Bu araştırma MCS (1581 İÇİN, STU 544/1-1) ve (1581 İÇİN, SFB 874) RG için Alman Araştırma Vakfı (DFG) hibe tarafından desteklenmiştir. DFG ait web sitesi http://www.dfg.de/en/index.jsp olduğunu. Maliyeciler elektrofizyolojik kurma ile yardım için altın kaplama protokol ile bize sağlayan yanı sıra Tobias Otto Thomas Seidenbecher teşekkür çalışma tasarımı, veri toplama ve analizi, yayımlamak için karar, ya manuscript.The yazarların hazırlanmasında hiçbir rolü vardı kayıt ekipmanları.

<ol>
	<li>Bingman, V. P., Gasser, B. A., Colombo, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Responses+of+pigeon+(Columba+livia)+wulst+neurons+during+acquisition+and+reversal+of+a+visual+discrimination+task.">Responses of pigeon (Columba livia) wulst neurons during acquisition and reversal of a visual discrimination task.</a> Behav Neurosci. 122, 1139-1147 (2008).</li><li>Herry, C., Ciocchi, S., Senn, V., Demmou, L., M&#252;ller, C., L&#252;thi, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Switching+on+and+off+fear+by+distinct+neuronal+circuits.">Switching on and off fear by distinct neuronal circuits.</a> Nature. 454, 600-606 (2008).</li><li>Quirk, G. J., Repa, C., LeDoux, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fear+conditioning+enhances+short-latency+auditory+responses+of+lateral+amygdala+neurons:+parallel+recordings+in+the+freely+behaving+rat.">Fear conditioning enhances short-latency auditory responses of lateral amygdala neurons: parallel recordings in the freely behaving rat.</a> Neuron. 15, 1029-1039 (1995).</li><li>Quirk, G. J., Armony, J. L., Ledoux, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Components+of+Tone-Evoked+Spike+Trains+in+Auditory+Cortex+and+Lateral+Amygdala.">Components of Tone-Evoked Spike Trains in Auditory Cortex and Lateral Amygdala.</a> Neuron. 19, 613-624 (1997).</li><li>Maren, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Auditory+fear+conditioning+increases+CS-elicited+spike+firing+in+lateral+amygdala+neurons+even+after+extensive+overtraining.">Auditory fear conditioning increases CS-elicited spike firing in lateral amygdala neurons even after extensive overtraining.</a> Eur J Neurosci. 12, 4047-4054 (2000).</li><li>Milad, M. R., Quirk, G. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neurons+in+medial+prefrontal+cortex+signal+memory+for+fear+extinction.">Neurons in medial prefrontal cortex signal memory for fear extinction.</a> Nature. 420, 713-717 (2002).</li><li>Hobin, J. A., Goosens, K. A., Maren, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Context-dependent+neuronal+activity+in+the+lateral+amygdala+represents+fear+memories+after+extinction.">Context-dependent neuronal activity in the lateral amygdala represents fear memories after extinction.</a> J Neurosci. 23, 8410-8416 (2003).</li><li>Maren, S., Hobin, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hippocampal+regulation+of+context-dependent+neuronal+activity+in+the+lateral+amygdala.">Hippocampal regulation of context-dependent neuronal activity in the lateral amygdala.</a> Learn Mem. 14, 318-324 (2007).</li><li>Knapska, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+involvement+of+the+central+amygdala+in+appetitive+versus+aversive+learning.">Differential involvement of the central amygdala in appetitive versus aversive learning.</a> Learn Mem. 13, 192-200 (2006).</li><li>Harloe, J. P., Thorpe, A. J., Lichtman, A. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+endocannabinoid+regulation+of+extinction+in+appetitive+and+aversive+Barnes+maze+tasks.">Differential endocannabinoid regulation of extinction in appetitive and aversive Barnes maze tasks.</a> Learn Mem. 15, 806-809 (2008).</li><li>Gray, C. M., Maldonado, P. E., Wilson, M., McNaughton, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tetrodes+markedly+improve+the+reliability+and+yield+of+multiple+single-unit+isolation+from+multi-unit+recordings+in+cat+striate+cortex.">Tetrodes markedly improve the reliability and yield of multiple single-unit isolation from multi-unit recordings in cat striate cortex.</a> J Neurosci Methods. 63, 43-54 (1995).</li><li>Lewicki, M. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+review+of+methods+for+spike+sorting:+the+detection+and+classification+of+neural+action+potentials.">A review of methods for spike sorting: the detection and classification of neural action potentials.</a> Network. 9, (1998).