Biz mikroskobu üzerinde yararlı tartışmalar için Gary Laevsky teşekkür ederiz. NIH tarafından finanse edildi Bu çalışma ERG R01GM061107 ve R01GM067758 verir

Not: kas kaldırma (Şekil 1) için prosedür larva fileto hazırlanması için daha önce tarif edilen yöntemlerin bir modifikasyonudur. Önce ve kas kaldırılmasını takip adımlar kısaca özetlenen ve okuyucu daha detaylı açıklamalar için önceki çalışmaların 10, 11 anılır. Soğuk tuzlu su içinde 1 Dissect Larva <ol><li> Soğuk HL3.1 tuz 15 veya soğuk Ca 2 + içermeyen HL3.1 tuzlu 11 (Tablo 1) bir çalışma seyreltme hazırlayın. çanak alt kapak için yeterli, soğuk tuz ile bir silikon elastomer çanak larva yerleştirin. NOT: tuzlu seçimi ile ilgili Tartışma bakın. </li></ol><table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always"><tbody><tr><td> 1x HL3.1 tuzlu su (pH 7.2) </td></tr><tr><td> 5 mM HEPES </td></tr><tr><td> 70 mM NaCI </td></tr><tr&gt; <td> 5 mM KCI </td></tr><tr><td> 1.5 mM CaCl2 (Ca 2 + içermeyen tuzlu için ihmal) </td></tr><tr><td> 4 mM MgCl2 </td></tr><tr><td> 10 mM NaHCO 3 </td></tr><tr><td> 5 mM trehaloz </td></tr><tr><td> 115 mM sükroz </td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td> 4 ° C&#39;de filtre sterilize ve mağaza </td></tr><tr><td> Not: hemolimf böcek Kompozisyon taklit </td></tr></tbody></table> Soğuk Tuzlu Tablo 1. Bileşimi. <ol start="2"><li> ventral yüzü yukarı bakacak şekilde larva yerleştirin. larva ventral yüzeyi anteriordan posterior çalışan birincil larva trakea tüpler tarafından karın Dentical kemer ve sırt tarafında ile tespit edilebilir. ön-arka yönde larva gerin ve bir baş ve kuyruk pinböcek pimleri kullanarak çanak diseksiyon silikon elastomer. bir ucunda başlayan ve diğer doğru ilerlemektedir, ventral orta hat boyunca kesmek için ince diseksiyon makas kullanın. NOT: Bu yönelim da nöronların yaygın çalışılan dorsal küme korur. </li><li> Larva açık kesildikten sonra, bir kitap açma gibi diseksiyon çanak dört köşe pin. MSS, gut, ve trakea gibi iç organları kapmak ve çıkarmak için forseps kullanın. fileto gergin ama maksimum gerilir böylece böcek işaretçilerine ayarlayın. NOT: Kaslar segmental sınırları vücut duvarına bağlı kalır. kas gövde duvarının en kapak rağmen, sırt orta çizgisi yakınındaki dar bölgede mevcut değildir. </li></ol> 2. Kas Kaldırma <ol><li> kas dokusu yoktur larva, dorsal orta hat bulun. Bu en düz olan oryantasyon kas dokusunun altında eklenir öyle ki tek bir forseps çatal yerleştirin. </li><li> Buradan başlayarakdorsal orta hat, segmentinde ön sınırına yakın, dikkatli forseps ve epidermis arasındaki teması en aza indirmek için özen kas ve epidermis arasında forseps çatal kaydırın. </li><li> bir çapa noktada vücut duvarına kas eki kırmak için yukarı forseps çekin. ilgi kalan hemi-segmenti (ler) için bu işlemi tekrarlayın. NOT: Bu protokol, her da nöron dendrit alanının arka korunması optimize eder. dendrit alanın ön kısmını korumak için, her segmentin arka ucundaki forseps çatalı eklemek için en iyisidir. </li><li> larva fileto maksimum her yöne gerilir şekilde böcek pimleri tekrar ayarlayın. </li><li> yine de, 25 dakika süreyle PBS içinde soğuk taze hazırlanmış% 4 formaldehit ile kesme çanak tutturulmuş iken fileto düzeltildi. </li><li> PBS 5 kez durulayın. </li><li> conta en aza indirmek için özen dikkatle kalan bağlantı noktalarından kas dokusu çekmeye için forseps kullanabilirepidermis ile ct. </li><li> Sabitlemesini ve 1.5 ml mikrosantrifüj tüpüne diseksiyon çanak fileto çıkarın. Daha önce 11 açıklandığı gibi, sonraki tüm yıkama, engelleme ve immünofloresan boyama adımları uygulayın. </li></ol> 3. Dağı Larva Fileto <ol><li> İlk mümkün olduğunca örnek olarak düz hale getirmek için ince diseksiyon makas kullanarak baş ve kuyruk çıkarın. Lamel bakan fileto iç yüzeyi ile antifade mountant bir lamel fileto monte edin. </li><li> lamel bir mikroskop lamı yerleştirin ve montaj orta dağıtmak için hafifçe bastırın. üzerinde bir mikroskop lamı çevirin ve tırnak cilası kullanarak slayt lamel mühür. Slaytlar, en az bir ay süreyle -20 ° C&#39;de saklanabilir. </li></ol>

