Supported by grants from CIHR (MOP231122) and NSERC (RGPIN-2014-06503). We would like to thank Genevi&#232;ve Cyr for her help preparing experiments and supervising laboratory work. MAL received a scholarship from The Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC).

Nota: Todos os procedimentos foram realizados em conformidade com as diretrizes do Conselho Canadense para a Proteção dos Animais e do conselho de revisão Ética da Université de Montréal. 1. Assembleia da pipeta de gravação de injecção <ol><li> Puxar um capilar de vidro a cerca de 7 cm de comprimento (diâmetro exterior 1 mm), utilizando um puxador de pipeta. </li><li> Quebrar a ponta do capilar e verificar a abertura sob um microscópio de luz. Confirmar que o diâmetro interno é entre 30 um e 40 um. </li><li> Inserir um longo fio de prata 7 centímetros para o capilar de vidro com cerca de 1 cm protuberantes a partir da extremidade não-cónica da pipeta de vidro. </li><li> Dobre o excesso de filamentos perpendicularmente ao capilar de vidro. </li><li> Aplicar uma gota de adesivo plástico flexível sobre o eixo de uma agulha hipodérmica 30 G. </li><li> Inserir uma agulha hipodérmica 30 G na pipeta de vidro de acordo com os esquemas apresentados na Figura 1 </strong&gt;. </li><li> Adicionar uma segunda camada de cola para assegurar uma vedação adequada a partir da junção entre a pipeta de vidro e a agulha hipodérmica. </li><li> Deixar secar a pipeta com a ponta virada para cima, durante cerca de 12 h para assegurar uma cura adequada da cola. O resultado final é mostrado na Figura 2. </li></ol> NOTA: Este procedimento é feito em experiências agudas e esterilização da ponta da pipeta não é necessária. 2. Preparação de animais <ol><li> Coloque o rato em uma caixa de anestesia. </li><li> Induzir anestesia, utilizando 4% de isoflurano durante 5 a 10 min. </li><li> Colocar o animal sobre uma mesa estereotáxico com almofada de aquecimento e uma sonda rectal para manter uma temperatura corporal de 37 ° C. Use um cone do nariz para manter a anestesia com isoflurano a 2%. Fixe a cabeça do rato, utilizando barras de ouvido e suporte de dentes. </li><li> Aplicar pomada ou colírio oftalmológicas, que incluem 1% Atropina cai para ajudar na dilatação da pupila. Para evitar o ressecamento, aplicar lubrificante quedas aproximadamente a cada 30 min. </li><li> Raspar a cabeça e limpe-o com 10% de iodopovidona. </li><li> Para a anestesia local, injectar 0,5 ml de lidocaína a 2% no âmbito do couro cabeludo em 2-3 locais, levantando-se a pele e inserir a ponta da agulha. </li><li> Confirmar nível adequado da anestesia através da realização de um aperto do dedo do pé e observando-se a falta de movimento. Além disso, controlar o ritmo cardíaco para garantir que ele é dentro dos valores normais (de 300 a 400 batimentos / min). </li><li> Inciso o couro cabeludo em uma linha reta ao longo da mediana, com uma lâmina de bisturi nº 10 para expor ambas as suturas coronal e sagital. </li><li> Revelar o lambda e Bregma pontos, empurrando de lado o tecido que está cobrindo o crânio com uma espátula cirúrgica. </li><li> Nível do crânio para que posições bregma e lambda são no mesmo plano. </li><li> Para definir o ponto de referência, use um dispositivo estereotáxico com um tubo de vidro montada para defini-la bem acima Bregma. Este será o &quot;zero&quot; para o antero-posterior e medcoordena medições ial-laterais. </li><li> Defina o ponto de interesse, movendo o estereotáxico para montar as coordenadas necessárias, observe as coordenadas estereotáxica