TB reconhece uma bolsa de pesquisa da Fibrose Cística no Canadá.

Note-se que Conselho de Ética em Pesquisa (REB) é necessário para coletar e armazenar amostras de escarro de seres humanos. Esses estudos foram aprovados pelo Hospital para Crianças Doentes REB # 1000019444. 1. preparação de amostras de expectoração CF <ol><li> Recolher amostra de escarro de pacientes durante as visitas de rotina à clínica fibrose cística e manter em gelo. </li><li> Transporte de amostra de escarro no gelo dentro da primeira hora da coleta, para o laboratório de pesquisa, submeter-se a tratamento. </li></ol> 2. escarro Processing <ol><li> Registrar o volume da amostra de expectoração obtidos. Adicionar salina tamponada com fosfato (PBS) para 2x o volume da amostra (isto é, 2 partes de PBS, uma parte de amostra). </li><li> Misturar a amostra bem com uma pipeta de transferência. Vortex da amostra na potência máxima por 1 min para misturar completamente. </li><li> Aliquota de 1 ml da mistura acima referida sobre o número 1,5 ml tubos de microcentrífuga adequadas e girar a 5000 xg durante20 min a 4 ° C. </li><li> A seguir à centrifugação, o sobrenadante remover e descartar o sedimento. </li><li> Filtrar esterilizar o sobrenadante através de um filtro de 0,22? M e recolher num tubo de microcentrífuga limpo. NOTA: A esterilidade do filtrado é testado por plaqueamento em LB agar e inocular meio líquido. </li><li> Armazenar o sobrenadante expectoração a -80 ° C para uso futuro. NOTA: O escarro de vários pacientes também podem ser agrupados seguindo filtração. </li><li> Antes de utilizar, dilui-se expectoração filtrado 10/1 v / v (100 ul de expectoração, a 900 ul de meio), em meio desejado. NOTA: Aqui, foi utilizado caldo lysogeny padrão (LB) de mídia. </li></ol> 3. Chambered Método lamela para formação de biofilme <ol><li> Cresça isolado bacteriano de interesse durante a noite em meio desejado a 37 ° C com agitação (200 rpm). Nota: Um número de bactérias diferentes foram usados, incluindo isolados clínicos Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus,Complexo Burkholderia cepacia e Achromobacter xylosoxidans. Escolha dos meios depende tensões e condições de interesse, no entanto meio LB podem ser utilizados em experiências iniciais. </li><li> A partir da cultura durante a noite, colocar 40 mL de cultura em 4 ml de meio fresco e crescer durante 3-4 horas a 37 ° C com agitação (200 rpm) para se obter uma cultura com uma densidade óptica a 600 nm (OD600) de cerca de 0,5 -0.6. </li><li> Dilui-se a cultura a partir do passo 3.2 a 1/5 na mídia desejada com 10% filtrado escarro ou sem filtrado escarro (como controle). Outros concentração do filtrado expectoração pode ser testado (isto é, 50% ou 100%). </li><li> Utilizar 200 ul da diluição para semear poços das câmaras de deslizamento. </li><li> Permitir que as bactérias aderir durante 4 h a 37 ° C sem agitação. </li><li> Após 4 horas, remova a mídia e lavar cuidadosamente o biofilme por meio fresco 1x. Substitua por 200 mL de mídia fresco. NOTA: Para estudar os efeitos do escarro no biofilme, os fresh mídia deve conter escarro sobrenadante. </li><li> Permitir biofilmes a crescer para a quantidade desejada de tempo a 37 ° C sem agitação, substituindo todos os meios de comunicação 12 horas, sem a lavagem até que o tempo para microscopia. NOTA: Para estudar o efeito de sobrenadantes de escarro na susceptibilidade aos antibióticos biofilme, os antibióticos são adicionados à mídia após 24 horas de crescimento do biofilme e são mantidos nos meios de comunicação até a coloração e imagens de biofilmes. </li></ol> 4. Os biofilmes de coloração e microscopia confocal <ol><li> Seguindo tempo de crescimento desejado (24-48 h, funciona melhor), remova a mídia de poços de câmara e lavar cuidadosamente cada câmara duas vezes com 300 ul de PBS estéril. </li><li> Prepare a mistura de coloração de biofilme por mistura de 1 mL de cada corante (fornecido no kit de viabilidade) por cada ml de solução necessário. Fazer a tintura em água ou meios solução. NOTA: A água é recomendado pelo fabricante. </li><li> Adicionar 200 ul de mistura de corante a cada cavidade de covergla septadasSS e incubar à temperatura ambiente, no escuro, durante 45 min. </li><li> Remover mistura de coloração das câmaras e lavagem de cada poço com 300 ul de PBS estéril. Remover PBS e substituir com água doce ou de mídia. </li><li> Proceda com visualização de biofilme através de microscopia confocal. </li></ol> 5. Visualizando biofilmes com microscopia confocal <ol><li> Leia biofilmes manchado em câmaras imediatamente após a coloração (dentro de 1 hora). Minimizar atraso na visualização das lâminas por coloração de 1 a 2 câmaras de 8 poços de cada vez. </li><li> Realizar imagem usando microscópio confocal com lasers para excitação e filtros de conjuntos para a aquisição. NOTA: Aqui, o sistema confocal disco giratório com lasers borealis espectrais (verde: 491nm, Vermelho: 561 nm) foram utilizados para a excitação. conjuntos de filtros de emissão de 515/40 e 624/40 foram usadas para visualizar as manchas do kit de viabilidade