Este trabalho foi apoiado por uma bolsa do programa de pesquisa Monsanto milho Rootworm conhecimento, conceder número AG/1005 (ao MDL e YC) e fundos de start-up de MDL da NCSU. FC foi apoiado por subsídios do programa de pesquisa de conhecimento para repele de milho da Monsanto (AG/1005) e o National Science Foundation, conceda número MCB-1244772 (MDL). Os autores declaram não interesses concorrentes. FC e MDL concebido e desenhado os experimentos; FC, PW e SP realizaram os experimentos; FC e MDL analisaram os resultados; e FC, NG e MDL escreveram o manuscrito. Agradecemos a Teresa O'Leary, William Klobasa e Stephanie Gorski por sua assistência especializada em triagem WCR. Agradecemos também o Dr. Wade French (USDA-ARS, Laboratório Central de pesquisa agrícola do Norte, Brookings, SD) para remessas de ovos para estabelecer colônias de laboratório e proporcionando a criação de protocolos.

1. nível de colônia de criação dos adultos WCR
<ol><li>Obter uma quantidade suficiente de adultos WCR (500-1.000) de um laboratório confiável de empresa ou de pesquisa (ver Tabela de materiais para obter um exemplo) e coloque em uma gaiola de3 30 cm. Nota: O uso de uma cepa não-diapausing é altamente recomendado.</li>
	<li>Preparar a dieta artificial WCR, seguindo o protocolo do fabricante e despeje uma camada de 1 cm de espessura em um recipiente de 38 oz (ver Tabela de materiais). Após a mistura, armazene dieta não utilizada a 4 ° C por até 2 meses.</li>
	<li>Colocar uma placa de Petri (100 x 15 mm) com dieta adulta (10-15 g) em uma gaiola de3 30 cm. Adicione mais dieta quando a comida é baixo ou seco.</li>
	<li>Colocar um balão (300 mL) com água, coberta com uma bola de algodão, que é usada para segurar no lugar de um rolo de algodão (6 "x 3/8"), para servir como uma fonte de água. Mude a água quando ele é executado baixo.</li>
	<li>Manter WCR a 26 ° C, com 60% de humidade e um 14:10 luz do ciclo em um inseto incubadora de criação.</li>
</ol>2. alinhamento e colheita de embriões
<ol><li>Fazer uma câmara de coleta de ovos usando ágar de 1% em água estéril 100 x 15 mm2 placa de Petri. Armazenar a 4 ° C, após o ágar solidifies.</li>
	<li>Para coletar ovos recém-estabelecidas, coloque uma camada de papel de filtro, seguido de 4 camadas de gaze (cada corte ao tamanho) na superfície do ágar (figura 1A). Nota: Gaze pode ser reutilizado, depois de ser lavado em água sanitária e esterilizada, mas não é necessário fazer isso para a primeira utilização. Papel de filtro não deve ser reutilizado e não precisa ser esterilizado.</li>
	<li>Coloque a placa de coleção de ovo na gaiola WCR mais tarde no dia possível (final do dia de trabalho) e cobrir com uma tenda de papel alumínio. Deixe durante a noite. Nota: Tendo as luzes de 10:00 a postura de ovos 12 A.M. (14 h) atrasos, facilitando assim a recolha dos ovos mais jovens para o microinjection sem a necessidade de pessoal de laboratório colocar a câmara de recolha na gaiola à noite.</li>
	<li>Remova a câmara de recolha de ovos em torno de 8 ou 09:00</li>
	<li>Use fórceps para pegar 1 camada de gaze em tempo e lugar num copo (500 mL) de água. Lave os ovos de gaze agitando suavemente (figura 1B e 1C).</li>
	<li>Use uma pipeta de bulbo para transferir os ovos para outro copo (500 mL) de água. Repita 2-3 x para limpar os ovos.</li>
	<li>Use a pipeta de bulbo para transferir ovos em papel de filtro (Figura 1), minimizando a quantidade de transferência de água.</li>
	<li>Corte papel filtro preto em tiras tão largas como uma lâmina de vidro e a fita firmemente para o slide para certificar-se o papel fixa plana (Figura 2A). Nota: Papel filtro preto ajuda a melhorar a visibilidade sob o microscópio, reduzindo a quantidade de luz refletida.</li>
	<li>Aplicar a cola não-tóxica (ver Tabela de materiais para obter um exemplo) para o papel de filtro em linhas finas (Figura 2B). Manter as linhas de cola mais fino do que o diâmetro de um ovo de modo a evitar os ovos revestidos em cola.</li>
	<li>Use um pincel fino para mover suavemente WCR os ovos um a um de seu papel de filtro para a linha de cola. Para colocar os ovos na cola antes de secar para fora e tentar manter distância de pelo menos um ovo entre cada ovo.</li>
