우리는 헬무트 샴페인 Hofgut Neumühle에서 pigpen에 우리의 연구 기회를 감사 하 고 싶습니다.

모든 절차 지역 윤리 위원회 (#23177-07/g 10-1-010/G 15-15-011)에 의해 승인 했다 및 유럽 및 독일 국가 규정 (유럽 공동체 위원회 지시문, 86/609/ECC; Tierschutzgesetz)입니다.
모든 동물 절차는 의료 센터의 요하네스 구텐베르크 대학 마인츠 동물 보호 위원회의 규정에 따라 수행 했다.
1입니다. 설치
<ol><li>실험 전에 어떤 회선 잡음에 대 한 확인 하 고 안테나와 설정에 대 한 적절 한 위치를 찾을 합니다. 회선 잡음 60 또는 50 Hz 사인파로 표시 됩니다. 참고: 안테나와 송신기와 수신기 사이의 거리를 특히의 위치는 시스템의 전송 강도에 따라 달라 집니다. 여기에 사용 하는 시스템은 조정 가능한. 그것은 약 3 m 전송 범위를 사용 하 여 상대적으로 낮은 전원 조정 되었다. 또한,는 pigpen에 금속 울타리 신호를 살짝 적신 하 고 방해를 일으킬 수 있습니다. 이 경우에, 그것은 금속 안에 안테나를 배치 하는 데 필요한입니다.</li>
	<li>케이블 드럼 라인 전원 설정을 사용 합니다. 연결 노트북, 수신기 단위 및 아날로그-디지털 컨버터 (필요한 경우) 사용 되는 특정 원격 시스템에 대 한. 참고: 여기에 사용 되는 원격 측정 시스템 수신기를 디지털 데이터를 전송. 이 다른 시스템에 대 한 수 있습니다.</li>
	<li>전극, 접착제, 큐-팁, 물티슈, 뿐만 아니라 혼합 블록을 별도 테이블에 놓습니다.</li>
	<li>전극 짧은 케이블을 준비 합니다. 이렇게 하려면 전극 잘라내어 가능한 동물의 크기에 따라 길이 함께 그들을 다시 납땜. 케이블은 충분히 머리에 원하는 기록 위치 데이터를 전송 하는 telemetric 뇌 파 단위와 연결 되어야 합니다. 너무 긴 케이블 recoiled 고 피부 접착제 실리콘 탄성 중합체로 덮여 있습니다. 크고 무거운 recoiled 해야 합니다 더 이상 케이블 실리콘 패치를 확인 합니다.</li>
</ol>2입니다. 돼지
<ol><li>다리에 또는 가슴에 그것을 잡아서는 돼지를 잡아. 그것을 보류 하 고 배변 또는 배 뇨.</li>
	<li>필요한 경우, 표시 번호와 돼지.</li>
	<li>수건에는 돼지를 싸서. 돼지 진정 것입니다. 돼지를 과열 하는 것을 알고 있어야 합니다.</li>
	<li>신체 또는 팔 뚝에 한 손으로 돼지를 잡으십시오. 주 둥이 잡고 다른 손을 사용 합니다. 과열은 돼지와 알고 제대로 호흡 무료입니다 있는지 확인 합니다.</li>
</ol>3입니다. 전극
<ol><li>전극 연결 두 번째 사람이 있다.</li>
	<li>물 또는 에탄올 먼지 로부터 피부를 청소. 필요한 경우, 머리를 면도.</li>
	<li>연마 뇌 파 젤와 큐-팁 모든 죽은 피부 세포를 제거 합니다. 그 후 연마 젤을 제거 합니다. 또는, 샌드 페이퍼를 사용 합니다.</li>
	<li>원하는 위치에 접착 전극 수정. (귀) 사이 소 뇌 위에 지상 전극 배치와 코에 참조 전극. 기록 전극을 원하는 위치에 놓습니다. 참고:이 경우에, 유 니 폴라 녹음 수행 되었다, 참조 중립 위치 (코)에 배치 했다. 지금까지 piglets에 사용할 수 있는 표준화 된 시스템이입니다. 여기, 정수 리 기록 위치는 오른쪽 뇌 반구에 (눈과 귀) 사이 사용 되었다.</li>
	<li>원격 장치에 케이블을 연결 합니다. 장치를 켭니다. 사용 하는 원격 시스템에 따라이 마그네틱 스위치 또는 무선 주파수 웨이크 업 신호 수 있습니다.</li>
	<li>원격 장치를 커버 및 모든 케이블 2 분 피부 접착제 실리콘 고무 뿐만 아니라 모든 전극 ( 재료의 표참조). 같은 양의 두 구성 요소를 혼합 하 여 경화 시간 1 분 눈의 범위에 있을 것입니다 하 고 속눈썹 고무 커버 하지 해야 합니다.</li>
	<li>실리콘 고무는 완전히 치료 될 때까지 기다립니다.</li>
	<li>장소는 pigpen에서 다시 돼지입니다.</li>
	<li>있는지 그것 시간 (몇 분)의 긴 기간 동안 불편의 조짐을 보이고는 돼지를 관찰 합니다.</li>
</ol>4입니다. 측정
<ol><li>30 후에 일반적으로 돼지 회복 (먹이, 놀고, 자 고), 그것의 형제 자매의 동작을 동기화 할 시작 될 때까지 기다립니다 (그림 1).</li>
	<li>원하는 경우 수 면 단계에 대 한 기다립니다. 녹음 시간 특정 과학적인 질문에 따라 달라 집니다. 여기, 10 분 녹음 세션 사용 되었다.</li>
	<li>원격 측정 단위 다른 2 개 이상의 piglets 적용을 받는 경우는 신호 수신기에 대 한 너무 부족할 수 있습니다. 가볍게 눌러는 piglets을 멀리 위에 자 고 있는 경우. 주의의 뿌리 다; 그것은 적극적으로 반응 수 있습니다.</li>
	<li>데이터 수집 소프트웨어와 함께 녹음을 시작 ( 재료의 표참조).</li>
</ol>5입니다. 마무리
<ol><li>(일반적으로 몇 시간), 녹음 잡을 후는 돼지 다시로 되었습니다 단계 2에서에서 설명. 주의의 뿌리 다; 그것은 적극적으로 반응 수 있습니다.</li>
	<li>1 개의 가장자리에 실리콘 고무를 부드럽게 들어올립니다. 그런 다음, 전극 및 원격 측정 단위를 포함 하는 실리콘 고무의 모든 패치를 제거 합니다. 돼지의 눈에 주의 해야 합니다.</li>
	<li>장소는 pigpen에서 다시 돼지입니다.</li>
</ol>

