We thank Dr. Peter T. Sage for his assistance in generating some of the representative images. This work was supported by an NIH R01 grant to C.V.C. (HL104006).

<ol>
	<li>von Andrian, U. H., Mackay, C. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=T-cell+function+and+migration.+Two+sides+of+the+same+coin.">T-cell function and migration. Two sides of the same coin.</a> N. Engl. J. Med. 343 (14), 1020-1034 (2000).</li><li>Springer, T. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adhesion+receptors+of+the+immune+system.">Adhesion receptors of the immune system.</a> Nature. 346 (6283), 425-434 (1990).</li><li>Shaw, A. S., Dustin, M. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Making+the+T+cell+receptor+go+the+distance:+a+topological+view+of+T+cell+activation.">Making the T cell receptor go the distance: a topological view of T cell activation.</a> Immunity. 6 (4), 361-369 (1997).</li><li>Monks, C. R., Freiberg, B. A., Kupfer, H., Sciaky, N., Kupfer, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three-dimensional+segregation+of+supramolecular+activation+clusters+in+T+cells.">Three-dimensional segregation of supramolecular activation clusters in T cells.</a> Nature. 395 (6697), 82-86 (1998).</li><li>Delon, J., Stoll, S., Germain, R. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Imaging+of+T-cell+interactions+with+antigen+presenting+cells+in+culture+and+in+intact+lymphoid+tissue.">Imaging of T-cell interactions with antigen presenting cells in culture and in intact lymphoid tissue.</a> Immunol Rev. 189, 51-63 (2002).</li><li>Brossard, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multifocal+structure+of+the+T+cell+-+dendritic+cell+synapse.">Multifocal structure of the T cell - dendritic cell synapse.</a> Eur J Immunol. 35 (6), 1741-1753 (2005).</li><li>Dustin, M. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+cellular+context+of+T+cell+signaling.">The cellular context of T cell signaling.</a> Immunity. 30 (4), 482-492 (2009).</li><li>Balagopalan, L., Sherman, E., Barr, V. A., Samelson, L. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Imaging+techniques+for+assaying+lymphocyte+activation+in+action.">Imaging techniques for assaying lymphocyte activation in action.</a> Nat Rev Immunol. 11 (1), 21-33 (2011).</li><li>Cebecauer, M., Spitaler, M., Serge, A., Magee, A. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Signalling+complexes+and+clusters:+functional+advantages+and+methodological+hurdles.">Signalling complexes and clusters: functional advantages and methodological hurdles.</a> J Cell Sci. 123, 309-320 (2010).</li><li>Oddos, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-speed+high-resolution+imaging+of+intercellular+immune+synapses+using+optical+tweezers.">High-speed high-resolution imaging of intercellular immune synapses using optical tweezers.</a> Biophys J. 95 (10), L66-L68 (2008).</li><li>Grakoui, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+immunological+synapse:+a+molecular+machine+controlling+T+cell+activation.">The immunological synapse: a molecular machine controlling T cell activation.</a> Science. 285 (5425), 221-227 (1999).</li><li>Bunnell, S. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=T+cell+receptor+ligation+induces+the+formation+of+dynamically+regulated+signaling+assemblies.">T cell receptor ligation induces the formation of dynamically regulated signaling assemblies.</a> J Cell Biol. 158 (7), 1263-1275 (2002).</li><li>Yokosuka, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Newly+generated+T+cell+receptor+microclusters+initiate+and+sustain+T+cell+activation+by+recruitment+of+Zap70+and+SLP-76.">Newly generated T cell receptor microclusters initiate and sustain T cell activation by recruitment of Zap70 and SLP-76.</a> Nat Immunol. 6 (12), 1253-1262 (2005).</li><li>Seminario, M. C., Bunnell, S. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Signal+initiation+in+T-cell+receptor+microclusters.">Signal initiation in T-cell receptor microclusters.</a> Immunol Rev. 221, 90-106 (2008).</li><li>Dustin, M. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Supported+bilayers+at+the+vanguard+of+immune+cell+activation+studies.">Supported bilayers at the vanguard of immune cell activation studies.</a> J Struct Biol. 168 (1), 152-160 (2009).</li><li>Martinelli, R., Carman, C. V., Bradshaw, R. A., Stahl, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lymphocyte+Endothelilal+Interactions.">Lymphocyte Endothelilal Interactions.</a> Encyclopedia of Cell Biology. , (2015).</li><li>Choi, J., Enis, D. R., Koh, K. P., Shiao, S. L., Pober, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=T+lymphocyte-endothelial+cell+interactions.">T lymphocyte-endothelial cell interactions.</a> Annu Rev Immunol. 22, 683-709 (2004).</li><li>Marelli-Berg, F. M., Jarmin, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antigen+presentation+by+the+endothelium:+a+green+light+for+antigen-specific+T+cell+trafficking?.">Antigen presentation by the endothelium: a green light for antigen-specific T cell trafficking?.</a> Immunol Lett. 93 (2-3), 109-113 (2004).</li><li>Sage, P. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antigen+recognition+is+facilitated+by+invadosome-like+protrusions+formed+by+memory/effector+T+cells.">Antigen recognition is facilitated by invadosome-like protrusions formed by memory/effector T cells.