Bu testin geliştirilmesi Viiv Sağlık ve Sağlık Araştırması (CIHR) Kanada Enstitüleri ve GlaxoSmithKline / CIHR Başkanı Dr Harrigan Klinik Viroloji ile desteklenmiştir. Pfizer ve ViiV Sağlık sağlanan destekler.

<ol>
	<li>Feng, Y., Broder, C. C., Kennedy, P. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=HIV-1+entry+cofactor:+functional+cDNA+cloning+of+a+seven+transmembrane,+G+protein-coupled+receptor.">HIV-1 entry cofactor: functional cDNA cloning of a seven transmembrane, G protein-coupled receptor.</a> Science. 272, 872-877 (1996).</li><li>Dragic, T., Litwin, V., Allaway, G. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=HIV-1+entry+into+CD4++cells+is+mediated+by+the+chemokine+receptor+CC-CKR-5.">HIV-1 entry into CD4+ cells is mediated by the chemokine receptor CC-CKR-5.</a> Nature. 381, 667-673 (1996).</li><li>Dorr, P., Westby, M., Dobbs, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Maraviroc+(UK-427,857),+a+potent,+orally+bioavailable,+and+selective+small-molecule+inhibitor+of+chemokine+receptor+CCR5+with+broad-spectrum+anti-human+immunodeficiency+virus+type+1+activity.">Maraviroc (UK-427,857), a potent, orally bioavailable, and selective small-molecule inhibitor of chemokine receptor CCR5 with broad-spectrum anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 activity.</a> Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 49, 4721-4732 (2005).</li><li>Gulick, R. M., Lalezari, J., Goodrich, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Maraviroc+for+previously+treated+patients+with+R5+HIV-1+infection.">Maraviroc for previously treated patients with R5 HIV-1 infection.</a> N. Engl. J. Med. 359, 1429-1441 (2008).</li><li>Cooper, D. A., Heera, J., Goodrich, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Maraviroc+versus+efavirenz,+both+in+combination+with+zidovudine/lamivudine,+for+the+treatment+of+antiretroviral-na&#237;ve+subjects+with+CCR5-tropic+HIV-1.">Maraviroc versus efavirenz, both in combination with zidovudine/lamivudine, for the treatment of antiretroviral-na&#237;ve subjects with CCR5-tropic HIV-1.</a> J. Infect. Dis. 201, 803-813 (2010).</li><li>Low, A. J., McGovern, R. A., Harrigan, P. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Trofile+HIV+co-receptor+usage+assay.">Trofile HIV co-receptor usage assay.</a> Expert Opin. Med. Diagnostics. 3, 181-191 (2000).</li><li>Sing, T., Low, A. J., Beerenwinkel, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Predicting+HIV+co-receptor+usage+based+on+genetic+and+clinical+covariates.">Predicting HIV co-receptor usage based on genetic and clinical covariates.</a> Antiviral Ther. 12, 1097-1106 (2007).</li><li>Harrigan, P. R., McGovern, R., Dong, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Screening+for+HIV+tropism+using+population-based+V3+genotypic+analysis:+a+retrospective+virological+outcome+analysis+using+stored+plasma+screening+samples+from+MOTIVATE-1.">Screening for HIV tropism using population-based V3 genotypic analysis: a retrospective virological outcome analysis using stored plasma screening samples from MOTIVATE-1.</a> , (2009).</li><li>Harrigan, P. R., McGovern, R., Dong, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimization+of+clinically+relevant+cut-points+for+the+determination+of+HIV+co-receptor+usage+to+predict+maraviroc+responses+in+treatment+experienced+(TE)+patients+using+population+V3+genotyping.">Optimization of clinically relevant cut-points for the determination of HIV co-receptor usage to predict maraviroc responses in treatment experienced (TE) patients using population V3 genotyping.</a> , (2009).</li><li>Swenson, L. C., McGovern, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimization+of+clinically+relevant+cutoffs+for+determining+HIV+co-receptor+use+by+population+and+"deep"+sequencing+methods.">Optimization of clinically relevant cutoffs for determining HIV co-receptor use by population and "deep" sequencing methods.</a> , (2009).</li><li>Swenson, L., McGovern, R., Dong, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phenotypic+screening+for+HIV+tropism+versus+both+population-based+and+"deep"+sequencing.">Phenotypic screening for HIV tropism versus both population-based and "deep" sequencing.</a> , (2009).</li><li>Swenson, L. C., Moores, A., Low, A. J., Thielen, A., Dong, W., Woods, C., Jensen, M. A., Wynhoven, B., Chan, D., Glascock, C., Harrigan, P. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improved+Detection+of+CXCR4-Using+HIV+by+V3+Genotyping:+Application+of+Population-based+and+'Deep'+Sequencing+to+Plasma+RNA+and+Proviral+DNA.">Improved Detection of CXCR4-Using HIV by V3 Genotyping: Application of Population-based and 'Deep' Sequencing to Plasma RNA and Proviral DNA.</a> Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 54, 506-510 (2010).</li><li>Swenson, L. C., Boehme, R., Thielen, A., McGovern, R. A., Harrigan, P. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genotypic+determination+of+HIV-1+tropism+in+the+clinical+setting.">Genotypic determination of HIV-1 tropism in the clinical setting.</a> HIV Therapy. 4, 293-303 (2010).</li></ol>

