This work is supported by a Canadian Health Research Institute (CIHR) Team Grant to Dr. Bolduc (co-PI) and Dr. Guy Rouleau (PI). We would like to thank Dr. Oksana Suchowersky, Dr. Kathryn Todd, the members of the University of Alberta fly club and Dr. Clayton Dickson for help in development of the method and statistical analysis.

Drosophila melanogaster Araştırma Alberta araştırma kurallarına Üniversitesi ile uyumlu idi. 1. Fly Koleksiyonu <ol><li> Gıda ihtiva eden bir 25 mm x 95 mm toplama şişe içinde CO2 (g) anesthetization ve yer kullanarak 20 sinekler toplayın. </li><li> Yatay sinekler içeren Mağaza şişeler şişe dibinde birikebilir herhangi sıvılarda sinekleri yakalama önlemek için. </li><li> Yaklaşık 15 saat için bir kuluçka makinesi içinde% 45 nemde 22 ° C sıcaklıkta en az 21 saat süre ile sinekler inkübe edin. 12 saat ışık ile kuluçka ayarlayın: koyu döngüsü. </li></ol> 2. Tırmanma Deneyi <ol><li> Sonraki sabah, 250 ml&#39;lik bir cam içine tek bir tüpten silindire 20 sinekler aktarın. O sürekli günlük tutmak için silindirin pozisyonunu işaretleyin. Genotipleri arasındaki çapraz bulaşmayı önlemek için genotip başına bir cam silindir kullanın. Her deney ve RO sonunda yıkayıngenotipleri arasında onları tate. <ol><li> Sıcaklık ve 22 ° C ve% 40 nem oranında sırasıyla (vizyon potansiyel kusur varsa veya kırmızı ışık) ortam ışığında deneyler. Sirkadiyen ritim şaşırtmak önlemek için, her zaman günün aynı anda deneyleri. </li></ol></li><li> Bir bariyer film (balmumu filmi) bir sinekler kaçmasını önlemek için (Şekil 2) ile, silindirin üst mühür. </li><li> Bir tripod üzerinde video kamera ayarlayın. 250 ml 190 ml hattında odaklı kamera silindir (17.5 cm) mezun oldu. </li><li> Silindirin dibinde ve gıda şişeleri ölü sinekler sayısını. Mortalite olarak bu numarayı kaydedin. </li><li> Çok hafif, iç taban yüzeyine sinekler yerinden yeteri kadar kuvvet ile art arda kapalı hücreli köpük ped karşı silindir dokunun. Kamerada kayıt basın diğer elinizi kullanarak 10 kez - 5 dokunun. </li><li> Kamerada &quot;Kaydet&quot; düğmesine basın. </li><li> Vid başlateo kamera kayıt ve ayrı olmayan ritmik desen silindire altı kez dokunun. </li><li> Sinekler en son aday andan itibaren 2 dakika süreyle her deneme Davranış ve seçilen her zaman noktasında 17.5 cm (190 ml) (her 10 sn ölçmek) yüksekliğini geçen sinekler sayısını kaydedin. Not: silindir üzerinde işaretleme ml çapına bağlı olarak bir silindir modeli diğerine değişecektir. Hatayı önlemek için, kullanılan her silindir üzerinde yüksekliğini ölçmek. </li><li> Deneme sona erdikten sonra,% 95 etanol sinekler atmayın. </li><li> Tüm çoğaltır taze sinekler her zaman test edilmiştir yineleyerek 2,1-2,9 adımları. Not: 5 suret mutasyon hareket yeteneği üzerindeki güçlü bir etkiye sahip olan yeterli olabilir, ancak, 20 sinek (200 sinekler) 10 biyolojik çoğaltır küçük farklılıkları tespit etmek için önerilmektedir. </li><li> Deneyin tamamlanmasından sonra, laboratuvar bulaşık makinesi ve kuru O&#39;da silindir yıkama / N yeniden kullanılır. </li></ol> 3. Analiz <ol><li> Analyher ze videoları deneme sinek. Her 10 sn, hedef hattı geçmesi sineklerin toplam sayısını kaydedin. <ol><li> Bir sinek geri aşağı tırmanıyor ya düşerse, -1 olarak sinek ve kayıt geri aşağı tırmandı ya düştü anında aynı sayı olarak hedef çizgisini sonraki sinek sayısı. 15. sinek hedef çizgisinin altına düşerse, örneğin, bir sonraki sinek 15 inci sinek ve 16 inci olarak kabul edilir hattı (16 inci sinek) geçmeye. </li></ol></li><li> Deneme kalır sinekler sayısını elde etmek için sinekler (20) toplam sayısından mortalite çıkarma. Her zaman noktasında, hedef hattının üzerinde uçar fraksiyonu elde edilir. </li><li> Her bir zaman noktasında her bir yüzde çizilir (bkz Şekil 3). </li><li> 120 sn veri noktasında performansını analiz ve 2 grup mevcut olduğunda veya ANOVA ve Bonferroni değişiklik ile çoklu karşılaştırmalar için bir post-testi (planlı ve plansız co Tukey için student t-testi gerçekleştirinmparisons). Kolmogorov-Smirnov 17 de normallik ve eşit varyans tespit etmek için yapılır ama aynı zamanda kontrol mutant grubun dağılımlarını karşılaştırmak sınar. </li><li> Yaşlanma üzerinde veri sunmak ilerici bir açığı (Şekil 4) olup olmadığını görmek için farklı yaşlardaki sinekler 120 sn (2 gün, 1 hafta, 2 hafta) tırmanma sinekler yüzdesini arsa için. </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Drosophila önce Parkinson hastalığı 14 ve diğer nörodejeneratif koşulların 1,2 mükemmel bir modeli olduğu kanıtlanmıştır. Drosophila uygun genetik araçlar ek olarak, kendi genomu yüksek nörolojik bozuklukların 19 katılan genler için muhafaza edilir. (Bütün exome sıralama dahil) genom genetik tarama yöntemlerinin gelişi insan hareketi bozuklukları ile ilişkili aday genlerin büyük bir listesini sunmak için devam etmesi muhtemeldir. Bu durumla...

