이 연구에 사용 된 선 충 C. 긴장 건강-사무실의 연구 인프라 프로그램 (P40 OD010440)의 국가 학회에 의해 지원 되는 꼬마 유전학 센터에서 얻은 했다. 이 작품은 NIH에 의해 지원 되었다: 1R03AG048578-01 6 월 회담, 6 월 회담, 및 PSC CUNY CCRG 1501-CUNY 66184 00 44와 67248-00 45 6 월 회담을. 우리는 그녀의 실험실 공간을 공유 하는 친절 하 게 대 한 캐시 야만인-던 감사 합니다. 모든 형광 이미지는 퀸 즈 대학 핵심 시설에서 수집 되었다. 원고에 대 한 그의 의견에 감사 윌리엄 J. 쌀 하 고.

1입니다. 솔루션
<ol><li>
NGM 플레이트
	<ol>
<li>2l 삼각 플라스 크에 NaCl의 3 세대, 한 천의 17 g, 펩의 2.5 g와 dH2오 커버 알루미늄 호 일로 플라스 크의 입의 975 mL를 추가 합니다. 압력솥 50 분에 대 한 플라스 크 20-30 분 동안 그것을 멋진.</li>
		<li>멸 균된 솔루션 추가: 1 mL의 1 M CaCl2, 에탄올에 5 mg/mL 콜레스테롤의 1 mL, 1 mL의 1 M MgSO4, 및 1 M KPO4 (pH 6.0) 버퍼의 25 mL. 그들을 잘 혼합 솔루션을 소용돌이 친다.</li>
		<li>액체 디스펜서를 사용 하 여, 60 mm 페 트리 접시에 NGM 솔루션 분배. 한 천의 격판덮개 2/3 전체 채우기. 나중에 사용할 4 ° C에서 밀폐 용기에 그들을 저장 합니다.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
1 M KPO4 버퍼 (pH 6.0)
	<ol>
<li>KH2포4 10.83 g와 dH2O, K2HPO4 의 3.56 g 녹 이십시오 다음 100 ml 전체 볼륨을 조정 합니다. 압력솥 15 분에 대 한 솔루션입니다.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
M9
	<ol>
<li>KH2포4, 나2HPO 6 g의 3 세대 분해4및 5 g dH2O, NaCl의 1 mL의 1 M MgSO4, 추가 하 고 1 L. 총 볼륨 조정</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
10 µ g/mL DAPI
	<ol>
<li>DAPI dH2오의 999 µ L에 10 mg/mL의 1 µ L을 추가</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
95% 알콜 (v/v)
	<ol>
<li>100% 알코올의 95 mL를 측정 하 고 증류수 100ml에 볼륨 조절 추가.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
30% 아세톤 (v/v)
	<ol>
<li>DH2O 30 mL의 아세톤을 추가 하 고 100 ml 전체 볼륨을 조정 합니다.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>2. 열 스트레스
<ol><li>Extrachromosomal 배열 라인과 대상 유전자9,10의 변환 구문 생성 합니다. 또는,에서 꼬마 유전학 센터 (CGC), C. 선 충 연구를 위한 공공 자원 인 또는 이전에 게시 연구 실험실에서 같은 라인을 얻을.</li>
	<li>Extrachromosomal 라인을 3800 Rad γ 방사선9벌레를 노출 하 여 게놈에 통합할. 그런 다음 선택 안정적으로 표현한 라인 롤러 등 GFP 마커 단백질을 표현 하는 동물.</li>
	<li>방사선 중에 생성 된 돌연변이 제거 하려면 outcross 라인 적어도 2 x. 이 유전자 변형 라인을 사용 하 여 스트레스 단백질 식 패턴 변화 감지.</li>
	<li>1.1 단계에서 설명한 대로 NGM 웜 접시를 준비 합니다. OP50 복제를 행진 하 고 하룻밤 액체 LB 국물에 박테리아 문화. 벌레를 위한 음식 근원으로 박테리아 잔디를 성장 씨앗 NGM 접시 액체 OP50와 문화 고 37 ° C 배양 기에서 번호판을 품 어 하룻밤. 사용 하기 전에 적어도 30 분 동안 실내 온도에 격판덮개를 식혀.</li>
	<li>열 스트레스 분석 결과 이전에 적어도 2 세대에 대 한 기아 없이 20 ° C에서 유전자 변형 라인을 성장.</li>
	<li>새로운 벌레 플레이트, 그리고 하자 그들에 대 한 3-5 h에 대 한 알을 8-10 젊은 벗 성인 (자 궁 가득 계란)을 선택 하 고 모든 성인 판에서 제거.</li>
	<li>벌레를 동기화 하려면 계란 해치 고 약 48 h에 대 한 애벌레 애벌레 (L4)의 4 단계로 성장 하자. 그들의 외 음부 구조 (반달 구조) L4 단계 (그림 1, 화살표)11를 식별 하기 위해 검사 합니다.</li>
	<li>열 스트레스를 달성 하기 위해 2-5 h 35 ° C 배양 기에서 L4 애벌레와 벌레 접시를 놓습니다. 정확 하 게 온도 측정 하는 인큐베이터에 온도계를 넣습니다.</li>
</ol>3. DAPI 얼룩
<ol><li>
에탄올 고정
	<ol>
<li>유리 슬라이드 중앙에 M9 버퍼의 10 µ L를 추가 합니다.</li>
		<li>단계 2.8에서에서 열 충격 벌레를 선택 하 고 유리 슬라이드에 M9 버퍼에 넣어.<ol>
<li>또는, M9와 접시를 씻어, 실내 온도에서 1 분 동안 1000 x g 에서 원심 고는 상쾌한 삭제 합니다. 유리 슬라이드에 벌레를 추가 합니다.</li>
		</ol>
</li>
		<li>부드러운 휴지를 사용 하 여 모든 초과 액체를 배출 하. 조심 해 현미경이 단계.</li>
		<li>벌레에 95% 알코올의 10 µ L을 추가 하 고 그들이 건조 한 공기. 해 현미경 과정을 시청 하 고 너무 건조 얻을 하는 동물을 두지 마세요. 에탄올은 동물에서 증발 하 고, 후에 바로 다음 단계로 진행 합니다. 참고: 에탄올 매우 빠르게 증발.</li>
		<li>두 번 반복 단계 3.1.4 벌레 고정 되도록. 참고: 그것은 어두운 하 고 왜곡을 보고 동물에 대 한 정상입니다.</li>
		<li>DAPI의 10 µ L 추가 (10 µ g/mL) 벌레를. 즉시는 coverslip로 그들을 커버 하 고 투명 한 매니큐어 젤 슬라이드 인감.</li>
		<li>형광 현미경에서 약 10 분 후 동물을 보기.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
아세톤 고정 (대체 방법)
	<ol>
<li>단계 2.8 m 9에서에서 열 충격 격판덮개 떨어져 세척 하 고 실내 온도에서 1 분 동안 1000 x g 에서 원심은 상쾌한 삭제. 씻어 dH2O의 1 mL와 펠 릿, 펠 릿, 수집 하 고 삭제는 상쾌한.</li>
		<li>1000 x g 실 온에서 1 분에 15 분 원심 분리기에 대 한 30% 아세톤의 400 µ L을 추가 하 고 삭제는 상쾌한. DH2O의 500 µ L를 사용 하 여 씻어 동물 2 x. 폐기는 상쾌한.</li>
		<li>DAPI의 200 µ L 추가 (10 µ g/mL), 또는 15 분 동안 관에서 총 벌레 볼륨의 금액 x 4.</li>
		<li>1 분 동안 1000 x g 에서 centrifuge 고는 상쾌한 삭제. 2 펠 릿을 세척 dH2오 500 µ L x 벌레 유리 슬라이드에, coverslips와 함께 그들을 커버, 투명 매니큐어 젤, 슬라이드 봉인 놓고 형광 현미경 동물을 관찰.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>4. 현미경 이미징
<ol><li>UV 광원 및 형광 현미경 켭니다. 현미경에 연결 된 컴퓨터를 켭니다.</li>
	<li>형광 현미경에 슬라이드를 로드 합니다. 낮은 전력 목표 렌즈 (10 배)를 사용 하 여 벌레, 찾아서, 400 X, 확대 힘 증가 표본에 집중.</li>
	<li>현미경으로 제공 하는 소프트웨어를 엽니다. 메뉴;에서 "인수" 클릭 "카메라"에 클릭 하 고 현미경;에 연결 된 카메라를 선택 소프트웨어와 통신 하기 위해 선택 된 카메라 수 있습니다. 참고: 다른 현미경 작업에서 달라질 수 있습니다.</li>
	<li>같은 "수집", "다차원 수집"에 클릭 합니다. 새로운 "다차원 수집" 탐색 창이 열립니다. "다중 채널" 버튼을 클릭 하 고 모든 사용할 수 있는 채널이 표시 됩니다.</li>
	<li>파랑, 녹색, 및 표본 관찰 하 DIC (미분 간섭 명암)를 선택 합니다. "다차원 수집" 탐색 창에서 두고는 "블루-DAPI", "그린-GFP", 및 "회색-DIC", "Nomarski" 채널 "레드-rhodamine" 및 "백색 밝은 분야", 등의 다른 채널을 마우스 오른쪽 단추로 그들을 닫습니다.</li>
	<li>
첫째, 각 채널에 대 한 노출 시간 측정:
	<ol>
<li>"블루-DAPI" 채널을 선택 하 고 다음 자동된 노출 시간 DAPI 채널에서 라이브 이미지 "측정"에 클릭 왼쪽 클릭 하십시오. 라이브 이미지와 함께 새로운 창이 나타납니다.</li>
		<li>라이브 이미지 창의 왼쪽에 원하는 대로 이미지를 만드는 데 필요한 경우 수동으로 노출 시간을 조정 합니다.</li>
		<li>마지막으로, "확인 클릭" 라이브 이미지 창에서. 이 DAPI 채널에서 노출 시간을 설정합니다.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>다른 채널, "그린-GFP" 및 "회색-DIC", "Nomarski", 그 채널에 대 한 노출 시간을 설정 하려면 4.6 단계를 반복 합니다.</li>
	<li>"다차원 수집" 탐색 창에서 "시작" 설정으로 특정 노출 시간 순서 (위 참조) 3 다른 채널에서 3 이미지를 자동으로 수집을 클릭 합니다.</li>
	<li>파일을 저장 하려면 주 메뉴에, "파일" 다음 "다른 이름으로 저장"을 클릭 합니다. 파일 이름 및 폴더 이름을 입력 합니다. 나중에 참조할 수에 대 한 상세한 이미지 정보를 유지 하려면 기본 파일 형식으로 파일을 저장 합니다.</li>
	<li>
다른 형식으로 파일을 내보내려면:
	<ol>
