Biz el yazması geliştirmek için kendi iş için 4 anonim yorumcular teşekkür ederim. Biz MBD ve YG için mali destek için Centre National de la Recherche SCIENTIFIQUE teşekkür ve MMS Université de Bourgogne ve Araştırma Bakanlığı Fransız. YG Araştırma laboratuvarında Avrupa Araştırma Konseyi (ERC Grant, GliSFCo-311403 Başlangıç), Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR-JCJC, GGCB-2010), Conseil Régional de Bourgogne (Faber) ve CNRS tarafından finanse edilmektedir.

1.. Başlamadan Önce <ol><li> Istikrarlı ve sağlam davranışsal fenotipleri taşıyan bir isogenized referans stok kullanın. Tüm potansiyel kontrolleri heterojen plan alellerini taşıyabilir, çünkü bu stok seçimi için genel bir kural yoktur. </li><li> Sonraki adımlar için gerekli olan her stok geri çaprazlama için bu kontrol suşu kullanın. Bu adım, tipik olarak 2-3 geriye dönük melezleştirme izogenik referans erkeklerde 5 (mümkün çaprazlama homolog kromozomlar arasındaki izin vermek için), tek bir bakire dişi, en az 5 ardışık çarpılar ile temsil edilir. Bu adım, farklı sinek stoklarının arasındaki genetik arka planı homojenize edilmesi önemlidir. </li><li> 25 ° C&#39;de 12 saat ışık / karanlık döngüsünde antibiyotik (% 0.4 metil para-hidroksi-benzoat) ile tamamlanır standart mısır unu, (% 9), maya (% 10) ve agar ortamında (% 1.5) üzerinde Drosophila stokları korumak ° C. </li><li> Sıcaklık-kontrollü bir odaya uzak kırmızı ışık altında (25 ° C) içerisinde kimyasal-duyusal deneyler elde(Görsel ipuçlarının katkısını ortadan kaldırmak için, ve kimyasal duyusal sinyallere odaklanmak). Düzenli olarak her deney arasındaki bölgeyi havalandırmak için odanın havasını yenilemek. </li></ol> Bir Y-labirenti Assay kullanılarak, 2. Koku Response <ol><li> Test edilmeden önce ıslak kağıt havlu ihtiva eden cam tüpler içinde 25 ° C&#39;de 16-18 saat boyunca sinekler açlıktan. </li><li> İki cam şişeler için ve daha küçük plastik bir şişe (şişe yükleme) bir Y-şekilli konektör tarihi. Üç şişelerine konektörü bağlantı ve sıkıca kapatılmış bir Y-labirent elde etmek için köpük stoper geçmesine 1 ml pipet ipuçlarını kullanın. İki &quot;tuzak&quot; şişeleri oluşturmak için, ve bir pipet büyük bir ucu &quot;yükleme&quot; oluşturmak için (onun kararını sonra sinek herhangi bir geri dönüş önlemek için ~ 2 mm çap) iki pipet ipuçları dar uçlarını kesin boru (Şekil 1A). </li><li> Sadece &quot;tuzak&quot; şişeleri (Şekil 1B) bağlamadan önce, bir ~ 6 mm çaplı filtre kağıdı yerleştirinHer flakon. Bir filtre kağıdı üzerinde odorant çözeltisi 40 ul, ikinci filtre kağıdı üzerinde karşılık gelen çözücünün 40 ul ekle. </li><li> &quot;Yükleme&quot; şişenin içine on 4-9 günlük eski sinekler tanıtmak. Bu davranış 10 üzerinde güçlü bir etkiye sahip olduğundan, bu transfer sırasında CO 2 anestezi kullanmayın. Aksine buz üzerinde kısa soğutma kullanın. Anestezi sinekler doğru manipülasyonu mümkün olduğunca konularda baskısını sınırlandırmak için önemlidir. <ol><li> Görsel uyaranlara mümkün olduğunca kaçınmak için (mümkünse ısı kaynağı sınırlamak için LED ampuller kullanarak) uzak-kırmızı ışık altında, 25 ° C&#39;de Y-labirent bir dizi test gerçekleştirin. (; Şekil 1C solda veya sağda Odorant içeren tüp ve yükleme tüp ön veya arka) Y-labirentine yönelimleri alternatif için dikkatli olun. </li><li> Sinekler için birkaç saat odorant ya da çözücüyü içeren tuzak şişede girmek izin verin. Participati geliştirmek için 24 saat sonra, sinekler Toplamıfazla% 80 kadar ve maksimum koku indeks değeri (Simonnet, kişisel iletişim) sağlamak. </li><li> - / Yüklü sineklerin sayısı (solvent tüp numara koku tüp içinde sayı): aşağıdaki formül kullanılarak elde edilen koku indeksi hesaplayın. </li></ol></li><li> Yıkama Y-labirent set-up şöyle: gecede RBS 35 MD sökülmüş set-up ıslatın. Iyice musluk suyu ile yıkayın. Sonunda deiyonize su ile durulayın ve kurumasını. </li></ol> Verilerin 3. İstatistiksel Analiz <ol><li> Veriler ve çeşitli değişkenlere bağlı olarak, bir t-testi, tek-yönlü ANOVA ya da bir iki-yönlü ANOVA gerçekleştirin. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Mombaerts, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genes+and+ligands+for+odorant,+vomeronasal+and+taste+receptors.">Genes and ligands for odorant, vomeronasal and taste receptors.</a> Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 5, 263-278 (2004).</li><li>Silbering, A. F., Benton, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ionotropic+and+metabotropic+mechanisms+in+chemoreception:+'chance+or+design.">Ionotropic and metabotropic mechanisms in chemoreception: 'chance or design.</a> EMBO Rep. 11, 173-179 (2010).</li><li>Ziegler, A. B., Berthelot-Grosjean, M., Grosjean, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+smell+of+love+in+Drosophila.">The smell of love in Drosophila.</a> Front. Physiol. 4, (2013).</li><li>Silbering, A. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Complementary+function+and+integrated+wiring+of+the+evolutionarily+distinct+Drosophila+olfactory+subsystems.">Complementary function and integrated wiring of the evolutionarily distinct Drosophila olfactory subsystems.</a> J. Neurosci. 31, 13357-13375 (2011).</li><li>Grosjean, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+olfactory+receptor+for+food-derived+odours+promotes+male+courtship+in+Drosophila.">An olfactory receptor for food-derived odours promotes male courtship in Drosophila.</a> Nature. 478, 236-240 (2011).</li><li>Woodard, C., Huang, T., Sun, H., Helfand, S. L., Carlson, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetic+analysis+of+olfactory+behavior+in+Drosophila:+a+new+screen+yields+the+ota+mutants.">Genetic analysis of olfactory behavior in Drosophila: a new screen yields the ota mutants.</a> Genetics. 123, 315-326 (1989).</li><li>Semmelhack, J. L., Wang, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Select+Drosophila+glomeruli+mediate+innate+olfactory+attraction+and+aversion.">Select Drosophila glomeruli mediate innate olfactory attraction and aversion.</a> Nature. 459, 218-223 (2009).</li><li>Budick, S. A., Dickinson, M. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Free-flight+responses+of+Drosophila+melanogaster+to+attractive+odors.">Free-flight responses of Drosophila melanogaster to attractive odors.</a> The Journal of Experimental Biology. 209, 3001-3017 (2006).</li><li>Martin, F., Charro, M. J., Alcorta, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mutations+affecting+the+cAMP+transduction+pathway+modify+olfaction+in+Drosophila.">Mutations affecting the cAMP transduction pathway modify olfaction in Drosophila.</a> J. Comp. Physiol. A. 187, 359-370 (2001).</li><li>Barron, A. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anaesthetising+Drosophila+for+behavioural+studies.">Anaesthetising Drosophila for behavioural studies.</a> Journal of Insect Physiology. 46, 439-442 (2000).</li><li>Ai, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Acid+sensing+by+the+Drosophila+olfactory+system.">Acid sensing by the Drosophila olfactory system.</a> Nature. 468, 691-695 (2010).</li><li>Becher, P. G., Bengtsson, M., Hansson, B. S., Witzgall, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Flying+the+fly:+long-range+flight+behavior+of+Drosophila+melanogaster+to+attractive+odors.">Flying the fly: long-range flight behavior of Drosophila melanogaster to attractive odors.</a> J. Chem. Ecol. 36, 599-607 (2010).</li></ol>