Parkinson hastalığı, amiyotrofik lateral skleroz, kalıtımsal spastik parapleji yıkıcı nörodejeneratif bozukluklar giderek daha kabul edilmektedir. Ne yazık ki, bu nörodejeneratif bozuklukların en işlemler olmaksızın halen devam etmektedir. Bu tür genlerin artan sayıda yol açmıştır bütün exome sıralama olarak genom, tarafsız genetik testlerin yaygın klinik kullanımı, insan lokomotif bozukluklar karışması. Bu ilerlemeye rağmen, erken ve geç aşamalarında patolojik ilerleme, bu hastalıklarda zor kalır. Drosophila kontrollü mekansal ve zamansal bir şekilde gen gereksinimi eğitimi için genetik araçları ile tek sağlar. Buna ek olarak, Drosophila gibi Parkinson 1, Alzheimer 2, zihinsel engelli 3,4 ve diğerleri arasında epilepsi 5,6 gibi nörolojik durumlar için ilaç tarama yararlı olduğu kanıtlanmıştır. Amacımız etkili bir maliyet geliştirmektive güvenilir tahlil hala motorun performansında küçük değişiklikleri tespit etmek yeterli duyarlı olacağını yüksek verimli analizi izin verecek. Drosophila tırmanma davranışı üzerinde genetik mutasyon ve / veya çevresel durumun etkisini ölçmek için kullanılan çeşitli tahliller vardır. Tahlillerin çoğu olumsuz geotaxis veya tırmanma deneyi olarak bilinen tırmanmaya sinekler, doğal eğilim yararlanmak. Benzer 7 phototaxis çalışma için kullanılan karşı akım cihazı ayrıca gravitaxis incelemek için kullanılabilir ki 1967 önerdi. O günden bu yana, Ganetsky 8 ve diğerleri 9 -12 ilk tahlil üzerine inşa etmişlerdir. prensip şişe içinde sinekler bilinen bir dizi yerleştirin ve sinekler şişenin dibine düşmeye neden sert bir yüzeye şiddetle karşı flakon dokunun etmektir. Bu doğuştan gelen bir davranış olduğundan, sinekler yerçekimine karşı flakon üst tırmanmaya çalışacaktır. Bu deney, nicel ve measu olankaç sinekler res bir ayrılan süre içinde flakon üzerinde bir işaretleyici geçmiş tırmandı. Hız yerine sinekler tırmanma toplam sayısının ölçülmesi güvenilir bir parametre haline ve sinekler kriterlerin sayısı 13 anlamlı değildi durumlarda kusurları göstermiştir. Tırmanma deney Parkinson hastalığı 14 de dahil olmak üzere pek çok nöro-dejeneratif hastalıkların incelenmesinde yararlı olduğu kanıtlanmıştır. Bununla birlikte, nörodejenerasyon önceden patolojik çalışmalar 14 görülür burada lokomotif bozukluklar zamanda ölçemeyebilirler kaydetti. Böylece, geleneksel testin kullanılması hastalığın patogenezinde erken aşamalarında incelemek için yeteneğini sınırlayabilir. patoloji sonraki aşamalarında lokomotif kusurların görünümünü olan ilerleme tam kurtarılması için çok gelişmiş bir hastalık yansıtabilir. Bu geleneksel tırmanma testinin duyarlılığı ile potansiyel bir sorun ortaya çıkarmaktadır. gelenek potansiyel yetersizlikHafif lokomotif kusurları tespit etmek için tahlil tırmanma arası sinekler tırmanmaya gerekli olan yüksekliği isnat edilebilir. Geleneksel deneyi 15,16 ölçer sineklerin sayısı başarılı bir şekilde 20 saniye için 10 içinde 2-5 cm&#39;lik bir yüksekliğe tırmanmaya.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Drosophila stocks</td><td></td><td></td><td>The stocks are selected depending on the experiments. The temperature and humidity in the room and in the incubator must be controled and consistent to avoid flies being too staticky or too wet.</td></tr><tr><td>Video camera</td><td></td><td></td><td>Any digital camcorder will do. Make sure they can focus on close object.</td></tr><tr><td>Graduated cylinder</td><td>Kimble</td><td>20028W</td><td>Different models of graduated cylinder may have different diameter. It is therefore imporant to measure the height.</td></tr><tr><td>Computer</td><td></td><td></td><td>Any model will do. We used the computer to monitor the climbing of the flies and record the number of flies at each time point.</td></tr></tbody></table>