<li>"파일"에 고 "내보내기"를 클릭 합니다. 이것은 수출 설정 창을 열 것 이다.</li>
		<li>파일 이름 및 폴더를 설정 합니다. 데이터 구성 "프로젝트 폴더 만들기"를 선택 합니다. 소프트웨어는 또한 다른 4 옵션을 지정 하려면 사용자 수 있습니다: "생성 병합 이미지", "이미지에 대 한 색상을 사용", "사용 하 여 채널 이름" 및 "결합 된 이미지에 만".</li>
		<li>"TIF", "BMP", "PSD", 또는 "JPG" 및 다른 형식 예: 드롭-다운 메뉴에서 원하는 파일 형식을 선택 합니다. 다음 클릭 하십시오 "시작" 내보낼.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Essers, M. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=FOXO+transcription+factor+activation+by+oxidative+stress+mediated+by+the+small+GTPase+Ral+and+JNK.">FOXO transcription factor activation by oxidative stress mediated by the small GTPase Ral and JNK.</a> The EMBO Journal. 23 (24), 4802-4812 (2004).</li><li>Oh, S. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=JNK+regulates+lifespan+in+Caenorhabditis+elegans+by+modulating+nuclear+translocation+of+forkhead+transcription+factor/DAF-16.">JNK regulates lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans by modulating nuclear translocation of forkhead transcription factor/DAF-16.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 102 (12), 4494-4499 (2005).</li><li>Gross, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Caspase+cleaved+BID+targets+mitochondria+and+is+required+for+cytochrome+c+release,+while+BCL-XL+prevents+this+release+but+not+tumor+necrosis+factor-R1/Fas+death.">Caspase cleaved BID targets mitochondria and is required for cytochrome c release, while BCL-XL prevents this release but not tumor necrosis factor-R1/Fas death.</a> The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 274 (2), 1156-1163 (1999).</li><li>Doerflinger, M., Glab, J. A., Puthalakath, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=BH3-only+proteins:+a+20-year+stock-take.">BH3-only proteins: a 20-year stock-take.</a> The FEBS Journal. 282 (6), 1006-1016 (2015).</li><li>Mayorova, T. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cells+containing+aragonite+crystals+mediate+responses+to+gravity+in+Trichoplax+adhaerens+(Placozoa),+an+animal+lacking+neurons+and+synapses.">Cells containing aragonite crystals mediate responses to gravity in Trichoplax adhaerens (Placozoa), an animal lacking neurons and synapses.</a> PLoS One. 13 (1), e0190905 (2018).</li><li>Terron-Camero, L. C., Molina-Moya, E., Sanz-Fernandez, M., Sandalio, L. M., Romero-Puertas, M. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Detection+of+reactive+oxygen+and+nitrogen+species+(ROS/RNS)+during+hypersensitive+cell+death.">Detection of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) during hypersensitive cell death.</a> Methods in Molecular Biology. , 97-105 (2018).</li><li>Pedrazzini, E., Vitale, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protein+biosynthesis+and+maturation+in+the+ER.">Protein biosynthesis and maturation in the ER.</a> Methods in Molecular Biology. , 179-189 (2018).</li><li>Liang, J., Shaulov, Y., Savage-Dunn, C., Boissinot, S., Hoque, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chloride+intracellular+channel+proteins+respond+to+heat+stress+in+Caenorhabditis+elegans.">Chloride intracellular channel proteins respond to heat stress in Caenorhabditis elegans.</a> PLoS One. 12 (9), e0184308 (2017).</li><li>Evans, T. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transformation+and+microinjection.">Transformation and microinjection.</a> Wormbook. , (2006).</li><li>Mello, C., Fire, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=DNA+transformation.">DNA transformation.</a> Methods in Cell Biology. 48, 451-482 (1995).</li><li>Yochem, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nomarski+images+for+learning+the+anatomy,+with+tips+for+mosaic+analysis.">Nomarski images for learning the anatomy, with tips for mosaic analysis.</a> Wormbook. , (2006).</li><li>Dulhunty, A., Gage, P., Curtis, S., Chelvanayagam, G., Board, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+glutathione+transferase+structural+family+includes+a+nuclear+chloride+channel+and+a+ryanodine+receptor+calcium+release+channel+modulator.">The glutathione transferase structural family includes a nuclear chloride channel and a ryanodine receptor calcium release channel modulator.</a> The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 276 (5), 3319-3323 (2001).</li><li>Suh, K. S., Malik, M., Shukla, A., Yuspa, S. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CLIC4,+skin+homeostasis+and+cutaneous+cancer:+surprising+connections.">CLIC4, skin homeostasis and cutaneous cancer: surprising connections.</a> Molecular Carcinogenesis. 46 (8), 599-604 (2007).</li><li>Yao, Q., Qu, X., Yang, Q., Wei, M., Kong, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CLIC4+mediates+TGF-beta1-induced+fibroblast-to-myofibroblast+transdifferentiation+in+ovarian+cancer.">CLIC4 mediates TGF-beta1-induced fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transdifferentiation in ovarian cancer.</a> Oncology Reports. 22 (3), 541-548 (2009).