<ol>
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저자는 공개 없다.

프로토콜에 중요 한 단계는 적절 한 피부 접촉 전극, 특히 지상 전극, 저 잡음을 가진 안정적인 녹음을 달성 하기 위해입니다. 또한, piglets 매우 민첩 한 이기 때문에, 그것은 실리콘 고무 전극 및 원격 측정 단위를 보호 하기 위해 전체 시스템을 커버 하는 것이 중요. 또한, 실험 slatted 바닥으로 안정에서 실시 하는 경우 작은 장치 또는 커넥터와 주의 해야 합니다.
자동 접착 히?...

Piglets는 신경 과학1신흥 모델 시스템입니다. 변환 연구를 강화, 우리는 비-침략 적, 임상 EEGs 억제 piglets2 (그림 1 및 그림 2)에서 기록 하는 방법을 발명 했습니다. 대뇌 피 질의 성숙과 관련 된 뇌 파 패턴에 관한 뇌 파 기록의 변환 사용에 대 한 두 가지 필수 구성 요소는 비-침략 적 방법론, 임상 설정, 그리고 진정 제 또는 마 취의 금 욕에 비해. 접착 전극과 함께에서 한 채널 원격 시스템3 고쳐질 수 있다 약 5 분에서 후,는 piglets 처리 절차에서 신속 하 게 복구 하 고 그들의 먹이 자는 다른의 동작을 동기화 piglets과 뿌리 다
비록 이미 진정 동물4에서 비 침 습 뇌 파 기록 사용 하려고, 동물에서 대부분의 electroencephalography 연구 침략 적 접근으로 지휘 된다. 이러한 방법은 이식된 전극5,6 주위 염증 성 프로세스에 관한 부작용 있고, 대부분의 경우, 그들은 필요로 이식된 EEG 시스템의 외부 부품으로 인해 동물의 사회적 분리. 따라서, 이러한 데이터를 임상 컨텍스트에의 번역은 어렵습니다. 변환 방법에 대 한 필요는 아직 알 수 없습니다 어떻게 "정상적인" 두뇌 성숙 초기 대뇌 피 질의 개발 중 임상, 비-침략 적 electroencephalography7표시 됩니다 하는 사실에 의해 명확 되고있다. 이 지식 격차는 preterm에서 뇌 파 녹화와 관련 된 기술 문제에 의해 발생8아기. 동물 모델 시스템에서 대부분의 동물 인간 대뇌 피 질의 개발9에 비해 "preterm 두뇌"와 함께 태어난 이후 초기 대뇌 피 질의 발달의 패턴 액세스할 수, 더 나은 있습니다. 종2대뇌 피 질의 개발 보존된 패턴, 게다가 그것은 최근 보였다 preterm 아기에서 뇌 파 기록 나중 인생10,11동안 개별 임상 결과 예측 또한 수 있습니다. 여기 설명 하는 방법을 발달 신경 과학의 변환 측면에 대 한 특히 유용 합니다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="867">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Disposable adhesive 
			surface silver/silver chloride electrodes</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">Spes 
			Medica S.r.l., Genova, Italy</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:223px;">Self adhesive hydrogel electrode</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Abralyt HiCl</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">Easycap GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Abrasive cream</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Body Double fast</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">Smooth On Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Skin adhesive silicone</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Telemetry system</td>
			<td style="width:309px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Internal development</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Picolog 1216</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">Pico Technology</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>AD converter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Laptop</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">Panasonic</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Rugged laptop</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Receiver</td>
			<td style="width:309px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Internal development</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

