31.36 : Infertility in Females

Female infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after a year of regular, unprotected intercourse and affects about 10–15% of couples worldwide. The primary cause of female infertility is ovulatory disorders, which hinder the release of eggs. These disorders can be classified as hypothalamic amenorrhea, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), premature ovarian failure, and hyperprolactinemic anovulation disorders.

Endometriosis, a condition characterized by abnormal growth of endometrial tissue outside the uterus, is responsible for approximately 15% of infertility cases. This condition can result in the formation of ovarian cysts, pelvic adhesions, and blockage of the fallopian tubes. Other conditions, such as pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), can also cause tubal or uterine obstructions, preventing sperm from reaching the egg or a fertilized egg from entering the uterus.

Hormonal imbalances, such as hyperprolactinemia (elevated prolactin levels), can inhibit ovulation. Lifestyle changes can be beneficial in improving fertility and complementing therapeutic interventions. Hormone therapy effectively restores optimal ovarian function in cases of ovulatory or hormonal disorders, while corrective surgery addresses structural abnormalities or blockages.

When other methods prove ineffective, techniques like intrauterine insemination (IUI) and in-vitro fertilization (IVF) are widely used to assist individuals experiencing infertility.