Gostaríamos de agradecer a Pablo Vital e Johnny Mosley para ajuda com amostragem de campo e Viviana Nadal e Irina Ognevich pela ajuda com as análises de laboratório.

1. Datalogger instalação e funcionamento <ol><li>identificar uma fazenda de estudo e instalar um datalogger que aciona um mostruário para coletar amostras de fluxo composto numa base proporcional de fluxo, que requer monitorização de níveis de canal, revoluções de cabeça de bomba e a equação de calibração bomba.</li>
</ol> <img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56088/56088fig1.jpg" /> Figura 1: amostrador ISCO usado para o programa autoamostragem procedimentos para a água de drenagem composto e as partículas de água amostragem. <a href="//ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/56088/56088fig1large.jpg" target="_blank"> clique aqui para ver uma versão maior desta figura.</a>
<ol start="3"> <li>monitorizar os níveis de canal fazenda usando transdutores de pressão instalados nos canais de entrada e saída ao lado da estação de bomba.</li>
	<li>Bomba de monitor de velocidade usando os interruptores de proximidade são instalados sobre as cabeças de bomba; velocidade é gravada pelo datalogger em rotações por minuto (rpm). 
	Nota: Interruptores de proximidade são pedaços de metal que, quando passou por cima do outro contagem o número de rotações. Eles são soldados sobre as cabeças de bomba.</li>
	<li>Precipitação medida usando uma derrubada da cubeta pluviômetro que está conectado para o datalogger. 
	Nota: O datalogger se comunica pelo rádio telemetria para uma estação de rádio base, localizada no centro de educação e pesquisa de Everglades UF/IFAS. Telemetria não é necessária para controlar a coleta de amostra, apenas para coleta de dados e armazenamento.</li>
</ol> 2. Amostragem de água de fluxo ponderado de drenagem <ol><li>fluxo de drenagem calcular usando um datalogger e uma equação de calibração da bomba para cada bomba. Amostragem de fluxo ponderado de drenagem é conseguida por um mostruário que é accionado pelo datalogger, depois que um volume de drenagem do gatilho é alcançado. 
	Nota: As taxas de velocidade e fluxo da bomba variam mais de 24 h. A amostragem de ISCO é desencadeada pelo volume de água descarregada, não a taxa. O mostruário está programado para coletar uma amostra de sub, depois que um volume fixo de água de descarga. O volume de descarga de água é calibrado com base no número de rotações da bomba.</li>
	<li>Coletar uma amostra de água composta (mínimo de 500 mL) usando um em situ automatizado amostrador localizado na estação de bomba e programá-lo para capturar uma amostra de água composta diária durante eventos de drenagem. 
	Nota: O sampler ISCO é plumas para os tanques de coleta usando tubos desviado através de um datalogger que leva uma amostra de 2 L a cada 2 min até 400 L.</li>
	<li>Período de descarga volumes de desencadeamento de amostra de programa para permitir um máximo de 30 amostras por 24 h.
	<ol><li>Programa o datalogger para coletar amostras de fluxo composto seguindo estas etapas: programa Enter &#8594; programa &#8594; fluxo com base em amostragem &#8594; amostra cada 1 pulsos &#8594; 30 amostras compostas &#8594; Volume de amostra de 130 mL &#8594; calibrar Amostra Volume [n] &#8594; digite a hora de início [n] &#8594; sequência completa do programa.</li>
	</ol></li> <li>Armazenar as amostras compostas fluxo ponderado em um frigorífico no local a 4 ° C até coleta e transporte de volta para o laboratório para análises em um refrigerador cheio de gelo.</li>
	<li>Analisar as amostras de água para P reativa solúvel dentro de 24 horas desde o momento da coleta de amostra. Amostras utilizadas para análise de P Total (TP) podem ser acidificadas e armazenadas a 4 ° C por até 28 dias 15.</li>
</ol> 3. Capturando as partículas em suspensão <ol><li>colocar uma série de PVC 200 L dois tanques de decantação para coletar água de descarga do canal de exploração ao longo da duração do período de drenagem para capturar e caracterizar as partículas em suspensa.
	<ol><li>Programa para o datalogger para coletar as partículas em suspensa amostras seguindo estas etapas: programa &#8594; tempo com base em amostragem &#8594; cada 2 min da amostra &#8594; amostras compostas [200] &#8594; calibrar o Volume de amostra [n] &#8594; digite Start Time [n] &#8594; Sequência completa &#8594; botão amostragem.</li>
	</ol></li> <li>Colete a água de drenagem fluxo ponderado nos tanques de configuração (2L cada 2min) com base no volume de água ao longo de um período de coleta de 24 h.</li></ol>
 <img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56088/56088fig2.jpg" /> Figura 2: dois 200 L tanques usados para coletar a água de drenagem. As partículas em suspensa resolver para fora na parte inferior do tanque e são transferidas em baldes de 5 galões. <a href="//ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/56088/56088fig2large.jpg" target="_blank"> clique aqui para ver uma versão maior desta figura.</a>
<ol start="3"> <li>desviar o excesso de água usando mangueiras como partículas começam a se estabelecer em tanques de.</li>
	<li>Transferir as partículas em baldes de 5 galões, transportá-los para o laboratório e colocá-los em geladeira a 4 ° C.</li>
	<li>Sifão fora o excesso de água após 24h a contentar e transferir as partículas em cones de sedimentação de Imhoff.</li>
	<li>Depois de se contentar com pelo menos 1 h, sifão fora o excesso de água, uma última vez antes de que se estabeleceram as partículas são transferidas para frascos de parafuso-top 500ml pré-pesados para armazenamento em 4 ° C.</li>
	<li>Pesa frascos com amostras de partículas.</li>
	<li>Prosseguir com as análises de fracionamento de fósforo, conforme descrito por Hedley e Stewart 14.</li>
</ol> <img alt="Figure 3" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56088/56088fig3.jpg" /> Figura 3: Imhoff, fixando-se cones usados para coletar a partículas em suspensa, capturadas no tanque de decantação. <a href="//ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/56088/56088fig3large.jpg" target="_blank"> clique aqui para ver uma versão maior desta figura.</a>

