Core - Molecular Biology

Chapter 10

Gene Expression

10.1 : Cell Specific Gene Expression

10.1 : Cell Specific Gene Expression

Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same ...

10.2 : Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

10.2 : Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the ...

10.3 : Cis-regulatory Sequences

10.3 : Cis-regulatory Sequences

Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments ...

10.4 : Cooperative Binding of Transcription Regulators

10.4 : Cooperative Binding of Transcription Regulators

Transcriptional regulators bind to specific cis-regulatory sequences in the DNA to regulate gene transcription. These cis-regulatory sequences are ...

10.5 : Prokaryotic Transcriptional Activators and Repressors

10.5 : Prokaryotic Transcriptional Activators and Repressors

The organization of prokaryotic genes in their genome is notably different from that of eukaryotes. Prokaryotic genes are organized, such that the genes ...

10.6 : Operons

Prokaryotes can control gene expression through operons—DNA sequences consisting of regulatory elements and clustered, functionally related ...

10.7 : The Eukaryotic Promoter Region

10.7 : The Eukaryotic Promoter Region

The eukaryotic promoter region is a segment of DNA located upstream of a gene. It contains an RNA polymerase binding site, a transcription start site, and ...

10.8 : Co-activators and Co-repressors

10.8 : Co-activators and Co-repressors

Gene transcription is regulated by the synergistic action of several proteins that form a complex at a gene regulatory site. This is observed in ...

10.9 : Eukaryotic Transcription Activators

10.9 : Eukaryotic Transcription Activators

Transcription activators are proteins that promote the transcription of genes from DNA to RNA. In most cases, these proteins contain two separate domains ...

10.10 : Eukaryotic Transcription Inhibitors

10.10 : Eukaryotic Transcription Inhibitors

Certain biochemical processes, such as embryonic development and cell growth regulation, depend on the repression of specific genes. DNA binding ...

10.11 : Combinatorial Gene Control

10.11 : Combinatorial Gene Control

Combinatorial gene control is the synergistic action of several transcriptional factors to regulate the expression of a single gene. The absence of one or ...

10.12 : Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

10.12 : Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell ...

10.13 : Master Transcription Regulators

10.13 : Master Transcription Regulators

Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these ...

10.14 : Epigenetic Regulation

10.14 : Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like ...

10.15 : Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance

10.15 : Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance

Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both ...

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