Chapter 12
Растворы и коллоиды
Формирование раствора
There is no one solvent that can dissolve every type of solute. Some substances that readily dissolve in a certain solvent might be insoluble in a ...
Межмолекулярные силы в растворах
The formation of a solution is an example of a spontaneous process, a process that occurs under specified conditions without energy from some external ...
Энтальпия раствора
There are two criteria that favor, but do not guarantee, the spontaneous formation of a solution:
A decrease in the internal energy of the system (an ...
Водные растворы и теплота гидратации
Water and other polar molecules are attracted to ions. The electrostatic attraction between an ion and a molecule with a dipole is called an ion-dipole ...
Равновесие и насыщение раствора.
Imagine adding a small amount of sugar to a glass of water, stirring until all the sugar has dissolved, and then adding a bit more. You can repeat this ...
Физические свойства, влияющие на растворимость
Solutions of Gases in Liquids
As for any solution, the solubility of a gas in a liquid is affected by the attractive intermolecular forces between solute ...
Выражение концентрации раствора
A solute is a component of a solution that is typically present at a much lower concentration than the solvent. Solute concentrations are often described ...
Снижение давления пара
The equilibrium vapor pressure of a liquid is the pressure exerted by its gaseous phase when vaporization and condensation are occurring at equal rates:
...
Идеальные растворы
According to Raoult’s law, the partial vapor pressure of a solvent in a solution is equal or identical to the vapor pressure of the pure solvent ...
Понижение точки замерзания и повышение точки кипения
Boiling Point Elevation
The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which its vapor pressure is equal to ambient atmospheric pressure. Since the ...
Осмос и осмотическое давление растворов
A number of natural and synthetic materials exhibit selective permeation, meaning that only molecules or ions of a certain size, shape, polarity, charge, ...
Электролиты: фактор Вант-Гоффа
Colligative Properties of Electrolytes
The colligative properties of a solution depend only on the number, not on the identity, of solute species ...
Коллоиды
Children at play often make suspensions such as mixtures of mud and water, flour and water, or a suspension of solid pigments in water known as tempera ...
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