Agradecemos Joachim Erber por nos apresentar o paradigma de aprendizagem tátil em abelhas. Este trabalho foi apoiado pelo Cluster de Excelência 277 CITEC, financiado no âmbito da Iniciativa de Excelência alemão.

1. Preparando as abelhas <ol><li> Forrageiras néctar ou pólen são capturados no campo a partir de um alimentador de sacarose ou diretamente a partir da entrada colméia ao retornar de uma viagem de forrageamento. Cada única abelha é capturado dentro de um frasco de vidro, que é fechada com um tampão de espuma e levado imediatamente para o laboratório para posterior manipulação. </li><li> No laboratório, as abelhas capturados são brevemente arrefecida no frigorífico a 4 ° C até se mostrar os primeiros sinais de imobilidade. </li><li> Cada abelha única imobilizada é montado em um pequeno tubo de metal com fita adesiva entre a cabeça e no tórax e sobre o abdómen. Cuidados devem ser tomados para que a tromba e antenas são livremente móvel. </li><li> Pinte os olhos compostos e ocelos da abelha fixo com tinta branca (por exemplo, livre de solvente Tipp-Ex) para ocluir visão. </li><li> Adicionar uma pequena gota de cera derretida por trás da cabeça da abelha para corrigi-lo para a fita entre a cabeça eo tórax para evitar movimentos da cabeça durante as gravações. </li><li> Marcar cada abelha com um número único na fita para facilitar a identificação e colocar o tubo com a abelha fixo em uma atmosfera húmida para evitar a desidratação. </li><li> Alimentar cada abelha único durante 5 segundos, com gotículas de uma solução de sacarose a 30% apresentaram uma seringa e que todas as abelhas recuperar durante 30 min antes de iniciar o protocolo de condicionamento táctil. </li></ol> 2. Condicionado tátil <ol><li> Antes de condicionamento, cada abelha individual tem de ser testado para a resposta da extensão da probóscide (PER) a um estímulo de 30% de sacarose aplicada às antenas. Deste modo, a ponta do nariz tem de atravessar uma linha virtual entre as mandíbulas abertas. Descartar todas as abelhas que não respondem com um PER para o estímulo de sacarose. </li><li> Para o condicionamento táctil utilizar um cubo de metal (por exemplo, 3 x 5 mm) com uma superfície lisa ou um padrão gravado, por exemplo, horizontal ou ranhuras verticais que formam uma grade com comprimento de onda de 150 um, como o estímulo condicionado (CS). Fou o estímulo não condicionado (EUA) utilizar uma solução de sacarose a 30% (açúcar doméstico, diluído em água). </li><li> O cubo de latão (CS) é colocado sobre um suporte de um micromanipulador (por exemplo, Märzhäuser MM33) para garantir o posicionamento exacto durante o processo de condicionamento. Os EUA é apresentada ao abelha com uma seringa cheia com uma solução de sacarose a 30%. </li><li> O procedimento de condicionamento consiste em cinco pares de estímulo táctil (CS) e uma solução de sacarose (EUA), com um intervalo inter-ensaio (ITI) de 5 min. Colocar uma única abelha em frente do micromanipulador com o estímulo táctil montado (CS). Posicionar o CS lentamente, de tal modo que a superfície do estímulo táctil é paralela à cabeça da abelha (Figura 1 A e B). A distância entre o animal e o objeto tátil deve estar no intervalo de o raio da antena de trabalho da abelha testado, isto é, a abelha deve ser capaz de verificar o estímulo táctil numa posição confortável wantenas tanto de ordem i. No exemplo mostrado na Figura 1, a distância era de 3 mm. Deixe a abelha digitalizar o estímulo tátil (CS) por 5 seg. Após o primeiro 3 seg, apresentar uma gotícula da sacarose a 30% (EUA) com uma solução de uma seringa sob a tromba. Utilize a ponta da seringa para levantar suavemente as tromba. Estimulação de sacarose sob a tromba vai provocar o incondicionado PER 15. Permitir que a abelha a lamber a recompensa de sacarose. Usar um cronometro com um sinal de alarme para manter os intervalos exactos de tempo durante o condicionamento. </li><li> O PER condicionado é usada como uma medida para o sucesso da aprendizagem de uma abelha. Após os sorteios primeiro recompensados, as abelhas começam a responder a CS apresentação por extensão de seus probóscides, indicando que eles esperam a recompensa futura. A tromba totalmente estendida