	<li>Maximize a eficiência de injeção, colocando várias linhas de ovos no slide um papel de filtro (Figura 3).</li>
	<li>Depois que todos os ovos para fora o papel de filtro, espere até que toda a cola secar antes de microinjeção. Nota: Para transformação do germline e genoma CRISPR/Cas9-mediada edição, injete todos os embriões do meio-dia (12:00) para que o embrião mais velho é velho não mais de 19 h. No entanto, para RNAi, não há nenhuma limitação de tempo porque, em WCR, dsRNA pode mover entre as células. Na verdade, para RNAi, embriões de envelhecimento podem resultar em melhores taxas de sobrevivência.</li>
</ol>3. preparação de DNAs plasmideo e agulhas de injeção
<ol><li>Prepare-se alta qualidade supercoiled Plasmídeo usando um comercial livre de endotoxinas kit (veja a Tabela de materiais para obter um exemplo).</li>
	<li>Para preparar a solução de injeção, verifique a concentração de cada plasmídeo e então combinar auxiliar do plasmídeo (concentração final de 250 ng / µ l), doador do plasmídeo (concentração final de 750 ng / µ l) e buffer de vermelho de fenol (20% de concentração final). Vórtice brevemente a solução e centrifugar para 3 min na velocidade máxima para precipitar partículas que podem entupir a agulha.</li>
	<li>Puxe agulhas de vidro de borosilicato (O.D. 1 mm, identificação 0,58 mm, comprimento de 10 cm) usando um extrator de micropipeta tipo flamejante/marrom. Para armazenamento, secure agulhas puxadas na fita adesiva dupla-face em uma placa de Petri ou outro recipiente transparente. Nota: Para o sistema extrator de micropipeta, as configurações usadas foram: calor = 335, FIL = 4, VEL = 40, DEL = 200, PUL = 100.</li>
	<li>Aterramento a agulha de injeção, usando um microcarregador de ponta (ver Tabela de materiais) para pipetar 0,5 - 1,0 µ l para baixo dentro da agulha, perto da extremidade pontiaguda. Remova as bolhas da ponta da agulha se ocorrer qualquer um.</li>
	<li>Introduza o suporte da agulha, a agulha de injeção.</li>
	<li>Abra a ponta da agulha suavemente rompendo com um belo par de pinças, ou suavemente tocar/arrastando a ponta no slide lamela ou vidro. Nota: O objetivo é ter a menor abertura que ainda permite a combinação de injeção para sair (aberturas menores geralmente requerem maior pressão de injeção). Agulhas chanfradas não exigem este passo desde já estão abertas.</li>
</ol>4. microinjection e cuidados pós-injeção
<ol><li>Usando um pincel fino, cuidadosamente molhe a superfície de 1-3 ovos com água estéril, introduza a agulha e injetar a solução. Injete cada ovo antes que seque a superfície. Olha para a aparência uma pequena quantidade de cor vermelha dentro dos ovos durante a injeção para indicar a microinjeção de sucesso. Esmagar ou remover todos os ovos que está danificado, vazio, ou caso contrário não podem ser injetados. Nota: Embora a pressão de injeção varia de acordo com o tamanho de furo de agulha, 10-13 psi é um bom ponto de partida.</li>
	<li>Depois que todos os ovos são injetados, remova a lâmina de vidro o papel de filtro.</li>
	<li>Coloque o papel de filtro sobre a superfície de um prato de 1% de ágar (descrito acima).</li>
	<li>Use filme plástico parafina para selar o prato e coloque em um inseto de 26 ° C criação de incubadora durante 12 dias. Nota: O filme de parafina ajudará a evitar a contaminação cruzada do molde entre pratos. No entanto, qualquer outro tratamento para evitar mofo e crescimento bacteriano poderia reduzir a sobrevivência dos embriões injetados.</li>
</ol>5. cultivo e incubação de embriões
<ol><li>Comece a verificar injeção após 12 dias de embriões para larvas recém-eclodidas e continuar diariamente para as próximas 2 semanas.</li>
	<li>Transferência de larvas, usando um pincel fino, para uma caixa de criação com milho germinado e solo. Nota: Molde pode crescer no prato agar, mas as larvas eclodem ainda na maioria dos casos. Procure larvas cuidadosamente dentro do molde para pegá-los todos. Algumas larvas podem passar para a tampa do prato e podem ficar preso a condensação.</li>
	<li>Larvas a 26 ° C, seguindo o padrão WCR criação métodos25de trás.</li>
</ol>