do biofilme. </li><li> Captar imagens utilizando uma objectiva de água 25X no microscópio confocal com câmera. </li><li&gt; Use Z-Pilhas para modelar o biofilme. Captar imagens a cada 0,5-1 mm a partir do primeiro plano em foco para o último quadro em foco do biofilme (tipicamente abrangendo 30-80 mm para 48 biofilmes hr) </li><li> Tome 3-5 imagens de cada poço. NOTA: Assim, para um 8 lamela bem câmaras, serão gerados 24-40 imagens. </li><li> Salvar imagens para análise. NOTA: As imagens devem ser salvas como arquivos OME-TIFF a ser analisado usando COMSTAT 18,19. Instruções para a análise de imagem do biofilme pode ser encontrada em http://www.comstat.dk/. Uma vez que as imagens são importadas, parâmetros como a espessura média, biomassa e cobertura de superfície para cada canal (vermelho e verde) podem ser analisados. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Beaudoin, T., Waters, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Infections+with+biofilm+formation:+selection+of+antimicrobials+and+role+of+prolonged+antibiotic+therapy.">Infections with biofilm formation: selection of antimicrobials and role of prolonged antibiotic therapy.</a> Pediatr.Infect.Dis.J. , (2016).</li><li>Donlan, R. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biofilms:+microbial+life+on+surfaces.">Biofilms: microbial life on surfaces.</a> Emerg.Infect.Dis. 8 (9), 881-890 (2002).</li><li>Hobley, L., Harkins, C., MacPhee, C. E., Stanley-Wall, N. 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A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+genetic+basis+for+Pseudomonas+aeruginosa+biofilm+antibiotic+resistance.">A genetic basis for Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm antibiotic resistance.</a> Nature. 426 (6964), 306-310 (2003).</li><li>Mah, T. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biofilm-specific+antibiotic+resistance.">Biofilm-specific antibiotic resistance.</a> Future Microbiol. 7 (9), 1061-1072 (2012).</li><li>Beaudoin, T., Zhang, L., Hinz, A. J., Parr, C. J., Mah, T. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+biofilm-specific+antibiotic+resistance+gene+ndvB+is+important+for+expression+of+ethanol+oxidation+genes+in+Pseudomonas+aeruginosa+biofilms.">The biofilm-specific antibiotic resistance gene ndvB is important for expression of ethanol oxidation genes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms.</a> J. Bacteriol. 194 (12), 3128-3136 (2012).</li><li>Beaudoin, T., Aaron, S. D., Giesbrecht-Lewis, T., Vandemheen, K., Mah, T. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+clonal+strains+of+Pseudomonas+aeruginosa+isolated+from+cystic+fibrosis+patients+in+Ontario,+Canada.">Characterization of clonal strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from cystic fibrosis patients in Ontario, Canada.</a> Can. J. Microbiol. 56 (7), 548-557 (2010).</li><li>Vidya, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chronic+infection+phenotypes+of+Pseudomonas+aeruginosa+are+associated+with+failure+of+eradication+in+children+with+cystic+fibrosis.">Chronic infection phenotypes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa are associated with failure of eradication in children with cystic fibrosis.</a> Eur.J.Clin.Microbiol.Infect.Dis. , (2015).</li><li>Beaudoin, T., Lafayette, S., Nguyen, D., Rousseau, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mucoid+Pseudomonas+aeruginosa+caused+by+mucA+mutations+result+in+activation+of+TLR2+in+addition+to+TLR5+in+airway+epithelial+cells.">Mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa caused by mucA mutations result in activation of TLR2 in addition to TLR5 in airway epithelial cells.</a> Biochem.Biophys.Res.Commun. 428 (1), 150-154 (2012).</li><li>Beaudoin, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+level+of+p38alpha+mitogen-activated+protein+kinase+activation+in+airway+epithelial+cells+determines+the+onset+of+innate+immune+responses+to+planktonic+and+biofilm+Pseudomonas+aeruginosa.">The level of p38alpha mitogen-activated protein kinase activation in airway epithelial cells determines the onset of innate immune responses to planktonic and biofilm Pseudomonas aeruginosa.</a> J.Infect.Dis. 207 (10), 1544-1555 (2013).</li><li>LaFayette, S. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cystic+fibrosis-adapted+quorum+sensing+mutants+cause+hyperinflammatory+responses.">Cystic fibrosis-adapted quorum sensing mutants cause hyperinflammatory responses.</a> Sci.Adv. 1 (6), e1500199 (2015).</li><li>Staudinger, B. 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Os métodos aqui descritos permitem a visualização de biofilmes bacterianas cultivadas na presença de produtos exógenos. Não surpreendentemente, a produção dos exoproducts é de importância quando se utiliza este tipo de sistema. Por exemplo, ditiotreitol (DTT), é frequentemente utilizado em amostras de saliva humana para ajudar a liquefazer as amostras. No entanto, o efeito do DTT sozinho pode diminuir o desenvolvimento do biofilme e a viabilidade (dados não mostrados). Assim, controles adequados para todas a...