</li><li>Ronnov-Jessen, L., Villadsen, R., Edwards, J. C., Petersen, O. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+expression+of+a+chloride+intracellular+channel+gene,+CLIC4,+in+transforming+growth+factor-beta1-mediated+conversion+of+fibroblasts+to+myofibroblasts.">Differential expression of a chloride intracellular channel gene, CLIC4, in transforming growth factor-beta1-mediated conversion of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts.</a> The American Journal of Pathology. 161 (2), 471-480 (2002).</li><li>He, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+CLIC4+in+the+host+innate+responses+to+bacterial+lipopolysaccharide.">Role of CLIC4 in the host innate responses to bacterial lipopolysaccharide.</a> European Journal of Immunology. 41 (5), 1221-1230 (2011).</li><li>Zhong, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inhibition+of+CLIC4+enhances+autophagy+and+triggers+mitochondrial+and+ER+stress-induced+apoptosis+in+human+glioma+U251+cells+under+starvation.">Inhibition of CLIC4 enhances autophagy and triggers mitochondrial and ER stress-induced apoptosis in human glioma U251 cells under starvation.</a> PLoS One. 7 (6), e39378 (2012).</li><li>Liang, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Caenorhabditis+elegans+schnurri+homolog+sma-9+mediates+stage-+and+cell+type-specific+responses+to+DBL-1+BMP-related+signaling.">The Caenorhabditis elegans schnurri homolog sma-9 mediates stage- and cell type-specific responses to DBL-1 BMP-related signaling.</a> Development. 130 (26), 6453-6464 (2003).</li><li>Leopold, L. E., Heestand, B. N., Seong, S., Shtessel, L., Ahmed, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lack+of+pairing+during+meiosis+triggers+multigenerational+transgene+silencing+in+Caenorhabditis+elegans.">Lack of pairing during meiosis triggers multigenerational transgene silencing in Caenorhabditis elegans.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 112 (20), E2667-E2676 (2015).</li><li>Schultz, R. D., Bennett, E. E., Ellis, E. A., Gumienny, T. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulation+of+extracellular+matrix+organization+by+BMP+signaling+in+Caenorhabditis+elegans.">Regulation of extracellular matrix organization by BMP signaling in Caenorhabditis elegans.</a> PLoS One. 9 (7), e101929 (2014).</li><li>Matus, D. Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Invasive+cell+fate+requires+G1+cell-cycle+arrest+and+histone+deacetylase-mediated+changes+in+gene+expression.">Invasive cell fate requires G1 cell-cycle arrest and histone deacetylase-mediated changes in gene expression.</a> Developmental Cell. 35 (2), 162-174 (2015).</li><li>Reddy, K. C., Villeneuve, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=C.+elegans+HIM-17+links+chromatin+modification+and+competence+for+initiation+of+meiotic+recombination.">C. elegans HIM-17 links chromatin modification and competence for initiation of meiotic recombination.</a> Cell. 118 (4), 439-452 (2004).</li><li>Ames, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+non-cell-autonomous+role+of+BEC-1/BECN1/Beclin1+in+coordinating+cell-cycle+progression+and+stem+cell+proliferation+during+germline+development.">A non-cell-autonomous role of BEC-1/BECN1/Beclin1 in coordinating cell-cycle progression and stem cell proliferation during germline development.</a> Current Biology. 27 (6), 905-913 (2017).</li><li>Pekar, O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Linking+the+environment,+DAF-7/TGFbeta+signaling+and+LAG-2/DSL+ligand+expression+in+the+germline+stem+cell+niche.">Linking the environment, DAF-7/TGFbeta signaling and LAG-2/DSL ligand expression in the germline stem cell niche.</a> Development. 144 (16), 2896-2906 (2017).</li><li>Schvarzstein, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=DNA+helicase+HIM-6/BLM+both+promotes+MutSgamma-dependent+crossovers+and+antagonizes+MutSgamma-independent+interhomolog+associations+during+caenorhabditis+elegans+meiosis.">DNA helicase HIM-6/BLM both promotes MutSgamma-dependent crossovers and antagonizes MutSgamma-independent interhomolog associations during caenorhabditis elegans meiosis.</a> Genetics. 198 (1), 193-207 (2014).</li><li>Flemming, A. J., Shen, Z. Z., Cunha, A., Emmons, S. W., Leroi, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Somatic+polyploidization+and+cellular+proliferation+drive+body+size+evolution+in+nematodes.">Somatic polyploidization and cellular proliferation drive body size evolution in nematodes.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 97 (10), 5285-5290 (2000).</li><li>Nagamatsu, Y., Ohshima, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanisms+for+the+control+of+body+size+by+a+G-kinase+and+a+downstream+TGFbeta+signal+pathway+in+Caenorhabditis+elegans.">Mechanisms for the control of body size by a G-kinase and a downstream TGFbeta signal pathway in Caenorhabditis elegans.</a> Genes to Cells. 9 (1), 39-47 (2004).</li></ol>

