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Chapter 6
Cognitive psychology emerged in the mid-20th century and studies how individuals process and use information to remember, think, and understand their ...
The human nervous system translates sensory stimuli into neural impulses, which the brain processes into information as thoughts and memories, forming ...
In psychology, concepts are divided into two categories — natural and artificial concepts. Natural concepts form through direct or indirect ...
Schemas are pre-existing mental constructs that organize related concepts, making information processing efficient. There are many types of schemas, and ...
Language is a communication system that uses words and systematic rules to organize and transmit information. Unlike other species, such as dogs, which ...
Language has two specific components — lexicon and grammar. The lexicon is the vocabulary of a language consisting of words. Additionally, words are ...
Children master language quickly, aided by biological predisposition and reinforcement. Skinner proposed language learning through reinforcement, while ...
Language connects ideas and facilitates communication, shaping how people perceive and interact with the world. In the 1940s, Edward Sapir and Benjamin ...
A problem-solving strategy is a plan of action used to find a solution. It involves trial and error, algorithms, heuristics, and insights. Effective ...
Trial and error and algorithms are widely used problem-solving strategies in daily life. Trial and error involves trying different solutions until one ...
Heuristics are problem-solving strategies that use mental shortcuts to simplify decision-making and solve problems. While heuristics provide a general ...
Reasoning involves transforming information into conclusions, which is essential for problem-solving, decision-making, and critical thinking. Reasoning ...
Decision-making involves evaluating alternatives and choosing among them, such as deciding on a course of action in a difficult situation. Some decisions ...
Critical thinking involves reflective and productive thinking and evaluating evidence, such as questioning nutritional claims by checking the ingredient ...
Creative thinking involves innovative and unconventional approaches to problem-solving. For example, instead of increasing a smartphone's battery ...
Intelligence is the mental capacity to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, understand complex ideas, learn quickly, and learn from ...
Raymond Cattell identified two types of intelligence — fluid and crystallized intelligence. Fluid intelligence involves solving new problems and ...
Robert Sternberg proposed the Triarchic theory of intelligence, which divides intelligence into three types — analytical, creative, and practical. ...
Gardner's theory of multiple intelligence identifies nine distinct types of intelligence. Verbal-linguistic intelligence involves using language ...
One way psychologists measure intelligence is by using standardized tests that produce a score known as the intelligence quotient or IQ. The key ...
In 1904, the French Ministry of Education tasked Alfred Binet with identifying students who struggled to learn through conventional classroom ...
David Wechsler, a psychologist, believed intelligence involves purposeful action, rational thinking, and effective interaction with the environment. He ...
A bell curve, or normal distribution, is a symmetrical, bell-shaped graph showing how data points are distributed around the mean. Many human traits, such ...
Biological factors like the size of the brain and the specific brain regions, along with genetics, influence intelligence. Intellectual abilities, like ...
Environmental factors such as good nutrition, supportive parenting, quality schools, and stable neighborhoods significantly influence intelligence. These ...
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