<ol>
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R., Werner, K. M., McCabe, B. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drosophila+larval+NMJ+dissection.">Drosophila larval NMJ dissection.</a> J Vis Exp. (24), (2009).</li><li>Karim, M. R., Moore, A. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Morphological+analysis+of+Drosophila+larval+peripheral+sensory+neuron+dendrites+and+axons+using+genetic+mosaics.">Morphological analysis of Drosophila larval peripheral sensory neuron dendrites and axons using genetic mosaics.</a> J Vis Exp. (57), e3111 (2011).</li><li>Gustafsson, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Surpassing+the+lateral+resolution+limit+by+a+factor+of+two+using+structured+illumination+microscopy.">Surpassing the lateral resolution limit by a factor of two using structured illumination microscopy.</a> J Microscopy. 198 (2), 82-87 (2000).</li><li>Ashdown, G. W., Cope, A., Wiseman, P. W., Owen, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+flow+quantified+beyond+the+diffraction+limit+by+spatiotemporal+image+correlation+of+structured+illumination+microscopy+data.">Molecular flow quantified beyond the diffraction limit by spatiotemporal image correlation of structured illumination microscopy data.</a> Biophys J. 107 (9), L21-L23 (2014).</li><li>Zhang, W., Yan, Z., Jan, L. Y., Jan, Y. 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Yazarlar ifşa hiçbir şey yok.

İşte bir protokol Drosophila larva filetosu kas dokusunun elle çıkarılması için açıklanmıştır. Bu protokol daha önce larva diseksiyon teknikleri 10,11 tarif değiştirir. Larva bir silikon elastomer çanak disseke sonra, dorsal orta hat yer almaktadır. Tek bir forseps uçlu olarak, en düz mümkün olan yönde, dikkatli bir şekilde dorsal orta hattın yakınlarındaki, kas dokusu ve epidermis arasına yerleştirilir. forseps yavaşça ilgi her larva segmentinde bir çapa noktasından a...