observados a qualquer momento durante a janela de tempo de 3 segundos de apresentação do estímulo tátil e antes da apresentação de sacarose é classificada como uma resposta positiva. Nenhuma resposta é contado negativo. O occurrence do PER tem de ser observado pelo experimentador. O percentual de abelhas que mostram o PER durante a apresentação CS é traçado para cada tentativa. </li></ol> 3. Gravações cinemáticas <ol><li> Movimentos antenais de uma única abelha aproveitado são gravados com uma câmera de vídeo digital com uma lente macro adequado (por exemplo Basler A602f-2 equipado com TechSpec VZM 200, operado a 50 fps através de uma conexão de fio de fogo). A câmara é posicionada acima do animal numa vista de cima para baixo (Figura 1 A). Na Figura 1, a resolução espacial das gravações é de 0,02 mm / pixel. </li><li> Calibrar a câmera gravando imagens únicas de um tabuleiro de xadrez 10 mm x 10 com uma aresta de comprimento 1 mm diferentes orientações no âmbito do objectivo da câmara. A calibração pode ser feita com a caixa de ferramentas da câmara de calibração Matlab 16. </li><li> Coloque uma única abelha fixa abaixo da lente da câmera. Apresentar o estímulo táctil, fixada a um micromanipulador, Para o animal. Proceder do mesmo modo como descrito para o condicionamento táctil, e gravar o movimento da antena enquanto a abelha é digitalizar o objeto. É importante que o intervalo de trabalho completo e antenal do estímulo táctil são visíveis. As escolhas de padrões de estímulo testado e números de ensaios dependem do projeto experimental. </li></ol> 4. Análise de Dados <ol><li> O cálculo da imagem de fundo é feito em Matlab. Primeiro, o valor médio tons de cinza ao longo do tempo tem que ser calculado para cada pixel. Objetos estáticos, como a cabeça fixa da abelha e do estímulo tátil, irá constituir o fundo da imagem. Os objectos em movimento, como a duas antenas, não irá fazer parte do fundo. </li><li> Cada quadro do vídeo gravado deve ser carregada sequencialmente, e a diferença entre a imagem actual e a imagem de fundo tem de ser calculada. O resultado desta subtração enfatiza as partes da imagem que está se movendo de um quadro para outro. Ideally, as antenas da abelha são as únicas áreas de valores diferentes de zero (Figura 1C). </li><li> Para processamento adicional, as duas maiores áreas com valores diferentes de zero de pixel são assumidos como sendo as antenas. Para ambas as antenas de uma máscara binária deve ser gerado para cada pixel contendo um valor de 1, se o pixel pertence à antena e 0 valor de outra forma. Esta máscara serve como uma base para a localização das pontas antenais mais tarde. Para ganhar uma máscara preliminar para a totalidade da imagem do cinzento-valor de cada pixel da imagem de diferença é comparada com um limiar pré-definido. Desde que cuidar de ruído ainda este limiar é escolhido para ser bastante baixa. A máscara de preliminar, então ainda tem dois tipos de erros: em primeiro lugar, devido a regiões da imagem de ruído pequenas ainda fazem parte da máscara. Em segundo lugar, as superfícies que pertencem à antena pode não ser necessariamente totalmente ligado. A última ocorre principalmente quando o fundo tem aproximadamente a mesma que a luminescência da antena. Para eliminar esses artefatos, padrãooperação de processamento de imagem morfológica são aplicadas, ou seja, uma combinação de imagem erosão e dilatação, contando com as funções padrão do Matlab imerode e imdilate respectivamente (ver 17 pp 158-205 para mais explicações). Após o processo de suavização das hipóteses antenas estão ainda contidos no interior da mesma máscara. Assim, como um próximo passo a máscara binária é agrupado para áreas disjuntas usando o padrão Matlab função bwlabel (veja 17 pp 40-48 para mais detalhes sobre o algoritmo de segmentação de imagem). </li><li> O número de pixels por cluster é contado e os dois maiores grupos são selecionados. O centro de gravidade é calculada para distinguir entre a antena do lado esquerdo e direito (Figura 1D). </li><li> A ponta da antena para cada antena pode ser definida como o pixel de um agrupamento com o valor mais elevado na direcção proximal para distal (ver Figura 1D). </li></ol>