</a> J Immunol. 188 (8), 3686-3699 (2012).</li><li>Kumari, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Actin+foci+facilitate+activation+of+the+phospholipase+C-gama+in+primary+T+lymphocytes+via+the+WASP+pathway+.">Actin foci facilitate activation of the phospholipase C-gama in primary T lymphocytes via the WASP pathway .</a> eLife. , (2015).</li><li>Marelli-Berg, F. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Major+histocompatibility+complex+class+II-expressing+endothelial+cells+induce+allospecific+nonresponsiveness+in+naive+T+cells.">Major histocompatibility complex class II-expressing endothelial cells induce allospecific nonresponsiveness in naive T cells.</a> J Exp Med. 183 (4), 1603-1612 (1996).</li><li>Ma, W., Pober, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+endothelial+cells+effectively+costimulate+cytokine+production+by,+but+not+differentiation+of,+naive+CD4++T+cells.">Human endothelial cells effectively costimulate cytokine production by, but not differentiation of, naive CD4+ T cells.</a> J Immunol. 161 (5), 2158-2167 (1998).</li><li>Perez, V. L., Henault, L., Lichtman, A. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endothelial+antigen+presentation:+stimulation+of+previously+activated+but+not+naive+TCR-transgenic+mouse+T+cells.">Endothelial antigen presentation: stimulation of previously activated but not naive TCR-transgenic mouse T cells.</a> Cell Immunol. 189 (1), 31-40 (1998).</li><li>Epperson, D. E., Pober, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antigen-presenting+function+of+human+endothelial+cells.+Direct+activation+of+resting+CD8+T+cells.">Antigen-presenting function of human endothelial cells. Direct activation of resting CD8 T cells.</a> J Immunol. 153 (12), 5402-5412 (1994).</li><li>Shiao, S. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+effector+memory+CD4++T+cells+directly+recognize+allogeneic+endothelial+cells+in+vitro+and+in+vivo.">Human effector memory CD4+ T cells directly recognize allogeneic endothelial cells in vitro and in vivo.</a> J Immunol. 179 (7), 4397-4404 (2007).</li><li>Marelli-Berg, F. M., Okkenhaug, K., Mirenda, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+two-signal+model+for+T+cell+trafficking.">A two-signal model for T cell trafficking.</a> Trends Immunol. 28 (6), 267-273 (2007).</li><li>Carman, C. V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcellular+diapedesis+is+initiated+by+invasive+podosomes.">Transcellular diapedesis is initiated by invasive podosomes.</a> Immunity. 26 (6), 784-797 (2007).</li><li>Carman, C. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanisms+for+transcellular+diapedesis:+probing+and+pathfinding+by+'invadosome-like+protrusions'.">Mechanisms for transcellular diapedesis: probing and pathfinding by 'invadosome-like protrusions'.</a> J Cell Sci. 122 ((Pt 17)), 3025-3035 (2009).</li><li>Dustin, M. L., Tseng, S. Y., Varma, R., Campi, G. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=T+cell-dendritic+cell+immunological+synapses.">T cell-dendritic cell immunological synapses.</a> Curr Opin Immunol. 18 (4), 512-516 (2006).</li><li>Saito, T., Yokosuka, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immunological+synapse+and+microclusters:+the+site+for+recognition+and+activation+of+T+cells.">Immunological synapse and microclusters: the site for recognition and activation of T cells.</a> Curr Opin Immunol. 18 (3), 305-313 (2006).</li><li>Gomez, T. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=HS1+functions+as+an+essential+actin-regulatory+adaptor+protein+at+the+immune+synapse.">HS1 functions as an essential actin-regulatory adaptor protein at the immune synapse.</a> Immunity. 24 (6), 741-752 (2006).</li><li>Burbach, B. J., Medeiros, R. B., Mueller, K. L., Shimizu, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=T-cell+receptor+signaling+to+integrins.">T-cell receptor signaling to integrins.</a> Immunol Rev. 218, 65-81 (2007).</li><li>Vicente-Manzanares, M., Sanchez-Madrid, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+the+cytoskeleton+during+leukocyte+responses.">Role of the cytoskeleton during leukocyte responses.</a> Nat Rev Immunol. 4 (2), 110-122 (2004).</li><li>Ma, Z., Janmey, P. A., Finkel, T. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+receptor+deformation+model+of+TCR+triggering.">The receptor deformation model of TCR triggering.</a> Faseb J. 22 (4), 1002-1008 (2008).</li><li>Ma, Z., Sharp, K. A., Janmey, P. A., Finkel, T. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Surface-anchored+monomeric+agonist+pMHCs+alone+trigger+TCR+with+high+sensitivity.">Surface-anchored monomeric agonist pMHCs alone trigger TCR with high sensitivity.</a> PLoS Biol. 6 (2), e43 (2008).</li><li>Groves, J. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bending+mechanics+and+molecular+organization+in+biological+membranes.">Bending mechanics and molecular organization in biological membranes.</a> Annu Rev Phys Chem. 58, 697-717 (2007).</li><li>Xu, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulation+of+T+cell+receptor+activation+by+dynamic+membrane+binding+of+the+CD3epsilon+cytoplasmic+tyrosine-based+motif.">Regulation of T cell receptor activation by dynamic membrane binding of the CD3epsilon cytoplasmic tyrosine-based motif.</a> Cell. 135 (4), 702-713 (2008).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