저자는 선언할 수 없다.

이 기사는 핵을 세포질 로부터 단백질 subcellular 변경 사항을 확인 하는 신속 하 고 효율적인 방법을 제시. 핵 구조 DAPI 얼룩 (그림 3)에 의해 확인 하는 동안 단백질 식 GFP 융해에 의하여 표시 했다. Immunostaining C. 선 충 단백질 도전 이기 때문에, 대부분 선 충 C. 단백질 subcellular 지 방화 마커 단백질 GFP, 나사로, mCherry, 등 그들을 태그 특징으로하는18</su...

단백질 subcellular 지 방화의 변화는 열 스트레스, 기아, 산화 스트레스, apoptosis, 단백질 인 산화 등 내부 또는 외부 신호에 응답에서 일반적인 메커니즘입니다. 예를 들어 열 스트레스는 FOXO 회원 DAF 16 핵 전 좌1,2, 및3,4신호 수신 죽음 미토 콘 드리 아에 입찰 translocates 프로 apoptotic BCL-2 단백질을 유도 합니다. 다양 한 기술을 이러한 변화를 감지할 수 있습니다. 서 부 럽 고 화학적 분리 subcellular 구조 (예, 미토 콘 드리 아 또는 핵)의 조합을 잘3목표 달성할 수 있었다. 그러나, 그것은 관심사의 단백질에 대하여 특정 항 체를 요구 한다. 따라서, 잘 설립 된 항 체는 성공에 열쇠 된다. 다른 접근은 다른 subcellular 구조 또는 세포 녹색 형광 단백질 (GFP), 빨간 형광 단백질 (RFP), 노란색 형광 단백질 (YFP), mCherry, 등 다양 한 마커 라벨 한편 라벨의 단백질을 다른 표시와 관심입니다. 그런 다음 대상5,6지역화 confocal 현미경 그들을 관찰 합니다. 방사성 동위 원소는 대상 단백질 레이블 및 다음 그들의 subcellular 지 방화7감지 대안 선택 이다. 그러나,이 메서드는 적절 한 교육 및 방사성 폐기물의 처리를 해야합니다. 특정 항 체의 부족, 적절 한 마커의 부재 또는 confocal 현미경 등의 scarceness 상황 대체 접근 고려 될 필요가 있다. 단백질의 핵 전 좌를 식별 하려면 그것만 표시와 함께 대상 단백질을 분류 하 고 얼룩 핵 화학 시 약 4', 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI)이만 일반 형광 현미경을 필요로 하기 때문에 함께 매력적입니다.
Immunolabeling C. 선 충 항 체와 달걀 껍질 또는 동물을 둘러싼 collagenous 표 피에의 낮은 침투성으로 인해 도전 이다. 한편, 선 충 C. 단백질 그들의 척추 orthologs에서 크게 분기 이기 때문에, 몇몇 상업 회사 특정 제품 C. 선 충 을 제공 합니다. 자신에 대 한 C. 선 충 항 체를 생성 하는 작은 실험실 어렵습니다. 종종 지역 사회에 있는 연구원은 단백질 지역화 또는 유전자 발현을 보여 주기 위해 태그 단백질 마커로 사용 합니다. 이 문서의 예를 들어 EXL 1::GFP를 사용 하 여 열 스트레스8에서 단백질 핵 전 좌를 추적. 동물 게놈에는 통합된 변환 exl 1::gfp 는 안정적으로 gfp 융해 유전자를 표현 하는 데 사용 됩니다. 연구 exl-1 소장, 체 벽 근육, 및 다른 subcellular 구조8에 표현 했다. 이 프로토콜에서는 벌레 애벌레 4 (L4) 단계로 동기화, 열 스트레스 실험, 및 행위 DAPI 얼룩, 에탄올 고정, 아세톤 고정 및 일반 형광 현미경 이미징 수행 하는 방법을 보여 줍니다.