Drosophila larvalarının dendritik arborization (DA) nöronları dolayı genetik manipülasyona amenability ve görüntülenebilir kolaylığına nöronal gelişim çalışmak için değerli bir model sunmaktadır. Bu duyusal nöronlar dendrit morfolojilerinden 1-3 kontrol sayısız yolların belirlenmesinde etkili olmuştur. da nöronların dört sınıfları (sınıf I - IV) larva epidermis innerve. Bu nöronlar kendi dendritler büyük ölçüde iki boyutlu diziler 4,5 oluşturan, bazal membran ve epidermis arasında yalan. Dört sınıfların, sınıf IV da nöronların diğer hayvanların duyusal nöronlar gibi en çok dallı milleri ve sahip, bu milleri detaylandırılması onların gelişiminde 6-9 komşu dokulardan içsel faktörlerin yanı sıra kuyruklar, özellikle epidermis gerektirir . Çalışmalar nasıl böyle nöronal ve ekstra nöronal gerçeği belirlemek içinors Immünofloresan in situ protein ifade algılamak için yeteneği dendrit morfolojilerinden fayda kontrol eder. Larva dış kütikül antikorlara aşılmaz, ama bu engel kolayca köklü diseksiyon yöntemlerinin 10,11 ile larva filetosu hazırlanması ile aşılır. Ancak, bazal membran sadece iç yatıyor vücut duvarı kas dokusu da nöron ve epidermal hücrelerin görselleştirme yönelik çeşitli zorluklar getirmektedir. İlk olarak, kas dokusu, vücut duvarının en çizgileri, büyük ölçüde nöronal veya epidermal dokudan kaynaklanan floresan sinyalleri örttüğü. Bu esas olarak örnek sinyal gürültü oranını azaltır. İkinci olarak, çok sayıda alakalı proteinler kas dokusu, hem de nöronlar veya epidermis eksprese edilebilir. Bu, kas kaynaklı floresans sinyali nöron veya epidermis bir floresans sinyalinin daha belirsiz algılama muhtemeldir. Son olarak, mikroskopi teknolojilerinde gelişmeleralt difraksiyon çözünürlükte numune B izin görüntüleme ve epidermal hücrelerin 12,13 nöronlarda ifade edilen proteinleri lokalizasyonu ayırt ve çevresindeki özellikle yararlı olabilir. Ancak gürültü oranı ve lamel numune yakın güçlü bir sinyal süper çözünürlük mikroskopi faydaları aracılığıyla görüntüleme. sinyal gürültü oranını azaltmak için ek olarak, larva vücut duvarı kas mesafeleri böylece süper çözünürlük mikroskobu yöntemlerle elde edilebilir, geliştirilmiş görüntü çözünürlüğü sınırlayıcı lamel gelen da nöronlar. immünofloresan analizi için zorluklar yanında, kas dokusu larva vücut duvarı duyusal nöronlardan elektrofizyolojik kayıt için bir engel sunar. Onun kaldırma bu nedenle duyu nöronlarının 14 nörofizyolojik manipülasyon yararlanır. Burada Drosophila larvalarının kas dokusunun elle çıkarılması için bir yönteme ilişkindir açıklanmaktadır. Bizim protokol p göstermektediraksi kas dokusu tarafından bulanıklaştırılmaktadır proteinlerin ermits immünofloresan görüntüleme, sınıf IV da nöronlar görselleştirilmesi için sinyal gürültü oranını iyileştirir ve daha da nöronlarda protein ve hücresel yapıların mekansal ilişkileri ayırmak için süper çözünürlük mikroskobu kullanılmasını sağlar ve epidermis.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Dumont #5 tweezers</td><td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td><td>72701-D</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Micro Scissors, 8 cm, straight, 5 mm blades, 0.1 mm tips</td><td>World Precision Instruments</td><td>14003</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sylgard 184 silicone elastomer kit</td><td>Dow Corning</td><td>3097358-1004</td><td>for dissecting plates</td></tr><tr><td>Austerlitz insect pins, 0.1 mm</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>26002-10</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fostec 8375 light source</td><td>Artisan Technology Group</td><td>62792-4</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zeiss Stemi 2000</td><td>Carl Zeiss Microscopy</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Vectashield antifade mounting medium</td><td>Vector Laboratories</td><td>H-1000</td><td>for confocal microscopy</td></tr><tr><td>Prolong Diamond antifade mountant</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>P36970</td><td>for structured illumination microscopy</td></tr><tr><td>Micro cover glass, 22 x 22 mm, No. 1.5</td><td>VWR</td><td>48366-227</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Superfrost Plus microscope slides, 25 x 75 x 1.0 mm</td><td>Fisherbrand</td><td>12-550-15</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mouse anti-Coracle antibody</td><td>Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank</td><td>C615.16</td><td>supernatant, dilute 1:50</td></tr><tr><td>Mouse anti-Discs large antibody</td><td>Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank</td><td>4F3</td><td>supernatant, dilute 1:50</td></tr><tr><td>Rabbit anti-dsRed antibody</td><td>Clontech</td><td>632496</td><td>dilute 1:1,000</td></tr><tr><td>Goat anti-rabbit antibody, Alexa Fluor 568 conjugated</td><td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td><td>A-11011</td><td>dilute 1:1,000</td></tr><tr><td>Goat anti-mouse antibody, Alexa Fluor 488 conjugated</td><td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td><td>A-11001</td><td>dilute 1:500</td></tr></tbody></table>