No geral, este protocolo descreve métodos para a investigação de células endoteliais como i) APCs fisiológicos pouco estudado e ii) como um novo tipo de &quot;modelo APC celular planar&quot;. Com relação ao primeiro, tornou-se cada vez mais apreciado que APCs não hematopoiéticas periférica (ou &#39;estromais&#39;) desempenham papéis, não redundantes críticos (ou seja, em comparação com hematopoiéticas APCs) na formulação de respostas imunes adaptativas 16-18. Entre tais &quot;semi-p...

Os linfócitos T são um ramo do sistema imunitário adaptativo, caracterizado por a capacidade de reconhecer eficientemente antigénio peptídico (Ag) ligado ao complexo principal de histocompatibilidade (MHC) através dos seus receptores de células T (TCRs) 1. Linfócitos naive constitutivamente migrar e digitalizar &#39;Ag células apresentadoras de profissionais &quot;(APCs; por exemplo, células dendríticas) dentro de gânglios linfáticos, enquanto as células de memória / T efetoras precisa fazer um levantamento efetivamente uma gama extremamente ampla de APCs e células alvo em potencial dentro tecidos periféricos. Na min após o reconhecimento inicial de cognato Ag em um APC, linfócitos prender sua migração e começam a formar uma interface célula-célula íntimo especializado denominado &quot;sinapse imunológica&quot; (IS). Sustentada (ie, 30-60 min) É contatos são necessários para ampliar e sustentar a sinalização 2-7. Estudos emergentes identificar que no seja, é a formação contínua e rápida remodeling de micro-aglomerados discretos sinalização sub-celular (ou seja, contendo MHC / Ag-TCR, F-actina, adesão e moléculas de sinalização) que determinam a força e qualidade dos resultando respostas imunes 2-7. No entanto, detalhes dinâmicos e mecanismo de regulação deste processo são completamente compreendidas 8,9. Isso decorre, em grande parte dos desafios técnicos associados com topologias de superfícies irregulares APC e orientação mal controlada dos planos de interação célula-célula, as questões que limitam profundamente a imagem espaço-temporal requisito aproxima 8-10 (Figura 1A). <img alt="figura 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/53288/53288fig1.jpg" /> Figura 1. Um Fisiológica Planar Modelo APC celular for Imaging imunológica Synapse Dynamics. O esquema ilustra imagem tradicional da sinapse imunológica entre uma célula T e um professio<html> nal APC (A) e de células T e um lipídicas planas modelo tradicional bicamada APC (B) em comparação com este modelo planar APC endotelial novel (C). APCs profissionais fornecer sinapses imunológicos fisiológicos, mas oferecem interface de mal orientadas célula-célula (isto é, em relação ao plano de imagem XY óptima; resolução ~ 0,2 ^ M), o que compromete dramaticamente espacial (plano de imagem z resolução ~ 1 mm) e temporal (isto é, devido à necessidade de digitalizar repetidamente através de todos os planos de imagem z) resolução de imagem. Modelos de duas camadas tem uma topologia plana que fornece melhor resolução de imagem espaço-temporal, mas também são altamente simplificado, não-fisiológica e rígida. Este modelo combina células endoteliais a topologia planar de camadas duplas lipídicas com o substrato fisiológico de um APC clássico para oferecer resolução de imagem espacial e temporal ideal em um ambiente fisiológico.m / files / ftp_upload / 53288 / &quot;target =&quot; _ blank 53288fig1large.jpg &quot;&gt; Clique aqui para ver uma versão maior desta figura. Trabalhos anteriores contornada parcialmente estes obstáculos através do desenvolvimento de modelos de substrato planar (isto é, as bicamadas lipídicas e das superfícies revestidas com anticorpo) que fornecem resolução espaço-temporal óptimo (ou seja, através de fixação superfície a activação das células T num único plano que é paralelo ao imagiologia XY óptima avião) 11-15 (Figura 1B). Estes modelos têm facilitado importantes insights sobre a dinâmica subcelulares / molecular que controlam a sinalização antigênico nas células T, incluindo a descoberta de actina dinâmica / TCR sinalização micro-aglomerados 7,11-14. No entanto, tais modelos são inerentemente muito simplificado, assim como rígida (impedindo o desenvolvimento / estudo de características topológicas 3-dimensional) (Figura 1B). Portanto, permanece incerto como relacionar esses achados para phycélula-célula siologic vigilância imunológica. Embora ainda pouco estudadas, vascular e células endoteliais linfáticas estão emergindo como uma grande (ou seja, maior em número do que todos os APCs profissionais, por ~ 1.000 vezes) compartimento periférico de &quot;semi-profissional&quot; APCs 16-18. Estas células expressam MHC-I, MHC-II e uma multiplicidade de moléculas co-estimuladoras (por exemplo, CD40, LFA3, ICOSL, 4-1BB, OX40L, TL1A, PD-L1, mas não CD80 e CD86) e são estrategicamente posicionada na interface de sangue-tecido onde servem funções especializadas sentinela 16-18. Estudos anteriores demonstraram que as células endoteliais podem efetivamente re-estimular efector / memória, mas não naïve, células T 19-25. Assim, as células endoteliais são susceptíveis de desempenhar papéis exclusivos da APC na fase efectora da resposta imune adaptativa no interior dos tecidos periféricos, tais como a influência local sobre a activação de células T, a diferenciação, a memória e a tolerância 16,17,26. Criticalmente, quando cultivadas in vitro, as células endoteliais formam superfícies celulares praticamente planares e estão facilmente transfectáveis ​​(por exemplo, com os repórteres de proteína fluorescente). Estas características são ideais para imagens de alta resolução espacial e temporal da dinâmica topológica durante as interações célula-célula 19,27. Assim, as células endoteliais pode servir como um fisiológico &quot;planar celular da APC modelo extremamente adequado para o estudo dos mecanismos de remodelação subcelulares / moleculares que conduzem o reconhecimento do antigénio e regulam as respostas (Figura 1C) 19,20. Previamente estabelecida técnicas de imagem complementares (incluindo a transfecção de células endoteliais com fabricantes de proteína fluorescente da membrana de plasma e citossol) para estudar os detalhes da interacção de leucócitos-endotélio durante a adesão e a migração transendotelial de 27, mostraram que os leucócitos sondar activamente a superfície do endotélio por dinâmico inserção de umd retração de sub-mícron-escala, saliências cilíndricas ricas em actina (~ 200-1.000 nm de diâmetro e profundidade) denominado saliências invadosome-like (ou seja, &#39;ILPS&#39;) 27,28. Estas abordagens de imagem têm sido expandida, juntamente com a criação de protocolos para tirar proveito da função endotelial APC para desenvolver os primeiros métodos para imagens de alta resolução espacial e temporal da célula endotelial sinapse imunológica T como relatado 19,20 e ainda descrever aqui. Uma constatação fundamental derivado dessa modelo APC celular romance planar é que procedimentos ILP células T funcionar tanto na promoção da detecção Ag inicial e na manutenção de sinalização subsequente. Na verdade, matrizes de múltiplos procedimentos ILP (que foram estabilizados e acumulados em resposta a rubricar o fluxo de cálcio) mostram enriquecimento em TCR e moléculas de sinalização sugestivos activa, tais PKC-Q, ZAP-70, fosfotirosina e HS1. Portanto, procedimentos ILP parecem representar um equivalente fisiológico tridimensional para o micro-TCR sinalizaçãoaglomerados observados nos modelos de duas camadas planas. Esta abordagem, assim, com sensibilidade revela / relatórios dinâmica molecular e arquitetônicos (e implícitas biomecânico) de outra forma não detectável. O método descrito aqui deve ser útil para fazer a ponte entre APC profissional e modelos artificiais de substrato APC a fim de aumentar a nossa capacidade de interrogar mecanismos básicos da resposta imune adaptativa. Embora aqui o foco é sobre a activação das células T CD4 + do tipo Th1 efector / célula de memória, esta abordagem básica pode ser facilmente modificado para estudar uma ampla gama de tipos de células T e Ags, como discutido abaixo.