e desenhar um quadrado ao redor da área-alvo que marca onde a craniotomia será realizada. </li><li> Use uma furadeira com uma broca cirúrgica esterilizada ao longo da praça marcada lentamente, sem pressão para remover lentamente o material ósseo. Tenha cuidado para não perfurar muito tempo na mesma área, uma vez que irá produzir calor e causar lesões no córtex. </li><li> Quando o osso que delimita a craniotomia tornou-se suficientemente fina, retire cuidadosamente a seção cranial com pinça para expor o córtex. </li><li> Irrigar freqüentemente o córtex exposto com fluido cerebrospinal artificial para evitar a dessecação dos tecidos. NOTA: a remoção dura-máter é desnecessário no rato como a ponta do injectrode é robusto o suficiente para penetrar. </li></ol> 3. Preenchimento e Montagem do Sistema de Injeção <ol><li> Encha o5-10 ul micro por aspiração com óleo mineral. </li><li> Encher a agulha hipodérmica com a pipeta de vidro fixado com uma solução de 0,5% de Chicago Sky Blue (CSB) e 300 uM de ácido γ-aminobutírico (GABA) ou uma solução de lidocaína a 2% com 0,5% de CSB 9. Dilui-se todas as soluções com solução salina. <ol><li> No caso de uma substância abundante, preencher usando uma seringa regular e utilizar as técnicas usuais de precaução para evitar a formação de bolhas de ar. </li><li> No caso de substâncias mais caros, usar óleo mineral para preencher o injectrode e o agente químico pode então ser introduzido por aspiração. À medida que a diferença de densidade entre o óleo mineral e água é relativamente elevada, esta substância é um bom candidato para a injecção de soluções aquosas. NOTA: Um corante pode ser adicionado para confirmar a separação entre os dois líquidos. </li></ol></li><li> Para encher a pipeta de injecção, encher uma seringa de 1 ml com a solução por aspiração e depois injectar a solução lentamentepara a pipeta de injecção. </li><li> Preste muita atenção para vazamentos em regiões indicadas na figura 1 limpando essas áreas limpas e observando as fugas pela injeção ainda mais a solução lentamente com a seringa. </li><li> Remover a seringa de 1 ml. Ao fazê-lo, certifique-se de manter uma leve pressão sobre o êmbolo de modo que o vácuo não remover a solução da pipeta de injeção. </li><li> Preencha a micro com óleo mineral por aspiração e anexá-lo firmemente à pipeta de injeção preenchido, em seguida, limpe cuidadosamente qualquer excesso de solução na injectrode montado com gaze. </li><li> Verificar que a ponta não é bloqueado pela injecção de um volume muito reduzido, o suficiente para ver uma pequena gota formando na ponta da pipeta de vidro. </li><li> Monte o injectrode no sistema micropump e garantir que ele está bem fixo. </li><li> Posicionar cuidadosamente a ponta injectrode nas coordenadas alvo e diminuir a ponta para a superfície do córtex. </li><li> Lentamente, abaixe o injectrode utilizar o aparelho estereotáxico para a estrutura de alvo (colículo superior, neste caso), utilizando as coordenadas anatómicas apropriadas. </li><li> Cubra o córtex exposto com agar quente para evitar a dessecação dos tecidos. </li></ol> 4. Injeção e inativação reversível <ol><li> Defina a bomba de microinjeção para injetar 400 a 800 nl em 40 nl / min e pressione Executar para iniciar a injeção. Note-se que taxa de pico vai mostrar redução durante a injecção. NOTA: Na configuração experimental, a atividade neural recuperado dentro de uma hora após o fim da entrega GABA. Qualquer dispositivo mecânico calibrado pode ser utilizado para aplicar pressão sobre a seringa de micro-injecção, a fim de realizar a injecção. </li><li> Após a aquisição dos dados eletrofisiológicos, eutanásia usando um método aprovado pela comunidade local animal Ética. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Martin, J. H., Ghez, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pharmacological+inactivation+in+the+analysis+of+the+central+control+of+movement.">Pharmacological inactivation in the analysis of the central control of movement.</a> Journal Of Neuroscience Methods. 86 (2), 145-159 (1999).</li><li>Ponce, C. R., Hunter, J. N., Pack, C. C., Lomber, S. G., Born, R. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Contributions+of+indirect+pathways+to+visual+response+properties+in+macaque+middle+temporal+area+MT.">Contributions of indirect pathways to visual response properties in macaque middle temporal area MT.</a> The Journal Of Neuroscience The Official Journal Of The Society For Neuroscience. 31 (10), 3894-3903 (2011).</li><li>Lomber, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+advantages+and+limitations+of+permanent+or+reversible+deactivation+techniques+in+the+assessment+of+neural+function.">The advantages and limitations of permanent or reversible deactivation techniques in the assessment of neural function.</a> Journal Of Neuroscience Methods. 86 (2), 109-117 (1999).</li><li>Malpeli, J., Schiller, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+method+of+reversible+inactivation+of+small+regions+of+brain+tissue.">A method of reversible inactivation of small regions of brain tissue.</a> Journal Of Neuroscience Methods. 1 (2), 143-151 (1979).</li><li>Lomber, S. 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(46), (2010).</li><li>Hup&#233;, J., Chouvet, G., Bullier, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spatial+and+temporal+parameters+of+cortical+inactivation+by+GABA.">Spatial and temporal parameters of cortical inactivation by GABA.</a> Journal Of Neuroscience Methods. 86 (2), 129-143 (1999).</li><li>Casanova, C., McKinley, P., Molotchnikofff, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Responsiveness+of+Reorganized+Primary+Somatosensory+(SI)+Cortex+after+Local+Inactivation+of+Normal+SI+Cortex+in+Chronic+Spinal+Cats.">Responsiveness of Reorganized Primary Somatosensory (SI) Cortex after Local Inactivation of Normal SI Cortex in Chronic Spinal Cats.</a> Somatosensory &amp; Motor Research. 8 (1), 65-76 (1991).</li><li>Malpeli, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reversible+inactivation+of+subcortical+sites+by+drug+injection.">Reversible inactivation of subcortical sites by drug injection.</a> Journal Of Neuroscience Methods. 86 (2), 119-128 (1999).</li><li>Minville, K., Casanova, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spatial+frequency+processing+in+posteromedial+lateral+suprasylvian+cortex+does+not+depend+on+the+projections+from+the+striate-recipient+zone+of+the+cat&#8217;s+lateral+posterior-pulvinar+complex.">Spatial frequency processing in posteromedial lateral suprasylvian cortex does not depend on the projections from the striate-recipient zone of the cat&#8217;s lateral posterior-pulvinar complex.</a> Neuroscience. 84 (3), 699-711 (1998).</li><li>Diao, Y., Wang, Y., Xiao, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Representation+of+the+binocular+visual+field+in+the+superior+colliculus+of+the+albino+rat.">Representation of the binocular visual field in the superior colliculus of the albino rat.</a> Experimental Brain Research. 52 (1), 67-72 (1983).</li></ol>