<ol>
	<li>Sims, J. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phosphorus+loss+in+agricultural+drainage:+historical+perspective+and+current+research.">Phosphorus loss in agricultural drainage: historical perspective and current research.</a> J. Environ. Qual. 27, 277-293 (1997).</li><li>Van Esbroeck, C. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Surface+and+subsurface+phosphorus+export+from+agricultural+fields+during+peak+flow+events+over+the+non-growing+season+in+regions+with+cool,+temperate+climates.">Surface and subsurface phosphorus export from agricultural fields during peak flow events over the non-growing season in regions with cool, temperate climates.</a> J. Soil Water Conserv. 72, 65-76 (2017).</li><li>Bhadha, J. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phosphorus+mass+balance+and+internal+load+in+an+impacted+subtropical+isolated+wetland.">Phosphorus mass balance and internal load in an impacted subtropical isolated wetland.</a> Water Air Soil Pollut. 218, 619-632 (2011).</li><li>Eyre, B. D., McConchie, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+implications+of+sedimentological+studies+for+environmental+pollution+assessment+and+management:+Examples+from+fluvial+system+in+north+Queensland+and+western+Australia.">The implications of sedimentological studies for environmental pollution assessment and management: Examples from fluvial system in north Queensland and western Australia.</a> Sediment. Geol. 85, 235-252 (1993).</li><li>Bhadha, J. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Soil+phosphorus+release+and+storage+capacity+from+an+impacted+subtropical+wetland.">Soil phosphorus release and storage capacity from an impacted subtropical wetland.</a> Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. , 74 (2010).</li><li>Kenney, W. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Whole-basin,+mass-balance+approach+for+identifying+critical+phosphorus-loading+thresholds+in+shallow+lakes.">Whole-basin, mass-balance approach for identifying critical phosphorus-loading thresholds in shallow lakes.</a> Journal of Paleolim. 51, 515-528 (2014).</li><li>Freebairn, D. N., Wockner, G. 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J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Optimizing stormwater treatment practices: a handbook of assessment and maintenance. , (2013).</li><li>Abtew, W., Obeysekera, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drainage+Generation+and+Water+Use+in+the+Everglades+Agricultural+Area+Basin.">Drainage Generation and Water Use in the Everglades Agricultural Area Basin.</a> J. Amer. Water Res. Asso. 32, 1147-1158 (1996).</li><li>Daroub, S. 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A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sediment+inventory+and+phosphorus+fractions+for+water+conservation+area+canals+in+the+Everglades.">Sediment inventory and phosphorus fractions for water conservation area canals in the Everglades.</a> Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. 70, 863-871 (2006).</li><li>Reddy, K. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Forms+of+soil+phosphorus+in+selected+hydrologic+units+of+Florida+Everglades.">Forms of soil phosphorus in selected hydrologic units of Florida Everglades.</a> Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. 62, 1134-1147 (1998).</li><li>Hedley, M. J., Stewart, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Method+to+measure+microbial+phosphate+in+soils.">Method to measure microbial phosphate in soils.</a> Soil Biol. Biochem. 14, 377-385 (1982).</li><li>O'Dell, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Method 365.1, Revision 2.0: Determination of Phosphorus by Semi-Automated Colorimetry. , (1993).</li><li>Bhadha, J. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+aquatic+vegetation+on+phosphorus+loads+in+the+Everglades+Agricultural+Area.">Effect of aquatic vegetation on phosphorus loads in the Everglades Agricultural Area.</a> J. Aqu. Pla. Man. 53, 44-53 (2015).</li></ol>