</li><li>Skinner, B. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=34;Superstition&amp;#34;+in+the+pigeon.">34;Superstition&amp;#34; in the pigeon.</a> J Exp Psychol. 121, 273-274 (1948).</li><li>Herrnstein, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Relative+and+absolute+strength+of+response+as+a+function+of+frequency+of+reinforcement.">Relative and absolute strength of response as a function of frequency of reinforcement.</a> J Exp Anal Behav. 4, 267-272 (1961).</li><li>Brown, P. L., Jenkins, H. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Auto-shaping+of+the+pigeon's+key-peck.">Auto-shaping of the pigeon's key-peck.</a> J Exp Anal Behav. 11, 1-8 (1968).</li><li>Epstein, R., Kirshnit, C. E., Lanza, R. P., Rubin, L. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=34;Insight&amp;#34;+in+the+pigeon:+antecedents+and+determinants+of+an+intelligent+performance.">34;Insight&amp;#34; in the pigeon: antecedents and determinants of an intelligent performance.</a> Nature. 308, 61-62 (1984).</li><li>Mazur, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Varying+initial-link+and+terminal-link+durations+in+concurrent-chains+schedules:+a+comparison+of+three+models.">Varying initial-link and terminal-link durations in concurrent-chains schedules: a comparison of three models.</a> Behav Processes. 66, 189-200 (2004).</li><li>Herrnstein, R. J., Loveland, D. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Complex+visual+concept+in+the+pigeon.">Complex visual concept in the pigeon.</a> Science. 146, 549-551 (1964).</li><li>St&#252;ttgen, M. C., Yildiz, A., G&#252;nt&#252;rk&#252;n, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adaptive+criterion+setting+in+perceptual+decision+making.">Adaptive criterion setting in perceptual decision making.</a> J Exp Anal Behav. 96, 155-176 (2011).</li><li>St&#252;ttgen, M. C., Kasties, N., Lengersdorf, D., Starosta, S., G&#252;nt&#252;rk&#252;n, O., J&#228;kel, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Suboptimal+criterion+setting+in+a+perceptual+choice+task+with+asymmetric+reinforcement.">Suboptimal criterion setting in a perceptual choice task with asymmetric reinforcement.</a> Behav Processes. 96, 59-70 (2013).</li><li>Rose, J., Otto, T., Dittrich, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Biopsychology-Toolbox:+a+free,+open-source+Matlab-toolbox+for+the+control+of+behavioral+experiments.">The Biopsychology-Toolbox: a free, open-source Matlab-toolbox for the control of behavioral experiments.</a> J Neurosci Methods. 175, (2008).</li><li>Bilkey, D. K., Muir, G. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+low+cost,+high+precision+subminiature+microdrive+for+extracellular+unit+recording+in+behaving+animals.">A low cost, high precision subminiature microdrive for extracellular unit recording in behaving animals.</a> J Neurosci Methods. 92, 87-90 (1999).</li><li>Bilkey, D. K., Russell, N., Colombo, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+lightweight+microdrive+for+single-unit+recording+in+freely+moving+rats+and+pigeons.">A lightweight microdrive for single-unit recording in freely moving rats and pigeons.</a> Methods. 30, 152-158 (2003).</li><li>Gallistel, C. R., Gibbon, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Time,+rate,+and+conditioning.">Time, rate, and conditioning.</a> Psychol Rev. 107, 289-344 (1993).</li><li>Starosta, S., G&#252;nt&#252;rk&#252;n, O., St&#252;ttgen, M. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stimulus-response-outcome+coding+in+the+pigeon+nidopallium+caudolaterale.">Stimulus-response-outcome coding in the pigeon nidopallium caudolaterale.</a> PLoS One. 8, (2013).</li><li>McNaughton, B. L., O'Keefe, J., Barnes, C. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+stereotrode:+a+new+technique+for+simultaneous+isolation+of+several+single+units+in+the+central+nervous+system+from+multiple+unit+records.">The stereotrode: a new technique for simultaneous isolation of several single units in the central nervous system from multiple unit records.</a> J Neurosci Methods. 8, 391-397 (1983).</li><li>Hill, D. N., Mehta, S. B., Kleinfeld, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quality+metrics+to+accompany+spike+sorting+of+extracellular+signals.">Quality metrics to accompany spike sorting of extracellular signals.</a> J Neurosci. 31, 8699-8705 (2011).</li></ol>

Yazarlar ifşa hiçbir şey yok.