<table><tbody><tr><td>BD Vacutainer stretch latex free tourniquet</td><td>BD Biosciences</td><td>367203</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>BD alcohol swabs</td><td>BD Biosciences</td><td>326895</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>BD Vacutainer Safety-Lok</td><td>BD Biosciences</td><td>367861</td><td>K2 EDTA</td></tr><tr><td>BD Vacutainer Push Button Blood Collection Set</td><td>BD Biosciences</td><td>367335</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>RPMI-1640</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>R8758-1L</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ficoll-Paque</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>GE17-1440-02</td><td>Bring to RT before use</td></tr><tr><td>FCS-Optima</td><td>Atlanta Biologics</td><td>s12450</td><td>Heat inactivated</td></tr><tr><td>Penicillin-Streptomycin</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>P4458-100ML</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Trypan blue</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>T8154-20ML</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>staphylococcal enterotoxin B</td><td>Toxin Technology</td><td>BT202RED</td><td>Stock solution 1mg/ml in PBS</td></tr><tr><td>toxic shock syndrome toxin 1</td><td>Toxin Technology</td><td>TT606RED</td><td>Stock solution 1mg/ml in PBS</td></tr><tr><td>human IL-15</td><td>R&amp;amp;D Systems</td><td>247-IL-025</td><td>Stock solution 50ug/ml in PBS</td></tr><tr><td>PBS</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>10010-049</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fibronectin</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>33016-015</td><td>Stock solution 1mg/ml in H20</td></tr><tr><td>HMVEC-d Ad-Dermal MV Endo Cells</td><td>Lonza</td><td>CC-2543</td><td>Other Human Microvascular ECs can be used, i.e. HLMVECs</td></tr><tr><td>EGM-2 MV bullet kit</td><td>Lonza</td><td>CC-3202</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Trypsin-EDTA</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>T-4174</td><td>Stock solution 10x, dilute in PBS</td></tr><tr><td>amaxa-HMVEC-L Nucleofector Kit</td><td>Lonza</td><td>vpb1003</td><td>Required Kit for step 4</td></tr><tr><td>IFN-g</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>I3265</td><td>Stock solution 1mg/ml in H20</td></tr><tr><td>TNF-alpha 10ug, human</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>PHC3015</td><td>Stock solution 1mg/ml in H20</td></tr><tr><td>phenol Red-free HBSS</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>14175-103</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hepes</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>BP299-100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Calcium Chloride</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>C1016-100G</td><td>Stock solution 1M in H20</td></tr><tr><td>Magnesium chloride</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>208337</td><td>Stock solution 1M in H20</td></tr><tr><td>Human Serum albumin</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>A6909-10ml</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Immersol 518 F fluorescence free Immersion oil</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>12-624-66A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fura-2 AM 20x50ug</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>F1221</td><td>Stock solution 1mM in DMSO</td></tr><tr><td>pEYFP-Mem (Mem-YFP)</td><td>Clontech</td><td>6917-1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>pDsRed-Monomer (Soluble Cytoplasmic DsRed)</td><td>Clontech</td><td>632466</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>pDsRed-Monomer Membrane (Mem-DsRed)</td><td>Clontech</td><td>632512</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>pEGFP-Actin</td><td>Clontech</td><td>6116-1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Alexa Fluor 488 Phalloidin</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>A12379</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Formaldehyde solution 37%</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>BP531-500</td><td>Toxic, use fumehood</td></tr><tr><td>Triton X-100</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>X100-5ML</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&amp;nbsp;Falcon 15mL Conical Centrifuge Tubes</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>14-959-70C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Falcon 50mL Conical Centrifuge Tubes</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>14-959-49A&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Falcon Tissue Culture Treated Flasks T25</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>10-126-9</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&amp;nbsp;Falcon Tissue Culture Treated Flasks T75</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>&amp;nbsp; 13-680-65</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&amp;nbsp;Corning Cell Culture Treated T175</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>10-126-61&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glass coverslips&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>12-545-85&amp;nbsp;</td><td>12 mm diameter</td></tr><tr><td>&amp;nbsp;Falcon Tissue Culture Plates 24-well</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>08-772-1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Delta-T plates</td><td>Bioptechs</td><td>04200415B</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Wheaton Disposable Pasteur Pipets</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>13-678-8D</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1.5 ml Eppendorf tube&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>05-402-25</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&amp;nbsp;ICAM1 mouse anti-human</td><td>BD Biosciences</td><td>555509</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HS1 mouse anti-human</td><td>BD Biosciences</td><td>610541</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Anti-Human CD11a (LFA-1alpha) Purified</td><td>ebioscience</td><td>BMS102</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Anti-Human CD3 Alexa Fluor&amp;reg; 488</td><td>ebioscience</td><td>53-0037-41</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Anti-MHC Class II antibody&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Abcam</td><td>ab55152</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Anti-Talin 1 antibody</td><td>Abcam</td><td>ab71333</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Anti-PKC theta antibody&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Abcam</td><td>ab109481</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>phosphotyrosine (4G10 Platinum)</td><td>Millipore</td><td>50-171-463</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Nucleofector II</td><td>Amaxa Biosystems</td><td></td><td>Required electroporator for step 4</td></tr><tr><td>Zeiss Axiovert</td><td>Carl Zeiss MicroImaging</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zeiss LSM510&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Carl Zeiss MicroImaging</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zeiss Axiovison Software</td><td>Carl Zeiss MicroImaging</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NU-425 (Series 60) Biological Safety Cabinet</td><td>NuAIRE</td><td>Nu-425-600</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&amp;nbsp;Forma STRCYCLE 37 &amp;deg;C, 5% CO2 Cell culture Incubator</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>202370</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Centrifuge 5810</td><td>Eppendorf</td><td>EW-02570-02</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hemocytometer</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>&amp;nbsp;Z359629</td><td>Bright-Line Hemocytometer</td></tr><tr><td>Isotemp Waterbath model 202</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>15-462-2</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