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A Rotating para água de drenagem, coleta de partículas foram colocados perto da saída da bomba estação dataloggers. Alimentação era fornecida por baterias de 12 V que são carregadas por painéis solares. A Rotating eram controladas pelos dataloggers de no local, que transformou a Rotating quando as bombas de saída correu e lhes desligado quando parou de bombear. As aberturas das linhas de entrada de amostra foram posicionadas 0,5 m acima do fundo do canal e upflow da estação de bomba. As linhas de entrada real...

O destino e o transporte de partículas em suspensa tem sido objecto de numerosos estudos devido ao seu papel na eutrofização, particularmente em sistemas agrícolas1,2. Uma avaliação abrangente dos nutrientes contidos na matéria particulada dentro de um sistema aquático é necessária investigar inúmeras questões ambientais tais como, a ciclagem interna de nutrientes e liberar a sobrejacente água coluna3, estabilidade de substrato, disponibilidade de luz dentro da coluna de água e eventualmente as preocupações de qualidade de água para os ecossistemas a jusante4. A quantidade de fósforo (P), armazenada sob a forma de partículas (matéria orgânica ou sedimentos) é normalmente maior que o de coluna de água5. Um estudo conduzido por Kenney et al. 6 mostrou que sedimentos recentes que foram depositados no lago Lochloosa, Florida foram entre a faixa etária de 1900 e 2006. Estes sedimentos mais jovens continham P quase 55 vezes mais do que isso, que estava presente na coluna de água. Uma abordagem para caracterizar o impacto potencial que as partículas podem ter sobre um determinado sistema é realizar um inventário quantitativo de fósforo armazenado no sedimento descarregado durante eventos de drenagem. Coleta e análise destas partículas descarregadas podem ajudar a estimar os impactos a jusante enriquecimento de nutrientes em ecossistemas sensíveis.
Eventos de tempestade normalmente representam uma pequena fração de tempo, no entanto, podem contribuir a maioria dos P carga descarga na drenagem de fazenda. Isso ocorre porque a fim de impedir a inundação de campos, um grande volume de água é drenado durante curtos períodos de tempo. Taxas de fluxo e a intensidade de precipitação são vitais fatores que podem controlar a concentração de sedimentos suspensos no segundo turno por terra7de condução. Projetar métodos de monitoramento que capta as amostras de água composto de fluxo ponderado ajudaria a evitar erros associados a eventos de chuva de complexos, de alta intensidade. Durante eventos de descarga de alta como tempestades, as mudanças rápidas e drásticas em concentrações podem não ser representativa da concentração média de poluentes para o volume incremental. Portanto, amostras de água de fluxo ponderado com muito mais precisão representa a concentração de um evento de descarga conforme é um somatório de cargas ao longo de um período de tempo8. As amostras de fluxo ponderado mais comuns são automaticamente coletadas amostras discretas ou compostas. Capturando as partículas em suspensa exportadas da fazenda drenagem durante a descarga nos permite quantificar a severidade do evento na carga P. O método descrito neste estudo ajuda captura as partículas que mais tarde podem ser caracterizadas por várias propriedades físicas e químicas. A novidade da descarga de drenagem usando um método de fluxo contínuo composto versus garra amostragem de amostragem é que é uma melhor representação das condições de campo durante toda a duração do evento a drenagem. Considerando que, a amostragem de garra é um "instantâneo" em tempo e talvez não totalmente representam o efeito de todo o evento.
A área agrícola de Everglades (CEA) no sul da Flórida, Estados Unidos da América é uma grande extensão de Everglades originais que foi canalizado e drenado para o cultivo, desenvolvimento comercial e residencial. Quase 1100 milhões de m3 de água é descarregada anualmente e através da CEA ao sul e sudeste9. Os solos nas CEA são Histosols que geralmente contêm mais 85% orgânico importa em peso e têm menos de 35% de conteúdo mineral10. Canal de sedimentos geralmente têm baixa densidade (entre 0,14 g cm-3 para 0,35 g cm-3), teor de matéria orgânica elevada (entre 31-35%) e valores de P Total (TP), que variam entre 726-1,089 mg kg-1 11.
Para fins desta demonstração, foi selecionada uma fazenda dentro de CEA. O hydroscape de como a água flui dentro CEA depende de bombas e gravidade. Cada exploração agrícola em CEA compreende pelo menos um canal principal e várias valas de campo. O campo das valas execução perpendicular ao canal principal. As bombas normalmente servem um propósito duplo; Eles entregam água de irrigação para a fazenda e também água de drenagem para fora do local de descarga. Quando os campos precisam ser drenados, água no canal principal é abaixada, e para as valas, impulsionadas por um gradiente hidráulico drena a água do campo. Devido a apenas uma leve inclinação na superfície maior parte da precipitação que ocorre sobre os fluxos de campos através do perfil do solo em trânsito para o campo das valas.  Durante a irrigação, o sistema é invertido. Não há nenhuma rede de drenagem de telha no CEA. O lençol freático é mantido a uma altura específica devido a uma camada confinando de subalterno de rocha de calcário dos solos.  É trazer água através dos canais principais; valas de campo são preenchidas, e água é permitida para infiltrar-se no perfil do solo para elevar os níveis do lençol freático nos campos. Normalmente, as demandas por água de irrigação nas CEA ocorrem durante março, abril e maio (estação seca), com muito pouca descarga de drenagem. Em contraste, o volume de água descarregado entre junho e outubro (estação chuvosa) é significativamente maior. A presença de canal banco bermas e valas permite o escoamento de superfície mínimo como uma fonte potencial de carga P em fazenda canais12.
