across labs. Additionally, available testing methods could not be implemented acutely or when severe motor impairments existed, preventing studies of the development of SCI-induced allodynia3. Here we present two validated sensory testing methods using von Frey Hair (VFH) monofilaments which quantify changes in tactile sensory thresholds after SCI4-5. One test is the well-established Up-Down test which demonstrates high sensitivity and specificity across different SCI severities when tested chronically5. The other test is a newly-developed dorsal VFH test that can be applied acutely after SCI when allodynia develops, prior to motor recovery4-5. Each VFH monofilament applies a calibrated force when touched to the skin of the hind paw until it bends. In the up-down method, alternating VFHs of higher or lower forces are used on the plantar L5 dermatome to delineate flexor withdrawal thresholds. Successively higher forces are applied until withdrawal occurs then lower force VFHs are used until withdrawal ceases. The tactile threshold reflects the force required to elicit withdrawal in 50% of the stimuli. For the new test, each VFH is applied to the dorsal L5 dermatome of the paw while the rat is supported by the examiner. The VFH stimulation occurs in ascending order of force until at least 2 of 3 applications at a given force produces paw withdrawal. Tactile sensory threshold is the lowest force to elicit withdrawal 66% of the time. Acclimation, testing and scoring procedures are described. Aberrant trials that require a retest and typical trials are defined. Animal use was approved by Ohio State University Animal Care and Use Committee.

We describe two tactile sensory testing methods for acute or chronic periods of spinal cord injury in rats. These validated procedures can detect the development and maintenance of allodynia-like sensations.

Sıçanlarda Spinal Kord Yaralanma sonrası Akut ve Kronik Dokunsal Duyu Testi

Spinal cord injury (SCI) impairs sensory systems causing allodynia1-8. To identify cellular and molecular causes of allodynia, sensitive and valid sensory ...

Tıp

A Contusion Model of Severe Spinal Cord Injury in Rats

The translational potential of novel treatments should be investigated in severe spinal cord injury (SCI) contusion models. A detailed methodology is described to obtain a consistent model of severe SCI. Use of a stereotactic frame and computer controlled impactor allows for creation of reproducible injury. Hypothermia and urinary tract infection pose significant challenges in the post-operative period. Careful monitoring of animals with daily weight recording and bladder expression allows for early detection of post-operative complications. The functional results of this contusion model are equivalent to transection models. The contusion model can be utilized to evaluate the efficacy of both neuroprotective and neuroregenerative approaches.

A contusion model of severe spinal cord injury is described. Detailed pre-operative, operative and post-operative steps are described to obtain a consistent model.

Sıçanlarda Şiddetli Spinal Kord Yaralanması bir bere modeli

The translational potential of novel treatments should be investigated in severe spinal cord injury (SCI) contusion models. A detailed methodology is ...

2-Vessel Occlusion/Hypotension: A Rat Model of Global Brain Ischemia

Cardiac arrest followed by resuscitation often results in dramatic brain damage caused by ischemia and subsequent reperfusion of the brain. Global brain ischemia produces damage to specific brain regions shown to be highly sensitive to ischemia 1. Hippocampal neurons have higher sensitivity to ischemic insults compared to other cell populations, and specifically, the CA1 region of the hippocampus is particularly vulnerable to ischemia/reperfusion 2.
The design of therapeutic interventions, or study of mechanisms involved in cerebral damage, requires a model that produces damage similar to the clinical condition and in a reproducible manner. Bilateral carotid vessel occlusion with hypotension (2VOH) is a model that produces reversible forebrain ischemia, emulating the cerebral events that can occur during cardiac arrest and resuscitation. We describe a model modified from Smith et al. (1984) 2, as first presented in its current form in Sanderson, et al. (2008) 3, which produces reproducible injury to selectively vulnerable brain regions 3-6. The reliability of this model is dictated by precise control of systemic blood pressure during applied hypotension, the duration of ischemia, close temperature control, a specific anesthesia regimen, and diligent post-operative care. An 8-minute ischemic insult produces cell death of CA1 hippocampal neurons that progresses over the course of 6 to 24 hr of reperfusion, while less vulnerable brain regions are spared. This progressive cell death is easily quantified after 7-14 days of reperfusion, as a near complete loss of CA1 neurons is evident at this time.
In addition to this brain injury model, we present a method for CA1 damage quantification using a simple, yet thorough, methodology. Importantly, quantification can be accomplished using a simple camera-mounted microscope, and a free ImageJ (NIH) software plugin, obviating the need for cost-prohibitive stereology software programs and a motorized microscopic stage for damage assessment.