We have nothing to disclose.

O protocolo proposto foi projetado para resolver os desafios decorrentes de métodos atuais de inativação reversíveis. Especificamente, este projeto visa aperfeiçoar os métodos utilizados para microinjeções químicas das substâncias que modulam a atividade neural, particularmente em estruturas cerebrais profundas. Um desafio técnico que emerge a partir deste tipo de instalação é a necessidade de ambas as sondas para ser co-localizada no mesmo espaço restrito in vivo a fim de obter gravações preci...

A inactivação de áreas corticais e núcleos sub-corticais é importante no estudo das relações funcionais entre diversas estruturas cerebrais 2-4. A literatura recente empregue química perda de função ou técnicas criogénicas para estudar o papel das estruturas cerebrais 2,5. No que diz respeito a micro-injecções farmacológicas, pequenos volumes de medicamentos podem ser administrados em uma região do cérebro, a uma taxa controlada ao mesmo tempo minimizando os danos colaterais ao tecido circundante 6,7. Esta técnica pode ser usada para fornecer agonistas específicos, agonistas inversos ou antagonistas para estudar o efeito de diferentes alvos farmacológicos na actividade neuronal. Tais efeitos também pode ser estudado através da medição alterações nas respostas neuronais a partir de locais distantes, permitindo que os investigadores a estudar as relações entre as diferentes estruturas corticais e sub-corticais. Aqui, nós demonstramos a montagem de um dispositivo, o injectrode, capaz de both gravar sinais eletrofisiológicos e entrega de pequenas quantidades de drogas no local de destino. Nós demonstramos as capacidades deste sistema através da injecção de GABA, um inibidor comum de actividade neuronal, no colículo superior do rato. Esta região é sensível à estimulação visual, o que nos permitiu usar a atividade multiunit visualmente evocados para confirmar injectrode localização. A reversibilidade da inativação foi avaliada pela recuperação da atividade neuronal normal após o final da injeção GABA. A capacidade para monitorizar a actividade de multi-unidade a partir do local de injecção permite o ajuste fino das taxas de injecção e dos volumes necessários para se conseguir a resposta farmacodinâmica desejada. Portanto, uma vantagem desta técnica é a de limitar o potencial dano tecidual causado pela microperfusão, uma vez que os menores volumes eficazes são injectados. O protocolo proposto fornece um método eficiente de custos para gerar o necessar hardware descartávely para a realização de experiências onde a entrega de drogas e gravação atividade neuronal local está desejados.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Injection pump (UltraMicroPump III)</td><td>WPI</td><td>#UMP3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Injection console (Micro4 Controller)</td><td>WPI</td><td>#SYS-MICRO4</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hamilton syringe</td><td>Hamliton</td><td>(80301) 701LT 10 &amp;micro;L SYR</td><td>Syringes between 5 and 10 &amp;mu;l used</td></tr><tr><td>Flexible plastic adhesive</td><td>Lepage</td><td>393915</td><td>The gel form is easier to apply to the shaft of the 30&amp;nbsp;G hypodermic needle forming a waterproof seal when dry.</td></tr><tr><td>Glass pipettes</td><td>WPI</td><td>#TW100F-4</td><td>Thin wall, 1&amp;nbsp;mm OD, 0.75&amp;nbsp;mm ID with filament pipettes used</td></tr><tr><td>720 Needle Pipette Puller</td><td>Kopf</td><td>720</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Silver wire</td><td>A-M Systems, Inc.</td><td>782500</td><td>Bare 0.010&amp;rdquo;</td></tr></tbody></table>

simultaneous electrophysiological recording and micro-injections of inhibitory agents in the rodent brain

Aqui nós descrevemos um método para a construção de um uso único &quot;injectrode&quot; usando peças comercialmente acessíveis e económicas. Um sistema de sondagem foi desenvolvido que permite a injecção de um fármaco durante a gravação de sinais electrofisiológicos da população de neurónios afectados. Este método fornece uma alternativa simples e económica para soluções comerciais. Uma pipeta de vidro foi modificado combinando-o com uma agulha hipodérmica e um filamento de prata. O injectrode está ligado a bomba de micro comercial para entrega da droga. Isso resulta em uma técnica que fornece feedback em tempo real através de sinais extracelulares farmacodinâmica de múltiplas unidades provenientes do local de entrega de drogas. Como prova de conceito, registramos a atividade neuronal do colículo superior provocada por flashes de luz em ratos, concomitantemente com a entrega de drogas através da injectrode. A capacidade de gravação injectrode permite a caracterização funcional do injsite de exão favorecendo o controle preciso sobre a localização de entrega da droga. A aplicação deste método também se estende muito além do que é demonstrado aqui, como a escolha de substância química carregada no injectrode é vasto, incluindo o rastreamento de marcadores para experimentos anatômicos.

A construção do injectrode é ilustrada na Figura 1. Um fio de prata (C) é alimentado para dentro de uma pipeta de vidro de (D) com uma porção do arame dobrado e projectando-se para fora a partir da abertura. Uma agulha 30 G (B) está ligado e selado para a abertura da pipeta de vidro com cola. Após a pipeta foi cheia com a substância de injecção, uma micro seringa de vidro (A) está ligado à agulha. É importante que exista uma boa vedação onde o micro liga seringa com a agulha (E) e em que...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Simultaneous Electrophysiological Recording and Micro-injections of Inhibitory Agents in the Rodent Brain at JoVE.com

Simultaneous Electrophysiological Recording and Micro-injections of Inhibitory Agents in the Rodent Brain

Here, we craft a glass pipette with dual functions: inhibition of deep brain structures by microinjections of drugs and real-time monitoring of their effects through simultaneous electrophysiological recordings.

Gravação simultânea eletrofisiológica e micro-injeções de agentes inibidores no cérebro do roedor

Here we describe a method for the construction of a single-use &#8220;injectrode&#8221; using commercially accessible and affordable parts. A probing ...

simultaneous-electrophysiological-recording-micro-injections

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

8.0K visualizações.  Université de Montréal. Here, we craft a glass pipette with dual functions: inhibition of deep brain structures by microinjections of drugs and real-time monitoring of their effects through simultaneous electrophysiological recordings.