biofilmes bacterianas são grupos de microrganismos que estão ligados uns aos outros e incorporados numa matriz auto-secretado. 1,2 Classicamente, eles representam bactérias fisicamente ligados a uma superfície abiótica ou biótico formado sob condições de fluxo. Os biofilmes também têm sido mostrados para crescer em condições estáticas (ausência de fluxo) e distal de superfícies, tais como na interface ar-líquido de piscinas termais ou películas formadas nos tubos de ensaio. Estes biofilmes têm sido reconhecidos no meio ambiente e são um grande prejuízo para processos industriais, como eles podem se formar em reservatórios de água ou em tubos, resultando em biofouling, corrosão e entupimentos. 3,4 Os biofilmes também são críticas em ambientes de cuidados de saúde, como têm sido mostrado estar envolvidas em infecções relacionadas com cateteres, infecções pulmonares em doentes com fibrose cística, bem como em numerosas outras infecções. 5,6 Uma das marcas de infecções biofilme é a devincado susceptibilidade das bactérias aos antibióticos e auditivos depuração pelo sistema imune inato. 7-9 O mais bem estudadas, cenários clinicamente relevantes envolvendo infecção baseada biofilme ocorre em pacientes com fibrose cística (FC), que estão cronicamente infectados com biofilmes de Pseudomonas aeruginosa. P. aeruginosa podem ser submetidos a uma série de alterações durante o estabelecimento da infecção crónica que tornam muito difíceis de tratar. 10,11 biofilmes pode diferencialmente ativar a imunidade inata e conduzir a inflamação. 12-14 Como estas infecções levar ao aumento da morbidade e mortalidade em pacientes com FC, é crucial para entender fatores que podem afetar o desenvolvimento do biofilme neste contexto. Um estudo recente sugere que hospedeiras-factores são importantes na formação de agregados de biofilme de P. aeruginosa. 15 Estes biofilmes contribuir para a redução da susceptibilidade aos antibióticos e os mecanismos de defesa do hospedeiro. o preseNCE de factores derivados do hospedeiro, tais como a elastase de neutrófilos, assim como produtos secretados a partir de microrganismos presentes no pulmão CF, tem o potencial de modular significativamente a formação de biofilme e de desenvolvimento. 16 Além disso, os biofilmes interagir com o hospedeiro para modular a expressão de numerosos caminhos e iniciar a inflamação. Enquanto os métodos de alto rendimento, tal como o ensaio de violeta de cristal padrão, podem fornecer alguma informação no que diz respeito ao processo de biofilme, a visualização do biofilme em resposta a estes factores proporcionam mais informação em profundidade. Nesse artigo, nós descrevemos um método para a utilização de factores de expectoração de pacientes com FC para estudar o desenvolvimento de biofilmes in vitro. Este método permite a rápida visualização de biofilme expostos a expectoração contendo factores do hospedeiro, utilizando um kit comercial viabilidade do biofilme. Esta técnica pode ser usada para identificar visualmente as alterações que ocorrem durante o crescimento de biofilme, na presença de exógenonos produtos, e representa um método melhorado para analisar as alterações no desenvolvimento de biofilme sob várias condições.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Lab-Tek II Chambered coverglass, #1.5 borosilicate, 8-well</td><td>Thermo Sicher Scientific</td><td>155409</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Filmtracer Live/Dead Biofilm Viabilty Kit</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>L10316</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Blood agar plates</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>R10215</td><td>Confirming viability via CFU counts or selecting colonies for innoculation</td></tr><tr><td>COMSTAT</td><td>Availble software online</td><td></td><td>COMSTAT is software to analyze biofilm images. Available www.comstat.dk&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Millers LB Broth</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>12780-052</td><td>Standard media for overnight gowth/biofilm growth</td></tr><tr><td>Millex-GV Syringe Filters</td><td>Millipore</td><td>SLGV013SL</td><td>Filtering of sputum supernants</td></tr><tr><td>Phosphate Buffered Saline (Dulbecco A)</td><td>Oxoid</td><td>BR0014G</td><td>Washing of biofilm chambers after media removal</td></tr><tr><td>Zeiss AxioVert 200M</td><td>Carl Zeiss</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hamamatsu C9100-13 EM-CCD</td><td>QS Technologies Inc.</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Spectral Borealis</td><td>Qs Technologies Inc.</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Perkin Elmer Volocity</td><td>QS Technologies Inc.</td><td></td><td>Instructions for this software can be found at: http://cellularimaging.perkinelmer.com/pdfs/manuals/VolocityuserGuide.pdf</td></tr></tbody></table>