Bu protokol eşzamanlı tek birim kayıtları için uygun bir karmaşık davranışsal görevini açıklar. Biz güvercinler için SIFC görevi tarif var, ama kolayca burun kere denemem ya da kolu basarak ziyade anahtar pecks gerektiren ve koku, işitsel veya dokunsal uyaranlar tarafından görsel yerine göre kemirgenler adapte edilebilir. Belki eğitim prosedürü sırasında en kritik adımlar ödül olasılık 1) kademeli olarak azaltılması ve deneme sayısının 2) artıştır. Tanıd...

Yeni uyaran-tepki-sonuç dernekler Öğrenme nöral plastisite süreçleri geniş bir yelpazede yürütmektedir. Bu süreçler sonuçta bireysel nöronların değişen başak çıktı yansıtılır. Muhtemelen, en sık kullanılan öğrenme paradigmaların bir kemirgenler yürütülen Pavlovyan korku klima olduğunu. Bu ortamda, klimalı yanıt edinimi ve nesli birkaç düzine deneme 2 içinde yer alır. Kısa bir süre içinde hayvanların çok sayıda çalışan sağlar, çünkü şartlı korku hızlı gelişimi avantajlı olabilir. Ayrıca, satın alma ve söndürme naif hayvanlarda 3,4 tek bir günde çalışmaların birkaç on içinde gözlenen ya da 2 ila 3 gün 2,5-8 yayılmış olabilir. Ancak, anlayışlar mutlaka korku klima etki alanı dışında geçerli değildir bu deneylerde öğrenme sırasında nöral aktivitenin değişiklikler hakkında kazanmıştır. Örneğin, hedefe yönelik davranış pozisyonunda tarafından tahriktive takviye daha yeterli değil Pavlovian koşullama işlemleri daha operant ile modellenmiş ve kısmen farklı nöral yüzeylerde 9,10 bağlı olabilir. Ayrıca, korku klima CS nöral tepkiler sadece öğrenme sırasında sinir aktivitesinin değişimlerin analizine ciddi sınırlar koyarak, bir kaç düzine çalışmalar için izlenebilir o kadar hızlı gelişir. Ne yazık ki, genellikle yanıt edimsel edinimi ve söndürme kaç gün sürer. Bir kaç saat daha fazla tek hücrelerin aktivitesini kaydetmek için çok zordur, çünkü bu, nörofizyolojik araştırmalar için zararlıdır. Nedeniyle ekstraselüler kaydedilen aksiyon potansiyellerinin dalga yüksek benzerliği, bir gün kaydedilmiş sivri özellikle yüksek olan bölgelerde, bir sonraki 11,12 kaydedilmiş benzer dalga ile ani olarak aynı hücreden üretilen iddia sorunludur hipokampus gibi hücre yoğunluğu. <p class=&quot;Jove_content&quot;&gt; Bu sorunları çözmek için, biz tek bir günde tek deneysel oturum içinde 3 öğrenme koşullarını kullanan bir roman davranışsal paradigma geliştirdi. Bu deneysel hayvan takviye ince bir programa değişen koşullar altında yüzlerce araştırmayı gerçekleştirmek için istekli olmasını gerektirir. Posta güvercinleri (Columbia livia forma domestica) deneysel psikoloji 13-17 klasik model organizmalar vardır. Bu kuşlar, karmaşık görsel ayrımlar 18 gerçekleştirmek için esnek değişen takviye beklenmedik 19,20 için davranışlarını adapte edebiliyoruz, ve donatı az miktarda 1,000 denemeler performans, benzersiz hırslı işçiler vardır. Bu özellikler, aşağıda tarif edilen deneyler için özellikle çok uygundur.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Resistance wire (for use as electrodes)</td><td>California Fine Wire, Grover Beach, CA, USA</td><td></td><td>Stablohm 675; formvar-coated nichrome wires (outer diameter 25 &amp;micro;m)</td></tr><tr><td>Microconnectors</td><td>Ginder Scientific, Nepean, Ontario, Canada</td><td></td><td>GS18PLG-220 (plug) &amp;amp; GS18SKT-220 (socket to build headstage)</td></tr><tr><td>Cannulae</td><td>Henke Sass Wolf, Tuttlingen, Germany</td><td></td><td>0.4 x 20 mm/ 27 Gx3/4&quot;</td></tr><tr><td>Gold solution for plating</td><td>Neuralynx, Bozeman, MT, USA</td><td></td><td>SIFCO Process Gold Non-Cyanide, Code 5355</td></tr><tr><td>Solution for ultrasonic bath</td><td>Alconox, Inc., New York, USA</td><td>1304</td><td>Tergazyme</td></tr><tr><td>Conductive glue</td><td>Henkel Loctite</td><td></td><td>LOCTITE 3888 Silver filled, conductive, adhesive</td></tr><tr><td>Stainless steel screws</td><td>J.I. Morris, Southbridge, MA, USA</td><td></td><td>F0CE125 self-tapping miniature screws, body length 1/8 inches</td></tr><tr><td>Light-curing dental cement</td><td>van der Ven Dental, Duisburg, Germany</td><td></td><td>Omniceram Evo Flow A2</td></tr><tr><td>Light-curing unit</td><td>van der Ven Dental, Duisburg, Germany</td><td></td><td>Jovident Excelled 215 Curing Light (wireless LED light curing unit)</td></tr><tr><td>Filter amplifiers</td><td>npi electronic GmbH, Germany</td><td>DPA-2FS</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>A/D converter</td><td>Cambridge Electronic Design, Cambridge, UK</td><td>power 1401</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Spike2 software</td><td>Cambridge Electronic Design, Cambridge, UK</td><td></td><td>Version 7.06a</td></tr><tr><td>MATLAB</td><td>The Mathworks, Natick, MA, USA</td><td></td><td>R2012a</td></tr></tbody></table>