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Embora microinjection de WCR com dsRNAs com a finalidade de RNAi tem sido relatado9, este é o primeiro protocolo para estabelecer as melhores práticas para microinjecting precellular embriões WCR, um processo crítico para a realização da linha germinal transformação e/ou CRISPR/Cas9 genoma edição nesta espécie. Sucesso microinjeção de embriões WCR é dependente de muitos fatores, como eficiência de transformação. Discutidas a seguir estão algumas das principais questões impactan...

Repele do milho ocidental (RPT), Diabrotica virgifera virgifera, é uma praga importante do milho1. Curiosamente, WCR aparece superar o controle mede mais rapidamente do que as pragas mais agrícolas, desde que eles não só se adaptar fisiologicamente mas também comportamentalmente2,3,4,5, 6. na última década, o RNA de interferência (RNAi), uma poderosa ferramenta de genômica funcional, foi investigado como um método de controle potencial para WCR7,8e também tem sido usado como um meio para o estudo de função do gene9. No entanto, enquanto RNAi é frequentemente realizada por microinjeção de RNA double-stranded (dsRNA) em outras espécies, baseado na injeção de RNAi é raro em WCR. Na verdade, existem apenas alguns relatos de RNAi através de microinjeção de dsRNA em WCR9. A razão é que WCR pode atingir alto-níveis de gene "knockdown" através de ingestão de dsRNA7,10, mesmo permitindo o estudo dos efeitos embrionários alimentando dsRNA para a mãe11. Enquanto este método torna WCR um excelente assunto para análise genômica funcional via RNAi,-retardou o progresso no desenvolvimento de metodologias para o embrionário microinjection nesta espécie.
Apesar do poder de RNAi, existem alguns inconvenientes. Por exemplo, nem todos os genes respondem igualmente a RNAi. Esta variabilidade pode fazer a interpretação dos resultados de um ensaio de genómica funcional mais difícil. Além disso, RNAi é transitória e não gera mutações hereditárias. Por outro lado, a transformação da linha germinal, outra ferramenta genômica funcional, pode gerar mutações hereditárias através de inserção de um elemento marcado transponíveis no genoma12,13. Isto faz a transformação do germline uma excelente ferramenta para a criação de cepas mutantes para uso em estudos de genéticos a longo prazo. Transformação também pode ser usada para resgatar uma mutação, entregando uma cópia funcional do gene de um genoma mutante14. Além disso, a transformação do germline é a pedra angular de uma grande variedade de técnicas de genéticas moleculares. Além de bater para fora e/ou resgatar a função do gene, germline transformação pode ser usada para realçador de armadilhagem15, gene armadilhagem16, expressão ectópica baseada em Gal417e mutagênese genoma-largo18.
Mais recentemente, foram desenvolvidas ferramentas que permitem a edição sofisticada do genoma. Essas ferramentas incluem transcrição Activator-Like Effector Nucleases (TALEN) e o sistema CRISPR/Cas9-nuclease19,20. A vantagem dessas novas ferramentas é que eles oferecem a capacidade de induzir uma quebra de DNA dupla-hélice em quase qualquer local dentro de quase qualquer genoma para pesquisadores. Uma vez que induzida, estas quebras podem ser reparadas através das extremidades não-homóloga juntar-se, que podem apresentar deleções ou inserções no gene alvo, ou através de reparação homologia-dirigido, que na presença de uma construção projetada, pode catalisar a substituição de genes inteiras ou regiões genéticas21,22. No entanto, esses métodos exigem microinjeção de DNA, RNA e/ou proteína em embriões muito jovens.
Importante, ao contrário do dsRNAs usado para RNAi, os ácidos nucleicos e proteínas usadas para germline transformação e edição de genoma não podem facilmente cruzar as membranas celulares. Portanto, microinjeção de DNAs plasmideo, mRNAs e/ou proteínas deve ser efectuada durante a fase de Drosophila sincicial (ou seja, antes do embrião inseto cellularizes). Isso faz com que o timing de injeções um fator crítico. Por exemplo, em Drosophila melanogaster, embriões precisam ser injetado dentro de duas horas depois de ovo colocar12. Portanto, desenvolvimento de um protocolo bem sucedido microinjeção embrionárias para WCR deve levar em conta as melhores condições para a colocação de óvulo feminino, assim como o melhor método para coletar uma quantidade suficiente de embriões precellular.
Um esforço para trazer uma ampla gama de ferramentas de genéticas moleculares sobre Biologia WCR requer desenvolver métodos de recolha e microinjecting precellular embriões WCR. Aqui nós fornecemos instruções detalhadas, juntamente com dicas e truques, para ajudar os outros a usar técnicas baseadas em transformação na pesquisa WCR. Além de estender as tecnologias transgênicas para WCR para uso em estudos de genômicos funcionais, estas técnicas também permitem poderosas novas estratégias de controle de pragas tais como gene unidade23,24 a ser testado neste economicamente importante pragas.