visualizing the effects of sputum on biofilm development using a chambered coverglass model

Os biofilmes consistem de grupos de bactérias embebidas em uma matriz auto-secretado. Eles desempenham um papel importante na contaminação industrial, bem como no desenvolvimento e persistência de muitas infecções relacionadas com a saúde. Um dos biofilmes mais bem descrita e estudada em doenças humanas ocorre na infecção pulmonar crónica de pacientes com fibrose cística. Ao estudar biofilmes no contexto do hospedeiro, muitos factores que podem influenciar a formação e desenvolvimento de biofilme. A fim de identificar como factores do hospedeiro pode afetar a formação de biofilme e desenvolvimento, foi utilizado um método lamela chambered estática para crescer biofilmes na presença de fatores derivados do hospedeiro na forma de sobrenadantes de escarro. As bactérias são semeadas em câmaras e expostos a filtrados de expectoração. Na sequência de 48 horas de crescimento, os biofilmes estão manchadas com um kit de viabilidade de biofilme comercial antes da microscopia confocal e análise. Após a aquisição das imagens, as propriedades do biofilme pode ser avaliada através de diferentes plataformas de software.Este método nos permite visualizar as propriedades fundamentais do crescimento do biofilme na presença de diferentes substâncias, incluindo antibióticos.

A concepção geral da experiência está representada na Figura 1. A utilização deste protocolo fornece um método conveniente para visualizar as alterações em biofilmes cultivadas por diferentes períodos de tempo (por exemplo, 24, 48 ou 72 horas). Importante, sinais exógenos, tais como expectoração filtrados, pode ser adicionado para visualizar as alterações no desenvolvimento de biofilme. Como pode ser visto na Figura 2, a presença...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Visualizing the Effects of Sputum on Biofilm Development Using a Chambered Coverglass Model at JoVE.com

Visualizing the Effects of Sputum on Biofilm Development Using a Chambered Coverglass Model

This protocol describes the visualization of biofilm development following exposure to host-factors using a slide chamber model. This model allows for direct visualization of biofilm development as well as analysis of biofilm parameters using computer software programs.

Visualizando os Efeitos de escarro no desenvolvimento de biofilmes usando um modelo Chambered lamela

Biofilms consist of groups of bacteria encased in a self-secreted matrix. They play an important role in industrial contamination as well as in the ...

visualizing-effects-sputum-on-biofilm-development-using-chambered

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Immunology and Infection

8.3K visualizações.  Hospital for Sick Children. This protocol describes the visualization of biofilm development following exposure to host-factors using a slide chamber model. This model allows for direct visualization of biofilm development as well as analysis of biofilm parameters using computer software programs.

Vídeo: Visualizing the Effects of Sputum on Biofilm Development Using a Chambered Coverglass Model

Co-culture Models of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms Grown on Live Human Airway Cells