P. Richard Harrigan ViiV Sağlık, Virco, Merck, Abbott, ve Görev çıkar çatışmaları vardır. Bu video-makale ViiV Sağlık tarafından desteklenmektedir.

Burada sunulan yöntem tropizm test uygulanan standart bir sıralama yöntemi. Geç sınırlı kadar viral tropizm tahmin sıralama HIV zarf V3 döngü klinik uygulama vardır. Bu yöntem, en az eşit klinik kullanılan diğer valide deneyleri ile karşılaştırıldığında viral tropizm tahmin etmek mümkün Maraviroc (ViiV Sağlık) klinik çalışmalarda retrospektif analizler gösterilir olmuştur. Tropizm tahmini için V3 döngü genotipik analizi yapan pek çok faydaları vardır. Birincisi ve en önemlisi, bu yordamı erişilebilirliğini önemli ölçüde artan ve tropizm test dönüş süresini azaltmak, operasyonel sıralama ekipmanları ile herhangi bir tesiste olabilir. Buna karşılık, tropizm test etmek için altın standart olarak hizmet vermiştir fenotipik Geliştirilmiş Hassasiyet Trofile Assay (ESTA) (Monogram Biosciences), Güney Kaliforniya&#39;da tek bir merkezden yapılır. Ek faydaları daha az başlangıç ​​materyali ve 500copies/mL gerekli minimum plazma viral yük ihtiyacını. Yanı sıra, genotipik analiz çalışan operasyonel maliyetlerini fenotipik bir testin kıyasla nispeten düşük. Özellikle hatırlama yazılımı kullanımı genotip analizleri emek yoğun bir parçası olma eğilimindedir manuel sıra eleştiri, gereksinimini ortadan kaldırır. Burada sunulan yöntem, belirli bir adım önemi başka bir outweighing oldukça basittir. Biz, örnek bir viral nüfus içinde azınlık türlerin yakalama oran artırmak için üç nüsha olarak PCR ve sıralama çalıştırmanızı öneririz. Üçten çoğaltır daha büyük yapılabilir ancak biz bulduk, hem verimli ve güvenilir olması için triplicates. Ayrıca, yüksek duyarlılık ve özgüllük korurken aynı tepki olarak RT-PCR ve ilk tur PCR gerçekleştiren One-Step Reverse Transcriptase PCR kiti (Qiagen) kullanmanızı öneririz.

