저자는이 작품의 그들의 유익한 토론에 대 한 교수부터 Y. 오자키 (간사이 학원 대학) 및 박사 T. 이토 (국립 연구소의 첨단 산업 과학 및 기술)을 감사합니다. 이 작품의 교육부, 문화, 스포츠, 과학, 및 기술 (No. 16 K 05671)에서 KAKENHI (선진적인 과학 연구 c)에 의해 지원 되었다.

1. 샘플 준비
<ol><li>
실버 콜 로이드 나노 입자의 준비 20<ol>
<li>조작 실버 콜 로이드 나노 입자, 실버 질산염의 그리고 150 mL 200 mL 둥근 바닥 플라스 크에 물이 수화물 trisodium 시트르산의 0.030 g 0.030 g을 분해.</li>
		<li>플라스 크를 결합 하 여 환류 (Dimroth) 콘덴서와 함께.</li>
		<li>마그네틱 교 반기 및 저 어 바와 플라스 크에 솔루션을 저 어. 그런 다음 60 분 동안 150 ° C에 기름 목욕에서 플라스 크에서 감동적인 솔루션 열. 참고: 솔루션은 노란색, 다음은 하 회색을 돌 것 이다.</li>
		<li>서 스 펜 션, 실내 온도에 냉각 하 고 냉장고에 알루미늄 호 일로 덮여 플라스 크에 정지를 유지. 참고: 프로토콜 수 수 일시 중지이 시점에서. 콜 로이드 나노 입자를 사용 하 여 1 개월 이내는 냉장고에 저장 후.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
다중 색에 대 한 샘플의 준비 점멸 방출 11<ol>
<li>현미경 슬라이드를 준비, 유리 접시 비누를 손으로 세척 하 고 물으로 씻어.</li>
		<li>유리 접시에 0.1% 폴 리-L-리 신 수성 솔루션을 추가 하 고 솔루션을 제거 하는 송풍기와.</li>
		<li>유리 접시에 실버 콜 로이드 현 탁 액을 추가 하 고 송풍기와 현 탁 액을 제거.</li>
		<li>액체 차단 펜으로 유리 접시에 드롭 영역을 묶습니다.</li>
		<li>유리 접시에 증류수를 삭제 하 고 다른 유리 접시 현미경 슬라이드를 만들고 증발에서 물을 방지 하기를 다룹니다.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
단조로운 색된 점멸 관련에 대 한 샘플의 준비 7 , 8 , 9 , 10<ol>
<li>현미경 슬라이드를 준비, 유리 접시 비누를 손으로 세척 하 고 물으로 씻어.</li>
		<li>Thiacyanine 또는 thiacarbocyanine 염료와 실버 콜 로이드 현 탁 액을 혼합 (25 또는 4 µ M, 각각)와 2의 볼륨 비율로 NaCl (10mm) 용액: 1:1.</li>
		<li>유리 접시에 샘플 중지를 삭제 하 고 송풍기와 현 탁 액을 제거.</li>
		<li>액체 차단 펜으로 유리 접시에 드롭 영역을 묶습니다.</li>
		<li>나노 입자를 고정을 유리 접시에 NaCl (1 M)의 수성 해결책을 삭제 하 고 다른 유리 접시 현미경 슬라이드 플레이트를 만들고 솔루션에서 증발 방지를 커버.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>2입니다. 점멸은 나노 입자의 관찰
<ol><li>
샘플의 조명
	<ol>
<li>1.2 또는 1.3 프로토콜을 사용 하 여 거꾸로 현미경의 스테이지 준비 샘플 유리 접시를 놓습니다.</li>
		<li>목표 렌즈 (60 X)를 사용 하 여 유리 접시에 다양 한 색된 반점 (, 녹색, 노란색, 파란색과 빨간색)에 어두운 필드 콘덴서와 통해 하얀 빛을 사용 하 여 샘플 유리 접시 켜.</li>
		<li>밝게 샘플 표면에 상대적으로 30 °의 각도 다이오드 펌프 고체 (DPSS) 연속파 (cw) 레이저 간섭 필터를 통해 전달 감쇠 광속을 사용 하 여 샘플 유리 접시.</li>
		<li>사용 하 여 레이저 조명 같은 색 주변에 단조로운 색된 반점으로 실버 nanoaggregates 관찰, 보기의 센터에 레이저 조명 영역을 이동 하 고 z-방향으로 단계를 조정 하 여 유리 접시에 반점에 초점.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
점멸의 관찰
	<ol>
<li>목표 렌즈 후 긴-패스 필터를 삽입 하 고 간섭 필터를 통해 샘플 표면에 상대적으로 30 °의 각도에서 전달 DPSS cw 레이저 광선을 사용 하 여 샘플 유리 접시를 조명.</li>
		<li>그림 1 에서 보듯이 명소 점멸 찾기 (참고 그림 S1 보충 자료에서) 무대에는 x-및 y-방향으로 이동 하 여.</li>