Vídeo: Simultaneous Electrophysiological Recording and Micro-injections of Inhibitory Agents in the Rodent Brain

Simultaneous fMRI and Electrophysiology in the Rodent Brain

To examine the neural basis of the blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) signal, we have developed a rodent model in which functional MRI data and in vivo intracortical recording can be performed simultaneously. The combination of MRI and electrical recording is technically challenging because the electrodes used for recording distort the MRI images and the MRI acquisition induces noise in the electrical recording. To minimize the mutual interference of the two modalities, glass microelectrodes were used rather than metal and a noise removal algorithm was implemented for the electrophysiology data. In our studies, two microelectrodes were separately implanted in bilateral primary somatosensory cortices (SI) of the rat and fixed in place. One coronal slice covering the electrode tips was selected for functional MRI. Electrode shafts and fixation positions were not included in the image slice to avoid imaging artifacts. The removed scalp was replaced with toothpaste to reduce susceptibility mismatch and prevent Gibbs ringing artifacts in the images. The artifact structure induced in the electrical recordings by the rapidly-switching magnetic fields during image acquisition was characterized by averaging all cycles of scans for each run. The noise structure during imaging was then subtracted from original recordings. The denoised time courses were then used for further analysis in combination with the fMRI data. As an example, the simultaneous acquisition was used to determine the relationship between spontaneous fMRI BOLD signals and band-limited intracortical electrical activity. Simultaneous fMRI and electrophysiological recording in the rodent will provide a platform for many exciting applications in neuroscience in addition to elucidating the relationship between the fMRI BOLD signal and neuronal activity.

We have developed a method for simultaneous functional magnetic resonance imaging and electrophysiological recording in the rodent brain, providing a platform for the investigation of the relationship between neural activity and the blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) MRI signal.

FMRI simultânea e Eletrofisiologia no cérebro de roedores

To examine the neural basis of the blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) signal, we have developed a rodent model in ...

Neurociência

Simultaneous Electroencephalography, Real-time Measurement of Lactate Concentration and Optogenetic Manipulation of Neuronal Activity in the Rodent Cerebral Cortex

Although the brain represents less than 5% of the body by mass, it utilizes approximately one quarter of the glucose used by the body at rest1. The function of non rapid eye movement sleep (NREMS), the largest portion of sleep by time, is uncertain. However, one salient feature of NREMS is a significant reduction in the rate of cerebral glucose utilization relative to wakefulness2-4. This and other findings have led to the widely held belief that sleep serves a function related to cerebral metabolism. Yet, the mechanisms underlying the reduction in cerebral glucose metabolism during NREMS remain to be elucidated.
	One phenomenon associated with NREMS that might impact cerebral metabolic rate is the occurrence of slow waves, oscillations at frequencies less than 4 Hz, in the electroencephalogram5,6. These slow waves detected at the level of the skull or cerebral cortical surface reflect the oscillations of underlying neurons between a depolarized/up state and a hyperpolarized/down state7. During the down state, cells do not undergo action potentials for intervals of up to several hundred milliseconds. Restoration of ionic concentration gradients subsequent to action potentials represents a significant metabolic load on the cell8; absence of action potentials during down states associated with NREMS may contribute to reduced metabolism relative to wake.
	Two technical challenges had to be addressed in order for this hypothetical relationship to be tested. First, it was necessary to measure cerebral glycolytic metabolism with a temporal resolution reflective of the dynamics of the cerebral EEG (that is, over seconds rather than minutes). To do so, we measured the concentration of lactate, the product of aerobic glycolysis, and therefore a readout of the rate of glucose metabolism in the brains of mice. Lactate was measured using a lactate oxidase based real time sensor embedded in the frontal cortex. The sensing mechanism consists of a platinum-iridium electrode surrounded by a layer of lactate oxidase molecules. Metabolism of lactate by lactate oxidase produces hydrogen peroxide, which produces a current in the platinum-iridium electrode. So a ramping up of cerebral glycolysis provides an increase in the concentration of substrate for lactate oxidase, which then is reflected in increased current at the sensing electrode. It was additionally necessary to measure these variables while manipulating the excitability of the cerebral cortex, in order to isolate this variable from other facets of NREMS.
	We devised an experimental system for simultaneous measurement of neuronal activity via the elecetroencephalogram, measurement of glycolytic flux via a lactate biosensor, and manipulation of cerebral cortical neuronal activity via optogenetic activation of pyramidal neurons. We have utilized this system to document the relationship between sleep-related electroencephalographic waveforms and the moment-to-moment dynamics of lactate concentration in the cerebral cortex. The protocol may be useful for any individual interested in studying, in freely behaving rodents, the relationship between neuronal activity measured at the electroencephalographic level and cellular energetics within the brain.