quantitative analysis of climbing defects in a drosophila model of neurodegenerative disorders

Nörodejeneratif hastalıkların kaynaklanan kusurlar Lokomotif subklinik dejenerasyon yıl sonra, hastalığın geç başlangıçlı belirtisi olabilir ve böylece güncel tedavi tedavi stratejileri küratif değildir. Bütün exome sekanslama kullanımı sayesinde, genlerin artan sayıda insan hareket bir rol oynadığı tespit edilmiştir. Bu genlerin tanımlanması rağmen, bu genler, normal lokomotif işleyişi için çok önemlidir kadar bilinmemektedir. Bu nedenle, tedavi edici ilgi yeni hedefler belirlemek için bu genlerin rolünü aydınlatmak için model organizmalar kullanan güvenilir bir tahlil, her zamankinden daha fazla ihtiyaç vardır. Biz daha önce hafif kusurların tespiti için izin verir ve zamanla bu hataları değerlendirmek için yeteneğine sahiptir negatif geotaxis testin bir hassaslaşmış versiyonunu tasarladık. Bir bardak gerçekleştirilir tahlil bir mum bariyer film ile kapatılır silindir, mezun oldu. Eşik mesafesi arttırarak 17.5 c tırmandı içinm biz hafif hareketlilik bozuklukları tespit daha büyük bir duyarlılık gözlemledik 2 dk deneme süresinin artırılması ve. Tahlil maliyetli ve yüksek tekrarlanabilir sonuçlar elde etmek kapsamlı bir eğitim gerektirmez. Bu hareket kusurları ile Drosophila mutantlar aday ilaçların taranması için mükemmel bir tekniktir yapar.