		<li>거꾸로 현미경, 냉각된 디지털 전 하 결합 소자 (CCD) 카메라, 61-120 ms의 시간 분해능이 20 분에 대 한 결합으로 깜박이 명소의 기록 영상.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>3입니다. 깜박이 SER의 분석
<ol><li>
비디오에서 시간 프로필의 유래
	<ol>
<li>CCD 카메라를 제어 하는 소프트웨어에서 비디오 파일을 엽니다.</li>
		<li>깜박이 관광 명소 및 어두운 영역을 선택 하려면 별도로 지역 명소 비디오 이미지 없이 커버 하는 영역을 드래그 합니다.</li>
		<li>깜박이 관광 명소와 비디오에서 어두운 영역에서 신호 강도 시간 프로필 파생, 분석, 임시 분석 을 선택 하 고 임시 분석 창에서 계산 을 클릭 합니다.</li>
		<li>텍스트 파일로 데이터를 저장.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
시간 프로 파일의 분석
	<ol>
<li>어두운 영역 또는 그림 2A 와 2B와 같이 다항식 함수과 시간 프로필을 빼서 시간 프로필의 기준선을 평평.</li>
		<li>약 2000 포인트, 난기본, 그리고 초기 농도의 표준 편차 σ, 그림 2C 및 2D에서 같이 구성 된 평균된 초기 강도 평가 합니다.</li>
		<li>내가기본 + 3σ의 임계값 보다 큰 농도 사용 하 여 어두운 이벤트에서 밝은 이벤트를 구별 하 고 각 이벤트의 기간을 기록 합니다. 그림 3에서 예를 들어 0에서 3.5476 이벤트 기록 어두운 이벤트로 s ( t 기간 = 3.5476 s), 4.0981 3.5476에서 이벤트를 기록 하 고 밝은 이벤트로 s (기간 t = 0.5505 s). 표 1에 표시 된 것 처럼 절차를 반복 합니다.</li>
		<li>표 2의 첫 번째 및 두 번째 라인에 표현 각 기간에 대 한 밝고 어두운 이벤트 수를 계산.</li>
		<li>이벤트 기간 t보다 짧은 제외한 각 기간에 대 한 이벤트 수를 합계 하십시오. 표 2의 두 번째 및 세 번째 라인에 표현, 예를 들어 각 기간에 대 한 이벤트 수를 합계 ( t 에 대 한 이벤트를 제외 하 고 0.0612 = s) 41 + 18 + 9 +...; 결과 t 에 대 한 합계 = 0.1223 s, 즉, 103.</li>
		<li>각 기간별로 합계를 분할 하 고 그들을 정상화. 표 2에 표현, 예를 들면, 기간 t 에 대 한 변론 분할 0.0612 = s 기간 0.0612 s. 결과 3,351.5791입니다. 그런 다음 표 2에 네 번째 줄에서 결과의 총 결과 나눕니다. 확률 분포는 0.64494 것 파생 됩니다.</li>
		<li>밝은 이벤트 P(t)에 대 한 그들의 기간 t 로그-로그 그래프에 대 한 확률 분포를 플롯 및 로그10P에(t) 로그10에 의해 (<img alt="Equation 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/56729/56729eq1.jpg">)는 전원 법 지 수 α에에 깜박이 자리 특정 추론할. P에(t)는으로 장착 하는 경우 <img alt="Equation 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/56729/56729eq1.jpg"> </img>, 그림 4A에 점선으로 표시 된 것 처럼 장착된 라인 P(t)의 값이 작은 플롯에서 일탈.</li>
		<li>어두운 이벤트 P오프(t) 로그-로그 그래프에 그들의 시간 t 에 대 한 확률 분포를 플롯 및 로그10(로그10P오프(t) 맞는 <img alt="Equation 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/56729/56729eq3.jpg"> 는 전원 법 지 수 α오프 와는 잘림 시간 τ 동일한 점멸에서 자리를 추론할. P오프(t)는으로 장착 하는 경우 <img alt="Equation 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/56729/56729eq3.jpg"> </img>, 맞춤된 곡선 P오프(t)의 값이 작은 플롯에서 성적이 상자.</li>
		<li>3.2.1 3.2.8 비디오에서 다른 깜박이 관광 명소에 대 한 반복 합니다.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>