<table><tbody><tr><td>DAPI</td><td>Biotium</td><td>40043</td><td>both Hoechst 33258 and Hoechst 33342 also works well</td></tr><tr><td>OP50</td><td>CGC</td><td>OP50</td><td>https://cgc.umn.edu/</td></tr><tr><td>Caenorhabditis Genetics Center (CGC)</td><td></td><td></td><td>https://cgc.umn.edu/</td></tr><tr><td>Kim Wipe</td><td>Kimberly-Clark Corporation</td><td></td><td>soft tissue</td></tr><tr><td>Zeiss&amp;nbsp; AX10</td><td>Zeiss</td><td></td><td>fluorescence microscope</td></tr><tr><td>Axiovision Rel 4.8</td><td>Zeiss</td><td></td><td>microscope software</td></tr><tr><td>AxioCam MR Rev3</td><td>Zeiss</td><td></td><td>digital camera</td></tr><tr><td>Incubator&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Micro centrifuge</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Transparent nail polish gel</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>60 mm petri dishes</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glass slides</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glass coverslips</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1-20 &amp;micro;L pipettor</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>20-200 &amp;micro;L pipettor</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>200-1000 &amp;micro;L pipettor</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1-200 &amp;micro;L pipet tips</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>200-1000 &amp;micro;L pipet tips</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1.5 mL microcentrifuge tubes</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Platinum wire worm pick</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

detecting protein subcellular localization by green fluorescence protein tagging and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole staining in caenorhabditis elegans

이 프로토콜, 녹색 형광 단백질 (GFP) 융합 단백질 및 4', 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) 단백질 subcellular 지 방화 변화;을 추적 하는 데는 얼룩 특히, 아래는 열 핵 전 스트레스 조건. 단백질 반응 대응에 외부 및 내부 신호. 공통 메커니즘의 subcellular 지 방화를 변경 하는. 이 문서는 항 체, 방사성 라벨 또는 confocal 현미경 요구 하지 않는 단백질 지 방화를 추적 하는 프로토콜을 설명 합니다. 이 문서에서는, GFP 포유류 CLIC4를 포함 하 여 염화 세포내 채널 단백질 (CLICs) 가족의 C. 선 충, 구성원에에서 대상 단백질 EXL-1 태그 데 사용 됩니다. (모터와 전체 유전자 시퀀스) 통합된 변환 exl 1::gfp 유전자 변형 라인 변환 및 γ 방사선에 의해 창조 되 고 안정적으로 유전자와 gfp를 표현 한다. 최근 연구는 열 스트레스, 아니라 산화 스트레스, 따라 EXL 1::GFP 핵에서 축적 했다. 핵 구조와는 DAPI GFP 신호 겹치는 신호 스트레스 EXL 1 subcellular 지 방화 변경 확인 합니다. 이 프로토콜 선물 DAPI 얼룩에 대 한 두 가지 다른 고정 방법: 고정은 에탄올과 아세톤 고정. 이 문서에 제공 된 DAPI 얼룩 프로토콜 신속 하 고 효율적 이며 GFP 신호 및 단백질 subcellular 지 방화 변경. 이 메서드는만 Nomarski, FITC 필터와 DAPI 필터 형광 현미경을 요구 한다. 그것은 작은 실험실 설정, 학부 학생 연구, 고 등 학생 연구 및 생명 공학 교실에 적합 합니다.

염화 물 채널 세포내 단백질 (클릭)는 높은 종12에 걸쳐 보존 다기능 단백질. 많은 연구가 보여줍니다 CLICs 세포, autophagy, apoptosis, 발암, 신생, 긴장과는 포유류 시스템13,,1415,16 대 식 세포 타고 난 면역 반응 조절 ,17. C. 선 충에...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Detecting Protein Subcellular Localization by Green Fluorescence Protein Tagging and 4',6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole Staining in Caenorhabditis elegans at JoVE.

Detecting Protein Subcellular Localization by Green Fluorescence Protein Tagging and 4',6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole Staining in Caenorhabditis elegans

이 프로토콜 열 스트레스 단백질 핵 전 좌는 녹색 형광 단백질 (GFP) 퓨전 단백질 마커로 4', 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI)를 사용 하 여 추적 하는 방법을 보여 줍니다 얼룩. 프로토콜을 얼룩이 DAPI 빨리 고 GFP 단백질 subcellular 지 방화 신호 유지.

녹색 형광 단백질 태그와 4', 6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole 꼬마 선 충 에 얼룩이 단백질 Subcellular 지 방화를 감지

In this protocol, a green fluorescence protein (GFP) fusion protein and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining are used to track protein ...

detecting-protein-subcellular-localization-green-fluorescence-protein

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Detecting Protein Subcellular Localization by Green Fluorescence Protein Tagging and 4',6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole Staining in Caenorhabditis elegans

9.5K 조회수.  Borough of Manhattan Community College/CUNY. 이 프로토콜 열 스트레스 단백질 핵 전 좌는 녹색 형광 단백질 (GFP) 퓨전 단백질 마커로 4', 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI)를 사용 하 여 추적 하는 방법을 보여 줍니다 얼룩. 프로토콜을 얼룩이 DAPI 빨리 고 GFP 단백질 subcellular 지 방화 신호 유지.

비디오: Detecting Protein Subcellular Localization by Green Fluorescence Protein Tagging and 4',6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole Staining in Caenorhabditis elegans

The C. elegans Excretory Canal as a Model for Intracellular Lumen Morphogenesis and In Vivo Polarized Membrane Biogenesis in a Single Cell: labeling by GFP-fusions, RNAi Interaction Screen and Imaging

The four C. elegans excretory canals are narrow tubes extended through the length of the animal from a single cell, with almost equally far extended intracellular endotubes that build and stabilize the lumen with a membrane and submembraneous cytoskeleton of apical character. The excretory cell expands its length approximately 2,000 times to generate these canals, making this model unique for the in vivo assessment of de novo polarized membrane biogenesis, intracellular lumen morphogenesis and unicellular tubulogenesis. The protocol presented here shows how to combine standard labeling, gain- and loss-of-function genetic or RNA interference (RNAi)-, and microscopic approaches to use this model to visually dissect and functionally analyze these processes on a molecular level. As an example of a labeling approach, the protocol outlines the generation of transgenic animals with fluorescent fusion proteins for live analysis of tubulogenesis. As an example of a genetic approach, it highlights key points of a visual RNAi-based interaction screen designed to modify a gain-of-function cystic canal phenotype. The specific methods described are how to: label and visualize the canals by expressing fluorescent proteins; construct a targeted RNAi library and strategize RNAi screening for the molecular analysis of canal morphogenesis; visually assess modifications of canal phenotypes; score them by dissecting fluorescence microscopy; characterize subcellular canal components at higher resolution by confocal microscopy; and quantify visual parameters. The approach is useful for the investigator who is interested in taking advantage of the C. elegans excretory canal for identifying and characterizing genes involved in the phylogenetically conserved processes of intracellular lumen and unicellular tube morphogenesis.