noninvasive eeg recordings from freely moving piglets

메서드는 pigpen에서 직접 piglets를 자유롭게 이동에서 높은-품질 심장학 (EEGs)의 녹음을 수 있습니다. 우리는 표준 접착 히드로 전극과 함께에서 한 채널 telemetric electroencephalography 시스템을 사용합니다. piglets는 진정 제를 사용 하지 않고 진정. pigpen에 그들의 방출 후에 piglets는 정상적으로 동작-그들은 그들의 형제 자매로 서 같은 주기에서 자 고 마시는. 그들의 수 면 단계는 뇌 파 기록에 사용 됩니다.

관련과 비-REM 수 면, 스핀 들 파열 또는 자유롭게 piglets (그림 1 및 그림 2) 이동에서 델타 브러쉬 같은 전형적인 뇌 파 패턴을 기록할 수 있었습니다. 우리 주로 대표 패턴에 관심이 동안 비-REM 수 면, 하지만 매우 낮은 진폭으로 램 처럼 수 면12 의 단계도 있다 (그림 3)를 기록 했다. REM 수 ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Noninvasive EEG Recordings from Freely Moving Piglets at JoVE.com

Noninvasive EEG Recordings from Freely Moving Piglets

여기, 우리의 현재 프로토콜 기록 telemetric 심장학 (EEGs) 진정 제를 사용 하지 않고 pigpen에서 직접 piglets를 자유롭게 이동에서 파열 일반적인 뇌 파 패턴을 기록 중 비-REM 수 면, 스핀 들 처럼 하 수 있습니다.

자유롭게 이동 Piglets에서 비 침 투 적인 뇌 파 기록

The method allows the recording of high-quality electroencephalograms (EEGs) from freely moving piglets directly in the pigpen. We use a one-channel ...

noninvasive-eeg-recordings-from-freely-moving-piglets

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

7.2K 조회수.  Free University Berlin. 여기, 우리의 현재 프로토콜 기록 telemetric 심장학 (EEGs) 진정 제를 사용 하지 않고 pigpen에서 직접 piglets를 자유롭게 이동에서 파열 일반적인 뇌 파 패턴을 기록 중 비-REM 수 면, 스핀 들 처럼 하 수 있습니다.

비디오: Noninvasive EEG Recordings from Freely Moving Piglets

High-density EEG Recordings of the Freely Moving Mice using Polyimide-based Microelectrode

Electroencephalogram (EEG) indicates the averaged electrical activity of the neuronal populations on a large-scale level. It is widely utilized as a noninvasive brain monitoring tool in cognitive neuroscience as well as a diagnostic tool for epilepsy and sleep disorders in neurology. However, the underlying mechanism of EEG rhythm generation is still under the veil. Recently introduced polyimide-based microelectrode (PBM-array) for high resolution mouse EEG1 is one of the trials to answer the neurophysiological questions on EEG signals based on a rich genetic resource that the mouse model contains for the analysis of complex EEG generation process. This application of nanofabricated PBM-array to mouse skull is an efficient tool for collecting large-scale brain activity of transgenic mice and accommodates to identify the neural correlates to certain EEG rhythms in conjunction with behavior. However its ultra-thin thickness and bifurcated structure cause a trouble in handling and implantation of PBM-array. In the presented video, the preparation and surgery steps for the implantation of PBM-array on a mouse skull are described step by step. Handling and surgery tips to help researchers succeed in implantation are also provided.