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C., Meisel, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adsorption+and+surface-enhanced+Raman+of+dyes+on+silver+and+gold+sols.">Adsorption and surface-enhanced Raman of dyes on silver and gold sols.</a> J. Phys. Chem. 86, 3391-3395 (1982).</li><li>Krichevsky, O., Bonnet, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fluorescence+correlation+spectroscopy:+the+technique+and+its+applications.">Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy: the technique and its applications.</a> Rep. Prog. Phys. 65, 251-297 (2002).</li><li>Hess, S. T., Huang, S., Heikal, A. A., Webb, W. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biological+and+Chemical+Applications+of+Fluorescence+Correlation+Spectroscopy:+A+Review.">Biological and Chemical Applications of Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy: A Review.</a> Biochemistry. 41, 697-705 (2002).</li></ol>

저자는 공개 상관이 있다.

실버 nanoaggregate 접합에서 SER는 발생 합니다. 따라서, 우리는 시트르산 음이온으로 덮여 있다 콜 로이드 나노 입자, 보다는 오히려 nanoaggregates를 준비 해야 합니다. 실버 집계 효과 폴 리-L-리 신,-NH3+ 이며는 SER의 기원의 추가 의해 만들어진 소금에서 형성 된다 또는 NaCl, 보충 자료의 그림 s 2 와 같이에서 Na+ 양이온. 또한, 넓은 지역에 많은 관광 명소를 밝히는, ?...