Tırmanma güçlü ve tekrarlanabilir bir davranıştır. (- 30 sn 25) Gerçekten de, bir gün eski vahşi tip sinekler hızla hedef mesafesi tırmanma performansı ulaşır. Mutant sinekler hedefe tırmanmaya yetersizlik tamamlamak için hafif (ya da gecikmiş) için performans bir dizi sunuyoruz. Biz iki farklı mutant allel burada bunu göstermektedir. Birincisi Spastin geni (kaplıcalar 5.75) 18 tam bir silinmesi ile neden olduğu gen Spastin ciddi bir allel. Bu hat (kaplıca TM6b ile 5.75) &#3...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Quantitative Analysis of Climbing Defects in a Drosophila Model of Neurodegenerative Disorders at JoVE.com

Quantitative Analysis of Climbing Defects in a Drosophila Model of Neurodegenerative Disorders

We present an optimized inexpensive and reliable negative geotaxis assay in Drosophila melanogaster as a model for neurodegenerative disorders. Being more sensitive to mild locomotor defects, this assay will help screen for potential genetic interactions and drug targets.

Nörodejeneratif Hastalıkların bir Drosophila Modelinde Tırmanma Kusur Kantitatif Analiz

Locomotive defects resulting from neurodegenerative disorders can be a late onset symptom of disease, following years of subclinical degeneration, and ...

quantitative-analysis-climbing-defects-drosophila-model

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

18.5K Görüntüleme.  University of Alberta. We present an optimized inexpensive and reliable negative geotaxis assay in Drosophila melanogaster as a model for neurodegenerative disorders. Being more sensitive to mild locomotor defects, this assay will help screen for potential genetic interactions and drug targets. 

Video: Quantitative Analysis of Climbing Defects in a Drosophila Model of Neurodegenerative Disorders

Assaying Locomotor, Learning, and Memory Deficits in Drosophila Models of Neurodegeneration

Advances in genetic methods have enabled the study of genes involved in human neurodegenerative diseases using Drosophila as a model system1. Most of these diseases, including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's disease are characterized by age-dependent deterioration in learning and memory functions and movement coordination2. Here we use behavioral assays, including the negative geotaxis assay3 and the aversive phototaxic suppression assay (APS assay)4,5, to show that some of the behavior characteristics associated with human neurodegeneration can be recapitulated in flies. In the negative geotaxis assay, the natural tendency of flies to move against gravity when agitated is utilized to study genes or conditions that may hinder locomotor capacities. In the APS assay, the learning and memory functions are tested in positively-phototactic flies trained to associate light with aversive bitter taste and hence avoid this otherwise natural tendency to move toward light. Testing these trained flies 6 hours post-training is used to assess memory functions. Using these assays, the contribution of any genetic or environmental factors toward developing neurodegeneration can be easily studied in flies.

Assaying Locomotor, Learning, and Memory Deficits in Drosophila Models of Neurodegeneration

Behavior assays for measuring locomotor functions, learning, and memory abilities in Drosophila.

Assaying Lokomotor, Öğrenme ve Hafıza Açıkları. Drosophila Nörodejenerasyon, modeller

Advances in genetic methods have enabled the study of genes involved in human neurodegenerative diseases using Drosophila as a model system1. Most of ...