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		<div>
		<table border="1">
		<thead>
		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>RNA extraction using NucliSens easyMAG version 1.0</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>NucliSens easyMAG Magnetic Silica</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>bioMerieux</td>
<td>cat. # 280133</td>
<td>(48 x 0.6 ml)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>NucliSens easyMAG Lysis Buffer</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>bioMerieux</td>
<td>cat. # 280134</td>
<td>(4 x 1000 ml)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>NucliSens easyMAG Extraction Buffer 1</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>bioMerieux</td>
<td>cat. # 280130</td>
<td>(4 x 1000 ml)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>NucliSens easyMAG Extraction Buffer 2</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>bioMerieux</td>
<td>cat. # 280131</td>
<td>(4 x 1000 ml)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>NucliSens easyMAG Extraction Buffer 3</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>bioMerieux</td>
<td>cat. # 280132</td>
<td>(4 x 1000 ml)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>NucliSens easyMAG version 1.0 </td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>bioMerieux</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Class II A2 biological safety cabinet</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>One-Step Reverse Transcriptase PCR and Second Round PCR</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>DEPC-treated water</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Ambion Corp.</td>
<td>cat. # 9922</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>SuperScrip III One-Step RT-PCR System with Platinum Taq High Fidelty</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>cat#12574-035</td>
<td>Kit components used: 
- SuperScript III RT/ Platinum Taq High Fidelty Enzyme Mix 
- 2X Reaction Mix (a buffer containing 0.4mM of each dNTP, 2.4mM MgSO4)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Expand High Fidelity PCR System</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Roche Diagnostics</td>
<td>cat. # 1 759 078</td>
<td>Kit components used: 
- Expand High Fidelity Buffer 10X conc. with 15 mM MgCl2 (lids labelled 2) 
- Expand HF PCR Enzyme Mix (3.5U/&mu;l) 
- MgCl2 Stock Solution (25mM) (lids labelled 4)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>dNTPs: dATP, dGTP, dCTP, dTTP</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Roche Diagnostics</td>
<td>cat. # 11969064001</td>
<td>(100 mM)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Sucrose</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>cat. # S0389-500G</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Bromophenol blue sodium salt</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>cat.# B5525</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Cresol Red</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>cat.# 114472-5G</td>
<td>indicator grade</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Thermocycler </td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Gel Electrophoresis</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>50X TAE buffer</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>cat. # 24710030</td>
<td>(1000 ml) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>SYBR Safe DNA gel stain</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen Life Technologies</td>
<td>cat. # S33102</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Agarose (ultra pure)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>cat. # 15510-027</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>E-Gel Low Range Quantitative DNA Ladder</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen Life Technologies</td>
<td>cat. # 12373-031</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Reagent Grade Type II water</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Gel apparatus</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Sequencing</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>ABI PRISM BigDye Terminator Cycle Sequencing Kit</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Applied Biosciences</td>
<td>cat. # 4337458</td>
<td>(25000 reactions)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Hi-Di Formamide</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Applied Biosciences</td>
<td>cat. # 4311320</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Sodium Acetate (NaOAc)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>cat. # S-2889</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>EDTA</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
<td>Cat.# 03690-100ML</td>
<td>0.5M, pH=8.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>TRIZMA Hydrochloride Buffer Solution</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>cat. # T-2819</td>
<td>1 M, pH 9.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Magnesium Chloride (MgCl2)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>cat. # M-1028</td>
<td>1 M</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>95% Ethanol</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Running Buffer (10X) with EDTA</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Applied Biosystems</td>
<td>cat. # 4335613</td>
<td>500 mL</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Polymer Pop-7 (25mL) Or Polymer Pop-7 (10mL)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Applied Biosystems</td>
<td>cat. # 44363929 or cat. # 4352759</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>3700/3730 BigDye Terminator v3.1 Sequencing Standard Kit</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Applied Biosciences</td>
<td>Cat# 4336943</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Thermocycler </td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Centrifuge with plate holders</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>3730xl DNA Analyzer</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Applied Biosciences</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>		</tbody>
		</table>
		</div>

genotypic inference of hiv-1 tropism using population-based sequencing of v3

Amaç: HIV tedavisi CCR5-antagonist sınıf bir ilaç almak için önce onun viral nüfus hücresel giriş için alternatif bir coreceptor CCR5 coreceptor kullanır ve bu onaylamak için, bir hastanın HIV tropizm testi geçmesi gerekir. Tropizm test edilmesine yönelik bir yaklaşım coreceptor etkileşim HIV zarf, V3 bölgenin sırasını incelemek için. Yöntemleri: viral RNA kan plazmasından elde edilir. V3 bölge, iç içe geçmiş bir ters transkriptaz-PCR ile üç nüsha olarak yükseltilir. Ilâvelerle sonra sıralı ve yazılım, RE_Call kullanılarak analiz edilmektedir. Diziler sonra V3 bölge viral tropizm anlaması için böyle geno2pheno gibi bir biyoinformatik algoritmasına sunulur. Diziler geno2pheno yanlış pozitiflik oranı% 5.75 altına düşerse non-R5 anlaşılmaktadır. Bir örneklem üzerinden üç dizileri herhangi bir non-R5 anlaşılmaktadır ise, hastanın bir CCR5-antagonist yanıt vermek olası değildir.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Genotypic Inference of HIV-1 Tropism Using Population-based Sequencing of V3 at JoVE.com