표면 강화 라만 산란 (SERS) 고귀한 금속 표면에서 고감도 라만 분광학 이다. 금속 표면에 단일 분자의 정보를 조사 수 이후 기능적인 그룹 분자에서 진동 모드를 통해 날카로운 피크 위치에 따라 분자 구조에 대 한 자세한 정보를 제공 하는 라만 스펙트럼 관련1,2,3을 사용 하 여. 단일 분자 수준에서 흡착과 실버 nanoaggregate에서 깜박이 신호 관찰1,2,3,,45,6, 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16, 그리고 스펙트럼 변동1,2,3,,45,6,7,8, 9,10,11,12,,1314. 깜박임 무작위로 나노미터 크기의 nanoaggregate 접속점에 향상 된 전자기 (EM) 필드 밖으로 이동 하는 단일 분자에 의해 유도 될 수 있다. 따라서, 점멸 SERS 농도 및 bi 분석2,,317의 포아송 분포를 사용 하는 기술에 비해 단일 분자 검출에 대 한 간단한 증거를 간주 됩니다. 그러나, 강하게 Ag 표면에 분자 행동에 달려 있습니다, 깜박이 변동 스펙트럼의 상세한 메커니즘은 아직도 논란이 있습니다.
이전 학문에서는, 점멸 관련 분석 된 고 확산 계수는 향상 된 EM 필드12,13,14 밖으로 이동 하는 분자의 농도 계산할 수 있습니다 자기 상관 함수를 사용 하 여 . 또한, 불안정 총 강도 나타내는 정규화 된 표준 편차 점수는 신호15시간 프로필에서 파생 되었습니다. 그러나, 이러한 분석 방법 몇 가지 분자의 동작에 따라 수 있습니다. 반면, 깜박이 SER의 슈퍼 고해상도 이미징, 향상 된 EM 필드에 단일 분자 동작 확인 된16될 수 있습니다. 그러나, 이러한 기술은 향상 된 EM 필드에만 이러한 매개 변수를 얻을 수 있습니다. (예를 들어, 깜박이 SERS)에서 넓은 범위 내 단일 분자의 임의의 동작 전원 법 보다는 평균4,,56,7,8로 대표 될 수 있다 ,,910,11, 단일 반도체 양자 점 (QD)18,19의 점멸 형광 비슷합니다. 전원 법 분석4,5,6,7,,89,10,11, 분자 동작을 사용 하 여 (향상 된 EM 필드)에 밝은 상태와 어두운 상태10;에서 예상할 수 있는 즉, 전체 실버 표면 분자의 행동은 추정 될 수 있습니다.
이 기술에 대 한 실버 콜 로이드 nanoaggregates는 사용된4,5,6,7,,89,,1011. 이러한 nanoaggregates 그들은 특정 한 파장에 흥분 하는 때 강력 하 게 향상 된 전자기 필드를 영향을 미칠 다양 한 지역화 된 표면 플라스몬 공명 (LSPR) 밴드를 표시 합니다. 따라서, 관련 액티브 실버 나노 콜 로이드 서 스 펜 션, 그리고 일부 데이터에 존재 하는 즉시 얻을 수 있습니다. 특정 크기, 모양, 그리고 준비는 간단한 nanostructures의 경우 SER 점멸의 LSPR 의존 다른 의존7;을 숨길 수 있는 즉, LSPR에 좋은 소식이 나 나쁜 nanostructure 사용 하는 경우 매개 변수 상수, 되며 다른 의존 따라서 숨겨져 있을 것 이다. 전원 법 분석 실버 콜 로이드 nanoaggregates4,,56,7,8, 에서 깜박이 관련의 다양 한 종속성을 발견 하는 데 사용 되었습니다. 9 , 10 , 11.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:639px;" width="638">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:227px;">Silver nitrate, 99.8%</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Wako</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">194-00832</td>
			<td style="width:211px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:227px;">Trisodium citrate dihydrate, 99. %</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Wako</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">191-01785</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:227px;">Poly-L-lysine aqueous solution, 0.1%</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P8920</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="116">
			<td height="116" style="height:116px;width:227px;">3,3&#39;-disulfopropylthiacyanine triethylamine</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Hayashibara Biochemical Laboratories</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">NK-2703</td>
			<td>a kind of thiacyanine dyes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="116">
			<td height="116" style="height:116px;width:227px;">3,3&#39;-diethyl-5,5&#39;-dichloro-9-methylthiacarbocyanine iodine salt</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Hayashibara Biochemical Laboratories</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SMP-9</td>
			<td>a kind of thiacarobocyanine dyes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:227px;">Sodium chloride, 99.5%</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Wako</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">191-01665</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:227px;">Dimroth condenser</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Iwaki</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">61-9722-22</td>
			<td>perchased from AS ONE</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:227px;">Magnetic stirrer</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">DC-420D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:227px;">Oil bath</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Advantech</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">OS-220</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:227px;">Glass plate</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Matsunami</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S-1112</td>
			<td>Microscope slide</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:227px;">Blower</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Hozan</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Z-288</td>
			<td>Air duster</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="116">
			<td height="116" style="height:116px;width:227px;">Liquid blocker pen</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Daido Sangyo</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:211px;">LIQUID BLOCKER (Super Pap Pen). Ready-to-use hydrophobic barrier pen designed for immunohistochemistry applications</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:227px;">Inverted microscope</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Olympus</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">IX-70</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:227px;">Objective lens</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Olympus</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">LCPlanFl 60&#215;</td>
			<td>NA 0.7</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:227px;">Dark field condenser</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Olympus</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">U-DCD</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">NA 0.8&#8211;0.92</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:227px;">Cooled digital CCD camera</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Hamamatsu</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">ORCA-AG</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">controlled by software Aqua Cosmos</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="59">
			<td height="59" style="height:59px;width:227px;">Software for the cooled digital CCD camera</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Hamamatsu</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">AquaCosmos</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">used for also derivation of the time-profiles from the blinking spots in the video&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:227px;">Color CCD camera</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">ELMO</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">TNC-C920</td>
			<td>not used for analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="59">
			<td height="59" style="height:59px;width:227px;">DPSS laser</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">RGB laser system</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">NovaPro532-75</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">&#955; = 532 nm; 
			60 mW (corresponds to a power density of 600 W/cm2)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:227px;">Interference filter</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Semrock</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">LL01-532-12.5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:227px;">Long pass filter</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Semrock</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BLP01-532R-25</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="59">
			<td height="59" style="height:59px;width:227px;">Software for the distinguishment and counting of the bright/dark events</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">home-maid</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>programmed by C++</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:227px;">Software for the fitting by a power law</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">LightStone</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Origin6.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