an endothelial planar cell model for imaging immunological synapse dynamics

A imunidade adaptativa é regulada por interações dinâmicas entre as células T e células apresentadoras de antígenos (&#39;APCs&#39;) conhecido como &#39;sinapses imunológicas. Dentro destas interfaces de célula-célula íntimos agrupamentos sub-celular discretas de MHC / Ag-TCR, F-actina, adesão e moléculas de sinalização formar e remodelar rapidamente. Essas dinâmicas são pensados ​​para ser determinantes críticos tanto da eficiência e qualidade das respostas imunes que se desenvolvem e, portanto, de proteção contra a imunidade patológica. Compreensão atual das sinapses imunológicas com fisiológico APCs é limitado pela inadequação da resolução de imagem obtidos. Embora modelos substrato artificial (por exemplo, bicamadas lipídicas planas) oferecem excelente resolução e têm sido ferramentas extremamente valiosas, eles são inerentemente não-fisiológica e simplista. As células endoteliais vasculares e linfáticas surgiram como um tecido periférico importante (ou estroma) compartimento de &quot;semi-profissãoai APCs &#39;. Estas APCs que expressam (a maioria da maquinaria molecular de APCs profissionais) têm a característica única de formação da superfície celular praticamente plana e são facilmente transfectáveis ​​(por exemplo, com os repórteres de proteína fluorescente). Aqui uma abordagem básica para implementar as células endoteliais como uma nova e fisiológico &quot;planar modelo celular da APC &#39;para melhorar a imagiologia de interrogação e de processos fundamentais de sinalização antigénicos irá ser descrito.

Uma nova abordagem de imagem usando células endoteliais e que combina as vantagens de resolução do cartão planar bicamadas lipídicas modelo com a complexidade fisiológica e deformabilidade da APC profissional foi desenvolvido (Figura 1). A Figura 2 proporciona exemplos de migração típica, fluxo de cálcio e dinâmica topológica observada com este abordagem. Na ausência de retracção no endotélio, os linfócitos T CD4 + Th1 SAg esp...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Endothelial Planar Cell Model for Imaging Immunological Synapse Dynamics at JoVE.com

An Endothelial Planar Cell Model for Imaging Immunological Synapse Dynamics

Adaptive immunity is controlled by dynamic 'immunological synapses' formed between T cells and antigen presenting cells. This protocol describes methods for investigating endothelial cells both as understudied physiologic APCs and as a novel type of 'planar cellular APC model'.

Um modelo de celular endotelial Planar for Imaging imunológica Synapse Dynamics

Adaptive immunity is regulated by dynamic interactions between T cells and antigen presenting cells (&#39;APCs&#39;) referred to as &#39;immunological ...

an-endothelial-planar-cell-model-for-imaging-immunological-synapse

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

8.9K visualizações.  Harvard Medical School - BIDMC. Adaptive immunity is controlled by dynamic 'immunological synapses' formed between T cells and antigen presenting cells. This protocol describes methods for investigating endothelial cells both as understudied physiologic APCs and as a novel type of 'planar cellular APC model'.