Yazarlar ifşa hiçbir şey yok.

Bizim Y-labirenti protokol, önceden tanımlanmış bir protokole 9 dayanmaktadır. Ancak, iki önemli farklılıklar tanıtmak. İlk olarak, bu çözücü veya çözücü artı odorant ihtiva eden şişeye girmek için karar bir kez geri gelen sinekleri önlemek için dar bir pipet uçları kullanın. Bu dar ipuçları da Y-labirentte odorant difüzyon sınırlamak için yararlıdır. İkinci olarak, Y-labirent girmek için sinekleri zorlamak için daha küçük bir yükleme şişeyi kullanın. Bu sinekler b...

Tat veya koku duyusunun aracılığıyla kemo-alış hayvan hayatta kalmak için önemli bir duyusal yöntemidir. Bu hayati bir tehlike veya gıda kaynaklarının tespiti için gerekli ipuçlarını, yanı sıra sosyal etkileşimleri için verir. Aynı zamanda onların üreme için gerekli bir seks partneri bulmak için hayvanlar olur. 20 yılı aşkın için, Nobel ödülü &quot;odorant reseptörleri ve koku alma sisteminin organizasyonunun buluşları için&quot; 2004 yılında Richard Axel ve Linda Buck tarafından çalışma kazanan dahil olmak üzere yoğun araştırma, moleküler ve hücresel üsleri ortaya çıkarmak için yapılmıştır olfaction 1,2. Koku algısını incelemek için bilim adamları için favori hayvan modellerinden biri olan D. melanogaster. Bu böcek memeliler ile benzer hücresel ve moleküler koku kodlama stratejisi paylaşıyor. Bilimsel topluluk bu meyve sineği koku rolünü incelemek için çeşitli davranış paradigmaları kullanır. Bu testler, çok modlu courtshi gibi tahliller bulunmaktadırolfaction dahil olmak üzere çeşitli duyu modaliteleri, erkek iltifata 3 ortaya çıkarmak için önemli olan p testleri. Diğer deneyler, aynı zamanda daha özel olarak koku rolünü mücadele için geliştirilmiştir; bu T-labirentine, Y-labirentine, tuzak deneyleri, dört alan arenalarda ve rüzgar tünelleri 4,5,6,7,8 içerir. Bu yazıda D. kullanarak sağlam koku yanıtları sağlayan basit bir modifiye Y-labirent testi, mevcut melanogaster. Bizim set-up daha önce açıklanan yönteme 9 aksine son ipuçlarını kullanır. Böylece, Y-labirenti iki avantajı vardır. Sinek kendi seçimini yapmış kez Birincisi, bu sistemde herhangi bir geri dönüş önler. İkinci olarak, Y-labirent tüm alanlarında koku değişimini sınırlar. Drosophila genellikle odorant doymasını önlemek için kullanılan hava akımına karşı çok hassas olduğu için, bu son avantaj önemlidir. Bir hava akışı ile deneysel set-up ayarlamak için zaman ve maliyet alıcı olacaktır. Bu nedenle, Y-labirenti deneyi temsil efşır ve Drosophila koku performansını test etmek için hızlı yolu.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Drosophila Polystyrene tube</td><td>VWR europe</td><td>734-2255</td><td>30 x 25 mm&amp;nbsp;&lt;br/&gt; Y-maze</td></tr><tr><td>Drosophila Borosilicate tube</td><td>Dijon verre</td><td></td><td>95 X 25 mm&lt;br/&gt; Y-maze</td></tr><tr><td>Foam stopper</td><td>Dutscher</td><td>999038</td><td>&lt;br/&gt; Y-maze</td></tr><tr><td>Y-shaped connector</td><td>Europrix</td><td>11020605</td><td>&lt;br/&gt; Y-maze</td></tr><tr><td>100-1,000 &amp;micro;l pipette tips</td><td>Corning</td><td>4868</td><td>Join the following pipette tips to the Y-shaped connector. Cut 2 pipette tips at 65 mm from the wide end, and connect the narrow end (with a &amp;sim;2 mm opening) to 2 test vials. These openings will limit the U-turns once the flies enter the tubes containing the odors. Cut 1 pipette tip at 35 mm from the wide end, and connect it to the loading vial.&lt;br/&gt; Y-maze</td></tr><tr><td>Far-Red LED Bulb</td><td>Rubin-Lacaque</td><td>0RB180238</td><td>625-630 nm</td></tr><tr><td>Acetic Acid</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>45725</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Phenylacetic Acid</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>P16621</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Yeast</td><td>Sensient Flavors Strasbourg</td><td>1018880464</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cornmeal</td><td>eurogerm</td><td>Farine de ma&amp;iuml;s</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Agar</td><td>Kalys</td><td>HP-697-25</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Methyl hydroxy 4 benzoate</td><td>VWR international</td><td>25605293</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