removal of drosophila muscle tissue from larval fillets for immunofluorescence analysis of sensory neurons and epidermal cells

Drosophila larva dendritik arborization (da) nöronların nöronal morfolojilerinden mekanizmaları araştırmak için popüler bir modeldir. Da nöronlar böylece epidermal inerve ettikleri hücreleri ve immünofloresan hem nöronal ve epidermally ifade edilen proteinlerin in situ görselleştirme kendi analiz yararları ile iletişim gelişir. immünofloresan deneyleri için larva filetosu hazırlamak geleneksel yöntemler nöronal ve epidermal proteinleri görüntüleme için çeşitli zorluklar sunarak, vücut duvarının en kapsar kas dokusu bozulmamış bırakın. Burada Drosophila larva filetosu gelen kas dokusunu çıkarmak için bir yöntem açıklanmaktadır. Bu protokol, aksi takdirde kas dokusu tarafından gizlenmiş olan proteinlerin görüntüleme sağlayan sinyal gürültü oranını artırır ve da nöron gelişimini incelemek için süper çözünürlük mikroskobu kullanımını kolaylaştırır.

Birlikte zar işaretleyici ile etiketlenmiş sınıf IV da nöronlar ile Septat birleşme proteinleri Coracle (Cora) ve Diskleri-büyük (DLG) co-görselleştirmek için immünofloresan deneylerinde sinyal gürültü oranını artırmak için, kas kaldırma prosedürü yararını göstermektedir CD4 tdTomato. Cora önce da nöron dendritler epidermal hücreler tarafından alınmış ve da nöronun morfogenezine ve fonksiyonu ile ilişkili olarak ele 4,6-...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Removal of Drosophila Muscle Tissue from Larval Fillets for Immunofluorescence Analysis of Sensory Neurons and Epidermal Cells at JoVE.com

Removal of Drosophila Muscle Tissue from Larval Fillets for Immunofluorescence Analysis of Sensory Neurons and Epidermal Cells

Drosophila larva dendritik arborization (da) nöronları kullanarak nöronal morfolojilerinden Çalışmaları Immünofloresan nöronal ve epidermal proteinlerin in situ görselleştirme yarar. Larva vücut duvarı kas dokusu kaldırarak da nöronlar ve çevresindeki epidermal hücrelerin immünoflüoresans analizi artıran bir prosedür açıklanmaktadır.

Kaldırılması<em&gt; Drosophila</emDuyu Nöronlar ve Epidermal Hücre İmmünofloresan Analizi Larvaların Fileto dan&gt; Kas Dokusu

Drosophila larval dendritic arborization (da) neurons are a popular model for investigating mechanisms of neuronal morphogenesis. Da neurons develop in ...

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Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

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JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Removal of Drosophila Muscle Tissue from Larval Fillets for Immunofluorescence Analysis of Sensory Neurons and Epidermal Cells

8.9K Görüntüleme.  Princeton University.  Drosophila larva dendritik arborization (da) nöronları kullanarak nöronal morfolojilerinden Çalışmaları Immünofloresan nöronal ve epidermal proteinlerin in situ görselleştirme yarar. Larva vücut duvarı kas dokusu kaldırarak da nöronlar ve çevresindeki epidermal hücrelerin immünoflüoresans analizi artıran bir prosedür açıklanmaktadır. 