Vídeo: An Endothelial Planar Cell Model for Imaging Immunological Synapse Dynamics

Imaging of HIV-1 Envelope-induced Virological Synapse and Signaling on Synthetic Lipid Bilayers

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection occurs most efficiently via cell to cell transmission2,10,11. This cell to cell transfer between CD4+ T cells involves the formation of a virological synapse (VS), which is an F-actin-dependent cell-cell junction formed upon the engagement of HIV-1 envelope gp120 on the infected cell with CD4 and the chemokine receptor (CKR) CCR5 or CXCR4 on the target cell 8. In addition to gp120 and its receptors, other membrane proteins, particularly the adhesion molecule LFA-1 and its ligands, the ICAM family, play a major role in VS formation and virus transmission as they are present on the surface of virus-infected donor cells and target cells, as well as on the envelope of HIV-1 virions1,4,5,6,7,13. VS formation is also accompanied by intracellular signaling events that are transduced as a result of gp120-engagement of its receptors. Indeed, we have recently showed that CD4+ T cell interaction with gp120 induces recruitment and phosphorylation of signaling molecules associated with the TCR signalosome including Lck, CD3&zeta;, ZAP70, LAT, SLP-76, Itk, and PLC&gamma;15.
In this article, we present a method to visualize supramolecular arrangement and membrane-proximal signaling events taking place during VS formation. We take advantage of the glass-supported planar bi-layer system as a reductionist model to represent the surface of HIV-infected cells bearing the viral envelope gp120 and the cellular adhesion molecule ICAM-1. The protocol describes general procedures for monitoring HIV-1 gp120-induced VS assembly and signal activation events that include i) bi-layer preparation and assembly in a flow cell, ii) injection of cells and immunofluorescence staining to detect intracellular signaling molecules on cells interacting with HIV-1 gp120 and ICAM-1 on bi-layers, iii) image acquisition by TIRF microscopy, and iv) data analysis. This system generates high-resolution images of VS interface beyond that achieved with the conventional cell-cell system as it allows detection of distinct clusters of individual molecular components of VS along with specific signaling molecules recruited to these sub-domains.

This article describes a method to visualize formation of an HIV-1 envelope-induced virological synapse on glass supported planar bilayers by total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy. The method can also be combined with immunofluorescence staining to detect activation and redistribution of signaling molecules that occur during HIV-1 envelope-induced virological synapse formation.

Imagem do HIV-1 Synapse Envelope induzida virológica e Sinalização em bicamadas lipídicas sintéticas

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection occurs most efficiently via cell to cell transmission2,10,11. This cell to cell transfer between ...

Imunologia e Infecção

Supported Planar Bilayers for the Formation of Study of Immunological Synapses and Kinapse

Supported planar bilayers are powerful tools that can be used to model the molecular interactions in an immunological synapse.   To mimic the interactions between lymphocytes and antigen presenting cells, we use Ni2+-chelating lipids to anchor recombinant cell adhesion and MHC proteins to the upper leaflet of a bilayer with poly-histidine tags. Planar bilayers are generated by preparing lipid, treating the glass surfaces where the bilayer will form, and then forming the bilayer in a specialized chamber containing a flow-cell where the lymphocytes will be added.  Then, bilayers are charged with Ni and his-tagged recombinant proteins are added.  Finally,  lymphocytes are injected into the flow cell and TIRF microscopy can be used to image synapse formation and the mechanisms that control T cell locomotion, sites of receptor sorting,  and sites of receptor degradation.

Supported planar bilayers are powerful tools that can be used to model the molecular interactions in an immunological synapse. Here, we show methods for anchoring cell adhesion proteins known to modulate synapse formation to the upper leaflet of the lipid bilyer and visualize synapse formation using TIRF microscopy.

Suportados Bicamadas Planar para a Formação do Estudo da Sinapses imunológicas e Kinapse

Supported planar bilayers are powerful tools that can be used to model the molecular interactions in an immunological synapse.   To mimic the interactions ...

Biologia

Visualization of the Immunological Synapse by Dual Color Time-gated Stimulated Emission Depletion (STED) Nanoscopy

Natural killer cells form tightly regulated, finely tuned immunological synapses (IS) in order to lyse virally infected or tumorigenic cells. Dynamic actin reorganization is critical to the function of NK cells and the formation of the IS. Imaging of F-actin at the synapse has traditionally utilized confocal microscopy, however the diffraction limit of light restricts resolution of fluorescence microscopy, including confocal, to approximately 200 nm. Recent advances in imaging technology have enabled the development of subdiffraction limited super-resolution imaging. In order to visualize F-actin architecture at the IS we recapitulate the NK cell cytotoxic synapse by adhering NK cells to activating receptor on glass. We then image proteins of interest using two-color stimulated emission depletion microscopy (STED). This results in &#60;80 nm resolution at the synapse. Herein we describe the steps of sample preparation and the acquisition of images using dual color STED nanoscopy to visualize F-actin at the NK IS. We also illustrate optimization of sample acquisition using Leica SP8 software and time-gated STED. Finally, we utilize Huygens software for post-processing deconvolution of images.

Visualization of the Immunological Synapse by Dual Color Time-gated Stimulated Emission Depletion STED Nanoscopy

Here we illustrate the protocol for imaging by two-color STED nanoscopy the cytotoxic immune synapse of NK cells recapitulated on glass. Using this method we obtain sub-100 nm resolution of synapse proteins and the cytoskeleton.

Visualização do imunológica Synapse por Dual Color Time-fechado Emissão Estimulada Exaustão (STED) Nanoscopia

Natural killer cells form tightly regulated, finely tuned immunological synapses (IS) in order to lyse virally infected or tumorigenic cells. Dynamic ...