observation and analysis of blinking surface-enhanced raman scattering

nanoaggregate 접속점에 단일 분자에서 관찰 표면 강화 된 라만 산란 (SERS) 점멸 합니다. 여기, 프로토콜 관련 활동을 준비 하는 방법에 선물 된다 nanoaggregate 실버, 미세한 이미지에서 특정 깜박이 명소의 비디오를 기록 하 고 깜박이 통계 분석. 이 분석에서 전원 법률 그들의 지속 시간에 상대적인 밝은 이벤트에 대 한 확률 분포를 재현합니다. 어두운 이벤트에 대 한 확률 분포는 지 수 함수 전원 법으로 적합 하다. 전원 법의 매개 변수는 모두 밝고 어두운 상태에서 분자 동작을 나타냅니다. 랜덤 워크 모델 및 전체 실버 표면에서 분자의 속도 추정 될 수 있습니다. 평균, 자기 상관 함수 및 슈퍼 해상도 관련 이미지를 사용 하는 경우에 추정 하는 것이 어렵습니다. 점멸의 기원만이 분석 방법에 의해 확인할 수 없습니다 때문에 미래에 전원 법 분석 스펙트럼 이미징, 함께 결합 되어야 합니다.

그림 111에서 같이 폴 리-L-리 신 1.2 프로토콜에 의해 준비와 함께 실버 nanoaggregates에서 관련 및 표면 강화 된 형광 색된 점멸 명소 관찰 된다. 반면에, SERS에서 단조로운 색된 점멸 명소 프로토콜 1.37,8,,910에 의해 준비 된 염료 분자와 실?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Observation and Analysis of Blinking Surface-enhanced Raman Scattering at JoVE.com

Observation and Analysis of Blinking Surface-enhanced Raman Scattering

표면 강화 라만 점멸의 분석이이 프로토콜에 설명 합니다 전원 법을 사용 하 여 실버 표면에 단일 분자의 랜덤 워크 인 비 산.

관찰 및 깜박이 표면 강화 된 라만 산란의 분석

From a single molecule at a silver nanoaggregate junction, blinking surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is observed. Here, a protocol is presented on ...

observation-and-analysis-of-blinking-surface-enhanced-raman-scattering

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7.3K 조회수.  Kwansei Gakuin University. 표면 강화 라만 점멸의 분석이이 프로토콜에 설명 합니다 전원 법을 사용 하 여 실버 표면에 단일 분자의 랜덤 워크 인 비 산.

비디오: Observation and Analysis of Blinking Surface-enhanced Raman Scattering

A Filter-based Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopic Assay for Rapid Detection of Chemical Contaminants

We demonstrate a method to fabricate highly sensitive surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopic (SERS) substrates using a filter syringe system that can be applied to the detection of various chemical contaminants. Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) are synthesized via reduction of silver nitrate by sodium citrate. Then the NPs are aggregated by sodium chloride to form nanoclusters that could be trapped in the pores of the filter membrane. A syringe is connected to the filter holder, with a filter membrane inside. By loading the nanoclusters into the syringe and passing through the membrane, the liquid goes through the membrane but not the nanoclusters, forming a SERS-active membrane. When testing the analyte, the liquid sample is loaded into the syringe and flowed through the Ag NPs coated membrane. The analyte binds and concentrates on the Ag NPs coated membrane. Then the membrane is detached from the filter holder, air dried and measured by a Raman instrument. Here we present the study of the volume effect of Ag NPs and sample on the detection sensitivity as well as the detection of 10 ppb ferbam and 1 ppm ampicillin using the developed assay.

A procedure for fabrication and performing the filter-based surface enhanced Raman spectroscopic (SERS) assay for the detection of chemical contaminants (i.e., pesticide ferbam and antibiotic ampicillin) is presented.

화학 오염 물질의 신속 검출을위한 라만 분광 분석 향상된 필터 기반의 표면

We demonstrate a method to fabricate highly sensitive surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopic (SERS) substrates using a filter syringe system that can be ...