Video: Removal of Drosophila Muscle Tissue from Larval Fillets for Immunofluorescence Analysis of Sensory Neurons and Epidermal Cells

Dissection and Imaging of Active Zones in the Drosophila Neuromuscular Junction

The Drosophila larvae neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is an excellent model for the study of synaptic structure and function. Drosophila is well known for the ease of powerful genetic manipulations and the larval nervous system has proven particularly useful in studying not only normal function but also perturbations that accompany some neurological disease (Lloyd and Taylor, 2010). Many key synaptic molecules found in Drosophila are also found in mammals and like most CNS excitatory synapses in mammals, the Drosophila NMJ is glutamatergic and demonstrates activity-dependent remodeling (Kohet al. , 2000). Additionally, Drosophila neurons can be individually identified because their innervation patterns are stereotyped and repetitive making it possible to study identified synaptic terminals, such as those between motor neurons and the body-wall muscle fibers that they innervate (Keshishian and Kim, 2004). The existence of evolutionarily conserved synapse components along with the ease of genetic and physical manipulation make the Drosophila model ideal for investigating the mechanisms underlying synaptic function (Budnik, 1996).
The active zones at synaptic terminals are of particular interest because these are the sites of neurotransmitter release. NC82 is a monoclonal antibody that recognizes the Drosophila protein Bruchpilot (Brp), a CAST1/ERC family member that is an important component of the active zone (Waghet al. , 2006). Brp was shown to directly shape the active zone T-bar and is responsible for effectively clustering Ca2+ channels beneath the T-bar density (Fouquetet al. , 2009). Mutants of Brp have reduced Ca2+ channel density, depressed evoked vesicle release, and altered short-term plasticity (Kittelet al. , 2006). Alterations to active zones have been observed in Drosophila disease models. For example, immunofluorescence using the NC82 antibody showed that the active zone density was decreased in models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Pitt-Hopkins syndrome (Ratnaparkhiet al. , 2008; Zweieret al. , 2009). Thus, evaluation of active zones, or other synaptic proteins, in Drosophila larvae models of disease may provide a valuable initial clue to the presence of a synaptic defect.
Preparing whole-mount dissected Drosophila larvae for immunofluorescence analysis of the NMJ requires some skill, but can be accomplished by most scientists with a little practice. Presented is a method that provides for multiple larvae to be dissected and immunostained in the same dissection dish, limiting environmental differences between each genotype and providing sufficient animals for confidence in reproducibility and statistical analysis.

Dissection and Imaging of Active Zones in the Drosophila Neuromuscular Junction

The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) of Drosophila melanogaster is an important model system for studying normal synaptic function as well as perturbations to synaptic function found in certain neurological diseases. We present a protocol for dissection of the Drosophila larval motor system and immunostaining for active zone proteins within the NMJ.

Aktif Bölgeleri Diseksiyon ve Görüntüleme Drosophila Nöromüsküler Junction

The Drosophila  larvae neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is an excellent model for the study of synaptic structure and function. Drosophila  is well known for ...

Nörobilim

Morphological Analysis of Drosophila Larval Peripheral Sensory Neuron Dendrites and Axons Using Genetic Mosaics