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Preparação das abelhas: Coleta e fixação das abelhas deve ser feito rapidamente, a fim de manter o nível de estresse do baixo animal. O stress tem um efeito sobre a capacidade de resposta PER-e, portanto, pode ter um efeito indirecto sobre o desempenho da aprendizagem em abelhas 19, 20. O nível de tensão pode ser reduzida ao colocar os frascos de vidro com as abelhas directamente em gelo imediatamente após a colheita para imobilizá-los rapidamente. Tem que ser tido em conta que as ab...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Nome do reagente / Material </td><td> Companhia </td><td> Número de catálogo </td><td> Comentários </td></tr><tr><td> Forrageiras pólen, Apis mellifera L. </td><td></td><td></td><td> Colméias privadas </td></tr><tr><td> Frascos de vidro (22 x 45 mm) </td><td> Carl Roth GmbH &amp; Co </td><td> X655.1 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Tubos de bronze, 10 x 30 mm </td><td></td><td></td><td> Auto-produzido </td></tr><tr><td> Cubo de latão, 3 x 5 mm </td><td></td><td></td><td> Auto-produzido </td></tr><tr><td> Tipp-Ex (sem solventes) </td><td> Tipp-Ex GmbH &amp; Co KG </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Solução de sacarose (30%) </td><td></td><td></td><td> Suger casa diluído em água </td></tr><tr><td> Etanol (70%) </td><td> Carl Roth GmbH &amp; Co </td><td> 9065,3 &lt;/ Td&gt; <td></td></tr><tr><td> Seringa (1 ml) e agulha (0,6 x 25) </td><td> Carl Roth GmbH &amp; Co </td><td> 59,1 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Cronômetro </td><td> Carl Roth GmbH &amp; Co </td><td> L423.1 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Micromanipulador </td><td> Märzhäuser MM33 </td><td> 00-42-101-0000 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Câmera de vídeo digital </td><td> Basler A602f-2 </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Lente macro para a câmera </td><td> TechSpec VZM 200 </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Matlab R2009b </td><td> The MathWorks </td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

tactile conditioning and movement analysis of antennal sampling strategies in honey bees (apis mellifera l.)

As abelhas melíferas (Apis mellifera L.) são insetos eussociais e bem conhecidos por sua complexa divisão do trabalho e capacidade de aprendizagem associativa 1, 2. As abelhas operárias passar a primeira metade de sua vida dentro da colméia escuro, onde estão as larvas de enfermagem ou a construção dos favos hexagonal regular de alimentos (por exemplo, pólen ou néctar) e prole 3. As antenas são extraordinários antenas multissensoriais e desempenham um papel fundamental em diversas funções táteis mediadas 4, incluindo a construção colméia 5 e 6 de reconhecimento de padrões. Mais tarde na vida, cada única abelha deixa a colméia para procurar alimentos. Em seguida, uma abelha tem que aprender a discriminar fontes de alimento rentáveis, memorizar a sua localização, e comunicar a seus companheiros de ninho 7. As abelhas utilizam diferentes sinais florais como cores ou odores 7, 8, mas também pistas tácteis da superfície pétala 9 para formar memórias multissensoriais da fonte de alimentação. Em laboratório conditions, as abelhas podem ser treinadas em um paradigma de aprendizagem apetitiva discriminar características do objeto tátil, como bordas ou sulcos com suas antenas 10, 11, 12, 13. Este paradigma da aprendizagem é estreitamente relacionado com o condicionamento clássico olfactory extensão da resposta tromba (PER) em abelhas encapsuladas 14. A vantagem do modelo de aprendizagem tátil no laboratório é a possibilidade de combinar as experiências comportamentais na aprendizagem com várias medições fisiológicas, incluindo a análise do padrão de movimento da antena.