연구

화학

Preparation of Biopolymer Aerogels Using Green Solvents

Although the first reports on aerogels made by Kistler1 in the 1930s dealt with aerogels from both inorganic oxides (silica and others) and biopolymers (gelatin, agar, cellulose), only recently have biomasses been recognized as an abundant source of chemically diverse macromolecules for functional aerogel materials. Biopolymer aerogels (pectin, alginate, chitosan, cellulose, etc.) exhibit both specific inheritable functions of starting biopolymers and distinctive features of aerogels (80-99% porosity and specific surface up to 800 m2/g). This synergy of properties makes biopolymer aerogels promising candidates for a wide gamut of applications such as thermal insulation, tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, drug delivery systems, functional foods, catalysts, adsorbents and sensors. This work demonstrates the use of pressurized carbon dioxide (5 MPa) for the ionic cross linking of amidated pectin into hydrogels. Initially a biopolymer/salt dispersion is prepared in water. Under pressurized CO2 conditions, the pH of the biopolymer solution is lowered to 3 which releases the crosslinking cations from the salt to bind with the biopolymer yielding hydrogels. Solvent exchange to ethanol and further supercritical CO2 drying (10 - 12 MPa) yield aerogels. Obtained aerogels are ultra-porous with low density (as low as 0.02 g/cm3), high specific surface area (350 - 500 m2/g) and pore volume (3 - 7 cm3/g for pore sizes less than 150 nm).

A new way for the production of biopolymer-based aerogels by carbon dioxide (CO2) induced gelation is shown. The technique utilizes pressurized carbon dioxide (5 MPa) for the production of biopolymer hydrogels and supercritical CO2 (12 MPa) to convert gels into aerogels. The only solvents needed besides CO2 are water and ethanol.

녹색 용매를 사용하여 생체 고분자 에어로젤의 제조

Although the first reports on aerogels made by Kistler1 in the 1930s dealt with aerogels from both inorganic oxides (silica and others) and biopolymers ...

Measurement of Particle Size Distribution in Turbid Solutions by Dynamic Light Scattering Microscopy

A protocol for measuring polydispersity of concentrated polymer solutions using dynamic light scattering is described. Dynamic light scattering is a technique used to measure the size distribution of polymer solutions or colloidal particles. Although this technique is widely used for the assessment of polymer solutions, it is difficult to measure the particle size in concentrated solutions due to the multiple scattering effect or strong light absorption. Therefore, the concentrated solutions should be diluted before measurement. Implementation of the confocal optical component in a dynamic light scattering microscope1 helps to overcome this barrier. Using such a microscopic system, both transparent and turbid systems can be analyzed under the same experimental setup without a dilution. As a representative example, a size distribution measurement of a temperature-responsive polymer solution was performed. The sizes of the polymer chains in an aqueous solution were several tens of nanometers at a temperature below the lower critical solution temperature (LCST). In contrast, the sizes increased to more than 1.0 &#181;m when above the LCST. This result is consistent with the observation that the solution turned turbid above the LCST.

A protocol for the direct measurement of particle size distribution in concentrated solutions using dynamic light scattering microscopy is presented.

A protocol for measuring polydispersity of concentrated polymer solutions using dynamic light scattering is described. Dynamic light scattering is a ...

A Novel Technique for Raman Analysis of Highly Radioactive Samples Using Any Standard Micro-Raman Spectrometer

A novel approach for the Raman measurement of nuclear materials is reported in this paper. It consists of the enclosure of the radioactive sample in a tight capsule that isolates the material from the atmosphere. The capsule can optionally be filled with a chosen gas pressurized up to 20 bars. The micro-Raman measurement is performed through an optical-grade quartz window. This technique permits accurate Raman measurements with no need for the spectrometer to be enclosed in an alpha-tight containment. It therefore allows the use of all options of the Raman spectrometer, like multi-wavelength laser excitation, different polarizations, and single or triple spectrometer modes. Some examples of measurements are shown and discussed. First, some spectral features of a highly radioactive americium oxide sample (AmO2) are presented. Then, we report the Raman spectra of neptunium oxide (NpO2) samples, the interpretation of which is greatly improved by employing three different excitation wavelengths, 17O doping, and a triple mode configuration to measure the anti-stokes Raman lines. This last feature also allows the estimation of the sample surface temperature. Finally, data that were measured on a sample from Chernobyl lava, where phases are identified by Raman mapping, are shown.

We present a technique for Raman spectroscopic analysis of highly radioactive samples compatible with any standard micro-Raman spectrometer, without any radioactive contamination of the instrument. We also show some applications using actinide compounds and irradiated fuel materials.

A novel approach for the Raman measurement of nuclear materials is reported in this paper. It consists of the enclosure of the radioactive sample in a ...

Raman and IR Spectroelectrochemical Methods as Tools to Analyze Conjugated Organic Compounds

In the presented work, two spectroelectrochemical techniques are discussed as tools for the analysis of the structural changes occurring in the molecule on the vibrational level of energy. Raman and IR spectroelectrochemistry can be used for advanced characterization of the structural changes in the organic electroactive compounds. Here, the step-by-step analysis by means of Raman and IR spectroelectrochemistry is shown. Raman and IR spectroelectrochemical techniques provide complementary information about structural changes occurring during an electrochemical process, i.e. allows for the investigation of redox processes and their products. The examples of IR and Raman spectroelectrochemical analysis are presented, in which the products of the redox reactions, both in solution and solid state, are identified.