Nervous system development requires the correct specification of neuron position and identity, followed by accurate neuron class-specific dendritic development and axonal wiring. Recently the dendritic arborization (DA) sensory neurons of the Drosophila larval peripheral nervous system (PNS) have become powerful genetic models in which to elucidate both general and class-specific mechanisms of neuron differentiation.
There are four main DA neuron classes (I-IV)1. They are named in order of increasing dendrite arbor complexity, and have class-specific differences in the genetic control of their differentiation2-10. The DA sensory system is a practical model to investigate the molecular mechanisms behind the control of dendritic morphology11-13 because: 1) it can take advantage of the powerful genetic tools available in the fruit fly, 2) the DA neuron dendrite arbor spreads out in only 2 dimensions beneath an optically clear larval cuticle making it easy to visualize with high resolution in vivo, 3) the class-specific diversity in dendritic morphology facilitates a comparative analysis to find key elements controlling the formation of simple vs. highly branched dendritic trees, and 4) dendritic arbor stereotypical shapes of different DA neurons facilitate morphometric statistical analyses.
DA neuron activity modifies the output of a larval locomotion central pattern generator14-16. The different DA neuron classes have distinct sensory modalities, and their activation elicits different behavioral responses14,16-20. Furthermore different classes send axonal projections stereotypically into the Drosophila larval central nervous system in the ventral nerve cord (VNC)21. These projections terminate with topographic representations of both DA neuron sensory modality and the position in the body wall of the dendritic field7,22,23. Hence examination of DA axonal projections can be used to elucidate mechanisms underlying topographic mapping7,22,23, as well as the wiring of a simple circuit modulating larval locomotion14-17.
We present here a practical guide to generate and analyze genetic mosaics24 marking DA neurons via MARCM (Mosaic Analysis with a Repressible Cell Marker)1,10,25 and Flp-out22,26,27 techniques (summarized in Fig. 1).

Morphological Analysis of Drosophila Larval Peripheral Sensory Neuron Dendrites and Axons Using Genetic Mosaics

The dendritic arborization sensory neurons of the Drosophila larval peripheral nervous system are useful models to elucidate both general and neuron class-specific mechanisms of neuron differentiation. We present a practical guide to generate and analyze dendritic arborization neuron genetic mosaics.

Morfolojik analiz Drosophila</emGenetik Mozaikler> Larvaların Periferik Duyusal Nöron Dendritler ve Aksonlar

Nervous system development requires the correct specification of neuron position and identity, followed by accurate neuron class-specific dendritic ...

Dissection of Drosophila melanogaster Flight Muscles for Omics Approaches

Drosophila flight muscle is a powerful model to study diverse processes such as transcriptional regulation, alternative splicing, metabolism, and mechanobiology, which all influence muscle development and myofibrillogenesis. Omics data, such as those generated by mass spectrometry or deep sequencing, can provide important mechanistic insights into these biological processes. For such approaches, it is beneficial to analyze tissue-specific samples to increase both selectivity and specificity of the omics fingerprints. Here we present a protocol for dissection of fluorescent-labeled flight muscle from live pupae to generate highly enriched muscle samples for omics applications. We first describe how to dissect flight muscles at early pupal stages (&#60;48 h after puparium formation [APF]), when the muscles are discernable by green fluorescent protein (GFP) labeling. We then describe how to dissect muscles from late pupae (&#62;48 h APF) or adults, when muscles are distinguishable under a dissecting microscope. The accompanying video protocol will make these technically demanding dissections more widely accessible to the muscle and Drosophila research communities. For RNA applications, we assay the quantity and quality of RNA that can be isolated at different time points and with different approaches. We further show that Bruno1 (Bru1) is necessary for a temporal shift in myosin heavy chain (Mhc) splicing, demonstrating that dissected muscles can be used for mRNA-Seq, mass spectrometry, and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) applications. This dissection protocol will help promote tissue-specific omics analyses and can be generally applied to study multiple biological aspects of myogenesis.

Dissection of Drosophila melanogaster Flight Muscles for Omics Approaches

Drosophila flight muscle is a powerful model to study transcriptional regulation, alternative splicing, metabolism, and mechanobiology. We present a protocol for dissection of fluorescent-labeled flight muscle from live pupae to generate highly enriched samples ideal for proteomics and deep-sequencing. These samples can offer important mechanistic insights into diverse aspects of muscle development.

Omics Yaklaşımlar için Drosophila melanogaster Uçuş Kasları Diseksiyon

Drosophila flight muscle is a powerful model to study diverse processes such as transcriptional regulation, alternative splicing, metabolism, and ...