Genotypic Inference of HIV-1 Tropism Using Population-based Sequencing of V3

HIV tropizm viral zarf V3 bölge anlaşılmaktadır. V3 PCR, iç içe geçmiş RT-PCR, sıralı kullanarak üç nüsha olarak amplifiye ve biyoinformatik yazılımı kullanılarak yorumlanır. Örnekleri dizisi G2P puanları düşük olan 1 veya daha fazla (ler) ile non-R5 virüsü olarak sınıflandırılır.

HIV-1 tropizm genotipik Çıkarım kullanarak Nüfus tabanlı Sıralama V3

Background: Prior to receiving a drug from CCR5-antagonist class in HIV therapy, a patient must undergo an HIV tropism test to confirm that his or her ...

<a class="grey_button" href="/video/3538">Espa&ntilde;ol </a>

genotypic-inference-hiv-1-tropism-using-population-based-sequencing

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

12.2K Görüntüleme.  BC Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS.  Español 

Video: Genotypic Inference of HIV-1 Tropism Using Population-based Sequencing of V3

Assessment of Immunologically Relevant Dynamic Tertiary Structural Features of the HIV-1 V3 Loop Crown R2 Sequence by ab initio Folding

The antigenic diversity of HIV-1 has long been an obstacle to vaccine design, and this variability is especially pronounced in the V3 loop of the virus' surface envelope glycoprotein. We previously proposed that the crown of the V3 loop, although dynamic and sequence variable, is constrained throughout the population of HIV-1 viruses to an immunologically relevant &beta;-hairpin tertiary structure. Importantly, there are thousands of different V3 loop crown sequences in circulating HIV-1 viruses, making 3D structural characterization of trends across the diversity of viruses difficult or impossible by crystallography or NMR. Our previous successful studies with folding of the V3 crown1, 2 used the ab initio algorithm 3 accessible in the ICM-Pro molecular modeling software package (Molsoft LLC, La Jolla, CA) and suggested that the crown of the V3 loop, specifically from positions 10 to 22, benefits sufficiently from the flexibility and length of its flanking stems to behave to a large degree as if it were an unconstrained peptide freely folding in solution. As such, rapid ab initio folding of just this portion of the V3 loop of any individual strain of the 60,000+ circulating HIV-1 strains can be informative. Here, we folded the V3 loop of the R2 strain to gain insight into the structural basis of its unique properties. R2 bears a rare V3 loop sequence thought to be responsible for the exquisite sensitivity of this strain to neutralization by patient sera and monoclonal antibodies4, 5. The strain mediates CD4-independent infection and appears to elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies. We demonstrate how evaluation of the results of the folding can be informative for associating observed structures in the folding with the immunological activities observed for R2.

Assessment of Immunologically Relevant Dynamic Tertiary Structural Features of the HIV-1 V3 Loop Crown R2 Sequence by ab initio Folding

The crown region of different V3 loop sequences of the surface envelope glycoprotein (gp120) of HIV-1 can be structurally characterized in many cases by in silico folding of positions 10 to 22 of the loop using a state-of-the-art ab initio folding algorithm. Here we demonstrate the folding and evaluation of this region of the V3 loop from the R2 strain of HIV-1, a uniquely neutralization sensitive strain with puzzling functional properties.

HIV-1 V3 döngü Taç R2 Sıra immünolojik İlgili Dinamik Tersiyer Yapısal Özellikler Değerlendirilmesi Ab initio Katlanır

The antigenic diversity of HIV-1 has long been an obstacle to vaccine design, and this variability is especially pronounced in the V3 loop of the virus' ...