No experimento seguinte estudou como o aprendizado afeta o comportamento tátil amostragem antenais de abelhas. Para isso, é monitorado o movimento da ponta da antena de abelhas naive e condicionado antes e durante a apresentação de um estímulo táctil. Em primeiro lugar, o movimento espontâneo antenal de um grupo de forrageadoras pólen (N = 42) foi registado durante 1 min. Metade das abelhas (N = 21) foi, em seguida, condicionado por emparelhamento cinco vezes um estímulo táctil com...

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Tactile Conditioning And Movement Analysis Of Antennal Sampling Strategies In Honey Bees Apis mellifera L.

Neste protocolo, mostramos como condição aproveitado abelhas aos estímulos táteis e introduzir uma técnica de captura de movimento 2D para analisar a cinemática de multa escala padrão de amostragem antenal.

Condicionado tátil e Análise do Movimento de estratégias de amostragem antenais de abelhas (<em&gt; Apis mellifera</em&gt; L.)

Honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) are eusocial insects and well known for their complex division of labor and associative learning capability1, 2. The worker ...

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Tactile Conditioning And Movement Analysis Of Antennal Sampling Strategies In Honey Bees (Apis mellifera L.)

10.5K visualizações.  Bielefeld University. Neste protocolo, mostramos como condição aproveitado abelhas aos estímulos táteis e introduzir uma técnica de captura de movimento 2D para analisar a cinemática de multa escala padrão de amostragem antenal.

Vídeo: Tactile Conditioning And Movement Analysis Of Antennal Sampling Strategies In Honey Bees Apis mellifera L.

Behavioural Pharmacology in Classical Conditioning of the Proboscis Extension Response in Honeybees (Apis mellifera)

Honeybees (Apis mellifera) are well known for their communication and orientation skills and for their impressive learning capability1,2. Because the survival of a honeybee colony depends on the exploitation of food sources, forager bees learn and memorize variable flower sites as well as their profitability. Forager bees can be easily trained in natural settings where they forage at a feeding site and learn the related signals such as odor or color. Appetitive associative learning can also be studied under controlled conditions in the laboratory by conditioning the proboscis extension response (PER) of individually harnessed honeybees3,4. This learning paradigm enables the study of the neuronal and molecular mechanisms that underlie learning and memory formation in a simple and highly reliable way5-12. A behavioral pharmacology approach is used to study molecular mechanisms. Drugs are injected systemically to interfere with the function of specific molecules during or after learning and memory formation13-16.
Here we demonstrate how to train harnessed honeybees in PER conditioning and how to apply drugs systemically by injection into the bee flight muscle.

Behavioural Pharmacology in Classical Conditioning of the Proboscis Extension Response in Honeybees Apis mellifera

We demonstrate how to implement a behavioral pharmacology method in an appetitive olfactory conditioning paradigm in honeybees (Apis mellifera) by systemic application of drugs. This method allows investigation of the mechanisms underlying learning and memory formation in a simple and reliable way.

Farmacologia Comportamental no condicionamento clássico da Resposta Extensão Proboscis em Abelhas ( Apis mellifera)

Honeybees (Apis mellifera) are well known for their communication and orientation skills and for their impressive learning capability1,2. Because the ...

Neurociência

Video Tracking Protocol to Screen Deterrent Chemistries for Honey Bees

The European honey bee, Apis mellifera L., is an economically and agriculturally important pollinator that generates billions of dollars annually. Honey bee colony numbers have been declining in the United States and many European countries since 1947. A number of factors play a role in this decline, including the unintentional exposure of honey bees to pesticides. The development of new methods and regulations are warranted to reduce pesticide exposures to these pollinators. One approach is the use of repellent chemistries that deter honey bees from a recently pesticide-treated crop. Here, we describe a protocol to discern the deterrence of honey bees exposed to select repellent chemistries. Honey bee foragers are collected and starved overnight in an incubator 15 h prior to testing. Individual honey bees are placed into Petri dishes that have either a sugar-agarose cube (control treatment) or sugar-agarose-compound cube (repellent treatment) placed into the middle of the dish. The Petri dish serves as the arena that is placed under a camera in a light box to record the honey bee locomotor activities using video tracking software. A total of 8 control and 8 repellent treatments were analyzed for a 10 min period with each treatment was duplicated with new honey bees. Here, we demonstrate that honey bees are deterred from the sugar-agarose cubes with a compound treatment whereas honey bees are attracted to the sugar-agarose cubes without an added compound.