Bacterial biofilms have been associated with a number of different human diseases, but biofilm development has generally been studied on non-living surfaces. In this paper, we describe protocols for forming Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms on human airway epithelial cells (CFBE cells) grown in culture. In the first method (termed the Static Co-culture Biofilm Model), P. aeruginosa is incubated with CFBE cells grown as confluent monolayers on standard tissue culture plates. Although the bacterium is quite toxic to epithelial cells, the addition of arginine delays the destruction of the monolayer long enough for biofilms to form on the CFBE cells. The second method (termed the Flow Cell Co-culture Biofilm Model), involves adaptation of a biofilm flow cell apparatus, which is often used in biofilm research, to accommodate a glass coverslip supporting a confluent monolayer of CFBE cells. This monolayer is inoculated with P. aeruginosa and a peristaltic pump then flows fresh medium across the cells. In both systems, bacterial biofilms form within 6-8 hours after inoculation. Visualization of the biofilm is enhanced by the use of P. aeruginosa strains constitutively expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP). The Static and Flow Cell Co-culture Biofilm assays are model systems for early P. aeruginosa infection of the Cystic Fibrosis (CF) lung, and these techniques allow different aspects of P. aeruginosa biofilm formation and virulence to be studied, including biofilm cytotoxicity, measurement of biofilm CFU, and staining and visualizing the biofilm.

Co-culture Models of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms Grown on Live Human Airway Cells

This paper describes different methods of growing Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms on cultured human airway epithelial cells. These protocols can be adapted to study different aspects of biofilm formation, including visualization of the biofilm, staining of the biofilm, measuring the colony forming units (CFU) of the biofilm, and studying biofilm cytotoxicity.

Co-cultura de Modelos Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilmes Grown no Live Células Airway Humanos

Bacterial biofilms have been associated with a number of different human diseases, but biofilm development has generally been studied on non-living ...

Imunologia e Infecção

In vitro Biofilm Formation in an 8-well Chamber Slide

The chronic nature of many diseases is attributed to the formation of bacterial biofilms which are recalcitrant to traditional antibiotic therapy. Biofilms are community-associated bacteria attached to a surface and encased in a matrix. The role of the extracellular matrix is multifaceted, including facilitating nutrient acquisition, and offers significant protection against environmental stresses (e.g. host immune responses). In an effort to acquire a better understanding as to how the bacteria within a biofilm respond to environmental stresses we have used a protocol wherein we visualize bacterial biofilms which have formed in an 8-well chamber slide. The biofilms were stained with the BacLight Live/Dead stain and examined using a confocal microscope to characterize the relative biofilm size, and structure under varying incubation conditions. Z-stack images were collected via confocal microscopy and analyzed by COMSTAT. This protocol can be used to help elucidate the mechanism and kinetics by which biofilms form, as well as identify components that are important to biofilm structure and stability.

In vitro Biofilm Formation in an 8-well Chamber Slide

This article describes the procedure for the formation and visualization of a bacterial biofilm grown within an 8-well chamber slide

In vitro a formação de biofilme em um slide Câmara de 8 poços

The chronic nature of many diseases is attributed to the formation of bacterial biofilms which are recalcitrant to traditional antibiotic therapy. ...

Growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Biofilms

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the etiologic agent of human tuberculosis, has an extraordinary ability to survive against environmental stresses including antibiotics. Although stress tolerance of M. tuberculosis is one of the likely contributors to the 6-month long chemotherapy of tuberculosis 1, the molecular mechanisms underlying this characteristic phenotype of the pathogen remain unclear. Many microbial species have evolved to survive in stressful environments by self-assembling in highly organized, surface attached, and matrix encapsulated structures called biofilms 2-4. Growth in communities appears to be a preferred survival strategy of microbes, and is achieved through genetic components that regulate surface attachment, intercellular communications, and synthesis of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) 5,6. The tolerance to environmental stress is likely facilitated by EPS, and perhaps by the physiological adaptation of individual bacilli to heterogeneous microenvironments within the complex architecture of biofilms 7.
In a series of recent papers we established that M. tuberculosis and Mycobacterium smegmatis have a strong propensity to grow in organized multicellular structures, called biofilms, which can tolerate more than 50 times the minimal inhibitory concentrations of the anti-tuberculosis drugs isoniazid and rifampicin 8-10. M. tuberculosis, however, intriguingly requires specific conditions to form mature biofilms, in particular 9:1 ratio of headspace: media as well as limited exchange of air with the atmosphere 9. Requirements of specialized environmental conditions could possibly be linked to the fact that M. tuberculosis is an obligate human pathogen and thus has adapted to tissue environments. In this publication we demonstrate methods for culturing M. tuberculosis biofilms in a bottle and a 12-well plate format, which is convenient for bacteriological as well as genetic studies. We have described the protocol for an attenuated strain of M. tuberculosis, mc27000, with deletion in the two loci, panCD and RD1, that are critical for in vivo growth of the pathogen 9. This strain can be safely used in a BSL-2 containment for understanding the basic biology of the tuberculosis pathogen thus avoiding the requirement of an expensive BSL-3 facility. The method can be extended, with appropriate modification in media, to grow biofilm of other culturable mycobacterial species.
Overall, a uniform protocol of culturing mycobacterial biofilms will help the investigators interested in studying the basic resilient characteristics of mycobacteria. In addition, a clear and concise method of growing mycobacterial biofilms will also help the clinical and pharmaceutical investigators to test the efficacy of a potential drug.

Growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Biofilms

Mycobacterium tuberculosis forms drug tolerant biofilms when cultured in certain conditions. Here we describe methods for culturing M. tuberculosis biofilms and determining the frequency of drug tolerant persisters. These protocols will be useful for further studies into the mechanisms of drug tolerance in M. tuberculosis.

Crescimento de Mycobacterium tuberculosis Biofilmes

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the etiologic agent of human tuberculosis, has an extraordinary ability to survive against environmental stresses including ...

Use of Artificial Sputum Medium to Test Antibiotic Efficacy Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Conditions More Relevant to the Cystic Fibrosis Lung

There is growing concern about the relevance of in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility tests when applied to isolates of P. aeruginosa from cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. Existing methods rely on single or a few isolates grown aerobically and planktonically. Predetermined cut-offs are used to define whether the bacteria are sensitive or resistant to any given antibiotic1. However, during chronic lung infections in CF, P. aeruginosa populations exist in biofilms and there is evidence that the environment is largely microaerophilic2. The stark difference in conditions between bacteria in the lung and those during diagnostic testing has called into question the reliability and even relevance of these tests3.
 Artificial sputum medium (ASM) is a culture medium containing the components of CF patient sputum, including amino acids, mucin and free DNA. P. aeruginosa growth in ASM mimics growth during CF infections, with the formation of self-aggregating biofilm structures and population divergence4,5,6. The aim of this study was to develop a microtitre-plate assay to study antimicrobial susceptibility of P. aeruginosa based on growth in ASM, which is applicable to both microaerophilic and aerobic conditions.
 An ASM assay was developed in a microtitre plate format. P. aeruginosa biofilms were allowed to develop for 3 days prior to incubation with antimicrobial agents at different concentrations for 24 hours. After biofilm disruption, cell viability was measured by staining with resazurin. This assay was used to ascertain the sessile cell minimum inhibitory concentration (SMIC) of tobramycin for 15 different P. aeruginosa isolates under aerobic and microaerophilic conditions and SMIC values were compared to those obtained with standard broth growth. Whilst there was some evidence for increased MIC values for isolates grown in ASM when compared to their planktonic counterparts, the biggest differences were found with bacteria tested in microaerophilic conditions, which showed a much increased resistance up to a &gt;128 fold, towards tobramycin in the ASM system when compared to assays carried out in aerobic conditions.
 The lack of association between current susceptibility testing methods and clinical outcome has questioned the validity of current methods3. Several in vitro models have been used previously to study P. aeruginosa biofilms7, 8. However, these methods rely on surface attached biofilms, whereas the ASM biofilms resemble those observed in the CF lung9 . In addition, reduced oxygen concentration in the mucus has been shown to alter the behavior of P. aeruginosa2 and affect antibiotic susceptibility10. Therefore using ASM under microaerophilic conditions may provide a more realistic environment in which to study antimicrobial susceptibility.

Use of Artificial Sputum Medium to Test Antibiotic Efficacy Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Conditions More Relevant to the Cystic Fibrosis Lung

Current diagnostic antimicrobial susceptibility testing relies on the planktonic growth of isolates in nutrient rich, aerobic conditions. Here, we employ an alternative artificial sputum medium to study antimicrobial susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms under both aerobic and microaerophilic conditions more representative of the cystic fibrosis lung.

Uso de meio de escarro Artificial para testar a eficácia antibiótica contra<em&gt; Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em&gt; Em condições mais relevantes para o Pulmão Fibrose Cística

There  is growing concern about the relevance of in vitro antimicrobial  susceptibility tests when applied to isolates of P. aeruginosa from  cystic ...

Methodologies for Studying B. subtilis Biofilms as a Model for Characterizing Small Molecule Biofilm Inhibitors

This work assesses different methodologies to study the impact of small molecule biofilm inhibitors, such as D-amino acids, on the development and resilience of Bacillus subtilis biofilms. First, methods are presented that select for small molecule inhibitors with biofilm-specific targets in order to separate the effect of the small molecule inhibitors on planktonic growth from their effect on biofilm formation. Next, we focus on how inoculation conditions affect the sensitivity of multicellular, floating B. subtilis cultures to small molecule inhibitors. The results suggest that discrepancies in the reported effects of such inhibitors such as D-amino acids are due to inconsistent pre-culture conditions. Furthermore, a recently developed protocol is described for evaluating the contribution of small molecule treatments towards biofilm resistance to antibacterial substances. Lastly, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques are presented to analyze the three-dimensional spatial arrangement of cells and their surrounding extracellular matrix in a B. subtilis biofilm. SEM facilitates insight into the three-dimensional biofilm architecture and the matrix texture. A combination of the methods described here can greatly assist the study of biofilm development in the presence and absence of biofilm inhibitors, and shed light on the mechanism of action of these inhibitors.