Nörobilim

In Vivo Forward Genetic Screen to Identify Novel Neuroprotective Genes in Drosophila melanogaster

There is much to understand about the onset and progression of neurodegenerative diseases, including the underlying genes responsible. Forward genetic screening using chemical mutagens is a useful strategy for mapping mutant phenotypes to genes among Drosophila and other model organisms that share conserved cellular pathways with humans. If the mutated gene of interest is not lethal in early developmental stages of flies, a climbing assay can be conducted to screen for phenotypic indicators of decreased brain functioning, such as low climbing rates. Subsequently, secondary histological analysis of brain tissue can be performed in order to verify the neuroprotective function of the gene by scoring neurodegeneration phenotypes. Gene mapping strategies include meiotic and deficiency mapping that rely on these same assays can be followed by DNA sequencing to identify possible nucleotide changes in the gene of interest.

In Vivo Forward Genetic Screen to Identify Novel Neuroprotective Genes in Drosophila melanogaster

We present a protocol using a forward genetic approach to screen for mutants exhibiting neurodegeneration in Drosophila melanogaster. It incorporates a climbing assay, histology analysis, gene mapping and DNA sequencing to ultimately identify novel genes related to the process of neuroprotection.

In vivo Ileri genetik ekran Drosophila melanogaster yeni Nörokoruyucu genler tanımlamak için

There is much to understand about the onset and progression of neurodegenerative diseases, including the underlying genes responsible. Forward genetic ...

Genetik

An Automated Rapid Iterative Negative Geotaxis Assay for Analyzing Adult Climbing Behavior in a Drosophila Model of Neurodegeneration

Neurodegenerative diseases are frequently associated with a progressive loss of movement ability, reduced life span, and age-dependent neurodegeneration. To understand the mechanism of these cellular events, and their causal relationships with each other, Drosophila melanogaster, with its sophisticated genetic tools and diverse behavioral features, are used as disease models for assessing neurodegenerative phenotypes. Here we describe a high-throughput method to analyze Drosophila adult negative geotaxis behavior, as an indication for possible motor defects associated with neurodegeneration. An automated machine is designed and developed to drive fly synchronization using an initial electric impulse, later allowing the recording of negative geotaxis behavior over a course of secs to mins. Images from the digitally recorded video are then processed with the self-designed RflyDetection software for statistical data manipulation. Different from the manually controlled negative geotaxis assay based on single fly, this precise, fast, and high-throughput protocol allows data acquisition from more than hundreds of flies simultaneously, providing an efficient approach to advance our understanding in the underlying mechanism of locomotor deficits associated with neurodegeneration.

An Automated Rapid Iterative Negative Geotaxis Assay for Analyzing Adult Climbing Behavior in a Drosophila Model of Neurodegeneration

This step-by-step protocol analyzes Drosophila negative geotaxis behavior using an automated multi-cylinder system that hosts hundreds of flies and synchronizes their action by an electric motor. Upon synchronization, fly negative geotaxis behavior is assayed, digitally recorded, and analyzed using the self-designed RflyDetection software.

Ateş, Drosophila modeli yetişkin tırmanma davranışı çözümlemek için bir otomatik hızlı yinelemeli negatif Geotaxis tahlil

Neurodegenerative diseases are frequently associated with a progressive loss of movement ability, reduced life span, and age-dependent neurodegeneration. ...

Davranış

Assessing Neurodegenerative Phenotypes in Drosophila Dopaminergic Neurons by Climbing Assays and Whole Brain Immunostaining