recording single neurons' action potentials from freely moving pigeons across three stages of learning

Öğrenme konusu davranışsal ve nöral hem de bilim adamlarından büyük ilgi çekti olsa hayvanlar bu yanıt dolduğunda bir operantly şartlı tepki edinme, ya da, sadece nispeten az sayıda araştırmacı tek nöron aktivitesini gözlemledik. Ancak bu durumlarda bile, gözlem süreleri genellikle öğrenme tek bir sahne, yani satın alma veya nesli kapsayacak, ancak her ikisi de (istisnalar ters öğrenmeyi istihdam protokolleri arasında;. Bir örneğin Bingman ark 1). Ancak, satın alma ve söndürme farklı öğrenme mekanizmalarını gerektirir ve bu nedenle farklı ve / veya nöral plastisite mahalleri eşlik etmesi bekleniyor. Buna göre, tek bir davranış oturumda öğrenme ve hangi üç aşaması tek nöronların eylem potansiyelleri eşzamanlı kayıt için uygundur kurumları bir davranış paradigma geliştirdi. Hayvanlar,Yeniden eşleme farklı romanı görsel uyaranlara (edinme) tanıtımı için iki olası bir seçim yanıtlarının her gerektiren bir tek aralık zorunlu seçmeli görev eğitimli. Önceden tanımlanmış bir performans kriteri, iki seçim yanıtlardan birini ulaştıktan sonra artık (yok olma) takviye edilmiştir. Performans düzeyinde belli bir eksiltme takiben, doğru tepkiler (yeniden kazanılması) tekrar takviye edilmiştir. Her oturumda uyaranlara yeni bir dizi kullanarak, hayvanlar, sürekli satın alma-nesli-yeniden kazanılması sürecine tabi olabilir. Öğrenme her üç aşamalı tek bir davranış oturumda ortaya için, birden fazla tek paradigma nöronların spike çıkışının aynı anda gözlem için idealdir. Bu model sistemler olarak güvercin kullanır, ancak kolay bir görev şartlı ayrım öğrenme yeteneğine sahip herhangi bir diğer türlere uyarlanabilir.