The loss of honey bee colonies presents a challenge to crop pollination services. Current pollinator protection practices warrant an alternative approach to minimize the contact of honey bees to harmful pesticides using repellent chemistries. Here, we provide detailed methods for a visual tracking protocol to screen deterrents for bees.

Protocolo de rastreamento de vídeo para a tela de quimioterapia para abelhas

The European honey bee, Apis mellifera L., is an economically and agriculturally important pollinator that generates billions of dollars annually. Honey ...

Ambiente

Visual Classical Conditioning in Wood Ants

Several species of insects have become model systems for studying learning and memory formation. Although many studies focus on freely moving animals, studies implementing classical conditioning paradigms with harnessed insects have been important for investigating the exact cues that individuals learn and the neural mechanisms underlying learning and memory formation. Here we present a protocol for evoking visual associative learning in wood ants through classical conditioning. In this paradigm, ants are harnessed and presented with a visual cue (a blue cardboard), the conditional stimulus (CS), paired with an appetitive sugar reward, the unconditional stimulus (US). Ants perform a Maxilla-Labium Extension Reflex (MaLER), the unconditional response (UR), which can be used as a readout for learning. Training consists of 10 trials, separated by a 5-minute intertrial interval (ITI). Ants are also tested for memory retention 10 minutes or 1 hour after training. This protocol has the potential to allow researchers to analyze, in a precise and controlled manner, the details of visual memory formation and the neural basis of learning and memory formation in wood ants.

We present a protocol for the classical conditioning of harnessed ants that permits researchers to study visual learning and memory formation at a level of analysis not possible with freely moving individuals.

Visual condicionamento clássico em madeira formigas

Several species of insects have become model systems for studying learning and memory formation. Although many studies focus on freely moving animals, ...

Comportamento

Identification of Olfactory Volatiles using Gas Chromatography-Multi-unit Recordings (GCMR) in the Insect Antennal Lobe

All organisms inhabit a world full of sensory stimuli that determine their behavioral and physiological response to their environment. Olfaction is especially important in insects, which use their olfactory systems to respond to, and discriminate amongst, complex odor stimuli. These odors elicit behaviors that mediate processes such as reproduction and habitat selection1-3. Additionally, chemical sensing by insects mediates behaviors that are highly significant for agriculture and human health, including pollination4-6, herbivory of food crops7, and transmission of disease8,9. Identification of olfactory signals and their role in insect behavior is thus important for understanding both ecological processes and human food resources and well-being.
	To date, the identification of volatiles that drive insect behavior has been difficult and often tedious. Current techniques include gas chromatography-coupled electroantennogram recording (GC-EAG), and gas chromatography-coupled single sensillum recordings (GC-SSR)10-12. These techniques proved to be vital in the identification of bioactive compounds. We have developed a method that uses gas chromatography coupled to multi-channel electrophysiological recordings (termed 'GCMR') from neurons in the antennal lobe (AL; the insect's primary olfactory center)13,14. This state-of-the-art technique allows us to probe how odor information is represented in the insect brain. Moreover, because neural responses to odors at this level of olfactory processing are highly sensitive owing to the degree of convergence of the antenna's receptor neurons into AL neurons, AL recordings will allow the detection of active constituents of natural odors efficiently and with high sensitivity. Here we describe GCMR and give an example of its use.
	Several general steps are involved in the detection of bioactive volatiles and insect response. Volatiles first need to be collected from sources of interest (in this example we use flowers from the genus Mimulus (Phyrmaceae)) and characterized as needed using standard GC-MS techniques14-16. Insects are prepared for study using minimal dissection, after which a recording electrode is inserted into the antennal lobe and multi-channel neural recording begins. Post-processing of the neural data then reveals which particular odorants cause significant neural responses by the insect nervous system.
	Although the example we present here is specific to pollination studies, GCMR can be expanded to a wide range of study organisms and volatile sources. For instance, this method can be used in the identification of odorants attracting or repelling vector insects and crop pests. Moreover, GCMR can also be used to identify attractants for beneficial insects, such as pollinators. The technique may be expanded to non-insect subjects as well.