Esta experiência visual, apresentamos um novo método de capturar fluxo ponderado as partículas em suspensa durante eventos de drenagem que podem ser usados mais tarde para a caracterização físico-químicas tais como densidade, teor de matéria orgânica e fracionamento P13 ,14.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Datalogger</td><td>Campbell Scientific</td><td></td><td>model CR1000</td></tr><tr><td>Auto-sampler</td><td>ISCO</td><td></td><td>model 3700</td></tr><tr><td>Pressure transducer</td><td>KPSI</td><td></td><td>model 700</td></tr><tr><td>Tipping bucket rain guage</td><td>Texas Electronics</td><td></td><td>model TR-525</td></tr><tr><td>Potassium Chloride</td><td>Fisher</td><td>7447-40-7</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium Hydroxide</td><td>Fisher</td><td>1310-73-2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hydrochloric Acid</td><td>Fisher</td><td>7647-01-0</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sulfuric Acid</td><td>Fisher</td><td>7664-93-9</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Potassium Persulfate</td><td>Fisher</td><td>7727-21-1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ammonium Molybdate Tetrahydrate</td><td>Fisher</td><td>12054-85-2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>L-Ascorbic Acid</td><td>Fisher</td><td>50-81-7</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>100 mg/L Anhydrous Phosphate Standard</td><td>ERA</td><td>061</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Antimony Potassium Tartrate Trihydrate</td><td>Fisher</td><td>28300-74-5</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Durapore Membrane Filters</td><td>Millipore</td><td>HVLP04700</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Whatman #41 Filter Paper</td><td>Whatman</td><td>1441-150</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fixed Speed Reciprocal Shaker E6010</td><td>Eberbach Corporation</td><td>E6010.00</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Disposable Culture Tubes</td><td>Fisher</td><td>14-961-29</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Allegra 25R Centrifuge</td><td>Becker Coulter</td><td>U.S. 605168-AC</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Parafilm</td><td>Bemis Company Inc PM 999</td><td>13-374-12</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Oak Ridge Centrifuge Tubes</td><td>Nalgene</td><td>3119-0050</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fisherbrand 20mL HDPE Scintillation Vials with Urea Cap</td><td>Fisher</td><td>03-337-23C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fisherbrand&amp;nbsp;Natural Polypropylene Jars with White Polypropylene Unlined Cap</td><td>Fisher</td><td>02-912-024A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>0.45 membrane filters</td><td>Cole-Parmer</td><td>Item # UX-15945-25</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>100 ml digestion tubes</td><td>Fisher&amp;nbsp;</td><td>TC1000-0735</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glass funnels</td><td>Fisher</td><td>03-865</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Spectronic 20 Genesys</td><td>Thermo-Fisher</td><td>4001-000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>QuikChem</td><td>Latchat</td><td>8500</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

capturing flow-weighted water and suspended particulates from agricultural canals during drainage events

O objetivo deste estudo é descrever os métodos utilizados para captação de água de fluxo ponderado e partículas em suspensa dos canais da fazenda durante a drenagem de descarga eventos. Fazenda de canais podem ser enriquecidas por nutrientes como fósforo (P) que são suscetíveis aos transportes. Fósforo na forma de partículas em suspensa pode contribuir significativamente para as globais cargas de P na água de drenagem. Realizou-se um experimento de tanque de decantação para capturar partículas em suspensa durante eventos de drenagem discreta. Fazenda água de descarga de canal foi coletada em uma série de dois tanques de decantação de 200 L durante toda a duração do evento a drenagem, a fim de representar uma sub-amostra composta da água sendo descarregada. Cones de sedimentação de Imhoff, finalmente, são usados para ajustar para fora as partículas em suspensa. Isto é conseguido por sifão a água dos tanques de decantação através dos cones. Então, as partículas são coletadas para análises físico-químicas.