testing drosophila olfaction with a y-maze assay

Hayvanlar onların hayatta kalmasını sağlamak için çevreden sinyalleri tespit esastır. Bu amaçla, onlar doğrudan temas yoluyla veya daha uzun mesafeden etkili bir uçucu moleküle yanıtı temsil olfaction, yoluyla, bu vizyon, mechanoreception, işitme ve tat ile chemoperception gibi çevresel ipuçlarını kullanın. Uçucu kimyasal moleküller tehlike, bir besin kaynağı, ya da bireyler arasında iletişim kurmak için saptanmasında çok hayvanlar için çok önemli sinyallerdir. Drosophila melanogaster olfaction hücresel ve moleküler temeli keşfetmek bilim adamları için en yaygın biyolojik modelleri biridir. Bu küçük böcek koku yeteneklerini vurgulamak amacıyla, klasik fareler ile birlikte kullanılan Y-labirenti testine göre bir tadil edilmiş bir seçim protokol açıklar. Y-labirentine ile elde edilen veriler daha iyi hayvanlar sürekli değişen çevre ile nasıl başa anlamak için değerli bilgiler verir. Biz çalışmak için bir adım-adım protokolü tanıtmakBu Y-labirent testi kullanılarak sinek keşif cevabına koku etkisi.

Şekil 1B, bu Y-labirenti tahlili kullanılarak iki temsili tepkilerini gösterir. Önemli ölçüde% 10 fenilasetik asit kaçının oysa Canton-S erkek güçlü, damıtılmış su içerisinde seyreltilmiş,% 10 asetik asit kaçının. Bu deneyler yükleme şişeler içinde bir araya geldiklerinde her tekrar için 10 erkek dayanmaktadır. Bu protokol, bazen büyük ortalama standart hata yol açabilir. Gerekirse, bunun yerine, sadece 10. Matematiksel olarak, bir bireyin seçimi daha büyük bir numune s...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Testing Drosophila Olfaction with a Y-maze Assay at JoVE.com

Testing Drosophila Olfaction with a Y-maze Assay

Biz Y-labirent testi kullanılarak Drosophila davranışı üzerindeki koku etkisini ortaya çıkarmak için bir seçim testi sunuyoruz.