Davranış Şekil 4A, bir örnek oturumda bir hayvanın davranışsal performansını gösterir. Hayvanın performans düzeyi 180 denemeleri (45 uyaran sunumlar) içindeki NS 2 kriter ulaşır ve baştan NS 1 için% 100&#39;e yakındır. Bu strateji, - ilk olarak her iki yeni uyarıcılar için aynı anahtar yanıt ve daha sonra uyaranlara biri için yanıtları ayarlama - yaklaşık olarak genellikle her iki NS yanıt başlangıç ​​rastgele olarak görülmektedir. Bu otur...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Recording Single Neurons' Action Potentials from Freely Moving Pigeons Across Three Stages of Learning at JoVE.com

Recording Single Neurons' Action Potentials from Freely Moving Pigeons Across Three Stages of Learning

Yeni uyaran-tepki dernekler Öğrenme sonuçta bireysel nöronların başak çıkışını değişiyor yansıyan sinirsel süreçlerin geniş bir yelpazede yürütmektedir. Burada, hayvanlar, elde söndürmek ve tek bir deneysel oturumda içinde bir şartlı yanıt yeniden almak ise tek nöron aktivitesinin sürekli kaydı için izin veren bir davranış protokol açıklar.

Serbestçe Öğrenmenin üç aşamalı karşısında Güvercinler Hareketli gelen tek nöronların &#39;Aksiyon Potansiyelleri kayıt

While the subject of learning has attracted immense interest from both behavioral and neural scientists, only relatively few investigators have observed ...

recording-single-neurons-action-potentials-from-freely-moving-pigeons

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

11.9K Görüntüleme.  Ruhr-University Bochum.  Yeni uyaran-tepki dernekler Öğrenme sonuçta bireysel nöronların başak çıkışını değişiyor yansıyan sinirsel süreçlerin geniş bir yelpazede yürütmektedir. Burada, hayvanlar, elde söndürmek ve tek bir deneysel oturumda içinde bir şartlı yanıt yeniden almak ise tek nöron aktivitesinin sürekli kaydı için izin veren bir davranış protokol açıklar. 

Video: Recording Single Neurons' Action Potentials from Freely Moving Pigeons Across Three Stages of Learning

A Fully Automated and Highly Versatile System for Testing Multi-cognitive Functions and Recording Neuronal Activities in Rodents

We have developed a fully automated system for operant behavior testing and neuronal activity recording by which multiple cognitive brain functions can be investigated in a single task sequence. The unique feature of this system is a custom-made, acoustically transparent chamber that eliminates many of the issues associated with auditory cue control in most commercially available chambers. The ease with which operant devices can be added or replaced makes this system quite versatile, allowing for the implementation of a variety of auditory, visual, and olfactory behavioral tasks. Automation of the system allows fine temporal (10 ms) control and precise time-stamping of each event in a predesigned behavioral sequence. When combined with a multi-channel electrophysiology recording system, multiple cognitive brain functions, such as motivation, attention, decision-making, patience, and rewards, can be examined sequentially or independently.

In this report, we present a fully automated and highly versatile system capable of simultaneously testing multi-cognitive behaviors and recording neuronal activities for rodents.

Multi-bilişsel işlevler Test ve Kemirgenler Nöronal Etkinlikler kayıt için Tam Otomatik ve Çok Yönlü Sistemi

We have developed a fully automated system for operant behavior testing and neuronal activity recording by which multiple cognitive brain functions can be ...

Nörobilim

Recordings of Neural Circuit Activation in Freely Behaving Animals

The relationship between patterns of neural activity and corresponding behavioral expression is difficult to establish in unrestrained animals. Traditional non-invasive methods require at least partially restrained research subjects, and they only allow identification of large numbers of simultaneously activated neurons. On the other hand, small ensembles of neurons or individual neurons can only be measured using single-cell recordings obtained from largely reduced preparations. Since the expression of natural behavior is limited in restrained and dissected animals, the underlying neural mechanisms that control such behavior are difficult to identify. 
Here, I present a non-invasive physiological technique that allows measuring neural circuit activation in freely behaving animals. Using a pair of wire electrodes inside a water-filled chamber, the bath electrodes record neural and muscular field potentials generated by juvenile crayfish during natural or experimentally evoked escape responses. The primary escape responses of crayfish are mediated by three different types of tail-flips which move the animals away from the point of stimulation. Each type of tail-flip is controlled by its own neural circuit; the two fastest and most powerful escape responses require activation of different sets of large &#8220;command&#8221; neurons. In combination with behavioral observations, the bath electrode recordings allow unambiguous identification of these neurons and the associated neural circuits. Thus activity of neural circuitry underlying naturally occurring behavior can be measured in unrestrained animals and in different behavioral contexts.