A protocol of step-by-step Raman and IR spectroelectrochemical analysis is presented.

In the presented work, two spectroelectrochemical techniques are discussed as tools for the analysis of the structural changes occurring in the molecule ...

DNA-magnetic Particle Binding Analysis by Dynamic and Electrophoretic Light Scattering

Isolation of DNA using magnetic particles is a field of high importance in biotechnology and molecular biology research. This protocol describes the evaluation of DNA-magnetic particles binding via dynamic light scattering (DLS) and electrophoretic light scattering (ELS). Analysis by DLS provides valuable information on the physicochemical properties of particles including particle size, polydispersity, and zeta potential. The latter describes the surface charge of the particle which plays major role in electrostatic binding of materials such as DNA. Here, a comparative analysis exploits three chemical modifications of nanoparticles and microparticles and their effects on DNA binding and elution. Chemical modifications by branched polyethylenimine, tetraethyl orthosilicate and (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane are investigated. Since DNA exhibits a negative charge, it is expected that zeta potential of particle surface will decrease upon binding of DNA. Forming of clusters should also affect particle size. In order to investigate the efficiency of these particles in isolation and elution of DNA, the particles are mixed with DNA in low pH (~6), high ionic strength and dehydration environment. Particles are washed on magnet and then DNA is eluted by Tris-HCl buffer (pH = 8). DNA copy number is estimated using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Zeta potential, particle size, polydispersity and quantitative PCR data are evaluated and compared. DLS is an insightful and supporting method of analysis that adds a new perspective to the process of screening of particles for DNA isolation.

This protocol describes the synthesis of magnetic particles and evaluation of their DNA-binding properties via dynamic and electrophoretic light scattering. This method focuses on monitoring changes in particle size, their polydispersity and zeta potential of particle surface which play major role in binding of materials such as DNA.

역동적이 고 전기 이동 산란 분석 바인딩 DNA-마그네틱 입자

Isolation of DNA using magnetic particles is a field of high importance in biotechnology and molecular biology research. This protocol describes the ...

Resolving Water, Proteins, and Lipids from In Vivo Confocal Raman Spectra of Stratum Corneum through a Chemometric Approach

Development of this in vivo confocal Raman spectroscopic method enables the direct measurement of water, proteins, and lipids with depth resolution in human subjects. This information is very important for skin-related diseases and characterizing skin care product performance. This protocol illustrates a method for confocal Raman spectra collection and the subsequent analysis of the spectral dataset leveraging chemometrics. The goal of this method is to establish a standard protocol for data collection and provide general guidance for data analysis. Preprocessing (e.g., removal of outlier spectra) is a critical step when processing large datasets from clinical studies. As an example, we provide guidance based on prior knowledge of a dataset to identify the types of outliers and develop specific strategies to remove them. A principal component analysis is performed, and the loading spectra are compared with spectra from reference materials to select the number of components used in the final multivariate curve resolution (MCR) analysis. This approach is successful for extracting meaningful information from a large spectral dataset.

Here, we present a protocol for collection of confocal Raman spectra from human subjects in clinical studies combined with chemometric approaches for spectral outlier removal and the subsequent extraction of key features.

화학 측정 접근을 통해 지층 각막의 생체 내 공초점 라만 스펙트럼에서 물, 단백질 및 지질을 해결

Development of this in vivo confocal Raman spectroscopic method enables the direct measurement of water, proteins, and lipids with depth resolution in ...