A procedure is described for manipulating the activity of cerebral cortical pyramidal neurons optogenetically while the electroencephalogram, electromyogram, and cerebral lactate concentration are monitored. Experimental recordings are performed on cable-tethered mice while they undergo spontaneous sleep/wake cycles. Optogenetic equipment is assembled in our laboratory; recording equipment is commercially available.

Eletroencefalografia simultânea, em tempo real de medição da concentração de lactato e Manipulação optogenética da atividade neuronal do córtex cerebral de roedores

Although the brain represents less than 5% of the body  by mass, it utilizes approximately one quarter of the glucose used by the body  at rest1. The ...

Extracellular Recording of Neuronal Activity Combined with Microiontophoretic Application of Neuroactive Substances in Awake Mice

Differences in the activity of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators, and consequently different neural responses, can be found between anesthetized and awake animals. Therefore, methods allowing the manipulation of synaptic systems in awake animals are required in order to determine the contribution of synaptic inputs to neuronal processing unaffected by anesthetics. Here, we present methodology for the construction of electrodes to simultaneously record extracellular neural activity and release multiple neuroactive substances at the vicinity of the recording sites in awake mice. By combining these procedures, we performed microiontophoretic injections of gabazine to selectively block GABAA receptors in neurons of the inferior colliculus of head-restrained mice. Gabazine successfully modified neural response properties such as the frequency response area and stimulus-specific adaptation. Thus, we demonstrate that our methods are suitable for recording single-unit activity and for dissecting the role of specific neurotransmitter receptors in auditory processing.
The main limitation of the described procedure is the relatively short recording time (~3 hr), which is determined by the level of habituation of the animal to the recording sessions. On the other hand, multiple recording sessions can be performed in the same animal. The advantage of this technique over other experimental procedures used to manipulate the level of neurotransmission or neuromodulation (such as systemic injections or the use of optogenetic models), is that the drug effect is confined to the local synaptic inputs to the target neuron. In addition, the custom-manufacture of electrodes allows adjustment of specific parameters according to the neural structure and type of neuron of interest (such as the tip resistance for improving the signal-to-noise ratio of the recordings).

We present methods for the construction of electrodes to simultaneously record extracellular neural activity and release multiple neuroactive substances at the vicinity of the recording sites in awake mice. This technique allows the detailed analysis of putative local synaptic inputs to the neuron of interest.

Extracelular Gravação de Neuronal Atividade Combinado com Microiontophoretic aplicação de substâncias neuroativos em Ratos Awake

Differences in the activity of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators, and consequently different neural responses, can be found between anesthetized and ...

Acute In Vivo Electrophysiological Recordings of Local Field Potentials and Multi-unit Activity from the Hyperdirect Pathway in Anesthetized Rats

Converging evidence shows that many neuropsychiatric diseases should be understood as disorders of large-scale neuronal networks. To better understand the pathophysiological basis of these diseases, it is necessary to precisely characterize in which way the processing of information is disturbed between the different neuronal parts of the circuit. Using extracellular in vivo electrophysiological recordings, it is possible to accurately delineate neuronal activity within a neuronal network. The application of this method has several advantages over alternative techniques, e.g., functional magnetic resonance imaging and calcium imaging, as it allows a unique temporal and spatial resolution and does not rely on genetically engineered organisms. However, the use of extracellular in vivo recordings is limited since it is an invasive technique that cannot be universally applied. In this article, a simple and easy to use method is presented with which it is possible to simultaneously record extracellular potentials such as local field potentials and multiunit activity at multiple sites of a network. It is detailed how a precise targeting of subcortical nuclei can be achieved using a combination of stereotactic surgery and online analysis of multi-unit recordings. Thus, it is demonstrated, how a complete network such as the hyperdirect cortico-basal ganglia loop can be studied in anesthetized animals in vivo.