Non-invasive measurements of neural activity patterns in freely behaving animals are obtained by combining neurophysiological recordings with high speed videography.

Serbestçe Hayvanlar Behaving Sinir Devre Etkinleştirme kayıtları

The relationship between patterns of neural activity and corresponding behavioral expression is difficult to establish in unrestrained animals. ...

Biyoloji

A Procedure for Implanting Organized Arrays of Microwires for Single-unit Recordings in Awake, Behaving Animals

In vivo electrophysiological recordings in the awake, behaving animal provide a powerful method for understanding neural signaling at the single-cell level. The technique allows experimenters to examine temporally and regionally specific firing patterns in order to correlate recorded action potentials with ongoing behavior. Moreover, single-unit recordings can be combined with a plethora of other techniques in order to produce comprehensive explanations of neural function. In this article, we describe the anesthesia and preparation for microwire implantation. Subsequently, we enumerate the necessary equipment and surgical steps to accurately insert a microwire array into a target structure. Lastly, we briefly describe the equipment used to record from each individual electrode in the array. The fixed microwire arrays described are well-suited for chronic implantation and allow for longitudinal recordings of neural data in almost any behavioral preparation. We discuss tracing electrode tracks to triangulate microwire positions as well as ways to combine microwire implantation with immunohistochemical techniques in order to increase the anatomical specificity of recorded results.

Implanting organized arrays of microwires for use in single-unit electrophysiological recordings presents a number of technical challenges.&#160;Methods for performing this technique and the equipment necessary are described.&#160;Also, the beneficial use of organized microwire arrays to record from distinct neural subregions with high spatial selectivity is discussed.

Hayvanlar davranmak, Awake Tek-birim Recordings Microwires Organize Dizileri implantasyon için Usulü

In vivo electrophysiological recordings in the awake, behaving animal provide a powerful method for understanding neural signaling at the single-cell ...

Juxtacellular Monitoring and Localization of Single Neurons within Sub-cortical Brain Structures of Alert, Head-restrained Rats

There are a variety of techniques to monitor extracellular activity of single neuronal units. However, monitoring this activity from deep brain structures in behaving animals remains a technical challenge, especially if the structures must be targeted stereotaxically. This protocol describes convenient surgical and electrophysiological techniques that maintain the animal&#8217;s head in the stereotaxic plane and unambiguously isolate the spiking activity of single neurons. The protocol combines head restraint of alert rodents, juxtacellular monitoring with micropipette electrodes, and iontophoretic dye injection to identify the neuron location in post-hoc histology. While each of these techniques is in itself well-established, the protocol focuses on the specifics of their combined use in a single experiment. These neurophysiological and neuroanatomical techniques are combined with behavioral monitoring. In the present example, the combined techniques are used to determine how self-generated vibrissa movements are encoded in the activity of neurons within the somatosensory thalamus. More generally, it is straightforward to adapt this protocol to monitor neuronal activity in conjunction with a variety of behavioral tasks in rats, mice, and other animals. Critically, the combination of these methods allows the experimenter to directly relate anatomically-identified neurophysiological signals to behavior.

This protocol describes the design and surgical implantation of a head-restraining mechanism to monitor neuronal activity in sub-cortical brain structures in alert rats. It delineates procedures to isolate single neurons in the juxtacellular configuration and to efficiently identify their anatomical locations.

Uyarı, Baş-ölçülü Sıçanların Alt-kortikal Beyin Yapıları içinde Juxtacellular İzleme ve Yerelleştirme Single Nöronlar

There are a variety of techniques to monitor extracellular activity of single neuronal units. However, monitoring this activity from deep brain structures ...