Real-time Imaging of Endothelial Cell-cell Junctions During Neutrophil Transmigration Under Physiological Flow

During inflammation, leukocytes leave the circulation and cross the endothelium to fight invading pathogens in underlying tissues. This process is known as leukocyte transendothelial migration. Two routes for leukocytes to cross the endothelial monolayer have been described: the paracellular route, i.e., through the cell-cell junctions and the transcellular route, i.e., through the endothelial cell body. However, it has been technically difficult to discriminate between the para- and transcellular route. We developed a simple in vitro assay to study the distribution of endogenous VE-cadherin and PECAM-1 during neutrophil transendothelial migration under physiological flow conditions. Prior to neutrophil perfusion, endothelial cells were briefly treated with fluorescently-labeled antibodies against VE-cadherin and PECAM-1. These antibodies did not interfere with the function of both proteins, as was determined by electrical cell-substrate impedance sensing and FRAP measurements. Using this assay, we were able to follow the distribution of endogenous VE-cadherin and PECAM-1 during transendothelial migration under flow conditions and discriminate between the para- and transcellular migration routes of the leukocytes across the endothelium.

Leukocytes cross the endothelial monolayer using the paracellular or the transcellular route. We developed a simple assay to follow the distribution of endogenous junctional VE-cadherin and PECAM-1 during leukocyte transendothelial migration under physiological flow to discriminate between the two transmigration routes.

Imagens em tempo real de endoteliais junções célula-célula durante Neutrophil Transmigração Sob Fisiológica Fluxo

During inflammation, leukocytes leave the circulation and cross the endothelium to fight invading pathogens in underlying tissues. This process is known ...

Super-resolution Imaging of the Natural Killer Cell Immunological Synapse on a Glass-supported Planar Lipid Bilayer

The glass-supported planar lipid bilayer system has been utilized in a variety of disciplines. One of the most useful applications of this technique has been in the study of immunological synapse formation, due to the ability of the glass-supported planar lipid bilayers to mimic the surface of a target cell while forming a horizontal interface. The recent advances in super-resolution imaging have further allowed scientists to better view the fine details of synapse structure. In this study, one of these advanced techniques, stimulated emission depletion (STED), is utilized to study the structure of natural killer (NK) cell synapses on the supported lipid bilayer. Provided herein is an easy-to-follow protocol detailing: how to prepare raw synthetic phospholipids for use in synthesizing glass-supported bilayers; how to determine how densely protein of a given concentration occupies the bilayer's attachment sites; how to construct a supported lipid bilayer containing antibodies against NK cell activating receptor CD16; and finally, how to image human NK cells on this bilayer using STED super-resolution microscopy, with a focus on distribution of perforin positive lytic granules and filamentous actin at NK synapses. Thus, combining the glass-supported planar lipid bilayer system with STED technique, we demonstrate the feasibility and application of this combined technique, as well as intracellular structures at NK immunological synapse with super-resolution.

We describe here a combination of the glass-supported lipid bilayer technique of forming immunological synapses with the super-resolution imaging technique of stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy. The goal of this protocol is to provide users with the instructions necessary to successfully carry out these two techniques.

Super-Resolution Imaging da Célula Natural Killer imunológica Synapse em um vidro com suporte Planar Lipid Bilayer

The glass-supported planar lipid bilayer system has been utilized in a variety of disciplines. One of the most useful applications of this technique has ...

Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of the Immune Synapse in the Human System Using Imaging Flow Cytometry

The immune synapse is the area of communication between T cells and antigen-presenting cells (APCs). T cells polarize surface receptors and proteins towards the immune synapse to assure a stable binding and signal exchange. Classical confocal, TIRF, or super-resolution microscopy have been used to study the immune synapse. Since these methods require manual image acquisition and time-consuming quantification, the imaging of rare events is challenging. Here, we describe a workflow that enables the morphological analysis of tens of thousands of cells. Immune synapses are induced between primary human T cells in pan-leukocyte preparations and Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B (SEB)-loaded Raji cells as APCs. Image acquisition is performed with imaging flow cytometry, also called In-Flow microscopy, which combines features of a flow cytometer and a fluorescence microscope. A complete gating strategy for identifying T cell/APC couples and analyzing the immune synapses is provided. As this workflow allows the analysis of immune synapses in unpurified pan-leukocyte preparations and hence requires only a small volume of blood (i.e., 1 mL), it can be applied to samples from patients. Importantly, several samples can be prepared, measured, and analyzed in parallel.

Here, we describe a complete workflow for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of immune synapses between primary human T cells and antigen-presenting cells. The method is based on imaging flow cytometry, which allows the acquisition and evaluation of several thousand cell images within a relatively short period of time.

Análise qualitativa e quantitativa de sinapse imunológica no sistema humano usando a imagem latente de citometria de fluxo

The immune synapse is the area of communication between T cells and antigen-presenting cells (APCs). T cells polarize surface receptors and proteins ...

Assessment of the Synaptic Interface of Primary Human T Cells from Peripheral Blood and Lymphoid Tissue

The current understanding of the dynamics and structural features of T-cell synaptic interfaces has been largely determined through the use of glass-supported planar bilayers and in vitro-derived T-cell clones or lines1,2,3,4. How these findings apply to the primary human T cells isolated from blood or lymphoid tissues is not known, partly due to significant difficulties in obtaining a sufficient number of cells for analysis5. Here we address this through the development of a technique exploiting multichannel flow slides to build planar lipid bilayers containing activating and adhesion molecules. The low height of the flow slides promotes rapid cell sedimentation in order to synchronize cell:bilayer attachment, thereby allowing researchers to study the dynamic of the synaptic interface formation and the kinetics of the granules release. We apply this approach to analyze the synaptic interface of as few as 104 to 105 primary cryopreserved T cells isolated from lymph nodes (LN) and peripheral blood (PB). The results reveal that the novel planar lipid bilayer technique enables the study of the biophysical properties of primary human T cells derived from blood and tissues in the context of health and disease.

The protocol describes a technique to study the ability of primary polyclonal human T cells to form synaptic interfaces using planar lipid bilayers. We use this technique to show the differential synapse formation capability of human primary T cells derived from lymph nodes and peripheral blood.