İmmünoloji ve Enfeksiyon

Specific Marking of HIV-1 Positive Cells using a Rev-dependent Lentiviral Vector Expressing the Green Fluorescent Protein

Most of HIV-responsive expression vectors are based on the HIV promoter, the long terminal repeat (LTR). While responsive to an early HIV protein, Tat, the LTR is also responsive to cellular activation states and to the local chromatin activity where the integration has occurred. This can result in high HIV-independent activity, and has restricted the usefulness of LTR-based reporter to mark HIV positive cells 1,2,3. Here, we constructed an expression lentiviral vector that possesses, in addition to the Tat-responsive LTR, numerous HIV DNA sequences that include the Rev-response element and HIV splicing sites 4,5,6. The vector was incorporated into a lentiviral reporter virus, permitting highly specific detection of replicating HIV in living cell populations. The activity of the vector was measured by expression of the green fluorescence protein (GFP). The application of this vector as reported here offers a novel alternative approach to existing methods, such as in situ PCR or HIV antigen staining, to identify HIV-positive cells. The vector can also express therapeutic genes for basic or clinical experimentation to target HIV-positive cells.

We have developed a lentiviral vector that possesses, in addition to the Tat-responsive LTR, the Rev-response element (RRE) that can regulate reporter gene expression in an HIV-1 Tat- and Rev-dependent fashion. The vector permits the specific detection of replicating HIV in living cells via the expression of GFP.

Yeşil Floresan Protein ifade Rev-bağımlı lentiviral Vector kullanarak HIV-1 Olumlu Hücreler Özgül İşareti

Most of HIV-responsive expression vectors are based on the HIV promoter, the long terminal repeat (LTR). While responsive to an early HIV protein, Tat, ...

Prediction of HIV-1 Coreceptor Usage (Tropism) by Sequence Analysis using a Genotypic Approach

Maraviroc (MVC) is the first licensed antiretroviral drug from the class of coreceptor antagonists. It binds to the host coreceptor CCR5, which is used by the majority of HIV strains in order to infect the human immune cells (Fig. 1). Other HIV isolates use a different coreceptor, the CXCR4. Which receptor is used, is determined in the virus by the Env protein (Fig. 2). Depending on the coreceptor used, the viruses are classified as R5 or X4, respectively. MVC binds to the CCR5 receptor inhibiting the entry of R5 viruses into the target cell. During the course of disease, X4 viruses may emerge and outgrow the R5 viruses. Determination of coreceptor usage (also called tropism) is therefore mandatory prior to administration of MVC, as demanded by EMA and FDA. 
The studies for MVC efficiency MOTIVATE, MERIT and 1029 have been performed with the Trofile assay from Monogram, San Francisco, U.S.A. This is a high quality assay based on sophisticated recombinant tests. The acceptance for this test for daily routine is rather low outside of the U.S.A., since the European physicians rather tend to work with decentralized expert laboratories, which also provide concomitant resistance testing. These laboratories have undergone several quality assurance evaluations, the last one being presented in 20111.
For several years now, we have performed tropism determinations based on sequence analysis from the HIV env-V3 gene region (V3)2. This region carries enough information to perform a reliable prediction. 
The genotypic determination of coreceptor usage presents advantages such as: shorter turnover time (equivalent to resistance testing), lower costs, possibility to adapt the results to the patients' needs and possibility of analysing clinical samples with very low or even undetectable viral load (VL), particularly since the number of samples analysed with VL&lt;1000 copies/&mu;l roughly increased in the last years (Fig. 3).
The main steps for tropism testing (Fig. 4) demonstrated in this video: 
1. Collection of a blood sample 
 2. Isolation of the HIV RNA from the plasma and/or HIV proviral DNA from blood mononuclear cells 
 3. Amplification of the env region 
 4. Amplification of the V3 region 
 5. Sequence reaction of the V3 amplicon 
 6. Purification of the sequencing samples 
 7. Sequencing the purified samples 
 8. Sequence editing 
 9. Sequencing data interpretation and tropism prediction

Prediction of HIV-1 Coreceptor Usage Tropism by Sequence Analysis using a Genotypic Approach

The prediction of the coreceptor usage of HIV-1 is required for the administration of a new class of antiretroviral drugs, i.e. coreceptor antagonists. It can be performed by sequence analysis of the env gene and subsequent interpretation through an internet based interpretation system (geno2pheno[coreceptor]).

Bir Genotipik Yöntemi&#39;ne Dizi Analizi ile HIV-1 coreceptor Kullanımı (tropizm) Tahmin

Maraviroc (MVC) is the first licensed antiretroviral drug from the class of coreceptor antagonists. It binds to the host coreceptor CCR5, which is used by ...