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Qualitative Filter Paper (Black)</td><td>Ahlstrom</td><td>8613-0900</td><td>For egg microinjection</td></tr><tr><td>1 oz Containers&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Anny&#039;s Plastic Tableware</td><td>ASET101</td><td>Egg container</td></tr><tr><td>Drosophila Agar Type II</td><td>Apex</td><td>66-103</td><td>Substrate for WCR egg-laying dish</td></tr><tr><td>Featherweight Forceps&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Bioquip</td><td>4748</td><td>Handling larvae and pupae&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Clorox Regular-Bleach1</td><td>Clorox</td><td>44600-30770</td><td>Wash corn and dishes</td></tr><tr><td>Trucker&#039;s Favorite Yellow</td><td>Coor Farm Supply</td><td>502</td><td>Corn for feeding WCR</td></tr><tr><td>Microinjection System (Homemade)</td><td>NA</td><td>Parts &amp;amp; instructions available upon request</td><td>Controls injection pressure (0-20 psi)</td></tr><tr><td>Elmer&#039;s Non-toxic Glue</td><td>Elmer&#039;s Products, Inc.</td><td>E304</td><td>Glue eggs on filter paper</td></tr><tr><td>epTIPS Microloader Tips</td><td>Eppendorf</td><td>C2554691</td><td>Backfilling needle loading tips</td></tr><tr><td>Falcon Tissue Culture Dishes</td><td>Falcon</td><td>25383-103</td><td>Sprouting corn /150 x 25 mm</td></tr><tr><td>Fisherbrand&amp;nbsp;Quantitative-Grade Filter Paper Circles</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>S47576C</td><td>Making agar dish for egg-lay/9cm</td></tr><tr><td>Sparkleen</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>04-320-4</td><td>Wash dishes</td></tr><tr><td>Plain Microscope Slides</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>12-549-3</td><td>Holding filter paper and eggs for microinjection</td></tr><tr><td>Western Corn Rootworm w/o Pollen Substitute</td><td>Frontier Agricultural Sciences&amp;nbsp;</td><td>F9766B</td><td>WCR adult artificial diet</td></tr><tr><td>Cotton Balls, Large</td><td>Genesee Scientific</td><td>51-101</td><td>Close the flask</td></tr><tr><td>Globe Scientific 3.0 mL Small Bulb Transfer Pipettes</td><td>Globe Scientific</td><td>137035</td><td>Collect and transfer eggs</td></tr><tr><td>Leica M165 FC Fluorescence Stereomicroscope&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Leica</td><td>M165 FC&amp;nbsp;</td><td>WCR screening</td></tr><tr><td>DsRed Filter Set for Fluorescence Stereomicroscope</td><td>Leica</td><td>DSR</td><td>Excitation filter: 510-560 nm, emission filter: 590-650 nm</td></tr><tr><td>EGFP filter</td><td>Leica</td><td>GFP2</td><td>Excitation filter: 440&amp;ndash;520 nm, emission filter: 510 nm</td></tr><tr><td>BugDorm</td><td>MegaView Science</td><td>DP1000_5P</td><td>Cage for adult colony</td></tr><tr><td>Miniature Paint Brush</td><td>MyArtscape</td><td>MAS-102-MINI</td><td>Liner 2/0&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Joystick Micromanipulator</td><td>Narishige</td><td>MN-151</td><td>Micromanipulator and needle holder</td></tr><tr><td>Microscope XY Stage</td><td>Olympus</td><td>265515</td><td>Microscope stage (adapted for use with stereoscope)</td></tr><tr><td>Grade 90 Cheesecloth</td><td>Online Fabric Store</td><td>CHEE90</td><td>For egg-lay</td></tr><tr><td>Plastic paraffin film&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Pechiney Plastic Packaging</td><td>PM-996</td><td>Seal agar dish after microinjection/Roll size 4 in. x 125 ft</td></tr><tr><td>Percival Incubator</td><td>Percival&amp;nbsp;</td><td>I41VLH3C8</td><td>WCR growing chamber (insect rearing incubator)</td></tr><tr><td>Narrow Mouth Erlenmeyer Flasks</td><td>VWR</td><td>4980-300-PK</td><td>Water container for adult colony&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Griffin Low Form Beakers</td><td>VWR</td><td>1000-600-PK</td><td>For egg wash</td></tr><tr><td>Braided Cotton Rolls</td><td>Richmond Dental Cotton Co.</td><td>605-3599</td><td>Use in water supply for adult colony&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Petri Dishes (35x10mm)</td><td>SIGMA</td><td>CLS430588-500EA</td><td>For diet plates</td></tr><tr><td>Phenol Red</td><td>Sigma</td><td>143-78-8</td><td>Microinjection buffer</td></tr><tr><td>Laser-based Micropipiette Puller</td><td>Sutter Instrument</td><td>P-2000/G</td><td>Needle puller/Heat = 335, FIL = 4, VEL = 40, DEL = 200, PUL = 100</td></tr><tr><td>Premium Topsoil</td><td>The Scotts Company</td><td>71130758</td><td>Soil for cron growing</td></tr><tr><td>Reloc Zippit 2 Mil Zipper Bags</td><td>United States Plastic Corporation</td><td>48342</td><td>Bag agar dish after microinjection/5x7</td></tr><tr><td>Petri Dishes (100x15m)</td><td>VWR</td><td>89038-968</td><td>Making agar dish for egg-lay/ 100 x 15 mm</td></tr><tr><td>6 oz Containers</td><td>Webstaurantstore</td><td>128E506</td><td>WCR single pair mating chamber&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>38 oz Containers</td><td>Webstaurantstore</td><td>128NC888</td><td>Larvae rearing box/38 oz</td></tr><tr><td>ChoiceHD 16 oz. Microwavable Translucent Plastic Deli Container</td><td>Webstaurantstore</td><td>128HRD16</td><td>Larvae rearing box/16 oz</td></tr><tr><td>Microinjection Scope&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Wild Heerbrugg</td><td>WILD-M8</td><td>Microinjection scope outfited with an XY stage</td></tr><tr><td>Standard Glass Capillaries</td><td>World Precision Instruments</td><td>1B100F-4</td><td>Microinjection needles</td></tr><tr><td>Adult Western Corn Rootworms</td><td>North Centeral Aqricultural reasearch Laboratory</td><td>Non-diapase strain</td><td>Request from Dr. Bryan Wade French&#039;s lab</td></tr><tr><td>Plasmid DNA Midi Kit</td><td>Qiagen</td><td>12143</td><td>Purification of injection-ready plasmid DNAs</td></tr></tbody></table>