Avaliação da Interface sináptica de células T humano primário do sangue periférico e tecido linfoide

The current understanding of the dynamics and structural features of T-cell synaptic interfaces has been largely determined through the use of ...

High-resolution Confocal Imaging of the Blood-brain Barrier: Imaging, 3D Reconstruction, and Quantification of Transcytosis

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a dynamic multicellular interface that regulates the transport of molecules between the circulation and the brain. Transcytosis across the BBB regulates the delivery of hormones, metabolites, and therapeutic antibodies to the brain parenchyma. Here, we present a protocol that combines immunofluorescence of free-floating sections with laser scanning confocal microscopy and image analysis to visualize subcellular organelles within endothelial cells at the BBB. Combining this data-set with 3D image analysis software allows for the semi-automated segmentation and quantification of capillary volume and surface area, as well as the number and intensity of intracellular organelles at the BBB. The detection of mouse endogenous immunoglobulin (IgG) within intracellular vesicles and their quantification at the BBB is used to illustrate the method. This protocol can potentially be applied to the investigation of the mechanisms controlling BBB transcytosis of different molecules in vivo.

Here we present a microscopy-based protocol for high-resolution imaging and a three-dimensional reconstruction of the mouse neurovascular unit and blood-brain barrier using brain free-floating sections. This method allows for the visualization, analysis, and quantification of intracellular organelles at the BBB.

De alta resolução de imagem latente Confocal da barreira sangue - cérebro: geração de imagens, reconstrução 3D e quantificação de Transcytosis

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a dynamic multicellular interface that regulates the transport of molecules between the circulation and the brain. ...

Neurociência

Imaging the Human Immunological Synapse

The purpose of the method is to generate an immunological synapse (IS), an example of cell-to-cell conjugation formed by an antigen-presenting cell (APC) and an effector helper T lymphocyte (Th) cell, and to record the images corresponding to the first stages of the IS formation and the subsequent trafficking events (occurring both in the APC and in the Th cell). These events will eventually lead to polarized secretion at the IS. In this protocol, Jurkat cells challenged with Staphylococcus enterotoxin E (SEE)-pulsed Raji cells as a cell synapse model was used, because of the closeness of this experimental system to the biological reality (Th cell-APC synaptic conjugates). The approach presented here involves cell-to-cell conjugation, time-lapse acquisition, wide-field fluorescence microscopy (WFFM) followed by image processing (post-acquisition deconvolution). This improves the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the images, enhances the temporal resolution, allows the synchronized acquisition of several fluorochromes in emerging synaptic conjugates and decreases fluorescence bleaching. In addition, the protocol is well matched with the end point cell fixation protocols (paraformaldehyde, acetone or methanol), which would allow further immunofluorescence staining and analyses. This protocol is also compatible with laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) and other state-of-the-art microscopy techniques. As a main caveat, only those T cell-APC boundaries (called IS interfaces) that were at the right 90&#176; angle to the focus plane along the Z-axis could be properly imaged and analyzed. Other experimental models exist that simplify imaging in the Z dimension and the following image analyses, but these approaches do not emulate the complex, irregular surface of an APC, and may promote non-physiological interactions in the IS. Thus, the experimental approach used here is suitable to reproduce and to confront some biological complexities occurring at the IS.

This protocol images both the immunological synapse formation and the subsequent polarized secretory traffic towards the immunological synapse. Cellular conjugates were formed between a superantigen-pulsed Raji cell (acting as an antigen-presenting cell) and a Jurkat clone (acting as an effector helper T lymphocyte).

Imagem da Sinapse Imunológica Humana

The purpose of the method is to generate an immunological synapse (IS), an example of cell-to-cell conjugation formed by an antigen-presenting cell (APC) ...

Precise Brain Mapping to Perform Repetitive In Vivo Imaging of Neuro-Immune Dynamics in Mice

The central nervous system (CNS) is regulated by a complex interplay of neuronal, glial, stromal, and vascular cells that facilitate its proper function. Although studying these cells in isolation in vitro or together ex vivo provides useful physiological information; salient features of neural cell physiology will be missed in such contexts. Therefore, there is a need for studying neural cells in their native in vivo environment. The protocol detailed here describes repetitive in vivo two-photon imaging of neural cells in the rodent cortex as a tool to visualize and study specific cells over extended periods of time from hours to months. We describe in detail the use of the grossly stable brain vasculature as a coarse map or fluorescently labeled dendrites as a fine map of select brain regions of interest. Using these maps as a visual key, we show how neural cells can be precisely relocated for subsequent repetitive in vivo imaging. Using examples of in vivo imaging of fluorescently-labeled microglia, neurons, and NG2+ cells, this protocol demonstrates the ability of this technique to allow repetitive visualization of cellular dynamics in the same brain location over extended time periods, that can further aid in understanding the structural and functional responses of these cells in normal physiology or following pathological insults. Where necessary, this approach can be coupled to functional imaging of neural cells, e.g., with calcium imaging. This approach is especially a powerful technique to visualize the physical interaction between different cell types of the CNS in vivo when genetic mouse models or specific dyes with distinct fluorescent tags to label the cells of interest are available.

This protocol describes a chronic cranial window implantation technique that can be used for longitudinal imaging of neuro-glio-vascular structures, interactions, and function in both healthy and diseased conditions. It serves as a complementary alternative to the transcranial imaging approach that, while often preferred, possesses some critical limitations.

Mapeamento cerebral preciso para realizar imagens repetitivas in vivo da dinâmica neuro-imune em camundongos

The central nervous system (CNS) is regulated by a complex interplay of neuronal, glial, stromal, and vascular cells that facilitate its proper function. ...