Bilateral carotid occlusion coupled with systemic hypotension produces global brain ischemia in the rat, resulting in damage to the hippocampus with reproducible severity. Animal subjects are impaired with predictable patterns of brain damage, they recover expediently, and mortality rates are comparatively low.

2-Gemi Tıkanıklığı / Hipotansiyon: Küresel Beyin İskemi Rat Modeli

Cardiac arrest followed by resuscitation often results in dramatic brain damage caused by ischemia and subsequent reperfusion of the brain. Global brain ...

Evaluation of Respiratory Muscle Activation Using Respiratory Motor Control Assessment (RMCA) in Individuals with Chronic Spinal Cord Injury

During breathing, activation of respiratory muscles is coordinated by integrated input from the brain, brainstem, and spinal cord. When this coordination is disrupted by spinal cord injury (SCI), control of respiratory muscles innervated below the injury level is compromised1,2 leading to respiratory muscle dysfunction and pulmonary complications. These conditions are among the leading causes of death in patients with SCI3. Standard pulmonary function tests that assess respiratory motor function include spirometrical and maximum airway pressure outcomes: Forced Vital Capacity (FVC), Forced Expiratory Volume in one second (FEV1), Maximal Inspiratory Pressure (PImax) and Maximal Expiratory Pressure (PEmax)4,5. These values provide indirect measurements of respiratory muscle performance6. In clinical practice and research, a surface electromyography (sEMG) recorded from respiratory muscles can be used to assess respiratory motor function and help to diagnose neuromuscular pathology. However, variability in the sEMG amplitude inhibits efforts to develop objective and direct measures of respiratory motor function6. Based on a multi-muscle sEMG approach to characterize motor control of limb muscles7, known as the voluntary response index (VRI)8, we developed an analytical tool to characterize respiratory motor control directly from sEMG data recorded from multiple respiratory muscles during the voluntary respiratory tasks. We have termed this the Respiratory Motor Control Assessment (RMCA)9. This vector analysis method quantifies the amount and distribution of activity across muscles and presents it in the form of an index that relates the degree to which sEMG output within a test-subject resembles that from a group of healthy (non-injured) controls. The resulting index value has been shown to have high face validity, sensitivity and specificity9-11. We showed previously9 that the RMCA outcomes significantly correlate with levels of SCI and pulmonary function measures. We are presenting here the method to quantitatively compare post-spinal cord injury respiratory multi-muscle activation patterns to those of healthy individuals.

Evaluation of Respiratory Muscle Activation Using Respiratory Motor Control Assessment RMCA in Individuals with Chronic Spinal Cord Injury

The purpose of this publication is to present our original work on a multi-muscle surface electromyographic approach to quantitatively characterize respiratory muscle activation patterns in individuals with chronic spinal cord injury using vector-based analysis.

Kronik Spinal Kord Yaralanması Bireylerde Solunum Motor Kontrol Değerlendirmesi (RMCA) kullanarak Solunum Kas Aktivasyon Değerlendirilmesi

During breathing, activation of respiratory muscles is coordinated by integrated input from the brain, brainstem, and spinal cord. When this coordination ...

Reproducable Paraplegia by Thoracic Aortic Occlusion in a Murine Model of Spinal Cord Ischemia-reperfusion

Background 
Lower extremity paralysis continues to complicate aortic interventions. The lack of understanding of the underlying pathology has hindered advancements to decrease the occurrence this injury.&#160;The current model demonstrates reproducible lower&#160;extremity paralysis following thoracic aortic occlusion.
Methods 
Adult male C57BL6 mice were anesthetized with isoflurane. Through a cervicosternal incision the aorta was exposed. The descending thoracic aorta and left subclavian arteries were identified without entrance into pleural space. Skeletonization of these arteries was followed by immediate closure (Sham) or occlusion for 4 min (moderate ischemia) or 8 min (prolonged ischemia). The sternotomy and skin were closed and the mouse was transferred to warming bed for recovery.&#160; Following recovery, functional analysis was obtained at 12 hr intervals until 48 hr.
Results 
Mice that underwent sham surgery showed no observable hind&#160;limb deficit. Mice subjected to moderate ischemia for 4 min had minimal functional deficit at 12 hr followed by progression to complete paralysis at 48 hr. Mice subjected to prolonged ischemia had an immediate paralysis with no observable hind-limb movement at any point in the postoperative period. There was no observed intraoperative or post&#160;operative mortality.
Conclusion 
Reproducible lower extremity paralysis whether immediate or delayed can be achieved in a murine model. Additionally, by using a median sternotomy and careful dissection, high survival rates, and reproducibility can be achieved.