microinjection of western corn rootworm, diabrotica virgifera virgifera, embryos for germline transformation, or crispr/cas9 genome editing

Repele o milho (RPT) é uma importante praga do milho e é conhecida por sua capacidade de rapidamente se adaptar às estratégias de manejo de pragas. Embora o RNA de interferência (RNAi) provou para ser uma poderosa ferramenta para estudar Biologia WCR, tem suas limitações. Especificamente, RNAi em si é transitório (ou seja, não resulta em longo prazo mendeliana do fenótipo associado), e exige saber a sequência de DNA do gene alvo. Este último pode ser um fator limitante se o fenótipo de interesse é controlado por genes mal conservados, ou mesmo romance, porque identificar alvos úteis ia ser um desafio, se não impossível. Portanto, o número de ferramentas caixa de ferramentas genômicas do WCR deve ser expandido pelo desenvolvimento de métodos que pode ser usada para criar cepas mutantes estáveis e permitir pesquisas independentes de sequência do genoma WCR. Neste documento, detalhamos os métodos usados para coletar e microinjeção precellular WCR os embriões com ácidos nucleicos. Enquanto os protocolos descritos visam a criação de transgénico WCR, edição de CRISPR/Cas9-genoma poderia também ser realizada utilizando os mesmos protocolos, com a única diferença é a composição da solução injetada os embriões.

Uma consideração importante ao desenvolver este protocolo foi palco do desenvolvimento embrionário no momento da microinjeção. Especificamente, o germline transformação requer microinjeção de DNAs antes celularização embrionária. Isso ocorre porque o DNAs facilmente não podem atravessar as membranas celulares. Tenta visualizar os estágios do desenvolvimento embrionário WCR, usando uma mancha nuclear não tiveram sucesso porque dechorionation de embriões WCR essencialmente ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Microinjection of Western Corn Rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera, Embryos for Germline Transformation, or CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing at JoVE.com

Microinjection of Western Corn Rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera, Embryos for Germline Transformation, or CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing

Microinjeção de Western milho repele, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera, embriões de transformação da linha germinal, ou edição de genoma CRISPR/Cas9

Aqui nós apresentamos protocolos para coletando e microinjecting precellular milho ocidental embriões repele com a finalidade de realizar ensaios funcionais-genômica como germline transformação e edição de CRISPR/Cas9-genoma.

The western corn rootworm (WCR) is an important pest of corn and is well known for its ability to rapidly adapt to pest management strategies. Although ...

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Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

Microinjection of Western Corn Rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera, Embryos for Germline Transformation, or CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing

7.4K visualizações.  North Carolina State University. Aqui nós apresentamos protocolos para coletando e microinjecting precellular milho ocidental embriões repele com a finalidade de realizar ensaios funcionais-genômica como germline transformação e edição de CRISPR/Cas9-genoma.

Vídeo: Microinjection of Western Corn Rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera, Embryos for Germline Transformation, or CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing

Delivery of Nucleic Acids through Embryo Microinjection in the Worldwide Agricultural Pest Insect, Ceratitis capitata

The Mediterranean fruit fly (medfly) Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) is a pest species with extremely high agricultural relevance. This is due to its reproductive behavior: females damage the external surface of fruits and vegetables when they lay eggs and the hatched larvae feed on their pulp. Wild C. capitata populations are traditionally controlled through insecticide spraying and/or eco-friendly approaches, the most successful being the Sterile Insect Technique (SIT). The SIT relies on mass-rearing, radiation-based sterilization and field release of males that retain their capacity to mate but are not able to generate fertile progeny. The advent and the subsequent rapid development of biotechnological tools, together with the availability of the medfly genome sequence, has greatly boosted our understanding of the biology of this species. This favored the proliferation of new strategies for genome manipulation, which can be applied to population control.
In this context, embryo microinjection plays a dual role in expanding the toolbox for medfly control. The ability to interfere with the function of genes that regulate key biological processes, indeed, expands our understanding of the molecular machinery underlying medfly invasiveness. Furthermore, the ability to achieve germ-line transformation facilitates the production of multiple transgenic strains that can be tested for future field applications in novel SIT settings. Indeed, genetic manipulation can be used to confer desirable traits that can, for example, be used to monitor sterile male performance in the field, or that can result in early life-stage lethality. Here we describe a method to microinject nucleic acids into medfly embryos to achieve these two main goals.

Delivery of Nucleic Acids through Embryo Microinjection in the Worldwide Agricultural Pest Insect, Ceratitis capitata

The Mediterranean fruit fly (medfly) Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) is a worldwide pest of agriculture. A deeper understanding of its biology is key to control medfly populations and thus reduce economic impact. Embryo microinjection is a fundamental tool allowing both germ-line transformation and reverse genetics studies in this species.

Entrega de Ácidos Nucleicos através de microinjeção de embriões na Worldwide Agrícola praga de insectos,<em&gt; Ceratitis capitata</em

The Mediterranean fruit fly (medfly) Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) is a pest species with extremely high agricultural relevance. ...