Genetik

Drosophila Larval NMJ Dissection

The Drosophila neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is an established model system used for the study of synaptic development and plasticity. The widespread use of the Drosophila motor system is due to its high accessibility. It can be analyzed with single-cell resolution. There are 30 muscles per hemisegment whose arrangement within the peripheral body wall are known. A total of 35 motor neurons attach to these muscles in a pattern that has high fidelity. Using molecular biology and genetics, one can create transgenic animals or mutants. Then, one can study the developmental consequences on the morphology and function of the NMJ. In order to access the NMJ for study, it is necessary to carefully dissect each larva. In this article we demonstrate how to properly dissect Drosophila larvae for study of the NMJ by removing all internal organs while leaving the body wall intact. This technique is suitable to prepare larvae for imaging, immunohistochemistry, or electrophysiology.

This protocol demonstrates how to dissect Drosophila larvae in preparation for immunohistochemistry and/or imaging of the neuromuscular junction.

Drosophila Larvaların NMJ Diseksiyon

The Drosophila neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is an established model system used for the study of synaptic development and plasticity. The widespread use ...

Biyoloji

Drosophila Larval NMJ Immunohistochemistry

The Drosophila neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is an established model system used for the study of synaptic development and plasticity. The widespread use of the Drosophila motor system is due to its high accessibility. It can be analyzed with single-cell resolution. There are 30 muscles per hemisegment whose arrangement within the peripheral body wall are known. A total of 31 motor neurons attach to these muscles in a pattern that has high fidelity. Using molecular biology and genetics, one can create transgenic animals or mutants. Then, one can study the developmental consequences on the morphology and function of the NMJ. Immunohistochemistry can be used to clearly image the components of the NMJ. In this article, we demonstrate how to use antibody staining to visualize the Drosophila larval NMJ.

Drosophila Larval NMJ Immunohistochemistry

This protocol demonstrates how to perform immunohistochemistry on dissected Drosophila larva.

Drosophila Larvaların NMJ İmmünohistokimya

Paraffin-Embedded and Frozen Sections of Drosophila Adult Muscles

The molecular characterization of muscular dystrophies and myopathies in humans has revealed the complexity of muscle disease and genetic analysis of muscle specification, formation and function in model systems has provided valuable insight into muscle physiology. Therefore, identifying and characterizing molecular mechanisms that underlie muscle damage is critical. The structure of adult Drosophila multi-fiber muscles resemble vertebrate striated muscles 1 and the genetic tractability of Drosophila has made it a great system to analyze dystrophic muscle morphology and characterize the processes affecting muscular function in ageing adult flies 2. Here we present the histological technique for preparing paraffin-embedded and frozen sections of Drosophila thoracic muscles. These preparations allow for the tissue to be stained with classical histological stains and labeled with protein detecting dyes, and specifically cryosections are ideal for immunohistochemical detection of proteins in intact muscles. This allows for analysis of muscle tissue structure, identification of morphological defects, and detection of the expression pattern for muscle/neuron-specific proteins in Drosophila adult muscles. These techniques can also be slightly modified for sectioning of other body parts.

Paraffin-Embedded and Frozen Sections of Drosophila Adult Muscles

Identification of mechanisms underlying muscle damage is crucial. Here we present the histological technique for preparing paraffin-embedded and frozen sections of Drosophila thoracic muscles. This allows analysis of muscle morphology and localization of protein and other muscle cell components.

Parafin ve Dondurulmuş Bölüm Drosophila Yetişkin Kaslar

The molecular characterization of muscular dystrophies and myopathies in humans has revealed the complexity of muscle disease and genetic analysis of ...

Drosophila Nöromüsküler Kavşaklarda ve Kas Hücrelerinde Mikrotübül Ağlarının Görüntülenmesi

Using Drosophila Larval Neuromuscular Junction and Muscle Cells to Visualize Microtubule Network