The lack of mechanistic understanding of spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury has hindered further adjuncts to prevent paraplegia following high risk aortic operations. Thus, the development of animal models is imperative. This manuscript demonstrates reproducible lower extremity paralysis following thoracic aortic occlusion in a murine model.

Spinal Kord İskemi-reperfüzyon bir Mürin Modelinde Torasik Aort Tıkanıklığı tarafından tekrarlanabilir Parapleji

Background
Lower extremity paralysis continues to complicate aortic interventions. The lack of understanding of the underlying pathology has hindered ...

Controlled Cortical Impact Model for Traumatic Brain Injury

Every year over a million Americans suffer a traumatic brain injury (TBI). Combined with the incidence of TBIs worldwide, the physical, emotional, social, and economical effects are staggering. Therefore, further research into the effects of TBI and effective treatments is necessary. The controlled cortical impact (CCI) model induces traumatic brain injuries ranging from mild to severe. This method uses a rigid impactor to deliver mechanical energy to an intact dura exposed following a craniectomy. Impact is made under precise parameters at a set velocity to achieve a pre-determined deformation depth. Although other TBI models, such as weight drop and fluid percussion, exist, CCI is more accurate, easier to control, and most importantly, produces traumatic brain injuries similar to those seen in humans. However, no TBI model is currently able to reproduce pathological changes identical to those seen in human patients. The CCI model allows investigation into the short-term and long-term effects of TBI, such as neuronal death, memory deficits, and cerebral edema, as well as potential therapeutic treatments for TBI.

Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) remain a serious health problem. Using the controlled cortical impact surgery model, research on the effects of TBI and possible treatment methods may be performed.

Travmatik Beyin Hasarı için Kontrollü Kortikal Etki Modeli

Every year over a million Americans suffer a traumatic brain injury (TBI).  Combined with the incidence of TBIs worldwide, the physical, emotional, ...

A Radio-telemetric System to Monitor Cardiovascular Function in Rats with Spinal Cord Transection and Embryonic Neural Stem Cell Grafts

High thoracic or cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) can lead to cardiovascular dysfunction. To monitor cardiovascular parameters, we implanted a catheter connected to a radio transmitter into the femoral artery of rats that underwent a T4 spinal cord transection with or without grafting of embryonic brainstem-derived neural stem cells expressing green fluorescent protein. Compared to other methods such as cannula insertion or tail-cuff, telemetry is advantageous to continuously monitor blood pressure and heart rate in freely moving animals. It is also capable of long term multiple data acquisitions. In spinal cord injured rats, basal cardiovascular data under unrestrained condition and autonomic dysreflexia in response to colorectal distension were successfully recorded. In addition, cardiovascular parameters before and after SCI can be compared in the same rat if a transmitter is implanted before a spinal cord transection. One limitation of the described telemetry procedure is that implantation in the femoral artery may influence the blood supply to the ipsilateral hindlimb.

We present a protocol for using a radio-telemetric system to record cardiovascular parameters in T4 spinal cord transected rats eight weeks after embryonic brainstem neural stem cell grafting into the lesion site. Telemetry is an advanced technique to accurately evaluate cardiovascular function in conscious freely moving spinal cord injured rats.

A Radyo-telemetrik Sistemi Omurilik transeksiyonu ve Embriyonik Nöral Hücre Greftler Kök Sıçanlarda Kardiyovasküler Fonksiyonu Monitör

High thoracic or cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) can lead to cardiovascular dysfunction. To monitor cardiovascular parameters, we implanted a catheter ...