Genética

Microinjection of CRISPR/Cas9 Protein into Channel Catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, Embryos for Gene Editing

The complete genome of the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, has been sequenced, leading to greater opportunities for studying channel catfish gene function. Gene knockout has been used to study these gene functions in vivo. The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) system is a powerful tool used to edit genomic DNA sequences to alter gene function. While the traditional approach has been to introduce CRISPR/Cas9 mRNA into the single cell embryos through microinjection, this can be a slow and inefficient process in catfish. Here, a detailed protocol for microinjection of channel catfish embryos with CRISPR/Cas9 protein is described. Briefly, eggs and sperm were collected and then artificial fertilization performed. Fertilized eggs were transferred to a Petri dish containing Holtfreter's solution. Injection volume was calibrated and then guide RNAs/Cas9 targeting the toll/interleukin 1 receptor domain-containing adapter molecule (TICAM 1) gene and rhamnose binding lectin (RBL) gene were microinjected into the yolk of one-cell embryos. The gene knockout was successful as indels were confirmed by DNA sequencing. The predicted protein sequence alterations due to these mutations included frameshift and truncated protein due to premature stop codons.

Microinjection of CRISPR/Cas9 Protein into Channel Catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, Embryos for Gene Editing

A simple and efficient microinjection protocol for gene editing in channel catfish embryos using the CRISPR/Cas9 system is presented. In this protocol, guide RNAs and Cas9 protein were microinjected into the yolk of one-cell embryos. This protocol has been validated by knocking out two channel catfish immune-related genes.

Microinjeção de proteína CRISPR/Cas9 em bagre do canal, Ictalurus punctatus, embriões para Gene Editing

The complete genome of the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, has been sequenced, leading to greater opportunities for studying channel catfish gene ...

Embryo Microinjection and Transplantation Technique for Nasonia vitripennis Genome Manipulation

The jewel wasp Nasonia vitripennis has emerged as an effective model system for the study of processes including sex determination, haplo-diploid sex determination, venom synthesis, and host-symbiont interactions, among others. A major limitation of working with this organism is the lack of effective protocols to perform directed genome modifications. An important part of genome modification is delivery of editing reagents, including CRISPR/Cas9 molecules, into embryos through microinjection. While microinjection is well established in many model organisms, this technique is particularly challenging to perform in N. vitripennis primarily due to its small embryo size, and the fact that embryonic development occurs entirely within a parasitized blowfly pupa. The following procedure overcomes these significant challenges while demonstrating a streamlined, visual procedure for effectively removing wasp embryos from parasitized host pupae, microinjecting them, and carefully transplanting them back into the host for continuation and completion of development. This protocol will strongly enhance the capability of research groups to perform advanced genome modifications in this organism.

Embryo Microinjection and Transplantation Technique for Nasonia vitripennis Genome Manipulation

Microinjection of Nasonia vitripennis embryos is an essential method for generating heritable genome modifications. Described here is a detailed procedure for microinjection and transplantation of Nasonia vitripennis embryos, which will greatly facilitate future genome manipulation in this organism.

Microinjeção de embrião e a técnica de transplante para manipulação de genoma Nasonia vitripennis

The jewel wasp Nasonia vitripennis has emerged as an effective model system for the study of processes including sex determination, haplo-diploid sex ...

Enhanced Genome Editing with Cas9 Ribonucleoprotein in Diverse Cells and Organisms

Site-specific eukaryotic genome editing with CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)-Cas (CRISPR-associated) systems has quickly become a commonplace amongst researchers pursuing a wide variety of biological questions. Users most often employ the Cas9 protein derived from Streptococcus pyogenes in a complex with an easily reprogrammed guide RNA (gRNA). These components are introduced into cells, and through a base pairing with a complementary region of the double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) genome, the enzyme cleaves both strands to generate a double-strand break (DSB). Subsequent repair leads to either random insertion or deletion events (indels) or the incorporation of experimenter-provided DNA at the site of the break.
The use of a purified single-guide RNA and Cas9 protein, preassembled to form an RNP and delivered directly to cells, is a potent approach for achieving highly efficient gene editing. RNP editing particularly enhances the rate of gene insertion, an outcome that is often challenging to achieve. Compared to the delivery via a plasmid, the shorter persistence of the Cas9 RNP within the cell leads to fewer off-target events. 
Despite its advantages, many casual users of CRISPR gene editing are less familiar with this technique. To lower the barrier to entry, we outline detailed protocols for implementing the RNP strategy in a range of contexts, highlighting its distinct benefits and diverse applications. We cover editing in two types of primary human cells, T cells and hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs). We also show how Cas9 RNP editing enables the facile genetic manipulation of entire organisms, including the classic model roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans and the more recently introduced model crustacean, Parhyale hawaiensis.

Utilizing a preassembled Cas9 ribonucleoprotein complex (RNP) is a powerful method for precise, efficient genome editing. Here, we highlight its utility across a broad range of cells and organisms, including primary human cells and both classic and emerging model organisms.

Maior genoma edição com Cas9 Ribonucleoprotein em diversas células e organismos

Site-specific eukaryotic genome editing with CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)-Cas (CRISPR-associated) systems has ...