O método descrito neste estudo nos permite capturar água e partículas em suspensão que está sendo descarregada durante eventos de bombeamento em canais de fazendas. A água e partículas, que são coletadas são fluxo ponderado, o que significa que eles são representante de toda a duração do evento bombeamento e não apenas um única vez instantâneo; tornando-se altamente representativo do tipo de material a ser descarregado. A água e as partículas em suspensa podem ser armazen...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Capturing Flow-weighted Water and Suspended Particulates from Agricultural Canals During Drainage Events at JoVE.com

Capturing Flow-weighted Water and Suspended Particulates from Agricultural Canals During Drainage Events

Nutrientes presentes em forma de partículas podem contribuir significativamente para as globais cargas nas águas de drenagem agrícola. Este estudo descreve um romance método para capturar ponderada fluxo de água e partículas em suspensa da fazenda canal de drenagem durante toda a duração do evento a drenagem.

Capturando o fluxo ponderado água e partículas em suspensa de canais agrícolas durante eventos de drenagem

The purpose of this study is to describe the methods used to capture flow-weighted water and suspended particulates from farm canals during drainage ...

capturing-flow-weighted-water-suspended-particulates-from

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

15.8K visualizações.  University of Florida. Nutrientes presentes em forma de partículas podem contribuir significativamente para as globais cargas nas águas de drenagem agrícola. Este estudo descreve um romance método para capturar ponderada fluxo de água e partículas em suspensa da fazenda canal de drenagem durante toda a duração do evento a drenagem.

Vídeo: Capturing Flow-weighted Water and Suspended Particulates from Agricultural Canals During Drainage Events

Colorimetric Paper-based Detection of Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., and Listeria monocytogenes from Large Volumes of Agricultural Water

This protocol describes rapid colorimetric detection of Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., and Listeria monocytogenes from large volumes (10 L) of agricultural waters. Here, water is filtered through sterile Modified Moore Swabs (MMS), which consist&#160;of a simple gauze filter enclosed in a plastic cartridge, to concentrate bacteria. Following filtration, non-selective or selective enrichments for the target bacteria are performed in the MMS. For colorimetric detection of the target bacteria, the enrichments are then assayed using paper-based analytical devices (&#181;PADs) embedded with bacteria-indicative substrates. Each substrate reacts with target-indicative bacterial enzymes, generating colored products that can be detected visually (qualitative detection) on the &#181;PAD. Alternatively, digital images of the reacted &#181;PADs can be generated with common scanning or photographic devices and analyzed using ImageJ software, allowing for more objective and standardized interpretation of results. Although the biochemical screening procedures are designed to identify the aforementioned bacterial pathogens, in some cases enzymes produced by background microbiota or the degradation of the colorimetric substrates may produce a false positive. Therefore, confirmation using a more discriminatory diagnostic is needed. Nonetheless, this bacterial concentration and detection platform is inexpensive, sensitive (0.1 CFU/ml detection limit), easy to perform, and rapid (concentration, enrichment, and detection are performed within approximately 24&#160;hr), justifying its use as an initial screening method for the microbiological quality of agricultural water.

Colorimetric Paper-based Detection of Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., and Listeria monocytogenes from Large Volumes of Agricultural Water

A protocol involving integrated concentration, enrichment, and end-point colorimetric detection of foodborne pathogens in large volumes of agricultural water is presented here. Water is filtered through Modified Moore Swabs (MMS), enriched with selective or non-selective media, and detection is performed using paper-based analytical devices (&#181;PAD) imbedded with bacterial-indicative colorimetric substrates.

Papel colorimétrico à base de Detecção de<em&gt; Escherichia coli</em&gt;,<em&gt; Salmonella</em&gt; Spp. E<em&gt; Listeria monocytogenes</em&gt; A partir de grandes volumes de água Agrícola

This protocol describes rapid colorimetric detection of Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., and Listeria monocytogenes from large volumes (10 L) of ...