Identification of Olfactory Volatiles using Gas Chromatography-Multi-unit Recordings GCMR in the Insect Antennal Lobe

Olfactory cues mediate many different behaviors in insects, and are often complex mixtures comprised of tens to hundreds of volatile compounds. Using gas chromatography with multi-channel recording in the insect antennal lobe, we describe a method for the identification of bioactive compounds.

Identificação de voláteis olfativas utilizando cromatografia gasosa-Multi-unidade Gravações (GCMR) no lobo antenal Inseto

All  organisms inhabit a world full of sensory stimuli that determine their  behavioral and physiological response to their environment. Olfaction is ...

In vivo Ca2+- Imaging of Mushroom Body Neurons During Olfactory Learning in the Honey Bee

The in vivo and semi-in vivo preparation for Calcium imaging has been developed in our lab by Joerges, K&uuml;ttner and Galizia over ten years ago, to measure odor evoked activity in the antennal lobe1. From then on, it has been continuously refined and applied to different neuropiles in the bee brain. Here, we describe the preparation currently used in the lab to measure activity in mushroom body neurons using a dextran coupled calcium-sensitive dye (Fura-2). We retrogradely stain mushroom body neurons by injecting dye into their axons or soma region. We focus on reducing the invasiveness, to achieve a preparation in which it is still possible to train the bee using PER conditioning. We are able to monitor and quantify the behavioral response by recording electro-myograms from the muscle which controls the PER (M17)2.
After the physiological experiment the imaged structures are investigated in greater detail using confocal scanning microscopy to address the identity of the neurons.

In vivo Ca2+- Imaging of Mushroom Body Neurons During Olfactory Learning in the Honey Bee

Bees can be conditioned in an appetitive olfactory learning paradigm (PER-conditioning). Using odors as stimuli, we established a method in which behavior is recorded while simultaneously Calcium Imaging is used to measure odor evoked activity in mushroom body neurons in vivo.

In vivo Ca 2 + - Imagem de Neurônios Corpo Mushroom durante o aprendizado olfativo no Honey Bee

The in vivo and semi-in vivo preparation for Calcium imaging has been developed in our lab by Joerges, K&uuml;ttner and Galizia over ten years ago, to ...

Biologia

A Proboscis Extension Response Protocol for Investigating Behavioral Plasticity in Insects: Application to Basic, Biomedical, and Agricultural Research

Insects modify their responses to stimuli through experience of associating those stimuli with events important for survival (e.g., food, mates, threats). There are several behavioral mechanisms through which an insect learns salient associations and relates them to these events. It is important to understand this behavioral plasticity for programs aimed toward assisting insects that are beneficial for agriculture. This understanding can also be used for discovering solutions to biomedical and agricultural problems created by insects that act as disease vectors and pests. The Proboscis Extension Response (PER) conditioning protocol was developed for honey bees (Apis mellifera) over 50 years ago to study how they perceive and learn about floral odors, which signal the nectar and pollen resources a colony needs for survival. The PER procedure provides a robust and easy-to-employ framework for studying several different ecologically relevant mechanisms of behavioral plasticity. It is easily adaptable for use with several other insect species and other behavioral reflexes. These protocols can be readily employed in conjunction with various means for monitoring neural activity in the CNS via electrophysiology or bioimaging, or for manipulating targeted neuromodulatory pathways. It is a robust assay for rapidly detecting sub-lethal effects on behavior caused by environmental stressors, toxins or pesticides.
We show how the PER protocol is straightforward to implement using two procedures. One is suitable as a laboratory exercise for students or for quick assays of the effect of an experimental treatment. The other provides more thorough control of variables, which is important for studies of behavioral conditioning. We show how several measures for the behavioral response ranging from binary yes/no to more continuous variable like latency and duration of proboscis extension can be used to test hypotheses. And, we discuss some pitfalls that researchers commonly encounter when they use the procedure for the first time.