Test<em&gt; Drosophila</emBir Y-labirenti testi ile&gt; koku alma

Detecting signals from the environment is essential for animals to ensure their survival. To this aim, they use environmental cues such as vision, ...

testing-drosophila-olfaction-with-a-y-maze-assay

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Testing Drosophila Olfaction with a Y-maze Assay

14.8K Görüntüleme.  UMR-6265 CNRS.  Biz Y-labirent testi kullanılarak Drosophila davranışı üzerindeki koku etkisini ortaya çıkarmak için bir seçim testi sunuyoruz. 

Video: Testing Drosophila Olfaction with a Y-maze Assay

High-resolution Measurement of Odor-Driven Behavior in Drosophila Larvae

Olfactory responses in Drosophila larvae have been traditionally studied in Petri dishes comprising a single peripheral odor source. In this behavioral paradigm, the experimenter usually assumes that the rapid diffusion of odorant molecules from the source leads to the creation of a stable gradient in the dish. To establish a quantitative correlation between sensory inputs and behavioral responses, it is necessary to achieve a more thorough characterization of the odorant stimulus conditions. In this video article, we describe a new method allowing the construction of odorant gradients with stable and controllable geometries. We briefly illustrate how these gradients can be used to screen for olfactory defects (full and partial anosmia) and to study more subtle features of chemotaxis behavior.

In this video article, we describe a new method allowing the construction of odorant gradients with stable and controllable geometries. We briefly illustrate how these gradients can be used to screen for olfactory defects (full and partial anosmia) and to study more subtle features of chemotaxis behavior.

Yüksek çözünürlüklü Ölçüm Drosophila Larva Koku-Driven Davranış

Olfactory responses in Drosophila larvae have been traditionally studied in Petri dishes comprising a single peripheral odor source. In this behavioral ...

Biyoloji

Drosophila Adult Olfactory Shock Learning

Drosophila have been used in classical conditioning experiments for over 40 years, thus greatly facilitating our understanding of memory, including the elucidation of the molecular mechanisms involved in cognitive diseases1-7. Learning and memory can be assayed in larvae to study the effect of neurodevelopmental genes8-10 and in flies to measure the contribution of adult plasticity genes1-7. Furthermore, the short lifespan of Drosophila facilitates the analysis of genes mediating age-related memory impairment5,11-13. The availability of many inducible promoters that subdivide the Drosophila nervous system makes it possible to determine when and where a gene of interest is required for normal memory as well as relay of different aspects of the reinforcement signal3,4,14,16.
Studying memory in adult Drosophila allows for a detailed analysis of the behavior and circuitry involved and a measurement of long-term memory15-17. The length of the adult stage accommodates longer-term genetic, behavioral, dietary and pharmacological manipulations of memory, in addition to determining the effect of aging and neurodegenerative disease on memory3-6,11-13,15-21.
Classical conditioning is induced by the simultaneous presentation of a neutral odor cue (conditioned stimulus, CS+) and a reinforcement stimulus, e.g., an electric shock or sucrose, (unconditioned stimulus, US), that become associated with one another by the animal1,16. A second conditioned stimulus (CS-) is subsequently presented without the US. During the testing phase, Drosophila are simultaneously presented with CS+ and CS- odors. After the Drosophila are provided time to choose between the odors, the distribution of the animals is recorded. This procedure allows associative aversive or appetitive conditioning to be reliably measured without a bias introduced by the innate preference for either of the conditioned stimuli. Various control experiments are also performed to test whether all genotypes respond normally to odor and reinforcement alone.

Drosophila Adult Olfactory Shock Learning

The method to measure adult Drosophila associative memory is described. The assay is based on the ability of the fly to associate an odor presented with a negative reinforcer (electric shock) and then recall this information at a later time, allowing memory to be measured.

Drosophila Yetişkin Koku Şok Öğrenme

Drosophila have been used in classical conditioning experiments for over 40 years, thus greatly facilitating our understanding of memory, including the ...