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Design and Construction of an Urban Runoff Research Facility

As the urban population increases, so does the area of irrigated urban landscape. Summer water use in urban areas can be 2-3x winter base line water use due to increased demand for landscape irrigation. Improper irrigation practices and large rainfall events can result in runoff from urban landscapes which has potential to carry nutrients and sediments into local streams and lakes where they may contribute to eutrophication. A 1,000 m2 facility was constructed which consists of 24 individual 33.6 m2 field plots, each equipped for measuring total runoff volumes with time and collection of runoff subsamples at selected intervals for quantification of chemical constituents in the runoff water from simulated urban landscapes. Runoff volumes from the first and second trials had coefficient of variability (CV) values of 38.2 and 28.7%, respectively. CV values for runoff pH, EC, and Na concentration for both trials were all under 10%. Concentrations of DOC, TDN, DON, PO4-P, K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+ had CV values less than 50% in both trials. Overall, the results of testing performed after sod installation at the facility indicated good uniformity between plots for runoff volumes and chemical constituents. The large plot size is sufficient to include much of the natural variability and therefore provides better simulation of urban landscape ecosystems.

This paper describes the design, construction, and function of a 1,000 m2 facility containing 24 individual 33.6 m2 field plots equipped for measuring total runoff volumes with time and collection of runoff subsamples at selected intervals for quantification of chemical constituents in the runoff water from simulated home lawns.

Projeto e Construção de um Mecanismo de Pesquisa escoamento urbano

As the urban population increases, so does the area of irrigated urban landscape. Summer water use in urban areas can be 2-3x winter base line water use ...

A Protocol for Conducting Rainfall Simulation to Study Soil Runoff

Rainfall is a driving force for the transport of environmental contaminants from agricultural soils to surficial water bodies via surface runoff. The objective of this study was to characterize the effects of antecedent soil moisture content on the fate and transport of surface applied commercial urea, a common form of nitrogen (N) fertilizer, following a rainfall event that occurs within 24&#160;hr&#160;after fertilizer application. Although urea is assumed to be readily hydrolyzed to ammonium and therefore not often available for transport, recent studies suggest that urea can be transported from agricultural soils to coastal waters where it is implicated in harmful algal blooms. A rainfall simulator was used to apply a consistent rate of uniform rainfall across packed soil boxes that had been prewetted to different soil moisture contents. By controlling rainfall and soil physical characteristics, the effects of antecedent soil moisture on urea loss were isolated. Wetter soils exhibited shorter time from rainfall initiation to runoff initiation, greater total volume of runoff, higher urea concentrations in runoff, and greater mass loadings of urea in runoff. These results also demonstrate the importance of controlling for antecedent soil moisture content in studies designed to isolate other variables, such as soil physical or chemical characteristics, slope, soil cover, management, or rainfall characteristics. Because rainfall simulators are designed to deliver raindrops of similar size and velocity as natural rainfall, studies conducted under a standardized protocol can yield valuable data that, in turn, can be used to develop models for predicting the fate and transport of pollutants in runoff.

A rainfall simulator was used to apply a consistent rate of uniform rainfall to packed soil boxes in a study of the fate and transport of urea, a nonpoint source environmental contaminant. Under uniform soil and rainfall conditions, antecedent soil moisture content exerted strong control over urea loss in surface runoff.

Um protocolo para Realização Chuvas Simulação para o Estudo de Escoamento do Solo

Rainfall is a driving force for the transport of environmental contaminants from agricultural soils to surficial water bodies via surface runoff. The ...

Watershed Planning within a Quantitative Scenario Analysis Framework

There is a critical need for tools and methodologies capable of managing aquatic systems within heavily impacted watersheds. Current efforts often fall short as a result of an inability to quantify and predict complex cumulative effects of current and future land use scenarios at relevant spatial scales. The goal of this manuscript is to provide methods for conducting a targeted watershed assessment that enables resource managers to produce landscape-based cumulative effects models for use within a scenario analysis management framework. Sites are first selected for inclusion within the watershed assessment by identifying sites that fall along independent gradients and combinations of known stressors. Field and laboratory techniques are then used to obtain data on the physical, chemical, and biological effects of multiple land use activities. Multiple linear regression analysis is then used to produce landscape-based cumulative effects models for predicting aquatic conditions. Lastly, methods for incorporating cumulative effects models within a scenario analysis framework for guiding management and regulatory decisions (e.g., permitting and mitigation) within actively developing watersheds are discussed and demonstrated for 2 sub-watersheds within the mountaintop mining region of central Appalachia. The watershed assessment and management approach provided herein enables resource managers to facilitate economic and development activity while protecting aquatic resources and producing opportunity for net ecological benefits through targeted remediation.