Acute In Vivo Electrophysiological Recordings of Local Field Potentials and Multi-unit Activity from the Hyperdirect Pathway in Anesthetized Rats

In this study, the methodology is presented on how to perform multi-site in vivo electrophysiological recordings from the hyperdirect pathway under urethane anesthesia.

Agudo<em&gt; In Vivo</em&gt; Gravações eletrofisiológicas de Potenciais de campo locais e atividade de múltiplas unidades a partir do caminho hiperdiretivo em ratos anestesiados

Converging evidence shows that many neuropsychiatric diseases should be understood as disorders of large-scale neuronal networks. To better understand the ...

Concurrent Recording of Co-localized Electroencephalography and Local Field Potential in Rodent

Although electroencephalography (EEG) is widely used as a non-invasive technique for recording neural activities of the brain, our understanding of the neurogenesis of EEG is still very limited. Local field potentials (LFPs) recorded via a multi-laminar microelectrode can provide a more detailed account of simultaneous neural activity across different cortical layers in the neocortex, but the technique is invasive. Combining EEG and LFP measurements in a pre-clinical model can greatly enhance understanding of the neural mechanisms involved in the generation of EEG signals, and facilitate the derivation of a more realistic and biologically accurate mathematical model of EEG. A simple procedure for acquiring concurrent and co-localized EEG and multi-laminar LFP signals in the anesthetized rodent is presented here. We also investigated whether EEG signals were significantly affected by a burr hole drilled in the skull for the insertion of a microelectrode. Our results suggest that the burr hole has a negligible impact on EEG recordings.

This protocol describes a simple method for concurrent recording of co-localized electroencephalography (EEG) and multi-laminar local field potential in an anesthetized rat. A burr hole drilled in the skull for the insertion of a microelectrode is shown to produce negligible distortion of the EEG signal.

Gravação simultânea de eletroencefalografia co localizada e potencial do campo Local em roedores

Although electroencephalography (EEG) is widely used as a non-invasive technique for recording neural activities of the brain, our understanding of the ...

Recording and Modulation of Epileptiform Activity in Rodent Brain Slices Coupled to Microelectrode Arrays

Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most common partial complex epileptic syndrome and the least responsive to medications. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a promising approach when pharmacological treatment fails or neurosurgery is not recommended. Acute brain slices coupled to microelectrode arrays (MEAs) represent a valuable tool to study neuronal network interactions and their modulation by electrical stimulation. As compared to conventional extracellular recording techniques, they provide the added advantages of a greater number of observation points and a known inter-electrode distance, which allow studying the propagation path and speed of electrophysiological signals. However, tissue oxygenation may be greatly impaired during MEA recording, requiring a high perfusion rate, which comes at the cost of decreased signal-to-noise ratio and higher oscillations in the experimental temperature. Electrical stimulation further stresses the brain tissue, making it difficult to pursue prolonged recording/stimulation epochs. Moreover, electrical modulation of brain slice activity needs to target specific structures/pathways within the brain slice, requiring that electrode mapping be easily and quickly performed live during the experiment. Here, we illustrate how to perform the recording and electrical modulation of 4-aminopyridine (4AP)-induced epileptiform activity in rodent brain slices using planar MEAs. We show that the brain tissue obtained from mice outperforms rat brain tissue and is thus better suited for MEA experiments. This protocol guarantees the generation and maintenance of a stable epileptiform pattern that faithfully reproduces the electrophysiological features observed with conventional field potential recording, persists for several hours, and outlasts sustained electrical stimulation for prolonged epochs. Tissue viability throughout the experiment is achieved thanks to the use of a small-volume custom recording chamber allowing for laminar flow and quick solution exchange even at low (1 mL/min) perfusion rates. Quick MEA mapping for real-time monitoring and selection of stimulating electrodes is performed by a custom graphic user interface (GUI).

We illustrate how to perform recording and electrical modulation of 4-aminopyridine-induced epileptiform activity in rodent brain slices using microelectrode arrays. A custom recording chamber maintains tissue viability throughout prolonged experimental sessions. Live electrode mapping and selection of stimulating pairs are performed by a custom graphical user interface.