Photothrombosis-induced Focal Ischemia as a Model of Spinal Cord Injury in Mice

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating clinical condition causing permanent changes in sensorimotor and autonomic functions of the spinal cord (SC) below the site of injury. The secondary ischemia that develops following the initial mechanical insult is a serious complication of the SCI and severely impairs the function and viability of surviving neuronal and non-neuronal cells in the SC. In addition, ischemia is also responsible for the growth of lesion during chronic phase of injury and interferes with the cellular repair and healing processes. Thus there is a need to develop a spinal cord ischemia model for studying the mechanisms of ischemia-induced pathology. Focal ischemia induced by photothrombosis (PT) is a minimally invasive and very well established procedure used to investigate the pathology of ischemia-induced cell death in the brain. Here, we describe the use of PT to induce an ischemic lesion in the spinal cord of mice. Following retro-orbital sinus injection of Rose Bengal, the posterior spinal vein and other capillaries on the dorsal surface of SC were irradiated with a green light resulting in the formation of a thrombus and thus ischemia in the affected region. Results from histology and immunochemistry studies show that PT-induced ischemia caused spinal cord infarction, loss of neurons and reactive gliosis. Using this technique a highly reproducible and relatively easy model of SCI in mice can be achieved that would serve the purpose of scientific investigations into the mechanisms of ischemia induced cell death as well as the efficacy of neuroprotective drugs. This model will also allow exploration of the pathological changes that occur following SCI in live mice like axonal degeneration and regeneration, neuronal and astrocytic Ca2+ signaling using two-photon microscopy.

Photothrombosis is a minimally invasive and highly reproducible procedure to induce focal ischemia in the spinal cord and serves as a model of spinal cord injury in mice.

Farelerde Omurilik Yaralanma Modeli Olarak Odak iskemisi Fototromboz kaynaklı

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating clinical condition causing permanent changes in sensorimotor and autonomic functions of the spinal cord (SC) ...

A Neonatal Mouse Spinal Cord Compression Injury Model

Spinal cord injury (SCI) typically causes devastating neurological deficits, particularly through damage to fibers descending from the brain to the spinal cord. A major current area of research is focused on the mechanisms of adaptive plasticity that underlie spontaneous or induced functional recovery following SCI. Spontaneous functional recovery is reported to be greater early in life, raising interesting questions about how adaptive plasticity changes as the spinal cord develops. To facilitate investigation of this dynamic, we have developed a SCI model in the neonatal mouse. The model has relevance for pediatric SCI, which is too little studied. Because neural plasticity in the adult involves some of the same mechanisms as neural plasticity in early life1, this model may potentially have some relevance also for adult SCI. Here we describe the entire procedure for generating a reproducible spinal cord compression (SCC) injury in the neonatal mouse as early as postnatal (P) day 1. SCC is achieved by performing a laminectomy at a given spinal level (here described at thoracic levels 9-11) and then using a modified Yasargil aneurysm mini-clip to rapidly compress and decompress the spinal cord. As previously described, the injured neonatal mice can be tested for behavioral deficits or sacrificed for ex vivo physiological analysis of synaptic connectivity using electrophysiological and high-throughput optical recording techniques1. Earlier and ongoing studies using behavioral and physiological assessment have demonstrated a dramatic, acute impairment of hindlimb motility followed by a complete functional recovery within 2 weeks, and the first evidence of changes in functional circuitry at the level of identified descending synaptic connections1.

This article describes a method for generating a reproducible spinal cord compression injury (SCI) in the neonatal mouse. The model provides an advantageous platform for studying mechanisms of adaptive plasticity that underlie spontaneous functional recovery.

Bir Yenidoğan Fare Omurilik Sıkıştırma Yaralanması Modeli

Spinal cord injury (SCI) typically causes devastating neurological deficits, particularly through damage to fibers descending from the brain to the spinal ...

Reproducible Arterial Denudation Injury by Infrarenal Abdominal Aortic Clamping in a Murine Model

Percutaneous vascular interventions uniformly result in arterial denudation injuries that subsequently lead to thrombosis and restenosis. These complications can be attributed to impairments in re-endothelialization within the wound margins. Yet, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of re-endothelialization remain to be defined. While several animal models to study re-endothelialization after arterial denudation are available, few are performed in the mouse because of surgical limitations. This undermines the opportunity to exploit transgenic mouse lines and investigate the contribution of specific genes to the process of re-endothelialization. Here, we present a step-by-step protocol for creating a highly reproducible murine model of arterial denudation injury in the infrarenal abdominal aorta using external vascular clamping. Immunocytochemical staining of injured aortas for fibrinogen and &#946;-catenin demonstrate the exposure of a pro-thrombotic surface and the border of intact endothelium, respectively. The method presented here has the advantages of speed, excellent overall survival rate, and relative technical ease, creating a uniquely practical tool for imposing arterial denudation injury in transgenic mouse models. Using this method, investigators may elucidate the mechanisms of re-endothelialization under normal or pathological conditions.

Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms of re-endothelialization following arterial denudation injury is of paramount importance in preventing thrombosis and restenosis of arteries. Here we describe a protocol for reproducible arterial denudation injury of the infrarenal abdominal aorta. The procedure was developed to investigate the underlying mechanisms that regulate endothelial regeneration using mouse models.