There is a critical need for tools and methodologies capable of managing aquatic systems in the face of uncertain future conditions. We provide methods for conducting a targeted watershed assessment that enables resource managers to produce landscape-based cumulative effects models for use within a scenario analysis management framework.

Bacias hidrográficas Planejamento dentro de uma Análise Quantitativa Framework Cenário

There is a critical need for tools and methodologies capable of managing aquatic systems within heavily impacted watersheds. Current efforts often fall ...

A Flow-through Exposure System for Evaluating Suspended Sediments Effects on Aquatic Life

This paper describes the Fish Larvae and Egg Exposure System (FLEES). The flow-through exposure system is used to investigate the effects of suspended sediment on various aquatic species and life stages in the laboratory by using pumps and automating delivery of sediment and water to simulate suspension of sediment. FLEES data are used to develop exposure-response curves between the effects on aquatic organisms and suspended sediment concentrations at the desired exposure duration. The effects data are used to evaluate management practices used to reduce the interactions between aquatic organisms and anthropogenic causes of suspended sediments. The FLEES is capable of generating total suspended solids (TSS) concentrations as low as 30 to as high as 800 mg/L, making this system an ideal choice for evaluating the effects of TSS resulting from many activities including simulating low ambient levels of TSS to evaluating sources of suspended sediments from dredging operations, vessel traffic, freshets, and storms.

A robust and flexible flow-through exposure system designed to maintain sediment in suspension is presented. The system is used to investigate the effects of suspended sediment on various aquatic species and life stages in the laboratory.

Um Sistema de Exposição Fluxo através de sedimentação de Efeitos Avaliando suspensos sobre a vida aquática

This paper describes the Fish Larvae and Egg Exposure System (FLEES). The flow-through exposure system is used to investigate the effects of suspended ...

Vegetated Treatment Systems for Removing Contaminants Associated with Surface Water Toxicity in Agriculture and Urban Runoff

Urban stormwater and agriculture irrigation runoff contain a complex mixture of contaminants that are often toxic to adjacent receiving waters. Runoff may be treated with simple systems designed to promote sorption of contaminants to vegetation and soils and promote infiltration. Two example systems are described: a bioswale treatment system for urban stormwater treatment, and a vegetated drainage ditch for treating agriculture irrigation runoff. Both have similar attributes that reduce contaminant loading in runoff: vegetation that results in sorption of the contaminants to the soil and plant surfaces, and water infiltration. These systems may also include the integration of granulated activated carbon as a polishing step to remove residual contaminants. Implementation of these systems in agriculture and urban watersheds requires system monitoring to verify treatment efficacy. This includes chemical monitoring for specific contaminants responsible for toxicity. The current paper emphasizes monitoring of current use pesticides since these are responsible for surface water toxicity to aquatic invertebrates.

This article summarizes the design attributes and the effectiveness of treatment systems that treat urban stormwater and agriculture irrigation runoff to remove pesticides and other contaminants associated with aquatic toxicity.

Vegetated Sistemas de Tratamento para Remoção de Contaminantes Associados à Toxicidade de Águas Superfícies na Agricultura e Escorrências Urbanas

Urban stormwater and agriculture irrigation runoff contain a complex mixture of contaminants that are often toxic to adjacent receiving waters. Runoff may ...

Continuous Instream Monitoring of Nutrients and Sediment in Agricultural Watersheds

Pollutant concentrations and loads in watersheds vary considerably with time and space. Accurate and timely information on the magnitude of pollutants in water resources is a prerequisite for understanding the drivers of the pollutant loads and for making informed water resource management decisions. The commonly used &#34;grab sampling&#34; method provides the concentrations of pollutants at the time of sampling (i.e., a snapshot concentration) and may under- or overpredict the pollutant concentrations and loads. Continuous monitoring of nutrients and sediment has recently received more attention due to advances in computing, sensing technology, and storage devices. This protocol demonstrates the use of sensors, sondes, and instrumentation to continuously monitor in situ nitrate, ammonium, turbidity, pH, conductivity, temperature, and dissolved oxygen (DO) and to calculate the loads from two streams (ditches) in two agricultural watersheds. With the proper calibration, maintenance, and operation of sensors and sondes, good water quality data can be obtained by overcoming challenging conditions such as fouling and debris buildup. The method can also be used in watersheds of various sizes and characterized by agricultural, forested, and/or urban land.

With the advancement of technology and the rise in end-user expectations, the need and use of higher temporal resolution data for pollutant load estimation has increased. This protocol describes a method for continuous in situ water quality monitoring to obtain higher temporal resolution data for informed water resource management decisions.

Monitoramento Contínuo de Nutrientes e Sedimentos em Bacias Agrícolas

Pollutant concentrations and loads in watersheds vary considerably with time and space. Accurate and timely information on the magnitude of pollutants in ...