Methodologies for Studying B. subtilis Biofilms as a Model for Characterizing Small Molecule Biofilm Inhibitors

This study presents the development of reproducible methodologies to study biofilm inhibitors and their effects on Bacillus subtilis multicellularity.

Metodologias para o estudo<em&gt; B. subtilis</em&gt; Os biofilmes como um modelo para a caracterização de pequena molécula biofilme Inibidores

This work assesses different methodologies to study the impact of small molecule biofilm inhibitors, such as D-amino acids, on the development and ...

The WinCF Model - An Inexpensive and Tractable Microcosm of a Mucus Plugged Bronchiole to Study the Microbiology of Lung Infections

Many chronic airway diseases result in mucus plugging of the airways. Lungs of an individual with cystic fibrosis are an exemplary case where their mucus-plugged bronchioles create a favorable habitat for microbial colonization. Various pathogens thrive in this environment interacting with each other and driving many of the symptoms associated with CF disease. Like any microbial community, the chemical conditions of their habitat have a significant impact on the community structure and dynamics. For example, different microorganisms thrive in differing levels of oxygen or other solute concentrations. This is also true in the CF lung, where oxygen concentrations are believed to drive community physiology and structure. The methods described here are designed to mimic the lung environment and grow pathogens in a manner more similar to that from which they cause disease. Manipulation of the chemical surroundings of these microbes is then used to study how the chemistry of lung infections governs its microbial ecology. The method, called the WinCF system, is based on artificial sputum medium and narrow capillary tubes meant to provide an oxygen gradient similar to that which exists in mucus-plugged bronchioles. Manipulating chemical conditions, such as the media pH of the sputum or antibiotics pressure, allows for visualization of the microbiological differences in those samples using colored indicators, watching for gas or biofilm production, or extracting and sequencing the nucleic acid contents of each sample.

The mucus plugged airways of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients are an ideal environment for microbial pathogens to thrive. The manuscript describes a novel method for studying the CF lung microbiome in an environment that mimics where they cause disease and how alterations of chemical conditions can drive microbial dynamics.

O Modelo WinCF - Um Microcosmo barato e tratável de um muco Plugged Bronquíolo para estudar a Microbiologia do Pulmão Infecções

Many chronic airway diseases result in mucus plugging of the airways. Lungs of an individual with cystic fibrosis are an exemplary case where their ...

Quantifying the Effects of Antimicrobials on In vitro Biofilm Architecture using COMSTAT Software

Biofilms are aggregates of microorganisms that rely on a self-produced matrix of extracellular polymeric substance for protection and structural integrity. The nosocomial pathogen, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, is known to adopt a biofilm mode of growth, causing chronic pulmonary infection in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). The computer program, COMSTAT, is a useful tool for quantifying antimicrobial-induced changes in P. aeruginosa biofilm architecture by extracting data from three-dimensional confocal images. However, standardized operation of the software is less commonly addressed, which is important for optimal reporting of biofilm behavior and cross-center comparison. Thus, the aim of this protocol is to provide a simple and reproducible framework for quantifying in vitro biofilm structures under varying antimicrobial conditions via COMSTAT. The technique is modeled using a CF P. aeruginosa isolate, grown in the form of biofilm replicates, and exposed to tobramycin and the anti-Psl monoclonal antibody, Psl0096. The step-by-step approach aims to reduce user ambiguity and minimize the chance of overlooking crucial image-processing steps. Specifically, the protocol emphasizes the elimination of subjective variations associated with the manual operation of COMSTAT, including image segmentation and the selection of appropriate quantitative analysis functions. Although this method requires users to spend additional time processing confocal images prior to running COMSTAT, it helps minimize misrepresented biofilm heterogenicity in automated outputs.

Quantifying the Effects of Antimicrobials on In vitro Biofilm Architecture using COMSTAT Software

Antimicrobial-induced changes to Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm architecture differ among clinical isolates cultured from patients with cystic fibrosis and chronic pulmonary infection. Following confocal microscopy, COMSTAT software can be utilized to quantify variations in biofilm architecture (e.g., surface area, thickness, biomass) for individual isolates to assess the efficacy of anti-infective agents.

Quantificando os efeitos dos antimicrobianos na arquitetura de biofilme in vitro usando o software COMSTAT

Biofilms are aggregates of microorganisms that rely on a self-produced matrix of extracellular polymeric substance for protection and structural ...