Drosophila melanogaster is a valuable model organism to study aging and pathological degenerative processes in the nervous system. The advantages of the fly as an experimental system include its genetic tractability, short life span and the possibility to observe and quantitatively analyze complex behaviors. The expression of disease-linked genes in specific neuronal populations of the Drosophila brain, can be used to model human neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's 5.
Dopaminergic (DA) neurons are among the most vulnerable neuronal populations in the aging human brain. In Parkinson's disease (PD), the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder, the accelerated loss of DA neurons leads to a progressive and irreversible decline in locomotor function. In addition to age and exposure to environmental toxins, loss of DA neurons is exacerbated by specific mutations in the coding or promoter regions of several genes. The identification of such PD-associated alleles provides the experimental basis for the use of Drosophila as a model to study neurodegeneration of DA neurons in vivo. For example, the expression of the PD-linked human &alpha;-synuclein gene in Drosophila DA neurons recapitulates some features of the human disease, e.g. progressive loss of DA neurons and declining locomotor function 2. Accordingly, this model has been successfully used to identify potential therapeutic targets in PD 8.
Here we describe two assays that have commonly been used to study age-dependent neurodegeneration of DA neurons in Drosophila: a climbing assay based on the startle-induced negative geotaxis response and tyrosine hydroxylase immunostaining of whole adult brain mounts to monitor the number of DA neurons at different ages. In both cases, in vivo expression of UAS transgenes specifically in DA neurons can be achieved by using a tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) promoter-Gal4 driver line 3, 10.

Assessing Neurodegenerative Phenotypes in Drosophila Dopaminergic Neurons by Climbing Assays and Whole Brain Immunostaining

Here we describe two assays that have been established to study age-dependent neurodegeneration of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in Drosophila: the climbing/startle-induced negative geotaxis assay which allows to study the functional effects of DA neurons degeneration and the tyrosine hydroxylase immunostaining which is used to identify and count DA neurons in whole brain mounts.

Içinde Nörodejeneratif fenotipleri değerlendirilmesi<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Tırmanma Tahliller tarafından Dopaminerjik nöronlar ve Tüm Beyin immün

Drosophila melanogaster is a valuable model organism to study aging and pathological degenerative processes in the nervous system. The advantages of the ...

A Simple Technique to Assay Locomotor Activity in Drosophila

Drosophila melanogaster is an ideal model organism for studying various diseases due to its abundance of advanced genetic manipulation techniques and diverse behavioral features. Identifying behavioral deficiency in animal models is a crucial measure of disease severity, for example, in neurodegenerative diseases where patients often experience impairments in motor function. However, with the availability of various systems to track and assess motor deficits in fly models, such as drug-treated or transgenic individuals, an economical and user-friendly system for precise evaluation from multiple angles is still lacking. A method based on the AnimalTracker application programming interface (API) is developed here, which is compatible with the Fiji image processing program, to systematically evaluate the movement activities of both adult and larval individuals from recorded video, thus allowing for the analysis of their tracking behavior. This method requires only a high-definition camera and a computer peripheral hardware integration to record and analyze behavior, making it an affordable and effective approach for screening fly models with transgenic or environmental behavioral deficiencies. Examples of behavioral tests using pharmacologically treated flies are given to show how the techniques can detect behavioral changes in both adult flies and larvae in a highly repeatable manner.

A Simple Technique to Assay Locomotor Activity in Drosophila

The present protocol assesses the locomotor activity of Drosophila by tracking and analyzing the movement of flies in a hand-made arena using open-source software Fiji, compatible with plugins to segment pixels of each frame based on high-definition video recording to calculate parameters of speed, distance, etc.

Drosophila'da Lokomotor Aktiviteyi Test Etmek İçin Basit Bir Teknik

Drosophila melanogaster is an ideal model organism for studying various diseases due to its abundance of advanced genetic manipulation techniques and ...