Nörobilim

Vertical T-maze Choice Assay for Arthropod Response to Odorants

Given the economic importance of insects and arachnids as pests of agricultural crops, urban environments or as vectors of plant and human diseases, various technologies are being developed as control tools. A subset of these tools focuses on modifying the behavior of arthropods by attraction or repulsion. Therefore, arthropods are often the focus of behavioral investigations. Various tools have been developed to measure arthropod behavior, including wind tunnels, flight mills, servospheres, and various types of olfactometers. The purpose of these tools is to measure insect or arachnid response to visual or more often olfactory cues. The vertical T-maze oflactometer described here measures choices performed by insects in response to attractants or repellents. It is a high throughput assay device that takes advantage of the positive phototaxis (attraction to light) and negative geotaxis (tendency to walk or fly upward) exhibited by many arthropods. The olfactometer consists of a 30 cm glass tube that is divided in half with a Teflon strip forming a T-maze. Each half serves as an arm of the olfactometer enabling the test subjects to make a choice between two potential odor fields in assays involving attractants. In assays involving repellents, lack of normal response to known attractants can also be measured as a third variable.

A vertical, T-maze olfactometer is described for assaying the behavioral response of arthropods. The olfactometer allows the experimenter to measure choices performed by test subjects when subjected to two potential odor fields. Both attraction to and repulsion from odorants can be measured with this device.

Koku için Arthropod Tepki için Dikey T-labirent Seçim Testi

Given the economic importance of insects and arachnids as pests of agricultural crops, urban environments or as vectors of plant and human diseases, ...

A Single-fly Assay for Foraging Behavior in Drosophila

For many animals, hunger promotes changes in the olfactory system in a manner that facilitates the search for appropriate food sources. In this video article, we describe an automated assay to measure the effect of hunger or satiety on olfactory dependent food search behavior in the adult fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. In a light-tight box illuminated by red light that is invisible to fruit flies, a camera linked to custom data acquisition software monitors the position of six flies simultaneously. Each fly is confined to walk in individual arenas containing a food odor at the center. The testing arenas rest on a porous floor that functions to prevent odor accumulation. Latency to locate the odor source, a metric that reflects olfactory sensitivity under different physiological states, is determined by software analysis. Here, we discuss the critical mechanics of running this behavioral paradigm and cover specific issues regarding fly loading, odor contamination, assay temperature, data quality, and statistical analysis.

A Single-fly Assay for Foraging Behavior in Drosophila

In this video article, we describe an automated assay to measure the effect of hunger or satiety on olfactory dependent food search behavior in the adult fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster.

Toplayıcılık Davranış için Tek-sinek Deneyi<em&gt; Drosophila</em

For many animals, hunger promotes changes in the olfactory system in a manner that facilitates the search for appropriate food sources. In this video ...

Straightforward Assay for Quantification of Social Avoidance in Drosophila melanogaster

Drosophila melanogaster is an emerging model to study different aspects of social interactions. For example, flies avoid areas previously occupied by stressed conspecifics due to an odorant released during stress known as the Drosophila stress odorant (dSO). Through the use of the T-maze apparatus, one can quantify the avoidance of the dSO by responder flies in a very affordable and robust assay. Conditions necessary to obtain a strong performance are presented here. A stressful experience is necessary for the flies to emit dSO, as well as enough emitter flies to cause a robust avoidance response to the presence of dSO. Genetic background, but not their group size, strongly altered the avoidance of the dSO by the responder flies. Canton-S and Elwood display a higher performance in avoiding the dSO than Oregon and Samarkand strains. This behavioral assay will allow identification of mechanisms underlying this social behavior, and the assessment of the influence of genes and environmental conditions on both emission and avoidance of the dSO. Such an assay can be included in batteries of simple diagnostic tests used to identify social deficiencies of mutants or environmental conditions of interest.

