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Chapter 30
Water is the main component of body fluids necessary for homeostasis. It is distributed as the intracellular fluid or ICF and the extracellular fluid or ...
Body fluid is mainly composed of water with dissolved electrolytes and non-electrolytes. Electrolytes, such as inorganic salts, acids, and bases are ...
The fluid exchange between intracellular and extracellular compartments occurs due to hydrostatic and osmotic pressure exerted by fluids against ...
Body hydration is a balance between water intake and output. An adult typically gains 2.5 L of water per day primarily through food and drink and ...
The human kidneys usually excrete approximately 500 mL of water daily along with about 600 mmol of urinary solutes. Due to this obligatory water loss, ...
Water is essential for normal body functions, but its excessive loss or gain may cause life-threatening conditions. Dehydration — the loss of water ...
Sodium is the primary cation of extracellular fluid, making up to 90% of extracellular cations. Its concentration in blood plasma ranges from 135 - 145 ...
Chloride and bicarbonate ions are important anions in the human body. Whereas chloride ion concentration in blood plasma is around 95 to 105 mEq/L, ...
Calcium, the most abundant mineral in the body, is mainly stored in the skeleton and teeth, combining with phosphate to form mineral salts. Similarly, ...
Sodium ion levels in the blood are regulated by four key hormones. The adrenal cortex releases aldosterone in response to low blood volume, low blood ...
Maintaining the pH of body fluids is crucial, as changes in hydrogen ion concentration can disrupt membrane stability, alter protein structures, and ...
Chemical buffers maintain stable fluid pH by absorbing hydrogen ions when pH drops and releasing them when pH rises. A typical buffer system in body ...
Protein buffer systems rely on the ability of amino acids to respond to pH alterations. If the pH increases, the carboxyl group in an amino acid can ...
The phosphate buffer system is vital in urine and intracellular fluid. It consists of sodium dihydrogen phosphate and sodium hydrogen phosphate. Since ...
The carbonic acid–bicarbonate buffer system works on the principle of bicarbonate ions acting as a weak base and carbonic acid functioning as a weak ...
The respiratory regulation of acid-base balance is a physiological process wherein the body adjusts its breathing rate in response to changes in the pH of ...
Metabolic reactions within the body generate nonvolatile acids, such as sulfuric acid. The body tackles this large acid load by regulating the renal ...
The normal pH range of systemic arterial blood is between 7.35 and 7.45. An arterial blood pH and bicarbonate concentration below 7.35 and 20 mEq/L ...
The body has compensatory mechanisms to counter the changes in blood pH that cause acidosis or alkalosis. Respiratory compensation responds to ...
Assessing the pH, bicarbonate ion, and PCO2 levels in systemic arterial blood can identify acid-base imbalances. A change in PCO2 suggests, the problem is ...
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