Simultaneous Long-term Recordings at Two Neuronal Processing Stages in Behaving Honeybees

In both mammals and insects neuronal information is processed in different higher and lower order brain centers. These centers are coupled via convergent and divergent anatomical connections including feed forward and feedback wiring. Furthermore, information of the same origin is partially sent via parallel pathways to different and sometimes into the same brain areas. To understand the evolutionary benefits as well as the computational advantages of these wiring strategies and especially their temporal dependencies on each other, it is necessary to have simultaneous access to single neurons of different tracts or neuropiles in the same preparation at high temporal resolution. Here we concentrate on honeybees by demonstrating a unique extracellular long term access to record multi unit activity at two subsequent neuropiles1, the antennal lobe (AL), the first olfactory processing stage and the mushroom body (MB), a higher order integration center involved in learning and memory formation, or two parallel neuronal tracts2 connecting the AL with the MB.&#160;The latter was chosen as an example and will be described in full. In the supporting video the construction and permanent insertion of flexible multi&#160;channel wire electrodes is demonstrated. Pairwise differential amplification of the micro&#160;wire electrode channels drastically reduces the noise and verifies that the source of the signal is closely related to the position of the electrode tip. The mechanical flexibility of the used wire electrodes allows stable invasive long&#160;term recordings over many hours up to days, which is a clear advantage compared to conventional extra&#160;and intracellular in vivo recording techniques.

Simultaneous extracellular long term recordings from two different brain neuropiles or two different anatomical tracts were established in honeybees. These recordings allow the investigation of temporal aspects of neuronal processing across different brain areas at the single neuron as well as at the ensemble level in a behaving animal.

Davranan Bal arısı iki nöronal İşleme Dönemlerinde Eşzamanlı Uzun vadeli Kayıtlar

In both mammals and insects neuronal information is processed in different higher and lower order brain centers. These centers are coupled via convergent ...

Extracellular Recording of Neuronal Activity Combined with Microiontophoretic Application of Neuroactive Substances in Awake Mice

Differences in the activity of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators, and consequently different neural responses, can be found between anesthetized and awake animals. Therefore, methods allowing the manipulation of synaptic systems in awake animals are required in order to determine the contribution of synaptic inputs to neuronal processing unaffected by anesthetics. Here, we present methodology for the construction of electrodes to simultaneously record extracellular neural activity and release multiple neuroactive substances at the vicinity of the recording sites in awake mice. By combining these procedures, we performed microiontophoretic injections of gabazine to selectively block GABAA receptors in neurons of the inferior colliculus of head-restrained mice. Gabazine successfully modified neural response properties such as the frequency response area and stimulus-specific adaptation. Thus, we demonstrate that our methods are suitable for recording single-unit activity and for dissecting the role of specific neurotransmitter receptors in auditory processing.
The main limitation of the described procedure is the relatively short recording time (~3 hr), which is determined by the level of habituation of the animal to the recording sessions. On the other hand, multiple recording sessions can be performed in the same animal. The advantage of this technique over other experimental procedures used to manipulate the level of neurotransmission or neuromodulation (such as systemic injections or the use of optogenetic models), is that the drug effect is confined to the local synaptic inputs to the target neuron. In addition, the custom-manufacture of electrodes allows adjustment of specific parameters according to the neural structure and type of neuron of interest (such as the tip resistance for improving the signal-to-noise ratio of the recordings).

We present methods for the construction of electrodes to simultaneously record extracellular neural activity and release multiple neuroactive substances at the vicinity of the recording sites in awake mice. This technique allows the detailed analysis of putative local synaptic inputs to the neuron of interest.

Uyanık Farelerde Nöroaktif Maddelerin Microiontophoretic Uygulaması ile birlikte Nöronal Faaliyet dışı Kaydı

Differences in the activity of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators, and consequently different neural responses, can be found between anesthetized and ...

Farelerin Motor Korteksinde Hücre Dışı Elektrofizyolojik Kayıt

Multichannel Extracellular Recording in Freely Moving Mice

The protocol aims to uncover the properties of neuronal firing and network local field potentials (LFPs) in behaving mice carrying out specific tasks by correlating the electrophysiological signals with spontaneous and/or specific behavior. This technique represents a valuable tool in studying the neuronal network activity underlying these behaviors. The article provides a detailed and complete procedure for electrode implantation and consequent extracellular recording in free-moving conscious mice. The study includes a detailed method for implanting the microelectrode arrays, capturing the LFP and neuronal spiking signals in the motor cortex (MC) using a multichannel system, and the subsequent offline data analysis. The advantage of multichannel recording in conscious animals is that a greater number of spiking neurons and neuronal subtypes can be obtained and compared, which allows the evaluation of the relationship between a specific behavior and the associated electrophysiological signals. Notably, the multichannel extracellular recording technique and the data analysis procedure described in the present study can be applied to other brain areas when conducting experiments in behaving mice.