The Proboscis Extension Response (PER) conditioning protocol, developed for the honey bee (Apis mellifera), provides an ecologically-relevant and easily quantifiable means for studying several different mechanisms of learning in many insect species.

Um protocolo de resposta narigudo Extensão para investigar plasticidade comportamental em Insetos: Aplicação para Basic, biomédica e Pesquisa Agropecuária

Insects modify their responses to stimuli through experience of associating those stimuli with events important for survival (e.g., food, mates, threats). ...

Simultaneous Long-term Recordings at Two Neuronal Processing Stages in Behaving Honeybees

In both mammals and insects neuronal information is processed in different higher and lower order brain centers. These centers are coupled via convergent and divergent anatomical connections including feed forward and feedback wiring. Furthermore, information of the same origin is partially sent via parallel pathways to different and sometimes into the same brain areas. To understand the evolutionary benefits as well as the computational advantages of these wiring strategies and especially their temporal dependencies on each other, it is necessary to have simultaneous access to single neurons of different tracts or neuropiles in the same preparation at high temporal resolution. Here we concentrate on honeybees by demonstrating a unique extracellular long term access to record multi unit activity at two subsequent neuropiles1, the antennal lobe (AL), the first olfactory processing stage and the mushroom body (MB), a higher order integration center involved in learning and memory formation, or two parallel neuronal tracts2 connecting the AL with the MB.&#160;The latter was chosen as an example and will be described in full. In the supporting video the construction and permanent insertion of flexible multi&#160;channel wire electrodes is demonstrated. Pairwise differential amplification of the micro&#160;wire electrode channels drastically reduces the noise and verifies that the source of the signal is closely related to the position of the electrode tip. The mechanical flexibility of the used wire electrodes allows stable invasive long&#160;term recordings over many hours up to days, which is a clear advantage compared to conventional extra&#160;and intracellular in vivo recording techniques.

Simultaneous extracellular long term recordings from two different brain neuropiles or two different anatomical tracts were established in honeybees. These recordings allow the investigation of temporal aspects of neuronal processing across different brain areas at the single neuron as well as at the ensemble level in a behaving animal.

Gravações simultâneas de longo prazo em dois estágios de processamento neuronal em comportar abelhas

In both mammals and insects neuronal information is processed in different higher and lower order brain centers. These centers are coupled via convergent ...

Radio Frequency Identification and Motion-sensitive Video Efficiently Automate Recording of Unrewarded Choice Behavior by Bumblebees

We present two methods for observing bumblebee choice behavior in an enclosed testing space. The first method consists of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) readers built into artificial flowers that display various visual cues, and RFID tags (i.e., passive transponders) glued to the thorax of bumblebee workers. The novelty in our implementation is that RFID readers are built directly into artificial flowers that are capable of displaying several distinct visual properties such as color, pattern type, spatial frequency (i.e., &#8220;busyness&#8221; of the pattern), and symmetry (spatial frequency and symmetry were not manipulated in this experiment). Additionally, these visual displays in conjunction with the automated systems are capable of recording unrewarded and untrained choice behavior. The second method consists of recording choice behavior at artificial flowers using motion-sensitive high-definition camcorders. Bumblebees have number tags glued to their thoraces for unique identification. The advantage in this implementation over RFID is that in addition to observing landing behavior, alternate measures of preference such as hovering and antennation may also be observed. Both automation methods increase experimental control, and internal validity by allowing larger scale studies that take into account individual differences. External validity is also improved because bees can freely enter and exit the testing environment without constraints such as the availability of a research assistant on-site. Compared to human observation in real time, the automated methods are more cost-effective and possibly less error-prone.