Antibiotic Efficacy Testing in an Ex vivo Model of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus Biofilms in the Cystic Fibrosis Lung

The effective prescription of antibiotics for the bacterial biofilms present within the lungs of individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF) is limited by a poor correlation between antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) results using standard diagnostic methods (e.g., broth microdilution, disk diffusion, or Etest) and clinical outcomes after antibiotic treatment. Attempts to improve AST by the use of off-the-shelf biofilm growth platforms show little improvement in results. The limited ability of in vitro biofilm systems to mimic the physicochemical environment of the CF lung and, therefore bacterial physiology and biofilm architecture, also acts as a brake on the discovery of novel therapies for CF infection. Here, we present a protocol to perform AST of CF pathogens grown as mature, in vivo-like biofilms in an ex vivo CF lung model comprised of pig bronchiolar tissue and synthetic CF sputum (ex vivo&#160;pig lung, EVPL).
Several in vitro&#160;assays exist for biofilm susceptibility testing, using either standard laboratory medium or various formulations of synthetic CF sputum in microtiter plates. Both growth medium and biofilm substrate (polystyrene plate vs. bronchiolar tissue) are likely to affect biofilm antibiotic tolerance. We show enhanced tolerance of clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus isolates in the ex vivo model; the effects of antibiotic treatment of biofilms is not correlated with the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) in standard microdilution assays or a sensitive/resistant classification in disk diffusion assays.
The ex vivo platform could be used for bespoke biofilm AST of patient samples and as an enhanced testing platform for potential antibiofilm agents during pharmaceutical research and development. Improving the prescription or acceleration of antibiofilm drug discovery through the use of more in vivo-like testing platforms could drastically improve health outcomes for individuals with CF, as well as reduce the costs of clinical treatment and discovery research.

Antibiotic Efficacy Testing in an Ex vivo Model of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus Biofilms in the Cystic Fibrosis Lung

This workflow can be used to perform antibiotic susceptibility testing using an established&#160;ex vivo model of bacterial biofilm in the lungs of individuals with cystic fibrosis. Use of this model could enhance the clinical validity of MBEC (minimal biofilm eradication concentration) assays.

Teste de Eficácia de Antibióticos em um Modelo Ex vivo de Pseudomonas aeruginosa e Staphylococcus aureus Biofilms no Pulmão da Fibrose Cística

The effective prescription of antibiotics for the bacterial biofilms present within the lungs of individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF) is limited by a ...

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>Modelo CF adaptável para testes antimicrobianos e análise de dinâmica microbiana

Development of a Polymicrobial Colony Biofilm Model to Test Antimicrobials in Cystic Fibrosis

A range of bacteria biofilm models exist for the testing of antibiotics. However, many of these are limited to a single experimental output, such as colony-forming units or metabolic activity. Furthermore, many biofilm models do not reflect the biological and physiochemical properties of the human host environment. This is an important issue in many conditions, but most noticeably in cystic fibrosis (CF). A large proportion of people with CF suffer from both chronic and intermittent infections, and in vitro, antibiotic susceptibility testing poorly correlates with patient treatment outcomes. Some biofilm models incorporate CF lung-relevant media, including synthetic sputum mimics, but do not consider the polymicrobial nature of the environment, which alters biofilm architecture, physiology, and the way microbes respond to treatment. The solid-air interface colony biofilm model described here is highly adaptable and incorporates both CF-relevant media and a polymicrobial context. This model can also be used for mid-throughput screening of antimicrobials and to study their effect on polymicrobial dynamics. Output measurements from the model can be colony-forming units, metabolic activity, and confocal microscopy analysis. The model can easily be adapted to different microorganisms, media, temperatures, and variable oxygen conditions and can be used to test a wide range of chemical, biological, and physical treatments.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>Desenvolvimento de um modelo de biofilme de colônia polimicrobiana para testar antimicrobianos na fibrose cística

This methodology allows for the establishment of a polymicrobial biofilm model in cystic fibrosis for antimicrobial sensitivity testing in research and clinical laboratories. This model provides accurate and reliable results over a range of outputs.

Desenvolvimento de um modelo de biofilme de colônia polimicrobiana para testar antimicrobianos na fibrose cística

A range of bacteria biofilm models exist for the testing of antibiotics. However, many of these are limited to a single experimental output, such as ...

Visualizando os Efeitos de escarro no desenvolvimento de biofilmes usando um modelo Chambered lamela

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Desenvolvimento de um modelo de biofilme de colônia polimicrobiana para testar antimicrobianos na fibrose cística