In this article, we described the surgery procedure and handling tips for implantation of ultra-thin polyimide-based microelectrode array (PBM-array) on the mouse skull for acquisition of high-density encephalography (EEG) in a mouse model.

Polyimide 기반 Microelectrode를 사용하여 자유롭게 이동 마우스의 고밀도 뇌파 레코딩

Electroencephalogram (EEG) indicates the averaged electrical activity of the neuronal populations on a large-scale level. It is widely utilized as a ...

연구

신경과학

Patch Clamp Recordings from Embryonic Zebrafish Mauthner Cells

Mauthner cells (M-cells) are large reticulospinal neurons located in the hindbrain of teleost fish. They are key neurons involved in a characteristic behavior known as the C-start or escape response that occurs when the organism perceives a threat. The M-cell has been extensively studied in adult goldfish where it has been shown to receive a wide range of excitatory, inhibitory and neuromodulatory signals1. We have been examining M-cell activity in embryonic zebrafish in order to study aspects of synaptic development in a vertebrate preparation. In the late 1990s Ali and colleagues developed a preparation for patch clamp recording from M-cells in zebrafish embryos, in which the CNS was largely intact2,3,4. The objective at that time was to record synaptic activity from hindbrain neurons, spinal cord neurons and trunk skeletal muscle while maintaining functional synaptic connections within an intact brain-spinal cord preparation. This preparation is still used in our laboratory today. To examine the mechanisms underlying developmental synaptic plasticity, we record excitatory (AMPA and NMDA-mediated)5,6 and inhibitory (GABA and glycine) synaptic currents from developing M-cells. Importantly, this unique preparation allows us to return to the same cell (M-cell) from preparation to preparation to carefully examine synaptic plasticity and neuro-development in an embryonic organism. The benefits provided by this preparation include 1) intact, functional synaptic connections onto the M-cell, 2) relatively inexpensive preparations, 3) a large supply of readily available embryos 4) the ability to return to the same cell type (i.e. M-cell) in every preparation, so that synaptic development at the level of an individual cell can be examined from fish to fish, and 5) imaging of whole preparations due to the transparent nature of the embryos.

We have developed an intact brain-spinal cord preparation to record and monitor electrical activity via patch clamp recording from the Mauthner neurons and other reticulospinal cells in zebrafish embryos. Thus, we are able to record excitatory and inhibitory synaptic currents, voltage-gated channel activity and action potentials from key neurons in a developing embryo.

배아 Zebrafish의 MAUTHNER 세포에서 패치 클램프 녹음

Mauthner cells (M-cells) are large  reticulospinal neurons located in the hindbrain of teleost fish. They are key  neurons involved in a characteristic ...

Recording Single Neurons' Action Potentials from Freely Moving Pigeons Across Three Stages of Learning

While the subject of learning has attracted immense interest from both behavioral and neural scientists, only relatively few investigators have observed single-neuron activity while animals are acquiring an operantly conditioned response, or when that response is extinguished. But even in these cases, observation periods usually encompass only a single stage of learning, i.e. acquisition or extinction, but not both (exceptions include protocols employing reversal learning; see Bingman&#160;et al.1 for an example). However, acquisition and extinction entail different learning mechanisms and are therefore expected to be accompanied by different types and/or loci of neural plasticity.
Accordingly, we developed a behavioral paradigm which institutes three stages of learning in a single behavioral session and which is well suited for the simultaneous recording of single neurons&#39; action potentials. Animals are trained on a single-interval forced choice task which requires mapping each of two possible choice responses to the presentation of different novel visual stimuli (acquisition). After having reached a predefined performance criterion, one of the two choice responses is no longer reinforced (extinction). Following a certain decrement in performance level, correct responses are reinforced again (reacquisition). By using a new set of stimuli in every session, animals can undergo the acquisition-extinction-reacquisition process repeatedly. Because all three stages of learning occur in a single behavioral session, the paradigm is ideal for the simultaneous observation of the spiking output of multiple single neurons. We use pigeons as model systems, but the task can easily be adapted to any other species capable of conditioned discrimination learning.