In vitro Uncoating of HIV-1 Cores

The genome of the retroviruses is encased in a capsid surrounded by a lipid envelope. For lentiviruses, such as HIV-1, the conical capsid shell is composed of CA protein arranged as a lattice of hexagon. The capsid is closed by 7 pentamers at the broad end and 5 at the narrow end of the cone1, 2. Encased in this capsid shell is the viral ribonucleoprotein complex, and together they comprise the core.
Following fusion of the viral membrane with the target cell membrane, the HIV-1 is released into the cytoplasm. The capsid then disassembles releasing free CA in the soluble form3 in a process referred to as uncoating. The intracellular location and timing of HIV-1 uncoating are poorly understood. Single amino-acid substitutions in CA that alter the stability of the capsid also impair the ability of HIV-1 to infect cells4. This indicates that the stability of the capsid is critical for HIV-1 infection.
HIV-1 uncoating has been difficult to study due to lack of availability of sensitive and reliable assays for this process. Here we describe a quantitative method for studying uncoating in vitro using cores isolated from infectious HIV-1 particles. The approach involves isolation of cores by sedimentation of concentrated virions through a layer of detergent and into a linear sucrose gradient, in the cold. To quantify uncoating, the isolated cores are incubated at 37&deg;C for various timed intervals and subsequently pelleted by ultracentrifugation. The extent of uncoating is analyzed by quantifying the fraction of CA in the supernatant. This approach has been employed to analyze effects of viral mutations on HIV-1 capsid stability4, 5, 6. It should also be useful for studying the role of cellular factors in HIV-1 uncoating.

In vitro Uncoating of HIV-1 Cores

Uncoating is an essential step in the early phase of the HIV-1 life cycle and is defined as the disassembly of the capsid shell and the release of the viral ribonucleoprotein complex (vRNP). Here, we demonstrate techniques for isolating intact cores from HIV-1 virions and for quantifying their uncoating in vitro.

HIV-1 Çekirdek in vitro Uncoating

The genome of the retroviruses is encased in a capsid surrounded by a lipid envelope. For lentiviruses, such as HIV-1, the conical capsid shell is ...

New Tools to Expand Regulatory T Cells from HIV-1-infected Individuals

CD4+ Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are potent immune modulators and serve an important function in human immune homeostasis. Depletion of Tregs has led to measurable increases in antigen-specific T cell responses in vaccine settings for cancer and infectious pathogens. However, their role in HIV-1 immuno-pathogenesis remains controversial, as they could either serve to suppress deleterious HIV-1-associated immune activation and thus slow HIV-1 disease progression or alternatively suppress HIV-1-specific immunity and thereby promote virus spread. Understanding and modulating Treg function in the context of HIV-1 could lead to potential new strategies for immunotherapy or HIV vaccines. However, important open questions remain on their role in the context of HIV-1 infection, which needs to be carefully studied.
Representing roughly 5% of human CD4+ T cells in the peripheral blood, studying the Treg population has proven to be difficult, especially in HIV-1 infected individuals where HIV-1-associated CD4 T cell and with that Treg depletion occurs. The characterization of regulatory T cells in individuals with advanced HIV-1 disease or tissue samples, for which only very small biological samples can be obtained, is therefore extremely challenging. We propose a technical solution to overcome these limitations using isolation and expansion of Tregs from HIV-1-positive individuals.
Here we describe an easy and robust method to successfully expand Tregs isolated from HIV-1-infected individuals in vitro. Flow-sorted CD3+CD4+CD25+CD127low Tregs were stimulated with anti-CD3/anti-CD28 coated beads and cultured in the presence of IL-2. The expanded Tregs expressed high levels of FOXP3, CTLA4 and HELIOS compared to conventional T cells and were shown to be highly suppressive. Easier access to large numbers of Tregs will allow researchers to address important questions concerning their role in HIV-1 immunopathogenesis. We believe answering these questions may provide useful insight for the development of an effective HIV-1 vaccine.

CD4+ Regulatory T cells are potent immune-modulators and serve important functions in immune homeostasis. The paucity of these cells in peripheral blood makes functional studies challenging, specifically in the context of HIV-1-infection. We here describe a method to isolate and expand functional CD4+ Tregs from peripheral blood from HIV-1-infected individuals.

Yeni Araçlar HIV-1 ile enfekte bireyler gelen Düzenleyici T hücreleri büyütmek için

CD4+ Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are potent immune modulators and serve an important function in human immune homeostasis. Depletion of Tregs has led to ...