Why Quantification Matters: Characterization of Phenotypes at the Drosophila Larval Neuromuscular Junction

Most studies on morphogenesis rely on qualitative descriptions of how anatomical traits are affected by the disruption of specific genes and genetic pathways. Quantitative descriptions are rarely performed, although genetic manipulations produce a range of phenotypic effects and variations are observed even among individuals within control groups.&#160;Emerging evidence shows that morphology, size and location of organelles play a previously underappreciated, yet fundamental role in cell function and survival. Here we provide step-by-step instructions for performing quantitative analyses of phenotypes at the Drosophila larval neuromuscular junction (NMJ). We use several reliable immuno-histochemical markers combined with bio-imaging techniques and morphometric analyses to examine the effects of genetic mutations on specific cellular processes. In particular, we focus on the quantitative analysis of phenotypes affecting morphology, size and position of nuclei within the striated muscles of Drosophila larvae. The Drosophila larval NMJ is a valuable experimental model to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the structure and the function of the neuromuscular system, both in health and disease. However, the methodologies we describe here can be extended to other systems as well.

Why Quantification Matters: Characterization of Phenotypes at the Drosophila Larval Neuromuscular Junction

Morphology, size and location of intracellular organelles are evolutionarily conserved and appear to directly affect their function. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying these processes has become an important goal of modern biology. Here we show how these studies can be facilitated by the application of quantitative techniques.

En fenotip Karakterizasyonu: Niceleme Matters Neden<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Larva Nöromüsküler Junction

Most studies on morphogenesis rely on qualitative descriptions of how anatomical traits are affected by the disruption of specific genes and genetic ...

Mass Histology to Quantify Neurodegeneration in Drosophila

Progressive neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD) or Parkinson&#39;s disease (PD) are an increasing threat to human health worldwide. Although mammalian models have provided important insights into the underlying mechanisms of pathogenicity, the complexity of mammalian systems together with their high costs are limiting their use. Therefore, the simple but well-established Drosophila model-system&#160;provides an alternative for investigating the molecular pathways that are affected in these diseases. Besides behavioral deficits, neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by histological phenotypes such as neuronal death and axonopathy. To quantify neuronal degeneration and to determine how it is affected by genetic and environmental factors, we use a histological approach that is based on measuring the vacuoles in adult fly brains. To minimize the effects of systematic error and to directly compare sections from control and experimental flies in one preparation, we use the &#39;collar&#39; method for paraffin sections. Neurodegeneration is then assessed by measuring the size and/or number of vacuoles that have developed in the fly brain. This can either be done by focusing on a specific region of interest or by analyzing the entire brain by obtaining serial sections that span the complete head. Therefore, this method allows one to measure not only severe degeneration but also relatively mild phenotypes that are only detectable in a few sections, as occurs during normal aging.

Mass Histology to Quantify Neurodegeneration in Drosophila

Drosophila is widely used as a model system to study neurodegeneration. This protocol describes a method by which degeneration, as determined by vacuole formation in the brain, can be quantified. It also minimizes effects due to the experimental procedure by processing and sectioning control and experimental flies as one sample.

Kitle Histoloji nörodejenerasyon belirlememize<em&gt; Drosophila</em

Progressive neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD) or Parkinson&#39;s disease (PD) are an increasing threat to human health ...

Quantitative Analysis of Neuronal Dendritic Arborization Complexity in Drosophila

Dendrites are the branched projections of a neuron, and dendritic morphology reflects synaptic organization during the development of the nervous system. Drosophila larval neuronal dendritic arborization (da) is an ideal model for studying morphogenesis of neural dendrites and gene function in the development of nervous system. There are four classes of da neurons. Class IV is the most complex with a branching pattern that covers almost the entire area of the larval body wall. We have previously characterized the effect of silencing the Drosophila ortholog of SOX5 on class IV neuronal dendritic arborization complexity (NDAC) using four parameters: the length of dendrites, the surface area of dendrite coverage, the total number of branches, and the branching structure. This protocol presents the workflow of NDAC quantitative analysis, consisting of larval dissection, confocal microscopy, and image analysis procedures using ImageJ software. Further insight into da neuronal development and its underlying mechanisms will improve the understanding of neuronal function and provide clues about the fundamental causes of neurological and neurodevelopmental disorders.

Quantitative Analysis of Neuronal Dendritic Arborization Complexity in Drosophila

This protocol focuses on quantitative analysis of neuronal dendritic arborization complexity (NDAC) in Drosophila, which can be used for studies of dendritic morphogenesis.