Learning new stimulus-response associations engages a wide range of neural processes which are ultimately reflected in changing spike output of individual neurons. Here we describe a behavioral protocol allowing for the continuous registration of single-neuron activity while animals acquire, extinguish, and reacquire a conditioned response within a single experimental session.

자유롭게 학습의 세 단계에 걸쳐 비둘기를 이동에서 단일 신경 세포 &#39;활동 전위를 기록

While the subject of learning has attracted immense interest from both behavioral and neural scientists, only relatively few investigators have observed ...

A Novel Behavioral Assay to Investigate Gustatory Responses of Individual, Freely-moving Bumble Bees (Bombus terrestris)

Generalist pollinators like the buff-tailed bumble bee, Bombus terrestris, encounter both nutrients and toxins in the floral nectar they collect from flowering plants. Only a few studies have described the gustatory responses of bees toward toxins in food, and these experiments have mainly used the proboscis extension response on restrained honey bees. Here, a new behavioral assay is presented for measuring the feeding responses of freely-moving, individual worker bumble bees to nutrients and toxins. This assay measures the amount of solution ingested by each bumble bee and identifies how tastants in food influence the microstructure of the feeding behavior.
The solutions are presented in a microcapillary tube to individual bumble bees that have been previously starved for 2-4 hr. The behavior is captured on digital video. The fine structure of the feeding behavior is analyzed by continuously scoring the position of the proboscis (mouthparts) from video recordings using event logging software. The position of the proboscis is defined by three different behavioral categories: (1) proboscis is extended and in contact with the solution, (2) proboscis is extended but not in contact with the solution and (3) proboscis is stowed under the head. Furthermore the speed of the proboscis retracting away from the solution is also estimated.
In the present assay the volume of solution consumed, the number of feeding bouts, the duration of the feeding bouts and the speed of the proboscis retraction after the first contact is used to evaluate the phagostimulatory or the deterrent activity of the compounds tested.
This new taste assay will allow researchers to measure how compounds found in nectar influence the feeding behavior of bees and will also be useful to pollination biologists, toxicologists and neuroethologists studying the bumble bee&#39;s taste system.

A Novel Behavioral Assay to Investigate Gustatory Responses of Individual, Freely-moving Bumble Bees Bombus terrestris

A novel behavioral assay is described for investigating the short term gustatory responses of the mouthparts of freely-moving bumble bees (Bombus terrestris) toward nutrients and toxins in solution.

소설 행동 분석은 (엉망으로 꿀벌을 자유롭게 이동 개인의 미각 응답을 조사하기<em&gt; 뒤의 terrestris</em&gt;)

Generalist pollinators like the buff-tailed bumble bee, Bombus terrestris, encounter both nutrients and toxins in the floral nectar they collect from ...

Recording EEG in Freely Moving Neonatal Rats Using a Novel Method

EEG is a useful method to detect electrical activity in the brain. Moreover, it is a widely used diagnostic tool for various neurological conditions, such as epilepsy and neurodegenerative disorders. However, it is technically difficult to obtain EEG recordings in neonates as it requires specialized handling and great care. Here, we present a novel method to record EEG in neonatal rat pups (P8-P15). We designed a simple and reliable electrode using computer pin loci; it can be easily implanted into the skull of a rat pup to record high-quality EEG signals in the normal and epileptic brain. Pups were given an intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of the neurotoxin kainic acid (KA) to induce epileptic seizures. The surgical implantation performed in this procedure is less expensive than other EEG procedures for neonates. This method allows one to record high-quality and stable EEG signals for more than 1 week. Furthermore, this procedure can also be applied to adult rats and mice to study epilepsy or other neurological disorders.

Here, we introduce a novel technique designed to record electroencephalography (EEG) in freely moving neonatal epileptic pups and describe its procedures, features, and applications. This method allows one to record EEG for more than 1 week.

새로운 방법으로 자유롭게 움직이는 신생아 쥐의 뇌파 기록

EEG is a useful method to detect electrical activity in the brain. Moreover, it is a widely used diagnostic tool for various neurological conditions, such ...