This video describes Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) and motion-sensitive video recording methods to monitor choice behavior by bumblebees.

Radio Frequency Identification and Video Motion-sensível eficiente Automatizar Gravação de unrewarded escolha Comportamento por Zangões

We present two methods for observing bumblebee choice behavior in an enclosed testing space. The first method consists of Radio Frequency Identification ...

A Novel Behavioral Assay to Investigate Gustatory Responses of Individual, Freely-moving Bumble Bees (Bombus terrestris)

Generalist pollinators like the buff-tailed bumble bee, Bombus terrestris, encounter both nutrients and toxins in the floral nectar they collect from flowering plants. Only a few studies have described the gustatory responses of bees toward toxins in food, and these experiments have mainly used the proboscis extension response on restrained honey bees. Here, a new behavioral assay is presented for measuring the feeding responses of freely-moving, individual worker bumble bees to nutrients and toxins. This assay measures the amount of solution ingested by each bumble bee and identifies how tastants in food influence the microstructure of the feeding behavior.
The solutions are presented in a microcapillary tube to individual bumble bees that have been previously starved for 2-4 hr. The behavior is captured on digital video. The fine structure of the feeding behavior is analyzed by continuously scoring the position of the proboscis (mouthparts) from video recordings using event logging software. The position of the proboscis is defined by three different behavioral categories: (1) proboscis is extended and in contact with the solution, (2) proboscis is extended but not in contact with the solution and (3) proboscis is stowed under the head. Furthermore the speed of the proboscis retracting away from the solution is also estimated.
In the present assay the volume of solution consumed, the number of feeding bouts, the duration of the feeding bouts and the speed of the proboscis retraction after the first contact is used to evaluate the phagostimulatory or the deterrent activity of the compounds tested.
This new taste assay will allow researchers to measure how compounds found in nectar influence the feeding behavior of bees and will also be useful to pollination biologists, toxicologists and neuroethologists studying the bumble bee&#39;s taste system.

A Novel Behavioral Assay to Investigate Gustatory Responses of Individual, Freely-moving Bumble Bees Bombus terrestris

A novel behavioral assay is described for investigating the short term gustatory responses of the mouthparts of freely-moving bumble bees (Bombus terrestris) toward nutrients and toxins in solution.

A Novel Behavioral Ensaio investigar as gustativas de um indivíduo, livre-se deslocam Bumble abelhas (<em&gt; Terrestris do Bombus</em&gt;)

Generalist pollinators like the buff-tailed bumble bee, Bombus terrestris, encounter both nutrients and toxins in the floral nectar they collect from ...

Neuropharmacological Manipulation of Restrained and Free-flying Honey Bees, Apis mellifera

Honey bees demonstrate astonishing learning abilities and advanced social behavior and communication. In addition, their brain is small, easy to visualize and to study. Therefore, bees have long been a favored model amongst neurobiologists and neuroethologists for studying the neural basis of social and natural behavior. It is important, however, that the experimental techniques used to study bees do not interfere with the behaviors being studied. Because of this, it has been necessary to develop a range of techniques for pharmacological manipulation of honey bees. In this paper we demonstrate methods for treating restrained or free-flying honey bees with a wide range of pharmacological agents. These include both noninvasive methods such as oral and topical treatments, as well as more invasive methods that allow for precise drug delivery in either systemic or localized fashion. Finally, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each method and&#160;describe common hurdles and how to best overcome them. We conclude with a discussion on the importance of adapting the experimental method to the biological questions rather than the other way around.

Neuropharmacological Manipulation of Restrained and Free-flying Honey Bees, Apis mellifera

This manuscript describes several protocols for administering pharmacological agents to honey bees, including simple noninvasive methods for free-flying bees, as well as more invasive variants that allow precise localized treatment of restrained bees.

Manipulação neurofarmacologia de contido e vôo livre abelhas do mel,<em&gt; Apis mellifera</em

Honey bees demonstrate astonishing learning abilities and advanced social behavior and communication. In addition, their brain is small, easy to visualize ...

Condicionado tátil e Análise do Movimento de estratégias de amostragem antenais de abelhas (

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