Straightforward Assay for Quantification of Social Avoidance in Drosophila melanogaster

Here, we present a protocol to quantify the avoidance of stressed individuals. This paradigm is powerful yet user-friendly and can be used to assess the influence of genes and environment on one kind of social interaction in Drosophila melanogaster.

Sosyal Kaçınma Niceleme için Basit Testi<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em

Drosophila melanogaster is an emerging model to study different aspects of social interactions. For example, flies avoid areas previously occupied by ...

High-resolution Quantification of Odor-guided Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster Using the Flywalk Paradigm

In their natural environment, insects such as the vinegar fly Drosophila melanogaster are bombarded with a huge amount of chemically distinct odorants. To complicate matters even further, the odors detected by the insect nervous system usually are not single compounds but mixtures whose composition and concentration ratios vary. This leads to an almost infinite amount of different olfactory stimuli which have to be evaluated by the nervous system.
To understand which aspects of an odor stimulus determine its evaluation by the fly, it is therefore desirable to efficiently examine odor-guided behavior towards many odorants and odor mixtures. To directly correlate behavior to neuronal activity, behavior should be quantified in a comparable time frame and under identical stimulus conditions as in neurophysiological experiments. However, many currently used olfactory bioassays in Drosophila neuroethology are rather specialized either towards efficiency or towards resolution.
Flywalk, an automated odor delivery and tracking system, bridges the gap between efficiency and resolution. It allows the determination of exactly when an odor packet stimulated a freely walking fly, and to determine the animal&#180;s dynamic behavioral reaction.

High-resolution Quantification of Odor-guided Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster Using the Flywalk Paradigm

The automated tracking system Flywalk is used for high-resolution quantification of odor-guided behavior in Drosophila melanogaster.

Koku kılavuzluğunda Davranış Yüksek çözünürlüklü Niceleme<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</emKullanma&gt;<em&gt; Flywalk</em&gt; Paradigma

In their natural environment, insects such as the vinegar fly Drosophila melanogaster are bombarded with a huge amount of chemically distinct odorants. To ...

Olfactory Behaviors Assayed by Computer Tracking Of Drosophila in a Four-quadrant Olfactometer

A key challenge in neurobiology is to understand how neural circuits function to guide appropriate animal behaviors. Drosophila melanogaster is an excellent model system for such investigations due to its complex behaviors, powerful genetic techniques, and compact nervous system. Laboratory behavioral assays have long been used with Drosophila to simulate properties of the natural environment and study the neural mechanisms underlying the corresponding behaviors (e.g. phototaxis, chemotaxis, sensory learning and memory)1-3. With the recent availability of large collections of transgenic Drosophila lines that label specific neural subsets, behavioral assays have taken on a prominent role to link neurons with behaviors4-11. Versatile and reproducible paradigms, together with the underlying computational routines for data analysis, are indispensable for rapid tests of candidate fly lines with various genotypes. Particularly useful are setups that are flexible in the number of animals tested, duration of experiments and nature of presented stimuli. The assay of choice should also generate reproducible data that is easy to acquire and analyze. Here, we present a detailed description of a system and protocol for assaying behavioral responses of Drosophila flies in a large four-field arena. The setup is used here to assay responses of flies to a single olfactory stimulus; however, the same setup may be modified to test multiple olfactory, visual or optogenetic stimuli, or a combination of these. The olfactometer setup records the activity of fly populations responding to odors, and computational analytical methods are applied to quantify fly behaviors. The collected data are analyzed to get a quick read-out of an experimental run, which is essential for efficient data collection and the optimization of experimental conditions.

Olfactory Behaviors Assayed by Computer Tracking Of Drosophila in a Four-quadrant Olfactometer

We describe here a behavioral setup and data analysis method for assaying olfactory responses of up to 100 vinegar flies (Drosophila melanogaster). This system may be used with single or multiple olfactory stimuli, and adaptable for optogenetic activation or silencing of neuronal subsets.