Gravação e modulação da atividade epileptiforme em fatias de cérebro de roedor acoplado para matrizes de microeletrodos

Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most common partial complex epileptic syndrome and the least responsive to medications. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) ...

Microinjectrode System for Combined Drug Infusion and Electrophysiology

This microinjectrode system is designed for drug infusion, electrophysiology, and delivery and retrieval of experimental probes, such as microelectrodes and nanosensors, optimized for repeated use in awake, behaving animals. The microinjectrode system can be configured for multiple purposes: (1) simple arrangement of the cannula for placement of an experimental probe that would otherwise be too fragile to penetrate the dura mater, (2) microfluidic infusion of a drug, either independently or coupled to a cannula containing an experimental probe (i.e., microelectrode, nanosensor). In this protocol we explain the step by step construction of the microinjectrode, its coupling to microfluidic components, and the protocol for use of the system in vivo. The microfluidic components of this system allow for delivery of volumes on the nanoliter scale, with minimal penetration damage. Drug infusion can be performed independently or simultaneously with experimental probes such as microelectrodes or nanosensors in an awake, behaving animal. Applications of this system range from measuring the effects of a drug on cortical electrical activity and behavior, to understanding the function of a specific region of cortex in the context of behavioral performance based on probe or nanosensor measurements. To demonstrate some of the capabilities of this system, we present an example of muscimol infusion for reversible inactivation of the frontal eye field (FEF) in rhesus macaque during a working memory task.

We present a microinjectrode system designed for electrophysiology and assisted delivery of experimental probes (i.e., nanosensors, microelectrodes), with optional drug infusion. Widely available microfluidic components are coupled to a cannula containing the probe. A step-by-step protocol for microinjectrode construction is included, with results during muscimol infusion in macaque cortex.

Sistema de microininjeção para infusão combinada de drogas e eletrofisiologia

This microinjectrode system is designed for drug infusion, electrophysiology, and delivery and retrieval of experimental probes, such as microelectrodes ...

Drug Microinjection with Electrophysiological Recording in a Rat Brain

Source: Lai, J., et al. <a href="https://appjove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/v/52271">Simultaneous electrophysiological recording and micro-injections of inhibitory agents in the rodent brain.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2015)
This protocol outlines the assembly and use of an injectrode for precise drug delivery into targeted brain regions of an anesthetized rat, followed by monitoring of neuronal activity through recorded electrical signals.

Microinjeção de Drogas com Registro Eletrofisiológico em Cérebro de Rato

All procedures involving animal models have been reviewed by the local institutional animal care committee and the JoVE veterinary review ...

JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments

Neurophysiology

Electrophysiology Techniques

In Vivo Electrophysiological Recordings of Brain Activities from Multiple Sites in Rats

Source: Haumesser, J. K., et al. <a href="https://appjove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/v/55940">Acute In Vivo Electrophysiological Recordings of Local Field Potentials and Multi-unit Activity from the Hyperdirect Pathway in Anesthetized Rats.</a> J. Vis. Exp.(2017).
This video demonstrates the detailed procedure for preparing an anesthetized rat for electrophysiological recordings of brain activity from multiple sites. The scalp is dissected to access the skull, and holes are drilled at precise locations to install and secure electrodes. Tungsten microwire electrodes are then inserted into the targeted location to record the data.

Registros eletrofisiológicos in vivo de atividades cerebrais de vários locais em ratos

All procedures involving animal models have been reviewed by the local institutional animal care committee and the JoVE veterinary review board.
1. ...

A Micro-drive Array Method for Electrophysiological Recording from Multiple Brain Regions

Source: Shikano, Y., et al. <a href="https://appjove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/v/56980">Simultaneous Recordings of Cortical Local Field Potentials, Electrocardiogram, Electromyogram, and Breathing Rhythm from a Freely Moving Rat.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2018).
The video demonstrates simultaneous electrophysiological recording from multiple brain regions in a rat using an integrative micro-drive array. Recording electrodes are placed in the olfactory bulb, reference electrodes in the frontal cortex, and micro-drive array electrodes in the hippocampus. The rat is allowed to forage freely, and simultaneous recording from all the implanted electrodes is recorded using the array.

Gravação simultânea eletrofisiológica e micro-injeções de agentes inibidores no cérebro do roedor

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