Conformational Evaluation of HIV-1 Trimeric Envelope Glycoproteins Using a Cell-based ELISA Assay

HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins (Env) mediate viral entry into target cells and are essential to the infectious cycle. Understanding how those glycoproteins are able to fuel the fusion process through their conformational changes could lead to the design of better, more effective immunogens for vaccine strategies. Here we describe a cell-based ELISA assay that allows studying the recognition of trimeric HIV-1 Env by monoclonal antibodies. Following expression of HIV-1 trimeric Env at the surface of transfected cells, conformation specific anti-Env antibodies are incubated with the cells. A horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody and a simple chemiluminescence reaction are then used to detect bound antibodies. This system is highly flexible and can detect Env conformational changes induced by soluble CD4 or cellular proteins. It requires minimal amount of material and no highly-specialized equipment or know-how. Thus, this technique can be established for medium to high throughput screening of antigens and antibodies, such as newly-isolated antibodies.

Understanding viral surface antigens conformations is required to evaluate antibody neutralization and guide the design of effective vaccine immunogens. Here we describe a cell-based ELISA assay that allows the study of the recognition of trimeric HIV-1 Env expressed at the surface of transfected cells by specific anti-Env antibodies.

Bir Hücre temelli bir ELISA testi kullanarak, HIV-1 zarf trimerik Glikoproteinler konformasyonel Değerlendirilmesi

HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins (Env) mediate viral entry into target cells and are essential to the infectious cycle. Understanding how those glycoproteins ...

Isolation of Exosomes from the Plasma of HIV-1 Positive Individuals

Exosomes are small vesicles ranging in size from 30 nm to 100 nm that are released both constitutively and upon stimulation from a variety of cell types. They are found in a number of biological fluids and are known to carry a variety of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acid molecules. Originally thought to be little more than reservoirs for cellular debris, the roles of exosomes regulating biological processes and in diseases are increasingly appreciated.
Several methods have been described for isolating exosomes from cellular culture media and biological fluids. Due to their small size and low density, differential ultracentrifugation and/or ultrafiltration are the most commonly used techniques for exosome isolation. However, plasma of HIV-1 infected individuals contains both exosomes and HIV viral particles, which are similar in size and density. Thus, efficient separation of exosomes from HIV viral particles in human plasma has been a challenge.
To address this limitation, we developed a procedure modified from Cantin et. al., 2008 for purification of exosomes from HIV particles in human plasma. Iodixanol velocity gradients were used to separate exosomes from HIV-1 particles in the plasma of HIV-1 positive individuals. Virus particles were identified by p24 ELISA. Exosomes were identified on the basis of exosome markers acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and the CD9, CD63, and CD45 antigens. Our gradient procedure yielded exosome preparations free of virus particles. The efficient purification of exosomes from human plasma enabled us to examine the content of plasma-derived exosomes and to investigate their immune modulatory potential and other biological functions.

Techniques describing a gradient procedure to separate exosomes from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) particles are described. This procedure was used to isolate exosomes away from HIV particles in human plasma from HIV-infected individuals. The isolated exosomes were analyzed for cytokine/chemokine content.

HIV-1 pozitif Bireylerin Plazma eksozomlann izolasyonu

Exosomes are small vesicles ranging in size from 30 nm to 100 nm that are released both constitutively and upon stimulation from a variety of cell types. ...

Visualization of HIV-1 Gag Binding to Giant Unilamellar Vesicle (GUV) Membranes

The structural protein of HIV-1, Pr55Gag (or Gag), binds to the plasma membrane in cells during the virus assembly process. Membrane binding of Gag is an essential step for virus particle formation, since a defect in Gag membrane binding results in severe impairment of viral particle production. To gain mechanistic details of Gag-lipid membrane interactions, in vitro methods based on NMR, protein footprinting, surface plasmon resonance, liposome flotation centrifugation, or fluorescence lipid bead binding have been developed thus far. However, each of these in vitro methods has its limitations. To overcome some of these limitations and provide a complementary approach to the previously established methods, we developed an in vitro assay in which interactions between HIV-1 Gag and lipid membranes take place in a &#34;cell-like&#34; environment. In this assay, Gag binding to lipid membranes is visually analyzed using YFP-tagged Gag synthesized in a wheat germ-based in vitro translation system and GUVs prepared by an electroformation technique. Here we describe the background and the protocols to obtain myristoylated full-length Gag proteins and GUV membranes necessary for the assay and to detect Gag-GUV binding by microscopy.