Yazar Spotlight: Serbestçe Hareket Eden Farelerde Nöronal Aktiviteyi İncelemek için Çok Kanallı Hücre Dışı Kayıttaki Gelişmeler 

The protocol describes the methodology of extracellular recording in the motor cortex (MC) to reveal extracellular electrophysiological properties in freely moving conscious mice, as well as the data analysis of local field potentials (LFPs) and spikes, which is useful for evaluating the network neural activity underlying behaviors of interest.

Serbestçe hareket eden farelerde çok kanallı hücre dışı kayıt

The protocol aims to uncover the properties of neuronal firing and network local field potentials (LFPs) in behaving mice carrying out specific tasks by ...

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>Farelerde Derin Beyin Sapı Yapıları için Açılı Silikon Çoklu Elektrot Kayıtları

Acute Single-Unit Multi-Electrode Recordings from the Brainstem of Head-Fixed Mice

Silicon multielectrode-based recordings are increasingly popular for studying neuronal activity at the temporal resolution of action potentials in many brain regions. However, recording neuronal activity from deep caudal structures like the brainstem using multi-channel probes remains challenging. A significant concern is finding a trajectory for probe insertion that avoids large blood vessels, such as the superior sagittal venous sinus and the transverse venous sinus. Injuring these large veins can cause extensive bleeding, damage to the underlying brain tissue, and potentially death. This approach describes targeting brainstem structures by coupling anterior coordinates with an angled approach, allowing the recording probe to penetrate the brain below high-risk vascular structures. Compared to a strictly vertical approach, the angled approach maximizes the number of brain regions that can be targeted. Using this strategy, the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG), a brainstem region associated with REM sleep, can be reproducibly and reliably accessed to obtain single-unit, multi-electrode recordings in head-fixed mice before and during sevoflurane anesthesia. The ability to record neuronal activity in the vlPAG and surrounding nuclei with high temporal resolution is a step forward in advancing the understanding of the relationship between REM sleep and anesthesia.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>Yazar Spotlight: Farelerde Anesteziye Bağlı Uyku Yollarının ve Nöronal Uyarılabilirliğin Araştırılması

This protocol describes a method to obtain in vivo, high-density single-neuron recordings from the brainstem of head-fixed mice. This approach is deployed to measure the action potential firing of neurons in the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray - a brainstem region inactive during Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep - before and during general anesthesia.

Kafası Sabit Farelerin Beyin Sapından Akut Tek Üniteli Çoklu Elektrot Kayıtları

Silicon multielectrode-based recordings are increasingly popular for studying neuronal activity at the temporal resolution of action potentials in many ...

Serbestçe Öğrenmenin üç aşamalı karşısında Güvercinler Hareketli gelen tek nöronların 'Aksiyon Potansiyelleri kayıt

Özet

Daha Fazla Video Keşfet

Bu videodaki bölümler

Multi-bilişsel işlevler Test ve Kemirgenler Nöronal Etkinlikler kayıt için Tam Otomatik ve Çok Yönlü Sistemi

Serbestçe Hayvanlar Behaving Sinir Devre Etkinleştirme kayıtları

Hayvanlar davranmak, Awake Tek-birim Recordings Microwires Organize Dizileri implantasyon için Usulü

Uyarı, Baş-ölçülü Sıçanların Alt-kortikal Beyin Yapıları içinde Juxtacellular İzleme ve Yerelleştirme Single Nöronlar

Davranan Bal arısı iki nöronal İşleme Dönemlerinde Eşzamanlı Uzun vadeli Kayıtlar

Uyanık Farelerde Nöroaktif Maddelerin Microiontophoretic Uygulaması ile birlikte Nöronal Faaliyet dışı Kaydı

Serbestçe hareket eden farelerde çok kanallı hücre dışı kayıt

Serbestçe hareket eden farelerde çok kanallı hücre dışı kayıt

Serbestçe hareket eden farelerde çok kanallı hücre dışı kayıt

Kafası Sabit Farelerin Beyin Sapından Akut Tek Üniteli Çoklu Elektrot Kayıtları