The microtubule network is an essential component of the nervous system. Mutations in many microtubules regulatory proteins are associated with neurodevelopmental disorders and neurological diseases, such as microtubule-associated protein Tau to neurodegenerative diseases, microtubule severing protein Spastin and Katanin 60 cause hereditary spastic paraplegia and neurodevelopmental abnormalities, respectively. Detection of microtubule networks in neurons is advantageous for elucidating the pathogenesis of neurological disorders. However, the small size of neurons and the dense arrangement of axonal microtubule bundles make visualizing the microtubule networks challenging. In this study, we describe a method for dissection of the larval neuromuscular junction and muscle cells, as well as immunostaining of &#945;-tubulin and microtubule-associated protein Futsch to visualize microtubule networks in Drosophila melanogaster. The neuromuscular junction permits us to observe both pre-and post-synaptic microtubules, and the large size of muscle cells in Drosophila larva allows for clear visualization of the microtubule network. Here, by mutating and overexpressing Katanin 60 in Drosophila melanogaster,&#160;and then examining the microtubule networks in the neuromuscular junction and muscle cells, we&#160;accurately reveal the regulatory role of Katanin 60 in neurodevelopment. Therefore, combined with the powerful genetic tools of Drosophila&#160;melanogaster, this protocol greatly facilitates genetic screening and microtubule dynamics analysis for the role of microtubule network regulatory proteins in the nervous system.

Yazar Spotlight: Drosophila nöromüsküler kavşaklarında mikrotübül ağını anlamak 

Here, we present a detailed protocol to visualize the microtubule networks in neuromuscular junctions and muscle cells. Combined with the powerful genetic tools of Drosophila melanogaster, this protocol greatly facilitates genetic screening and microtubule-dynamics analysis for the role of microtubule network regulatory proteins in the nervous system.

Mikrotübül Ağını Görselleştirmek için Drosophila Larva Nöromüsküler Kavşak ve Kas Hücrelerini Kullanma

The microtubule network is an essential component of the nervous system. Mutations in many microtubules regulatory proteins are associated with ...

Drosophila'da Sinir Sistemi Adaptasyonunu İncelemek İçin Tek Nöron Ablasyonu

Laser Cell Ablation in Intact Drosophila Larvae Reveals Synaptic Competition

The protocol describes single-neuron ablation with a 2-photon laser system in the central nervous system (CNS) of intact Drosophila melanogaster larvae. Using this non-invasive method, the developing nervous system can be manipulated in a cell-specific manner. Disrupting the development of individual neurons in a network can be used to study how the nervous system can compensate for the loss of synaptic input. Individual neurons were specifically ablated in the giant fiber system of Drosophila, with a focus on two neurons: the presynaptic giant fiber (GF) and the postsynaptic tergotrochanteral motor neuron (TTMn). The GF synapses with the ipsilateral TTMn, which is crucial to the escape response. Ablating one of the GFs in the 3rd instar brain, just after the GF starts axonal growth, permanently removes the cell during the development of the CNS. The remaining GF reacts to the absent neighbor and forms an ectopic synaptic terminal to the contralateral TTMn. This atypical, bilaterally symmetric terminal innervates both TTMns, as demonstrated by dye coupling, and drives both motor neurons, as demonstrated by electrophysiological assays. In summary, the ablation of a single interneuron demonstrates synaptic competition between a bilateral pair of neurons that can compensate for the loss of one neuron and restore normal responses to the escape circuit.

Yazar Spotlight: Drosophila'da Nöral Devre Montajı ve Sinaps Oluşumu Mekanizmalarının İncelenmesi

This protocol demonstrates the laser cell ablation of individual neurons in intact Drosophila larvae. The method enables the study of the effect of reducing competition between neurons in the developing nervous system.

Sağlam Drosophila Larvalarında Lazer Hücre Ablasyonu Sinaptik Rekabeti Ortaya Çıkardı

The protocol describes single-neuron ablation with a 2-photon laser system in the central nervous system (CNS) of intact Drosophila melanogaster larvae. ...

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Özet

Daha Fazla Video Keşfet

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Mikrotübül Ağını Görselleştirmek için Drosophila Larva Nöromüsküler Kavşak ve Kas Hücrelerini Kullanma

Sağlam Drosophila Larvalarında Lazer Hücre Ablasyonu Sinaptik Rekabeti Ortaya Çıkardı