Of Bilgisayar İzleme tarafından Analiz Edilmiş Olfaktor Davranışlar<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Dört kadranda olfactometer içinde

A key challenge in neurobiology is to understand how neural circuits function to guide appropriate animal behaviors. Drosophila melanogaster is an ...

Taste Preference Assay for Adult Drosophila

Olfactory and gustatory perception of the environment is vital for animal survival. The most obvious application of these chemosenses is to be able to distinguish good food sources from potentially dangerous food sources. Gustation requires physical contact with a chemical compound which is able to signal through taste receptors that are expressed on the surface of neurons. In insects, these gustatory neurons can be located across the animal's body allowing taste to play an important role in many different behaviors. Insects typically prefer compounds containing sugars, while compounds that are considered bitter tasting are avoided. Given the basic biological importance of taste, there is intense interest in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying this sensory modality. We describe an adult Drosophila taste assay which reflects the preference of the animals for a given tastant compound. This assay may be applied to animals of any genetic background to examine the taste preference for a desired soluble compound.

Taste Preference Assay for Adult Drosophila

Taste is an important sensory process which facilitates attraction to beneficial substances and avoidance of toxic substances. This protocol describes a simple ingestion assay for determining Drosophila gustatory preference for a given chemical compound.

Yetişkin için tat Tercihi Testi<em&gt; Drosophila</em

Olfactory and gustatory perception of the environment is vital for animal survival.  The most obvious application of these chemosenses is to be able to ...

Drosophila Otizm Spektrum Bozukluğunun Genetik ve Davranışsal Özelliklerine İlişkin Modeller

Paradigms for Behavioral Assessment in Drosophila Model of Autism Spectrum Disorder

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) encompasses a heterogeneous group of neurodevelopmental disorders with common behavioral symptoms including deficits in social interaction and ability for communication, enhanced restricted or repetitive behaviors, and also, in some cases, learning disability and motor deficit. Drosophila has served as an unparalleled model organism for modeling a great number of human diseases. As many genes have been implicated in ASD, fruit flies have emerged as a powerful and efficient way to test the genes putatively involved with the disorder. As hundreds of genes, with varied functional roles, are implicated in ASD, a single genetic fly model of ASD is unfeasible; instead, individual genetic mutants, gene knockdowns, or overexpression-based studies of the fly homologs of ASD-associated genes are the common means for gaining insight regarding molecular pathways underlying these gene products. A host of behavioral techniques are available in Drosophila which provide easy readout of deficits in specific behavioral components. Social space assay and aggression and courtship assays in flies have been shown to be useful in assessing defects in social interaction or communication. Grooming behavior in flies is an excellent readout of repetitive behavior. Habituation assay is used in flies to estimate the ability for habituation learning, which is found to be affected in some ASD patients. A combination of these behavioral paradigms can be utilized to make a thorough assessment of the human ASD-like disease state in flies. Using Fmr1 mutant flies, recapitulating Fragile-X syndrome in humans, and POGZ-homolog row knockdown in fly neurons, we have shown quantifiable deficits in social spacing, aggression, courtship behavior, grooming behavior, and habituation. These behavioral paradigms are demonstrated here in their simplest and straightforward forms with an assumption that it would facilitate their widespread use for research on ASD and other neurodevelopmental disorders in fly models.

Yazar Spotlight: Meyve Sineklerinde Otizm Spektrum Bozukluğu Belirtilerini Keşfetmek — Genetik Modeller ve Davranışsal Testler

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is associated with impaired social and communicative behavior and the emergence of repetitive behavior. For studying the interrelation between ASD genes and behavioral deficits in the Drosophila model, five behavioral paradigms are described in this paper for assaying social spacing, aggression, courtship, grooming, and habituation behavior.

Otizm Spektrum Bozukluğunun Drosophila Modelinde Davranışsal Değerlendirme Paradigmaları

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) encompasses a heterogeneous group of neurodevelopmental disorders with common behavioral symptoms including deficits in ...

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