The C. elegans Excretory Canal as a Model for Intracellular Lumen Morphogenesis and In Vivo Polarized Membrane Biogenesis in a Single Cell: labeling by GFP-fusions, RNAi Interaction Screen and Imaging

The C. elegans excretory canal is a unique single-cell model for the visual in vivo analysis of de novo polarized membrane biogenesis. This protocol describes a combination of standard genetic/RNAi and imaging approaches, adaptable for the identification and characterization of molecules directing unicellular tubulogenesis, and apical membrane and lumen biogenesis.

세포내 루멘 Morphogenesis 그리고 Vivo에서 편광 막 속 단일 셀에 대 한 모델로 선 충 C. Excretory 운하: GFP 융해, RNAi 상호 작용 화면 및 이미징 라벨

The four C. elegans excretory canals are narrow tubes extended through the length of the animal from a single cell, with almost equally far extended ...

연구

발생학

C. elegans Gonad Dissection and Freeze Crack for Immunofluorescence and DAPI Staining

The C. elegans germline makes an excellent model for studying meiosis, in part due to the ease of conducting cytological analyses on dissected animals. Whole mount preparations preserve the structure of meiotic nuclei, and importantly, each gonad arm contains all stages of meiosis, organized in a temporal-spatial progression that makes it easy to identify nuclei at different stages. Adult hermaphrodites have two gonad arms, each organized as a closed tube with proliferating germline stem cells at the distal closed end and cellularized oocytes at the proximal open end, which join in the center at the uterus. Dissection releases one or both gonad arms from the body cavity, allowing the entirety of meiosis to be visualized. Here, a common protocol for immunofluorescence against a protein of interest is presented, followed by DAPI staining to mark all chromosomes. Young adults are immobilized in levamisole and quickly dissected using two syringe needles. After germline extrusion, the sample is fixed before undergoing a freeze crack in liquid nitrogen, which helps permeabilize the cuticle and other tissues. The sample can then be dehydrated in ethanol, rehydrated, and incubated with primary and secondary antibodies. DAPI is added to the sample in the mounting medium, which allows reliable visualization of DNA and makes it easy to find animals to image under a fluorescent microscope. This technique is readily adopted by those familiar with handling C. elegans after a few hours spent practicing the dissection method itself. This protocol has been taught to high-schoolers and undergraduates working in a research lab and incorporated into a course-based undergraduate research experience at a liberal arts college.

C. elegans Gonad Dissection and Freeze Crack for Immunofluorescence and DAPI Staining

This is a commonly used method for C. elegans gonad dissection followed by freeze crack, which produces germline samples for immunofluorescence via antibody staining, or for simple DAPI staining to visualize DNA. This protocol has been successful for undergraduates in a research lab and in a course-based undergraduate research experience.

C. 엘레 간스 면역형광 및 DAPI 염색을 위한 생식선 해부 및 동결 균열

The C. elegans germline makes an excellent model for studying meiosis, in part due to the ease of conducting cytological analyses on dissected animals. ...

유전학

Protein Extract Preparation and Co-immunoprecipitation from Caenorhabditis elegans

Co-immunoprecipitation methods are frequently used to study protein-protein interactions. Confirmation of hypothesized protein-protein interactions or identification of new ones can provide invaluable information about the function of a protein of interest. Some of the traditional methods for extract preparation frequently require labor-intensive and time-consuming techniques. Here, a modified extract preparation protocol using a bead mill homogenizer and metal beads is described as a rapid alternative to traditional protein preparation methods. This extract preparation method is compatible with downstream co-immunoprecipitation studies. As an example, the method was used to successfully co-immunoprecipitate&#160;C. elegans microRNA Argonaute ALG-1 and two known ALG-1 interactors: AIN-1, and HRPK-1. This protocol includes descriptions of animal sample collection, extract preparation, extract clarification, and protein immunoprecipitation. The described protocol can be adapted to test for interactions between any two or more endogenous, endogenously tagged, or overexpressed C. elegans proteins in a variety of genetic backgrounds.

Protein Extract Preparation and Co-immunoprecipitation from Caenorhabditis elegans

This method describes a protocol for high-throughput protein extract preparation from Caenorhabditis elegans samples and subsequent co-immunoprecipitation.

카노르하비티스 예르간에서 단백질 추출물 제제 및 공동 면역 침전

Co-immunoprecipitation methods are frequently used to study protein-protein interactions. Confirmation of hypothesized protein-protein interactions or ...

Imaging C. elegans Embryos using an Epifluorescent Microscope and Open Source Software

Cellular processes, such as chromosome assembly, segregation and cytokinesis,are inherently dynamic. Time-lapse imaging of living cells, using fluorescent-labeled reporter proteins or differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy, allows for the examination of the temporal progression of these dynamic events which is otherwise inferred from analysis of fixed samples1,2. Moreover, the study of the developmental regulations of cellular processes necessitates conducting time-lapse experiments on an intact organism during development. The Caenorhabiditis elegans embryo is light-transparent and has a rapid, invariant developmental program with a known cell lineage3, thus providing an ideal experiment model for studying questions in cell biology4,5and development6-9. C. elegans is amendable to genetic manipulation by forward genetics (based on random mutagenesis10,11) and reverse genetics to target specific genes (based on RNAi-mediated interference and targeted mutagenesis12-15). In addition, transgenic animals can be readily created to express fluorescently tagged proteins or reporters16,17. These traits combine to make it easy to identify the genetic pathways regulating fundamental cellular and developmental processes in vivo18-21. In this protocol we present methods for live imaging of C. elegans embryos using DIC optics or GFP fluorescence on a compound epifluorescent microscope. We demonstrate the ease with which readily available microscopes, typically used for fixed sample imaging, can also be applied for time-lapse analysis using open-source software to automate the imaging process.

Imaging C. elegans Embryos using an Epifluorescent Microscope and Open Source Software

The C. elegans embryo is a powerful system for studying cell biology and development. We present a protocol for live imaging of C. elegans embryos utilizing DIC optics or fluorescence using readily available epifluorescent microscopes and open-source software.