Embryo Microinjection Techniques for Efficient Site-Specific Mutagenesis in Culex quinquefasciatus

Culex quinquefasciatus is a vector of a diverse range of vector-borne diseases such as avian malaria, West Nile virus (WNV), Japanese encephalitis, Eastern equine encephalitis, lymphatic filariasis, and Saint Louis encephalitis. Notably, avian malaria has played a major role in the extinction of numerous endemic island bird species, while WNV has become an important vector-borne disease in the United States. To gain further insight into C. quinquefasciatus biology and expand their genetic control toolbox, we need to develop more efficient and affordable methods for genome engineering in this species. However, some biological traits unique to Culex mosquitoes, particularly their egg rafts, have made it difficult to perform microinjection procedures required for genome engineering. To address these challenges, we have developed an optimized embryo microinjection protocol that focuses on mitigating the technical obstacles associated with the unique characteristics of Culex mosquitoes. These procedures demonstrate optimized methods for egg collection, egg raft separation and other handling procedures essential for successful microinjection in C. quinquefasciatus. When coupled with the CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technology, these procedures allow us to achieve site-specific, efficient and heritable germline mutations, which are required to perform advanced genome engineering and develop genetic control technologies in this important, but currently understudied, disease vector.

Embryo Microinjection Techniques for Efficient Site-Specific Mutagenesis in Culex quinquefasciatus

This protocol describes microinjection procedures for Culex quinquefasciatus embryos that are optimized to work with CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing tools. This technique can efficiently generate site-specific, heritable, germline mutations that can be used for building genetic technologies in this understudied disease vector.

Técnicas de microinjeção de embriões para mutagênese específica do local eficiente em Culex quinquefasciatus

Culex quinquefasciatus is a vector of a diverse range of vector-borne diseases such as avian malaria, West Nile virus (WNV), Japanese encephalitis, ...

Sand Fly (Phlebotomus papatasi) Embryo Microinjection for CRISPR/Cas9 Mutagenesis

Sand flies are the natural vectors for Leishmania species, protozoan parasites producing a broad spectrum of symptoms ranging from cutaneous lesions to visceral pathology. Deciphering the nature of the vector/parasite interactions is of primary importance for better understanding of Leishmania transmission to their hosts. Among the parameters controlling the sand fly vector competence (i.e. their ability to carry and transmit pathogens), parameters intrinsic to these insects were shown to play a key role. Insect immune response, for example, impacts sand fly vector competence to Leishmania. The study of such parameters has been limited by the lack of methods of gene expression modification adapted for use in these non-model organisms. Gene downregulation by small interfering RNA (siRNA) is possible, but in addition to being technically challenging, the silencing leads to only a partial loss of function, which cannot be transmitted from generation to generation. Targeted mutagenesis by CRISPR/Cas9 technology was recently adapted to the Phlebotomus papatasi sand fly. This technique leads to the generation of transmissible mutations in a specifically chosen locus, allowing to study the genes of interest. The CRISPR/Cas9 system relies on the induction of targeted double-strand DNA breaks, later repaired by either Non-Homologous End Joining (NHEJ) or by Homology Driven Repair (HDR). NHEJ consists of a simple closure of the break and frequently leads to small insertion/deletion events. In contrast, HDR uses the presence of a donor DNA molecule sharing homology with the target DNA as a template for repair. Here, we present a sand fly embryo microinjection method for targeted mutagenesis by CRISPR/Cas9 using NHEJ, which is the only genome modification technique adapted to sand fly vectors to date.

Sand Fly Phlebotomus papatasi Embryo Microinjection for CRISPR/Cas9 Mutagenesis

This protocol details the steps of CRISPR/Cas9 targeted mutagenesis in sand flies: embryo collection, injection, insect rearing, and identification as well as selection of mutations of interest.

Sand Fly (Phlebotomus papatasi) Microinjeção de Embrião para Mutagenesis CRISPR/Cas9

Sand flies are the natural vectors for Leishmania species, protozoan parasites producing a broad spectrum of symptoms ranging from cutaneous lesions to ...

Embryo Microinjection and Knockout Mutant Identification of CRISPR/Cas9 Genome-Edited Helicoverpa Armigera (H&#252;bner)

The cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera, is one of the most destructive pests in the world. A combination of molecular genetics, physiology, functional genomics, and behavioral studies has made H. armigera a model species in Lepidoptera Noctuidae. To study the in vivo functions of and interactions between different genes, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/ associated protein 9 (Cas9) genome editing technology is a convenient and effective method used for performing functional genomic studies. In this study, we provide a step-by-step systematic method to complete gene knockout in H. armigera using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. The design and synthesis of guide RNA (gRNA) are described in detail. Then, the subsequent steps consisting of gene-specific primer design for guide RNA (gRNA) creation, embryo collection, microinjection, insect rearing, and mutant detection are summarized. Finally, troubleshooting advice and notes are provided to improve the efficiency of gene editing. Our method will serve as a reference for the application of CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing in H. armigera as well as other Lepidopteran moths.

Embryo Microinjection and Knockout Mutant Identification of CRISPR/Cas9 Genome-Edited Helicoverpa Armigera H&#252;bner

Presented here is a protocol of Helicoverpa armigera (H&#252;bner) embryo microinjection and knockout mutant identification created by CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing. Mutant insects enable further research of gene function and interaction among different genes in vivo.

Microinjeção de Embrião e Identificação Mutante Nocaute de NÍTIda/Cas9 Editado Genoma Helicoverpa Armigera (Hübner)

The cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera, is one of the most destructive pests in the world. A combination of molecular genetics, physiology, functional ...