Visual Evoked Potential Recordings in Mice Using a Dry Non-invasive Multi-channel Scalp EEG Sensor

For scalp EEG research environments with laboratory mice, we designed a dry-type 16 channel EEG sensor which is non-invasive, deformable, and re-usable because of the plunger-spring-barrel structural facet and mechanical strengths resulting from metal materials. The whole process for acquiring the VEP responses in vivo from a mouse consists of four steps: (1) sensor assembly, (2) animal preparation, (3) VEP measurement, and (4) signal processing. This paper presents representative measurements of VEP responses from multiple mice with a submicro-voltage signal resolution and sub-hundred millisecond temporal resolution. Although the proposed method is safer and more convenient compared to other previously reported animal EEG acquiring methods, there are remaining issues including how to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio and how to apply this technique with freely moving animals. The proposed method utilizes easily available resources and shows a repetitive VEP response with a satisfactory signal quality. Therefore, this method could be utilized for longitudinal experimental studies and reliable translational research exploiting non-invasive paradigms.

We designed a dry-type 16 channel EEG sensor which is non-invasive, deformable, and re-usable. This paper describes the whole process from manufacturing the proposed EEG electrode to signal processing of visual evoked potential (VEP) signals measured on a mouse scalp using a dry non-invasive multi-channel EEG sensor.

드라이 비-침략 적 멀티 채널을 사용 하 여 마우스에 비주얼 갖는 잠재적인 녹음 두 피 뇌 파 센서

For scalp EEG research environments with laboratory mice, we designed a dry-type 16 channel EEG sensor which is non-invasive, deformable, and re-usable ...

Simultaneous Recordings of Cortical Local Field Potentials, Electrocardiogram, Electromyogram, and Breathing Rhythm from a Freely Moving Rat

Monitoring the physiological dynamics of the brain and peripheral tissues is necessary for addressing a number of questions about how the brain controls body functions and internal organ rhythms when animals are exposed to emotional challenges and changes in their living environments. In general experiments, signals from different organs, such as the brain and the heart, are recorded by independent recording systems that require multiple recording devices and different procedures for processing the data files. This study describes a new method that can simultaneously monitor electrical biosignals, including tens of local field potentials in multiple brain regions, electrocardiograms that represent the cardiac rhythm, electromyograms that represent awake/sleep-related muscle contraction, and breathing signals, in a freely moving rat. The recording configuration of this method is based on a conventional micro-drive array for cortical local field potential recordings in which tens of electrodes are accommodated, and the signals obtained from these electrodes are integrated into a single electrical board mounted on the animal's head. Here, this recording system was improved so that signals from the peripheral organs are also transferred to an electrical interface board. In a single surgery, electrodes are first separately implanted into the appropriate body parts and the target brain areas. The open ends of all of these electrodes are then soldered to individual channels of the electrical board above the animal's head so that all of the signals can be integrated into the single electrical board. Connecting this board to a recording device allows for the collection of all of the signals into a single device, which reduces experimental costs and simplifies data processing, because all data can be handled in the same data file. This technique will aid the understanding of the neurophysiological correlates of the associations between central and peripheral organs.

This study introduces a method for the simultaneous recording of local field potentials in the brain, electrocardiograms, electromyograms, and breathing signals of a freely moving rat. This technique, which reduces experimental costs and simplifies data analysis, will contribute to the understanding of the interactions between the brain and peripheral organs.

대뇌 피 질의 로컬 필드 전위, 심전도, 치십시오, 그리고 자유롭게 움직이는 쥐에서 리듬 호흡의 동시 녹음

Monitoring the physiological dynamics of the brain and peripheral tissues is necessary for addressing a number of questions about how the brain controls ...

Microdialysis of Excitatory Amino Acids During EEG Recordings in Freely Moving Rats

Microdialysis is a well-established neuroscience technique that correlates the changes of neurologically active substances diffusing into the brain interstitial space with the behavior and/or with the specific outcome of a pathology (e.g., seizures for epilepsy). When studying epilepsy, the microdialysis technique is often combined with short-term or even long-term video-electroencephalography (EEG) monitoring to assess spontaneous seizure frequency, severity, progression and clustering. The combined microdialysis-EEG is based on the use of several methods and instruments. Here, we performed in vivo microdialysis and continuous video-EEG recording to monitor glutamate and aspartate outflow over time, in different phases of the natural history of epilepsy in a rat model. This combined approach allows the pairing of changes in the neurotransmitter release with specific stages of the disease development and progression. The amino acid concentration in the dialysate was determined by liquid chromatography. Here, we describe the methods and outline the principal precautionary measures one should take during in vivo microdialysis-EEG, with particular attention to the stereotaxic surgery, basal and high potassium stimulation during microdialysis, depth electrode EEG recording and high-performance liquid chromatography analysis of aspartate and glutamate in the dialysate. This approach may be adapted to test a variety of drug or disease induced changes of the physiological concentrations of aspartate and glutamate in the brain. Depending on the availability of an appropriate analytical assay, it may be further used to test different soluble molecules when employing EEG recording at the same time.