이미징 C. 엘레간스</emEpifluorescent 현미경과 오픈 소스 소프트웨어를 사용> 태아

Cellular processes, such as chromosome assembly, segregation and cytokinesis,are inherently dynamic. Time-lapse imaging of living cells, using ...

생물학

Time-lapse Microscopy of Early Embryogenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans

Caenorhabditis elegans has often been used as a model system in studies of early developmental processes. The transparency of the 
embryos, the genetic resources, and the relative ease of transformation are qualities that make C. elegans an excellent model for early embryogenesis. Laser-based 
confocal microscopy and fluorescently labeled tags allow researchers to follow specific cellular structures and proteins in the developing embryo. For example, 
one can follow specific organelles, such as lysosomes or mitochondria, using fluorescently labeled dyes. These dyes can be delivered to the early embryo by means 
of microinjection into the adult gonad. Also, the localization of specific proteins can be followed using fluorescent protein tags. Examples are presented here 
demonstrating the use of a fluorescent lysosomal dye as well as fluorescently tagged histone and ubiquitin proteins. The labeled histone is used to visualize 
the DNA and thus identify the stage of the cell cycle. GFP-tagged ubiquitin reveals the dynamics of ubiquitinated vesicles in the early embryo. Observations 
of labeled lysosomes and GFP:: ubiquitin can be used to determine if there is colocalization between ubiquitinated vesicles and lysosomes. A technique for 
the microinjection of the lysosomal dye is presented. Techniques for generating transgenenic strains are presented elsewhere (1, 2). For imaging, embryos 
are cut out of adult hermaphrodite nematodes and mounted onto 2% agarose pads followed by time-lapse microscopy on a standard laser scanning confocal 
microscope or a spinning disk confocal microscope. This methodology provides for the high resolution visualization of early embryogenesis.

Time-lapse Microscopy of Early Embryogenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans

This article describes a technique for the visualization of the early events of embryogenesis in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.

상순 Embryogenesis의 시간 경과 현미경 Caenorhabditis 엘레간스

Caenorhabditis elegans has often been used as a model system in studies of early developmental processes.  The transparency of the 
embryos, the genetic ...

Using Caenorhabditis elegans as a Model System to Study Protein Homeostasis in a Multicellular Organism

The folding and assembly of proteins is essential for protein function, the long-term health of the cell, and longevity of the organism. Historically, the function and regulation of protein folding was studied in vitro, in isolated tissue culture cells and in unicellular organisms. Recent studies have uncovered links between protein homeostasis (proteostasis), metabolism, development, aging, and temperature-sensing. These findings have led to the development of new tools for monitoring protein folding in the model metazoan organism Caenorhabditis elegans. In our laboratory, we combine behavioral assays, imaging and biochemical approaches using temperature-sensitive or naturally occurring metastable proteins as sensors of the folding environment to monitor protein misfolding. Behavioral assays that are associated with the misfolding of a specific protein provide a simple and powerful readout for protein folding, allowing for the fast screening of genes and conditions that modulate folding. Likewise, such misfolding can be associated with protein mislocalization in the cell. Monitoring protein localization can, therefore, highlight changes in cellular folding capacity occurring in different tissues, at various stages of development and in the face of changing conditions. Finally, using biochemical tools ex vivo, we can directly monitor protein stability and conformation. Thus, by combining behavioral assays, imaging and biochemical techniques, we are able to monitor protein misfolding at the resolution of the organism, the cell, and the protein, respectively.

Using Caenorhabditis elegans as a Model System to Study Protein Homeostasis in a Multicellular Organism

To study the relationship between protein homeostasis, stress and aging, we monitored changes in protein folding by following protein dysfunction, protein localization in the cell and protein stability at the organismal, cellular and protein levels, using the genetically tractable metazoan Caenorhabditis elegans as a model system.

사용<em&gt; 예쁜 꼬마 선충</em&gt; 다세포 생물의 단백질 항상성을 연구하는 모델 시스템으로

The folding and assembly of proteins is essential for protein function, the long-term health of the cell, and longevity of the organism. Historically, the ...

RNA Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH) to Visualize Microbial Colonization and Infection in Caenorhabditis elegans Intestines

The intestines of wild Caenorhabditis nematodes are inhabited by a variety of microorganisms, including gut microbiome bacteria and pathogens, such as microsporidia and viruses. Because of the similarities between Caenorhabditis elegans and mammalian intestinal cells, as well as the power of the C. elegans system, this host has emerged as a model system to study host intestine-microbe interactions in vivo. While it is possible to observe some aspects of these interactions with bright-field microscopy, it is difficult to accurately classify microbes and characterize the extent of colonization or infection without more precise tools. RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) can be used as a tool to identify and visualize microbes in nematodes from the wild or to experimentally characterize and quantify infection in nematodes infected with microbes in the lab. FISH probes, labeling the highly abundant small subunit ribosomal RNA, produce a bright signal for bacteria and microsporidian cells. Probes designed to target conserved regions of ribosomal RNA common to many species can detect a broad range of microbes, whereas targeting divergent regions of the ribosomal RNA is useful for narrower detection. Similarly, probes can be designed to label viral RNA. A protocol for RNA FISH staining with either paraformaldehyde (PFA) or acetone fixation is presented. PFA fixation is ideal for nematodes associated with bacteria, microsporidia, and viruses, whereas acetone fixation is necessary for the visualization of microsporida spores. Animals were first washed and fixed in paraformaldehyde or acetone. After fixation, FISH probes were incubated with samples to allow for the hybridization of probes to the desired target. The animals were again washed and then examined on microscope slides or using automated approaches. Overall, this FISH protocol enables detection, identification, and quantification of the microbes that inhabit the C. elegans intestine, including microbes for which there are no genetic tools available.

RNA Fluorescence in situ Hybridization FISH to Visualize Microbial Colonization and Infection in Caenorhabditis elegans Intestines

Intestinal microbes, including extracellular bacteria and intracellular pathogens like the Orsay virus and microsporidia (fungi), are often associated with wild Caenorhabditis nematodes. This article presents a protocol for detecting and quantifying microbes that colonize and/or infect C. elegans nematodes, and for measuring pathogen load after controlled infections in the lab.

RNA 형광 제자리 혼성화(FISH)를 통해 Caenorhabditis elegans 장에서 미생물 집락화 및 감염을 시각화합니다.

The intestines of wild Caenorhabditis nematodes are inhabited by a variety of microorganisms, including gut microbiome bacteria and pathogens, such as ...