Kantitatif analiz Drosophila nöronal dendritik Arborization karmaşıklığı

Dendrites are the branched projections of a neuron, and dendritic morphology reflects synaptic organization during the development of the nervous system. ...

Quantitative Cell Biology of Neurodegeneration in Drosophila Through Unbiased Analysis of Fluorescently Tagged Proteins Using ImageJ

With the rising prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases, it is increasingly important to understand the underlying pathophysiology that leads to neuronal dysfunction and loss. Fluorescence-based imaging tools and technologies enable unprecedented analysis of subcellular neurobiological processes, yet there is still a need for unbiased, reproducible, and accessible approaches for extracting quantifiable data from imaging studies. We have developed a simple and adaptable workflow to extract quantitative data from fluorescence-based imaging studies using Drosophila models of neurodegeneration. Specifically, we describe an easy-to-follow, semi-automated approach using Fiji/ImageJ to analyze two cellular processes: first, we quantify protein aggregate content and profile in the Drosophila optic lobe using fluorescent-tagged mutant huntingtin proteins; and second, we assess autophagy-lysosome flux in the Drosophila visual system with ratiometric-based quantification of a tandem fluorescent reporter of autophagy. Importantly, the protocol outlined here includes a semi-automated segmentation step to ensure all fluorescent structures are analyzed to minimize selection bias and to increase resolution of subtle comparisons. This approach can be extended for the analysis of other cell biological structures and processes implicated in neurodegeneration, such as proteinaceous puncta (stress granules and synaptic complexes), as well as membrane-bound compartments (mitochondria and membrane trafficking vesicles). This method provides a standardized, yet adaptable reference point for image analysis and quantification, and could facilitate reliability and reproducibility across the field, and ultimately enhance mechanistic understanding of neurodegeneration.

Quantitative Cell Biology of Neurodegeneration in Drosophila Through Unbiased Analysis of Fluorescently Tagged Proteins Using ImageJ

We have developed a simple and adaptable workflow to extract quantitative data from fluorescence-imaging-based cell biological studies of protein aggregation and autophagic flux in the central nervous system of Drosophila models of neurodegeneration.

Ateş Drosophila ImageJ kullanarak Fluorescently Tagged proteinlerin tarafsız analizi ile yılında niceliksel hücre biyolojisi

With the rising prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases, it is increasingly important to understand the underlying pathophysiology that leads to neuronal ...

Visualizing Synaptic Degeneration in Adult Drosophila in Association with Neurodegeneration

Drosophila serves as a useful model for assessing synaptic structure and function associated with neurodegenerative diseases. While much work has focused on neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) in Drosophila larvae, assessing synaptic integrity in adult Drosophila has received much less attention. Here we provide a straightforward method for dissection of the dorsal longitudinal muscles (DLMs), which are required for flight ability. In addition to flight as a behavioral readout, this dissection allows for the both DLM synapses and muscle tissue to be amenable to structural analysis using fluorescently labeled antibodies for synaptic markers or proteins of interest. This protocol allows for the evaluation of the structural integrity of synapses in adult Drosophila during aging to model the progressive, age-dependent nature of most neurodegenerative diseases.

Visualizing Synaptic Degeneration in Adult Drosophila in Association with Neurodegeneration

The goal of this procedure is to dissect the dorsal longitudinal muscle (DLM) tissue to assess the structural integrity of DLM neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) in neurodegenerative disease models using Drosophila melanogaster.

Nörodejenerasyon ile Birlikte Erişkin Drosophila'da Sinaptik Dejenerasyonun Görselleştirilmesi

Drosophila serves as a useful model for assessing synaptic structure and function associated with neurodegenerative diseases. While much work has focused ...

Nörodejeneratif Hastalıkların bir Drosophila Modelinde Tırmanma Kusur Kantitatif Analiz

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