Application of Voltage in Dynamic Light Scattering Particle Size Analysis

Dynamic light scattering (DLS) is a common method for characterizing the size distribution of polymers, proteins, and other nano- and microparticles. Modern instrumentation permits measurement of particle size as a function of time and/or temperature, but currently there is no simple method for performing DLS particle size distribution measurements in the presence of applied voltage. The ability to perform such measurements would be useful in the development of electroactive, stimuli-responsive polymers for applications such as sensing, soft robotics, and energy storage. Here, a technique using applied voltage coupled with DLS and a temperature ramp to observe changes in aggregation and particle size in thermoresponsive polymers with and without electroactive monomers is presented. The changes in aggregation behavior observed in these experiments were only possible through the combined application of voltage and temperature control. To obtain these results, a potentiostat was connected to a modified cuvette in order to apply voltage to a solution. Changes in polymer particle size were monitored using DLS in the presence of constant voltage. Simultaneously, current data were produced, which could be compared with particle size data, to understand the relationship between current and particle behavior. The polymer poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (pNIPAM) served as a test polymer for this technique, as pNIPAM's response to temperature is well-studied. Changes in the lower-critical solution temperature (LCST) aggregation behavior of pNIPAM and poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-block-poly(ferrocenylmethyl methacrylate), an electrochemically active block-copolymer, in the presence of applied voltage are observed. Understanding the mechanisms behind such changes will be important when trying to achieve reversible polymer structures in the presence of applied voltage.

Here, a protocol to apply voltage to solution during dynamic light scattering particle size measurements with the intent to explore the effect of voltage and temperature changes on polymer aggregation is presented.

동적 광 산란 입자 크기 분석에 전압 적용

Dynamic light scattering (DLS) is a common method for characterizing the size distribution of polymers, proteins, and other nano- and microparticles. ...

Ultrafast Time-resolved Near-IR Stimulated Raman Measurements of Functional &#960;-conjugate Systems

Femtosecond time-resolved stimulated Raman spectroscopy is a promising method of observing the structural dynamics of short-lived transients with near infrared (near-IR) transitions, because it can overcome the low sensitivity of spontaneous Raman spectrometers in the near-IR region. Here, we describe technical details of a femtosecond time-resolved near-IR multiplex stimulated Raman spectrometer that we have recently developed. A description of signal generation and optimization, measurement, data acquisition, and calibration and correction of recorded data is provided as well. We present an application of our spectrometer to analyze the excited-state dynamics of &#946;-carotene in toluene solution. A C=C stretch band of &#946;-carotene in the second lowest excited singlet (S2) state and the lowest excited singlet (S1) state is clearly observed in the recorded time-resolved stimulated Raman spectra. The femtosecond time-resolved near-IR stimulated Raman spectrometer is applicable to the structural dynamics of &#960;-conjugate systems from simple molecules to complex materials.

Details of signal generation and optimization, measurement, data acquisition, and data handling for a femtosecond time-resolved near-IR stimulated Raman spectrometer are described. A near infrared stimulated Raman study on the excited-state dynamics of &#946;-carotene in toluene is shown as a representative application.

기능성 π-컨쥬게이트 시스템의 초고속 시간 해결 근거리 자극 라만 측정

Femtosecond time-resolved stimulated Raman spectroscopy is a promising method of observing the structural dynamics of short-lived transients with near ...

Preparation of Nanoparticles for ToF-SIMS and XPS Analysis

Nanoparticles have gained increasing attention in recent years due to their potential and application in different fields including medicine, cosmetics, chemistry, and their potential to enable advanced materials. To effectively understand and regulate the physico-chemical properties and potential adverse effects of nanoparticles, validated measurement procedures for the various properties of nanoparticles need to be developed. While procedures for measuring nanoparticle size and size distribution are already established, standardized methods for analysis of their surface chemistry are not yet in place, although the influence of the surface chemistry on nanoparticle properties is undisputed. In particular, storage and preparation of nanoparticles for surface analysis strongly influences the analytical results from various methods, and in order to obtain consistent results, sample preparation must be both optimized and standardized. In this contribution, we present, in detail, some standard procedures for preparing nanoparticles for surface analytics. In principle, nanoparticles can be deposited on a suitable substrate from suspension or as a powder. Silicon (Si) wafers are commonly used as substrate, however, their cleaning is critical to the process. For sample preparation from suspension, we will discuss drop-casting and spin-coating, where not only the cleanliness of the substrate and purity of the suspension but also its concentration play important roles for the success of the preparation methodology. For nanoparticles with sensitive ligand shells or coatings, deposition as powders is more suitable, although this method requires particular care in fixing the sample.

A number of different procedures for preparing nanoparticles for surface analysis are presented (drop casting, spin coating, deposition from powders, and cryofixation). We discuss the challenges, opportunities, and possible applications of each method, particularly regarding the changes in the surface properties caused by the different preparation methods.

ToF-SIMS 및 XPS 분석을 위한 나노 입자 의 준비

Nanoparticles have gained increasing attention in recent years due to their potential and application in different fields including medicine, cosmetics, ...