Comportamento

Egg Microinjection and Efficient Mating for Genome Editing in the Firebrat Thermobia domestica

The firebrat Thermobia domestica is an ametabolous, wingless species that is suitable for studying the developmental mechanisms of insects that led to their successful evolutionary radiation on the earth. The application of genetic tools such as genome editing is the key to understanding genetic changes that are responsible for evolutionary transitions in an Evo-Devo approach. In this article, we describe our current protocol for generating and maintaining mutant strains of T. domestica. We report a dry injection method, as an alternative to the reported wet injection method, that allows us to obtain stably high survival rates in injected embryos. We also report an optimized environment setting to mate adults and obtain subsequent generations with high efficiency. Our method underlines the importance of taking each species&#8217; unique biology into account for the successful application of genome editing methods to non-traditional model organisms. We predict that these genome editing protocols will help in implementing T. domestica as a laboratory model and to further accelerate the development and application of useful genetic tools in this species.

Egg Microinjection and Efficient Mating for Genome Editing in the Firebrat Thermobia domestica

We provide a detailed protocol for rearing, microinjection of eggs and for efficient mating of the firebrat Thermobia domestica to generate and maintain mutant strains after genome editing.

Microinjeção de Ovos e Acasalamento Eficiente para Edição de Genoma na Thermobia domestica firebrat

The firebrat Thermobia domestica is an ametabolous, wingless species that is suitable for studying the developmental mechanisms of insects that led to ...

Biologia do Desenvolvimento

Microinjection of Corn Planthopper, Peregrinus maidis, Embryos for CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing

The corn planthopper, Peregrinus maidis, is&#160;a pest of maize and a vector of several maize viruses. Previously published methods describe the triggering of RNA interference (RNAi) in P. maidis through microinjection of double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) into nymphs and adults. Despite the power of RNAi, phenotypes generated via this technique are transient and lack long-term Mendelian inheritance. Therefore, the P. maidis toolbox needs to be expanded to include functional genomic tools that would enable the production of stable mutant strains, opening the door for researchers to bring new control methods to bear on this economically important pest. However, unlike the dsRNAs used for RNAi, the components used in CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing and germline transformation do not easily cross cell membranes. As a result, plasmid DNAs, RNAs, and/or proteins must be microinjected into embryos before the embryo cellularizes, making the timing of injection a critical factor for success. To that end, an agarose-based egg-lay method was developed to allow embryos to be harvested from P. maidis females at relatively short intervals. Herein are provided detailed protocols for collecting and microinjecting precellular P. maidis embryos with CRISPR components (Cas9 nuclease that has been complexed with guide RNAs), and results of Cas9-based gene knockout of a P. maidis eye-color gene, white, are presented. Although these protocols describe CRISPR/Cas9-genome editing in P. maidis, they can also be used for producing transgenic P. maidis via germline transformation by simply changing the composition of the injection solution.

Microinjection of Corn Planthopper, Peregrinus maidis, Embryos for CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing

Herein are protocols for collecting and microinjecting precellular corn planthopper embryos for the purpose of modifying their genome via CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing or for the addition of marked transposable elements through germline transformation.

Microinjeção de cigarrinha de milho, Peregrinus maidis, Embriões para edição do genoma CRISPR/Cas9

The corn planthopper, Peregrinus maidis, is&#160;a pest of maize and a vector of several maize viruses. Previously published methods describe the ...

Bioengenharia

Pupal and Adult Injections for RNAi and CRISPR Gene Editing in Nasonia vitripennis

The jewel wasp, Nasonia vitripennis, has become an efficient model system to study epigenetics of haplo-diploid sex determination, B-chromosome biology, host-symbiont interactions, speciation, and venom synthesis. Despite the availability of several molecular tools, including CRISPR/Cas9, functional genetic studies are still limited in this organism. The major limitation of applying CRISPR/Cas9 technology in N. vitripennis stems from the challenges of embryonic microinjections. Injections of embryos are particularly difficult in this organism and in general in many parasitoid wasps, due to small embryo size and the requirement of a host pupa for embryonic development. To address these challenges, Cas9 ribonucleoprotein complex delivery into female&#160;ovaries by adult injection, rather than embryonic microinjection, was optimized, resulting in both somatic and heritable germline edits. The injection procedures were optimized in pupae and female wasps using either ReMOT Control (Receptor-Mediated Ovary Transduction of Cargo) or BAPC (Branched Amphiphilic Peptide Capsules). These methods are shown to be effective alternatives to embryo injection, enabling site-specific and heritable germline mutations.

Pupal and Adult Injections for RNAi and CRISPR Gene Editing in Nasonia vitripennis

Here, we describe methods for efficient pupal and adult injections in Nasonia vitripennis as accessible alternatives to embryo microinjection, enabling functional analysis of genes of interest using either RNA-silencing via RNA interference (RNAi) or gene knockout via CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing.

Injeções de pupal e adultos para edição de genes RNAi e CRISPR em Nasonia vitripennis

The jewel wasp, Nasonia vitripennis, has become an efficient model system to study epigenetics of haplo-diploid sex determination, B-chromosome biology, ...