Here, we describe a method for in vivo microdialysis to analyze aspartate and glutamate release in the ventral hippocampus of epileptic and non-epileptic rats, in combination with EEG recordings. Extracellular concentrations of aspartate and glutamate may be correlated with the different phases of the disease.

자유롭게 이동 하는 쥐에서 뇌 파 기록 하는 동안 흥분 성의 아미노산의 Microdialysis

Microdialysis is a well-established neuroscience technique that correlates the changes of neurologically active substances diffusing into the brain ...

Long-term Sensory Conflict in Freely Behaving Mice

Long-term sensory conflict protocols are a valuable means of studying motor learning. The presented protocol produces a persistent sensory conflict for experiments aimed at studying long-term learning in mice. By permanently wearing a device fixed on their heads, mice are continuously exposed to a sensory mismatch between visual and vestibular inputs while freely moving in home cages. Therefore, this protocol readily enables the study of the visual system and multisensory interactions over an extended timeframe that would not be accessible otherwise. In addition to lowering the experimental costs of long-term sensory learning in naturally behaving mice, this approach accommodates the combination of in vivo and in vitro experiments. In the reported example, video-oculography is performed to quantify the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) and optokinetic reflex (OKR) before and after learning. Mice exposed to this long-term sensory conflict between visual and vestibular inputs presented a strong VOR gain decrease but exhibited few OKR changes. Detailed steps of device assembly, animal care, and reflex measurements are hereby reported.

The presented protocol produces a persistent sensory conflict for experiments aimed at studying long-term learning. By permanently wearing a fixed device on their heads, mice are continuously exposed to a sensory mismatch between visual and vestibular inputs while freely moving in home cages.

자유롭게 행동 하는 쥐에 장기 감각 충돌

Long-term sensory conflict protocols are a valuable means of studying motor learning. The presented protocol produces a persistent sensory conflict for ...

Hybrid Microdrive System with Recoverable Opto-Silicon Probe and Tetrode for Dual-Site High Density Recording in Freely Moving Mice

Multi-regional neural recordings can provide crucial information to understanding fine-timescale interactions between multiple brain regions. However, conventional microdrive designs often only allow use of one type of electrode to record from single or multiple regions, limiting the yield of single-unit or depth profile recordings. It also often limits the ability to combine electrode recordings with optogenetic tools to target pathway and/or cell type specific activity. Presented here is a hybrid microdrive array for freely moving mice to optimize yield and a description of its fabrication and reuse of the microdrive array. The current design employs nine tetrodes and one opto-silicon probe implanted in two different brain areas simultaneously in freely moving mice. The tetrodes and the opto-silicon probe are independently adjustable along the dorsoventral axis in the brain to maximize the yield of unit and oscillatory activities. This microdrive array also incorporates a set-up for light, mediating optogenetic manipulation to investigate the regional- or cell type-specific responses and functions of long-range neural circuits. In addition, the opto-silicon probe can be safely recovered and reused after each experiment. Because the microdrive array consists of 3D-printed parts, the design of microdrives can be easily modified to accommodate various settings. First described is the design of the microdrive array and how to attach the optical fiber to a silicon probe for optogenetics experiments, followed by fabrication of the tetrode bundle and implantation of the array into a mouse brain. The recording of local field potentials and unit spiking combined with optogenetic stimulation also demonstrate feasibility of the microdrive array system in freely moving mice.

This protocol describes the construction of a hybrid microdrive array that allows implantation of nine independently adjustable tetrodes and one adjustable opto-silicon probe in two brain regions in freely moving mice. Also demonstrated is a method for safely recovering and reusing the opto-silicon probe for multiple purposes.

자유롭게 움직이는 마우스에서 이중 사이트 고밀도 레코딩을 위한 회수 가능한 광실리콘 프로브 및 Tetrode가 있는 하이브리드 마이크로드라이브 시스템

Multi-regional neural recordings can provide crucial information to understanding fine-timescale interactions between multiple brain regions. However, ...

자유롭게 이동 Piglets에서 비 침 투 적인 뇌 파 기록

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