Continuous Hydrologic and Water Quality Monitoring of Vernal Ponds

Vernal ponds, also referred to as vernal pools, provide critical ecosystem services and habitat for a variety of threatened and endangered species. However, they are vulnerable parts of the landscapes that are often poorly understood and understudied. Land use and management practices, as well as climate change are thought to be a contribution to the global amphibian decline. However, more research is needed to understand the extent of these impacts. Here, we present methodology for characterizing a vernal pond's morphology and detail a monitoring station that can be used to collect water quantity and quality data over the duration of a vernal pond's hydroperiod. We provide methodology for how to conduct field surveys to characterize the morphology and develop stage-storage curves for a vernal pond. Additionally, we provide methodology for monitoring the water level, temperature, pH, oxidation-reduction potential, dissolved oxygen, and electrical conductivity of water in a vernal pond, as well as monitoring rainfall data. This information can be used to better quantify the ecosystem services that vernal ponds provide and the impacts of anthropogenic activities on their ability to provide these services.

Understanding the ecosystem services and processes provided by vernal ponds and the impacts of anthropogenic activities on their ability to provide these services requires intensive hydrologic monitoring. This sampling protocol using in-situ monitoring equipment was developed to understand the impact of anthropogenic activities on water levels and quality.

Contínua hidrológicos e monitoramento da qualidade do Vernal lagoas de água

Vernal ponds, also referred to as vernal pools, provide critical ecosystem services and habitat for a variety of threatened and endangered species. ...

Wastewater Irrigation Impacts on Soil Hydraulic Conductivity: Coupled Field Sampling and Laboratory Determination of Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity

Since the early 1960s, an alternative wastewater discharge practice at The Pennsylvania State University has been researched and its impacts monitored. Rather than discharging treated wastewater to a stream, and thereby directly impacting the stream quality, the effluent is applied to forested and cropped land managed by the University. Concerns related to reductions in soil hydraulic conductivity occur when considering wastewater reuse. The methodology described in this manuscript, matching soil sample size with the size of the laboratory-based hydraulic conductivity measurement apparatus, provides the benefits of a relatively rapid collection of samples with the benefits of controlled laboratory boundary conditions. The results suggest that there may have been some impact of wastewater reuse on the soil&#39;s ability to transmit water at deeper depths in the depressional areas of the site. Most of the reductions in the soil hydraulic conductivity in the depressions appear to be related to the depth from which the sample was collected, and by inference, associated with the soil structural and textural differences.

Here we present a methodology which matches a soil sample size and a hydraulic conductivity measurement device to prevent the so-called wall flow along the inside of the soil container from being erroneously included in water flow measurements. Its use is demonstrated with samples collected from a wastewater irrigation site.

Impactos de irrigação de efluentes na condutividade hidráulica do solo: acoplado a amostragem de campo e laboratório determinação da condutividade hidráulica saturada

Since the early 1960s, an alternative wastewater discharge practice at The Pennsylvania State University has been researched and its impacts monitored. ...

Parameterizing V-notch Weir Equations for Flow Monitoring in a Drainage Control Structure

Accurate estimation of drainage discharge (flow rate or water volume per unit time) is essential for calculating nutrient loads delivered to surface water and assessing the performance of edge-of-field conservation practices. Determining drainage flow rates requires monitoring the head in a drainage control structure and applying an appropriate equation for the weir installed in the structure. Previous studies that developed calibrated equations for weirs in control structures have produced different equations (i.e., different weir flow equation coefficients) for the same type of weir and control structure size. This study describes procedures for setting up experimental water flow rate and head measurements within a drainage control structure and developing a weir equation for flows contained within a V-notch weir. Additionally, the procedure for obtaining a weir equation for overtopping flows -- when the water level exceeds the top of the V-notch weir -- is outlined. This process involves using the weir equation developed in the laboratory for a V-notch weir and an online tool, the &#34;Weir Flow Equation Coefficients Calculator&#34;, developed by the authors. The online tool can also generate weir flow equation coefficients for both V-notch-contained and overtopping flows across various sizes of Agri Drain water control structures, even when users lack site-specific flow rate vs. head relationship.

This protocol describes methods for obtaining weir flow equation coefficients for a V-notch weir within a drainage control structure using (1) a laboratory calibration procedure and (2) an online tool, the "Weir Flow Equation Coefficients Calculator", developed by the authors. These methods apply to flows contained within the V-notch and overtopping flows.

Accurate estimation of drainage discharge (flow rate or water volume per unit time) is essential for calculating nutrient loads delivered to surface water ...