Visualization of HIV-1 Gag Binding to Giant Unilamellar Vesicle GUV Membranes

We illustrate here an in vitro membrane binding assay in which interactions between HIV-1 Gag and lipid membranes are visually analyzed using YFP-tagged Gag synthesized in a wheat germ-based in vitro translation system and GUVs prepared by an electroformation technique.

Dev ünilamellar vesikül (GUV) membranlanna bağlanan, HIV-1 Gag Görselleştirme

The structural protein of HIV-1, Pr55Gag (or Gag), binds to the plasma membrane in cells during the virus assembly process. Membrane binding of Gag is an ...

Measurement of In Vitro Integration Activity of HIV-1 Preintegration Complexes

HIV-1 envelope proteins engage cognate receptors on the target cell surface, which leads to viral-cell membrane fusion followed by the release of the viral capsid (CA) core into the cytoplasm. Subsequently, the viral Reverse Transcriptase (RT), as part of a namesake nucleoprotein complex termed the Reverse Transcription Complex (RTC), converts the viral single-stranded RNA genome into a double-stranded DNA copy (vDNA). This leads to the biogenesis of another nucleoprotein complex, termed the pre-integration complex (PIC), composed of the vDNA and associated virus proteins and host factors. The PIC-associated viral integrase (IN) orchestrates the integration of the vDNA into the host chromosomal DNA in a temporally and spatially regulated two-step process. First, the IN processes the 3&#39; ends of the vDNA in the cytoplasm and, second, after the PIC traffics to the nucleus, it mediates integration of the processed vDNA into the chromosomal DNA. The PICs isolated from target cells acutely infected with HIV-1 are functional in vitro, as they are competent to integrate the associated vDNA into an exogenously added heterologous target DNA. Such PIC-based in vitro integration assays have significantly contributed to delineating the mechanistic details of retroviral integration and to discovering IN inhibitors. In this report, we elaborate upon an updated HIV-1 PIC assay that employs a nested real-time quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR)-based strategy for measuring the in vitro integration activity of isolated native PICs.

Measurement of In Vitro Integration Activity of HIV-1 Preintegration Complexes

This report describes an in vitro assay for measuring the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) preintegration complex (PIC)-associated integration activity in the cytoplasmic extracts of acutely infected cells. The integration of PIC-associated HIV-1 DNA into heterologous target DNA is quantified by using a nested real-time polymerase chain reaction strategy.

Ölçümü<em&gt; İn Vitro</em&gt; HIV-1 Preintegration Kompleksleri Entegrasyon Etkinliği

HIV-1 envelope proteins engage cognate receptors on the target cell surface, which leads to viral-cell membrane fusion followed by the release of the ...

SILAC Based Proteomic Characterization of Exosomes from HIV-1 Infected Cells

Proteomics is the large-scale analysis of proteins. Proteomic techniques, such as liquid chromatography tandem mass spectroscopy (LC-MS/MS), can characterize thousands of proteins at a time. These powerful techniques allow us to have a systemic understanding of cellular changes, especially when cells are subjected to various stimuli, such as infections, stresses, and specific test conditions. Even with recent developments, analyzing the exosomal proteome is time-consuming and often involves complex methodologies. In addition, the resultant large dataset often needs robust and streamlined analysis in order for researchers to perform further downstream studies. Here, we describe a SILAC-based protocol for characterizing the exosomal proteome when cells are infected with HIV-1. The method is based on simple isotope labeling, isolation of exosomes from differentially labeled cells, and mass spectrometry analysis. This is followed by detailed data mining and bioinformatics analysis of the proteomic hits. The resultant datasets and candidates are easy to understand and often offer a wealth of information that is useful for downstream analysis. This protocol is applicable to other subcellular compartments and a wide range of test conditions.

Here, we describe a quantitative proteomics method using the technique of stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) to analyze the effects of HIV-1 infection on host exosomal proteomes. This protocol can be easily adapted to cells under different stress or infection conditions.

HIV-1 tropizm genotipik Çıkarım kullanarak Nüfus tabanlı Sıralama V3

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