면역학 및 감염병학

Methods to Assess Subcellular Compartments of Muscle in C. elegans

Muscle is a dynamic tissue that responds to changes in nutrition, exercise, and disease state. The loss of muscle mass and function with disease and age are significant public health burdens. We currently understand little about the genetic regulation of muscle health with disease or age. The nematode C. elegans is an established model for understanding the genomic regulation of biological processes of interest. This worm&#8217;s body wall muscles display a large degree of homology with the muscles of higher metazoan species. Since C. elegans is a transparent organism, the localization of GFP to mitochondria and sarcomeres allows visualization of these structures in vivo. Similarly, feeding animals cationic dyes, which accumulate based on the existence of a mitochondrial membrane potential, allows the assessment of mitochondrial function in vivo. These methods, as well as assessment of muscle protein homeostasis, are combined with assessment of whole animal muscle function, in the form of movement assays, to allow correlation of sub-cellular defects with functional measures of muscle performance. Thus, C. elegans provides a powerful platform with which to assess the impact of mutations, gene knockdown, and/or chemical compounds upon muscle structure and function. Lastly, as GFP, cationic dyes, and movement assays are assessed non-invasively, prospective studies of muscle structure and function can be conducted across the whole life course and this at present cannot be easily investigated in vivo in any other organism.

Methods to Assess Subcellular Compartments of Muscle in C. elegans

Skeletal muscle is essential for locomotion and is the bodies&#8217; main protein store. Muscle health measurements within C. elegans are described. Prospective changes to muscle structure and function are assessed using localized GFP and cationic dyes.

방법은 근육의 세포 내 구획을 평가하기 위해<em&gt; C. 엘레</em

Muscle is a dynamic tissue that responds to changes in nutrition, exercise, and disease state. The loss of muscle mass and function with disease and age ...

Automating Aggregate Quantification in Caenorhabditis elegans

A rise in the prevalence of neurodegenerative protein conformational diseases (PCDs) has fostered a great interest in this subject over the years. This increased attention has called for the diversification and improvement of animal models capable of reproducing disease phenotypes observed in humans with PCDs. Though murine models have proven invaluable, they are expensive and are associated with laborious, low-throughput methods. Use of the Caenorhabditis elegans nematode model to study PCDs has been justified by its relative ease of maintenance, low cost, and rapid generation time, which allow for high-throughput applications. Additionally, high conservation between the C. elegans and human genomes makes this model an invaluable discovery tool. Nematodes that express fluorescently tagged tissue-specific polyglutamine (polyQ) tracts exhibit age- and polyQ length-dependent aggregation characterized by fluorescent foci. Such reporters are often employed as proxies to monitor changes in proteostasis across tissues. Manual aggregate quantification is time-consuming, limiting experimental throughput. Furthermore, manual foci quantification can introduce bias, as aggregate identification can be highly subjective. Herein, a protocol consisting of worm culturing, image acquisition, and data processing was standardized to support high-throughput aggregate quantification using C. elegans that express intestine-specific polyQ. By implementing a C. elegans-based image processing pipeline using CellProfiler, an image analysis software, this method has been optimized to separate and identify individual worms and enumerate their respective aggregates. Though the concept of automation is not entirely unique, the need to standardize such procedures for reproducibility, elimination of bias from manual counting, and increase throughput is high. It is anticipated that these methods can drastically simplify the screening process of large bacterial, genomic, or drug libraries using the C. elegans model.

Automating Aggregate Quantification in Caenorhabditis elegans

The following protocol describes the development and optimization of a high-throughput workflow for worm culturing, fluorescence imaging, and automated image processing to quantify polyglutamine aggregates as an assessment of changes in proteostasis.

Caenorhabditis elegans의 집계 정량화 자동화

A rise in the prevalence of neurodegenerative protein conformational diseases (PCDs) has fostered a great interest in this subject over the years. This ...

예쁜꼬마선충(C. elegans)과 간암 세포주(Liver Cancer Cell line)의 유사분열(Mitophagy) 정량화

Detection of Mitophagy in Caenorhabditis elegans and Mammalian Cells Using Organelle-Specific Dyes

Mitochondria are essential for various biological functions, including energy production, lipid metabolism, calcium homeostasis, heme biosynthesis, regulated cell death, and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS are vital for key biological processes. However, when uncontrolled, they can lead to oxidative injury, including mitochondrial damage. Damaged mitochondria release more ROS, thereby intensifying cellular injury and the disease state. A homeostatic process named mitochondrial autophagy (mitophagy) selectively removes damaged mitochondria, which are then replaced by new ones. There are multiple mitophagy pathways, with the common endpoint being the breakdown of the damaged mitochondria in lysosomes. 
Several methodologies, including genetic sensors, antibody immunofluorescence, and electron microscopy, use this endpoint to quantify mitophagy. Each method for examining mitophagy has its advantages, such as specific tissue/cell targeting (with genetic sensors) and great detail (with electron microscopy). However, these methods often require expensive resources, trained personnel, and a lengthy preparation time before the actual experiment, such as for creating transgenic animals. Here, we present a cost-effective alternative for measuring mitophagy using commercially available fluorescent dyes targeting mitochondria and lysosomes. This method effectively measures mitophagy in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and human liver cells, which indicates its potential efficiency in other model systems.

저자 스포트라이트: Detection of Mitophagy in Caenorhabditis elegans and Mammalian Cells Using Organelle-Specific Dyes(세포기관 특이적 염료를 사용한 예쁜꼬마선충 및 포유류 세포의 유사 분열 검출)  

Exploring mitophagy through electron microscopy, genetic sensors, and immunofluorescence requires costly equipment, skilled personnel, and a significant time investment. Here, we demonstrate the efficacy of a commercial fluorescence dye kit in quantifying the mitophagy process in both Caenorhabditis elegans and a liver cancer cell line.

세포 기관 특이적 염료를 사용한 Caenorhabditis elegans 및 포유류 세포에서 Mitophagy 검출

Mitochondria are essential for various biological functions, including energy production, lipid metabolism, calcium homeostasis, heme biosynthesis, ...

녹색 형광 단백질 태그와 4', 6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole 꼬마 선 충 에 얼룩이 단백질 Subcellular 지 방화를 감지

요약

더 많은 비디오 탐색

이 비디오의 챕터